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Tavitian A, Somech J, Chamlian B, Liberman A, Galindez C, Schipper HM. Craniofacial anomalies in schizophrenia-relevant GFAP.HMOX1 0-12m mice. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2024. [PMID: 38606671 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Subtle craniofacial dysmorphology has been reported in schizophrenia patients. This dysmorphology includes midline facial elongation, frontonasal anomalies and a sexually dimorphic deviation from normal directional asymmetry of the face, with male patients showing reduced and female patients showing enhanced facial asymmetry relative to healthy control subjects. GFAP.HMOX10-12m transgenic mice (Mus musculus) that overexpress heme oxygenase-1 in astrocytes recapitulate many schizophrenia-relevant neurochemical, neuropathological and behavioral features. As morphogenesis of the brain, skull and face are highly interrelated, we hypothesized that GFAP.HMOX10-12m mice may exhibit craniofacial anomalies similar to those reported in persons with schizophrenia. We examined craniofacial anatomy in male GFAP.HMOX10-12m mice and wild-type control mice at the early adulthood age of 6-8 months. We used computer vision techniques for the extraction and analysis of mouse head shape parameters from systematically acquired 2D digital images, and confirmed our results with landmark-based geometric morphometrics. We performed skull bone morphometry using digital calipers to take linear distance measurements between known landmarks. Relative to controls, adult male GFAP.HMOX10-12m mice manifested craniofacial dysmorphology including elongation of the nasal bones, alteration of head shape anisotropy and reduction of directional asymmetry in facial shape features. These findings demonstrate that GFAP.HMOX10-12m mice exhibit craniofacial anomalies resembling those described in schizophrenia patients, implicating heme oxygenase-1 in their development. As a preclinical mouse model, GFAP.HMOX10-12m mice provide a novel opportunity for the study of the etiopathogenesis of craniofacial and other anomalies in schizophrenia and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayda Tavitian
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Joseph Somech
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Badrouyk Chamlian
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Adrienne Liberman
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Carmela Galindez
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hyman M Schipper
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Zeng C, Li Y, Deng H, Luo X, Xiao R, Zhang C, Yang H. Asymmetry of brain development in adolescent rats studied by 3.0 T magnetic resonance imaging. Neuroreport 2023; 34:741-747. [PMID: 37556595 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
To study the developmental patterns of brain structure in adolescent rats based on the registration with the SIGMA template by 3.0T MRI. Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats (180-220 g) were randomly divided into four groups. Rats in the four groups underwent 3.0 T MRI head scans at 7, 11, 15, and 19 weeks of age, respectively. The voxel-based morphological analysis of the rat brain was performed by coregistration with the SIGMA rat brain template. 3.0 T MRI can be used to study the anatomical structure of the rat brain by registration with the SIGMA template The gray matter volume of the bilateral hippocampus and bilateral entorhinal cortex increased significantly in the development of the rat from 7 to 19 weeks of age. In this period, the subtle structure of the rat brain is asymmetrically developed. The rat aged 7-19 weeks has asymmetrical gray matter volume development in the bilateral entorhinal cortex and hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zeng
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu
| | - Yehan Li
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong
- Department of Radiology, Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Hao Deng
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong
| | - Xing Luo
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong
| | - Ruhui Xiao
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong
| | - Chuan Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong
| | - Hanfeng Yang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong
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3
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Nemati SS, Sadeghi L, Dehghan G, Sheibani N. Lateralization of the hippocampus: A review of molecular, functional, and physiological properties in health and disease. Behav Brain Res 2023; 454:114657. [PMID: 37683813 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The hippocampus is a part of the brain's medial temporal lobe that is located under the cortex. It belongs to the limbic system and helps to collect and transfer information from short-term to long-term memory, as well as spatial orientation in each mammalian brain hemisphere. After more than two centuries of research in brain asymmetry, the hippocampus has attracted much attention in the study of brain lateralization. The hippocampus is very important in cognitive disorders, related to seizures and dementia, such as epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease. In addition, the motivation to study the hippocampus has increased significantly due to the asymmetry in the activity of the left and right hippocampi in healthy people, and its disruption during some neurological diseases. After a general review of the hippocampal structure and its importance in related diseases, the asymmetry in the brain with a focus on the hippocampus during the growth and maturation of healthy people, as well as the differences created in patients at the molecular, functional, and physiological levels are discussed. Most previous work indicates that the hippocampus is lateralized in healthy people. Also, lateralization at different levels remarkably changes in patients, and it appears that the most complex cognitive disorder is caused by a new dominant asymmetric system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Saman Nemati
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, 51666-16471 Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leila Sadeghi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, 51666-16471 Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Gholamreza Dehghan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, 51666-16471 Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Nader Sheibani
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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Wang J, Ma S, Yu P, He X. Evolution of Human Brain Left-Right Asymmetry: Old Genes with New Functions. Mol Biol Evol 2023; 40:msad181. [PMID: 37561991 PMCID: PMC10473864 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msad181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The human brain is generally anatomically symmetrical, boasting mirror-like brain regions in the left and right hemispheres. Despite this symmetry, fine-scale structural asymmetries are prevalent and are believed to be responsible for distinct functional divisions within the brain. Prior studies propose that these asymmetric structures are predominantly primate specific or even unique to humans, suggesting that the genes contributing to the structural asymmetry of the human brain might have evolved recently. In our study, we identified approximately 1,500 traits associated with human brain asymmetry by collecting paired brain magnetic resonance imaging features from the UK Biobank. Each trait is measured in a specific region of one hemisphere and mirrored in the corresponding region of the other hemisphere. Conducting genome-wide association studies on these traits, we identified over 1,000 quantitative trait loci. Around these index single nucleotide polymorphisms, we found approximately 200 genes that are enriched in brain-related Gene Ontology terms and are predominantly upregulated in brain tissues. Interestingly, most of these genes are evolutionarily old, originating just prior to the emergence of Bilateria (bilaterally symmetrical animals) and Euteleostomi (bony vertebrates with a brain), at a significantly higher ratio than expected. Further analyses of these genes reveal a brain-specific upregulation in humans relative to other mammalian species. This suggests that the structural asymmetry of the human brain has been shaped by evolutionarily ancient genes that have assumed new functions over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Sidi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Peijie Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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Fowler C, Goerzen D, Madularu D, Devenyi GA, Chakravarty MM, Near J. Longitudinal characterization of neuroanatomical changes in the Fischer 344 rat brain during normal aging and between sexes. Neurobiol Aging 2022; 109:216-228. [PMID: 34775212 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Animal models are widely used to study the pathophysiology of disease and to evaluate the efficacy of novel interventions, crucial steps towards improving disease outcomes in humans. The Fischer 344 (F344) wildtype rat is a common experimental background strain for transgenic models of disease and is one of the most frequently used models in aging research. Despite frequency of use, characterization of agerelated neuroanatomical change has not been performed in the F344 rat. To this end, we present a comprehensive longitudinal examination of morphometric change in 73 brain regions and at a voxel-wise level during normative aging in vivo in a mixed-sexcohort of F344 rats. We identified the greatest vulnerability to aging within the cortex, caudoputamen, hindbrain, and internal capsule, while the influence of sex was strongest in the caudoputamen, hippocampus, nucleus accumbens, and thalamus, many of which are implicated in memory and motor control circuits frequently affected by aging and neurodegenerative disease. These findings provide a baseline for neuroanatomical changes associated with aging in male and female F344 rats, to which data from transgenic models or other background strains can be compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Fowler
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Centre d'Imagerie Cérébrale, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Dana Goerzen
- Centre d'Imagerie Cérébrale, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Dan Madularu
- Centre d'Imagerie Cérébrale, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gabriel A Devenyi
- Centre d'Imagerie Cérébrale, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - M Mallar Chakravarty
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Centre d'Imagerie Cérébrale, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jamie Near
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Centre d'Imagerie Cérébrale, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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6
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Cellular correlates of gray matter volume changes in magnetic resonance morphometry identified by two-photon microscopy. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4234. [PMID: 33608622 PMCID: PMC7895945 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83491-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain combined with voxel-based morphometry (VBM) revealed changes in gray matter volume (GMV) in various disorders. However, the cellular basis of GMV changes has remained largely unclear. We correlated changes in GMV with cellular metrics by imaging mice with MRI and two-photon in vivo microscopy at three time points within 12 weeks, taking advantage of age-dependent changes in brain structure. Imaging fluorescent cell nuclei allowed inferences on (i) physical tissue volume as determined from reference spaces outlined by nuclei, (ii) cell density, (iii) the extent of cell clustering, and (iv) the volume of cell nuclei. Our data indicate that physical tissue volume alterations only account for 13.0% of the variance in GMV change. However, when including comprehensive measurements of nucleus volume and cell density, 35.6% of the GMV variance could be explained, highlighting the influence of distinct cellular mechanisms on VBM results.
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Fung CW, Guo J, Fu H, Figueroa HY, Konofagou EE, Duff KE. Atrophy associated with tau pathology precedes overt cell death in a mouse model of progressive tauopathy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/42/eabc8098. [PMID: 33067235 PMCID: PMC7567584 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc8098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tau pathology in Alzheimer's disease (AD) first develops in the entorhinal cortex (EC), then spreads to the hippocampus, followed by the neocortex. Overall, tau pathology correlates well with neurodegeneration and cell loss, but the spatial and temporal association between tau pathology and overt volume loss (atrophy) associated with structural changes or cell loss is unclear. Using in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with tensor-based morphometry (TBM), we mapped the spatiotemporal pattern of structural changes in a mouse model of AD-like progressive tauopathy. A novel, coregistered in vivo MRI atlas was then applied to identify regions in the medial temporal lobe that had a significant volume reduction. Our study shows that in a mouse model of tauopathy spread, the propagation of tau pathology from the EC to the hippocampus is associated with TBM-related atrophy, but atrophy in the dentate gyrus and subiculum precedes overt cell loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine W Fung
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 500 W 120th Street, New York, NY 10025, USA
| | - Jia Guo
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, 3227 Broadway, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Hongjun Fu
- Department of Neuroscience, Chronic Brain Injury, Discovery Themes, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Helen Y Figueroa
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Elisa E Konofagou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 500 W 120th Street, New York, NY 10025, USA
| | - Karen E Duff
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, London, UK
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8
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Age-dependent characterization of carotid and cerebral artery geometries in a transgenic mouse model of sickle cell anemia using ultrasound and microcomputed tomography. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2020; 85:102486. [PMID: 32841841 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2020.102486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To define morphological changes in carotid and cerebral arteries in sickle cell transgenic mice (SS) as they age, a combination of ultrasound and microcomputed tomography of plastinated arteries was used to quantify arterial dimensions and changes in mice 4, 12, and 24 weeks of age. 12-week SS mice had significantly larger common carotid artery diameters than AS mice, which continued through to the extracranial and intracranial portions of the internal carotid artery (ICA). There were also side specific differences in diameters between the left and right vessels. Significant ICA tapering along its length occurred by 12- and 24-weeks in SS mice, decreasing by as much as 70%. Significant narrowing along the length was also measured in SS anterior cerebral arteries at 12- and 24-weeks, but not AS. Collectively, these findings indicate that sickle cell anemia induces arterial remodeling in 12- and 24-weeks old mice. Catalog of measurements are also provided for the common carotid, internal carotid, anterior cerebral, and middle cerebral arteries for AS and SS genotypes, as a reference for other investigators using mathematical and computational models of age-dependent arterial complications caused by sickle cell anemia.
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9
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Corne R, Leconte C, Ouradou M, Fassina V, Zhu Y, Déou E, Besson V, Plotkine M, Marchand-Leroux C, Mongeau R. Spontaneous resurgence of conditioned fear weeks after successful extinction in brain injured mice. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 88:276-286. [PMID: 30096331 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major risk factor for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and both disorders share common symptoms and neurobiological defects. Relapse after successful treatment, known as long-term fear resurgence, is common in PTSD patients and a major therapeutic hurdle. We induced a mild focal TBI by controlled cortical impact (CCI) in male C57BL/6 J mice and used fear conditioning to assess PTSD-like behaviors and concomitant alterations in the fear circuitry. We found for the first time that mild TBI, and to a lesser extent sham (craniotomy), mice displayed a spontaneous resurgence of conditioned fear when tested for fear extinction memory recall, despite having effectively acquired and extinguished conditioned fear 6 weeks earlier in the same context. Other characteristic symptoms of PTSD are risk-taking behaviors and cognitive deficits. CCI mice displayed risk-taking behaviors, behavioral inflexibility and reductions in processing speed compared to naïve mice. In conjunction with these changes there were alterations in amygdala morphology 3 months post-trauma, and decreased myelin basic protein density at the primary lesion site and in distant secondary sites such as the hippocampus, thalamus, and amygdala, compared to sham mice. Furthermore, activity-dependent brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) transcripts were decreased in the prefrontal cortex, a key region for fear extinction consolidation, following fear extinction training in both TBI and, to a lesser extent, sham mice. This study shows for the first time that a mild brain injury can generate a spontaneous resurgence of conditioned fear associated with defective BDNF signalling in the prefrontal cortex, PTSD-like behaviors, and have enduring effects on the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Corne
- EA4475 - Pharmacologie de la Circulation Cérébrale, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - C Leconte
- EA4475 - Pharmacologie de la Circulation Cérébrale, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - M Ouradou
- EA4475 - Pharmacologie de la Circulation Cérébrale, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - V Fassina
- EA4475 - Pharmacologie de la Circulation Cérébrale, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Y Zhu
- EA4475 - Pharmacologie de la Circulation Cérébrale, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - E Déou
- EA4475 - Pharmacologie de la Circulation Cérébrale, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - V Besson
- EA4475 - Pharmacologie de la Circulation Cérébrale, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - M Plotkine
- EA4475 - Pharmacologie de la Circulation Cérébrale, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - C Marchand-Leroux
- EA4475 - Pharmacologie de la Circulation Cérébrale, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - R Mongeau
- EA4475 - Pharmacologie de la Circulation Cérébrale, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.
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10
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Allemang-Grand R, Ellegood J, Spencer Noakes L, Ruston J, Justice M, Nieman BJ, Lerch JP. Neuroanatomy in mouse models of Rett syndrome is related to the severity of Mecp2 mutation and behavioral phenotypes. Mol Autism 2017; 8:32. [PMID: 28670438 PMCID: PMC5485541 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-017-0138-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rett syndrome (RTT) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that predominantly affects girls. The majority of RTT cases are caused by de novo mutations in methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2), and several mouse models have been created to further understand the disorder. In the current literature, many studies have focused their analyses on the behavioral abnormalities and cellular and molecular impairments that arise from Mecp2 mutations. However, limited efforts have been placed on understanding how Mecp2 mutations disrupt the neuroanatomy and networks of the brain. Methods In this study, we examined the neuroanatomy of male and female mice from the Mecp2tm1Hzo, Mecp2tm1.1Bird/J, and Mecp2tm2Bird/J mouse lines using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) paired with deformation-based morphometry to determine the brain regions susceptible to Mecp2 disruptions. Results We found that many cortical and subcortical regions were reduced in volume within the brains of mutant mice regardless of mutation type, highlighting regions that are susceptible to Mecp2 disruptions. We also found that the volume within these regions correlated with behavioral metrics. Conversely, regions of the cerebellum were differentially affected by the type of mutation, showing an increase in volume in the mutant Mecp2tm1Hzo brain relative to controls and a decrease in the Mecp2tm1.1Bird/J and Mecp2tm2Bird/J lines. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that the direction and magnitude of the neuroanatomical differences between control and mutant mice carrying Mecp2 mutations are driven by the severity of the mutation and the stage of behavioral impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rylan Allemang-Grand
- Mouse Imaging Centre, 25 Orde Street, Toronto, M5T 3H7 Ontario Canada.,Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Toronto, M5G 1X8 Ontario Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, Suite 15-701, Toronto, M5G 1L7 Ontario Canada
| | - Jacob Ellegood
- Mouse Imaging Centre, 25 Orde Street, Toronto, M5T 3H7 Ontario Canada.,Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Toronto, M5G 1X8 Ontario Canada
| | - Leigh Spencer Noakes
- Mouse Imaging Centre, 25 Orde Street, Toronto, M5T 3H7 Ontario Canada.,Physiology and Experimental Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Toronto, M5G 1X8 Ontario Canada
| | - Julie Ruston
- Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Toronto, M5G 1X8 Ontario Canada
| | - Monica Justice
- Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Toronto, M5G 1X8 Ontario Canada
| | - Brian J Nieman
- Mouse Imaging Centre, 25 Orde Street, Toronto, M5T 3H7 Ontario Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, Suite 15-701, Toronto, M5G 1L7 Ontario Canada.,Ontario Institute of Cancer Research, 661 University Ave, Toronto, Suite 510, M5G 0A3 Ontario Canada
| | - Jason P Lerch
- Mouse Imaging Centre, 25 Orde Street, Toronto, M5T 3H7 Ontario Canada.,Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Toronto, M5G 1X8 Ontario Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, Suite 15-701, Toronto, M5G 1L7 Ontario Canada
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11
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Holmes HE, Powell NM, Ma D, Ismail O, Harrison IF, Wells JA, Colgan N, O'Callaghan JM, Johnson RA, Murray TK, Ahmed Z, Heggenes M, Fisher A, Cardoso MJ, Modat M, O'Neill MJ, Collins EC, Fisher EMC, Ourselin S, Lythgoe MF. Comparison of In Vivo and Ex Vivo MRI for the Detection of Structural Abnormalities in a Mouse Model of Tauopathy. Front Neuroinform 2017; 11:20. [PMID: 28408879 PMCID: PMC5374887 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2017.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
With increasingly large numbers of mouse models of human disease dedicated to MRI studies, compromises between in vivo and ex vivo MRI must be fully understood in order to inform the choice of imaging methodology. We investigate the application of high resolution in vivo and ex vivo MRI, in combination with tensor-based morphometry (TBM), to uncover morphological differences in the rTg4510 mouse model of tauopathy. The rTg4510 mouse also offers a novel paradigm by which the overexpression of mutant tau can be regulated by the administration of doxycycline, providing us with a platform on which to investigate more subtle alterations in morphology with morphometry. Both in vivo and ex vivo MRI allowed the detection of widespread bilateral patterns of atrophy in the rTg4510 mouse brain relative to wild-type controls. Regions of volume loss aligned with neuronal loss and pathological tau accumulation demonstrated by immunohistochemistry. When we sought to investigate more subtle structural alterations in the rTg4510 mice relative to a subset of doxycycline-treated rTg4510 mice, ex vivo imaging enabled the detection of more regions of morphological brain changes. The disadvantages of ex vivo MRI may however mitigate this increase in sensitivity: we observed a 10% global shrinkage in brain volume of the post-mortem tissues due to formalin fixation, which was most notable in the cerebellum and olfactory bulbs. However, many central brain regions were not adversely affected by the fixation protocol, perhaps due to our “in-skull” preparation. The disparity between our TBM findings from in vivo and ex vivo MRI underlines the importance of appropriate study design, given the trade-off between these two imaging approaches. We support the utility of in vivo MRI for morphological phenotyping of mouse models of disease; however, for subtler phenotypes, ex vivo offers enhanced sensitivity to discrete morphological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly E Holmes
- Division of Medicine, UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Nick M Powell
- Division of Medicine, UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University College LondonLondon, UK.,Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Da Ma
- Division of Medicine, UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University College LondonLondon, UK.,Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Ozama Ismail
- Division of Medicine, UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Ian F Harrison
- Division of Medicine, UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Jack A Wells
- Division of Medicine, UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Niall Colgan
- Division of Medicine, UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University College LondonLondon, UK
| | - James M O'Callaghan
- Division of Medicine, UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Ross A Johnson
- Tailored Therapeutics, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate CenterIndianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Zeshan Ahmed
- Molecular Pathology, Eli Lilly & Co. LtdWindlesham, UK
| | | | - Alice Fisher
- Molecular Pathology, Eli Lilly & Co. LtdWindlesham, UK
| | - M Jorge Cardoso
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Marc Modat
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College LondonLondon, UK
| | | | - Emily C Collins
- Tailored Therapeutics, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate CenterIndianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Elizabeth M C Fisher
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College LondonLondon, UK
| | | | - Mark F Lythgoe
- Division of Medicine, UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University College LondonLondon, UK
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12
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Barbeito-Andrés J, Bernal V, Gonzalez PN. Morphological asymmetries of mouse brain assessed by geometric morphometric analysis of MRI data. Magn Reson Imaging 2016; 34:980-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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13
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Francks C. Exploring human brain lateralization with molecular genetics and genomics. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1359:1-13. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clyde Francks
- Language and Genetics Department; Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics; Nijmegen the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior; Radboud University Nijmegen; Nijmegen the Netherlands
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14
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Corre C, Friedel M, Vousden DA, Metcalf A, Spring S, Qiu LR, Lerch JP, Palmert MR. Separate effects of sex hormones and sex chromosomes on brain structure and function revealed by high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging and spatial navigation assessment of the Four Core Genotype mouse model. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 221:997-1016. [PMID: 25445841 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0952-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Males and females exhibit several differences in brain structure and function. To examine the basis for these sex differences, we investigated the influences of sex hormones and sex chromosomes on brain structure and function in mice. We used the Four Core Genotype (4CG) mice, which can generate both male and female mice with XX or XY sex chromosome complement, allowing the decoupling of sex chromosomes from hormonal milieu. To examine whole brain structure, high-resolution ex vivo MRI was performed, and to assess differences in cognitive function, mice were trained on a radial arm maze. Voxel-wise and volumetric analyses of MRI data uncovered a striking independence of hormonal versus chromosomal influences in 30 sexually dimorphic brain regions. For example, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the parieto-temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex displayed steroid-dependence while the cerebellar cortex, corpus callosum, and olfactory bulbs were influenced by sex chromosomes. Spatial learning and memory demonstrated strict hormone-dependency with no apparent influence of sex chromosomes. Understanding the influences of chromosomes and hormones on brain structure and function is important for understanding sex differences in brain structure and function, an endeavor that has eventual implications for understanding sex biases observed in the prevalence of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Corre
- Division of Endocrinology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada.
| | - Miriam Friedel
- Mouse Imaging Centre and Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, 25 Orde Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 3H7, Canada
| | - Dulcie A Vousden
- Mouse Imaging Centre and Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, 25 Orde Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 3H7, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, The University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ariane Metcalf
- Mouse Imaging Centre and Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, 25 Orde Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 3H7, Canada
| | - Shoshana Spring
- Mouse Imaging Centre and Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, 25 Orde Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 3H7, Canada
| | - Lily R Qiu
- Division of Endocrinology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, The University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jason P Lerch
- Mouse Imaging Centre and Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, 25 Orde Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 3H7, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, The University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mark R Palmert
- Division of Endocrinology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada. .,Institute of Medical Science, The University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Departments of Paediatrics and Physiology, The University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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15
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Gonzalez PN, Lotto FP, Hallgrímsson B. Canalization and developmental instability of the fetal skull in a mouse model of maternal nutritional stress. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2014; 154:544-53. [PMID: 24888714 PMCID: PMC4425270 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Nutritional imbalance is one of the main sources of stress in both extant and extinct human populations. Restricted availability of nutrients is thought to disrupt the buffering mechanisms that contribute to developmental stability and canalization, resulting in increased levels of fluctuating asymmetry (FA) and phenotypic variance among individuals. However, the literature is contradictory in this regard. This study assesses the effect of prenatal nutritional stress on FA and among-individual variance in cranial shape and size using a mouse model of maternal protein restriction. Two sets of landmark coordinates were digitized in three dimensions from skulls of control and protein restricted specimens at E17.5 and E18.5. We found that, by the end of gestation, maternal protein restriction resulted in a significant reduction of skull size. Fluctuating asymmetry in size and shape exceeded the amount of measurement error in all groups, but no significant differences in the magnitude of FA were found between treatments. Conversely, the pattern of shape asymmetry was affected by the environmental perturbation since the angles between the first eigenvectors extracted from the covariance matrix of shape asymmetric component of protein restricted and control groups were not significantly different from the expected for random vectors. In addition, among-individual variance in cranial shape was significantly higher in the protein restricted than the control group at E18.5. Overall, the results obtained from a controlled experiment do not support the view of fluctuating asymmetry of cranial structures as a reliable index for inferring nutritional stress in human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula N. Gonzalez
- CONICET, Instituto de Genética Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNLP-CCT La Plata 1900, Argentina
- CONICET, División Antropología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Federico P. Lotto
- CONICET, División Antropología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
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16
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Ma D, Cardoso MJ, Modat M, Powell N, Wells J, Holmes H, Wiseman F, Tybulewicz V, Fisher E, Lythgoe MF, Ourselin S. Automatic structural parcellation of mouse brain MRI using multi-atlas label fusion. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86576. [PMID: 24475148 PMCID: PMC3903537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-atlas segmentation propagation has evolved quickly in recent years, becoming a state-of-the-art methodology for automatic parcellation of structural images. However, few studies have applied these methods to preclinical research. In this study, we present a fully automatic framework for mouse brain MRI structural parcellation using multi-atlas segmentation propagation. The framework adopts the similarity and truth estimation for propagated segmentations (STEPS) algorithm, which utilises a locally normalised cross correlation similarity metric for atlas selection and an extended simultaneous truth and performance level estimation (STAPLE) framework for multi-label fusion. The segmentation accuracy of the multi-atlas framework was evaluated using publicly available mouse brain atlas databases with pre-segmented manually labelled anatomical structures as the gold standard, and optimised parameters were obtained for the STEPS algorithm in the label fusion to achieve the best segmentation accuracy. We showed that our multi-atlas framework resulted in significantly higher segmentation accuracy compared to single-atlas based segmentation, as well as to the original STAPLE framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Ma
- Centre for Medical Imaging Computing, University College London, London, England, United Kingdom
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, England, United Kingdom
| | - Manuel J. Cardoso
- Centre for Medical Imaging Computing, University College London, London, England, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Modat
- Centre for Medical Imaging Computing, University College London, London, England, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Powell
- Centre for Medical Imaging Computing, University College London, London, England, United Kingdom
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, England, United Kingdom
| | - Jack Wells
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, England, United Kingdom
| | - Holly Holmes
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, England, United Kingdom
| | - Frances Wiseman
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, England, United Kingdom
| | - Victor Tybulewicz
- Division of Immune Cell Biology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London, England, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Fisher
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, England, United Kingdom
| | - Mark F. Lythgoe
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, England, United Kingdom
| | - Sébastien Ourselin
- Centre for Medical Imaging Computing, University College London, London, England, United Kingdom
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17
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Goggolidou P, Soneji S, Powles-Glover N, Williams D, Sethi S, Baban D, Simon MM, Ragoussis I, Norris DP. A chronological expression profile of gene activity during embryonic mouse brain development. Mamm Genome 2013; 24:459-72. [PMID: 24249052 PMCID: PMC3843766 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-013-9486-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The brain is a functionally complex organ, the patterning and development of which are key to adult health. To help elucidate the genetic networks underlying mammalian brain patterning, we conducted detailed transcriptional profiling during embryonic development of the mouse brain. A total of 2,400 genes were identified as showing differential expression between three developmental stages. Analysis of the data identified nine gene clusters to demonstrate analogous expression profiles. A significant group of novel genes of as yet undiscovered biological function were detected as being potentially relevant to brain development and function, in addition to genes that have previously identified roles in the brain. Furthermore, analysis for genes that display asymmetric expression between the left and right brain hemispheres during development revealed 35 genes as putatively asymmetric from a combined data set. Our data constitute a valuable new resource for neuroscience and neurodevelopment, exposing possible functional associations between genes, including novel loci, and encouraging their further investigation in human neurological and behavioural disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Goggolidou
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK,
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18
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Kelsey L, Flenniken AM, Qu D, Funnell APW, Pearson R, Zhou YQ, Voronina I, Berberovic Z, Wood G, Newbigging S, Weiss ES, Wong M, Quach I, Yeh SYS, Deshwar AR, Scott IC, McKerlie C, Henkelman M, Backx P, Simpson J, Osborne L, Rossant J, Crossley M, Bruneau B, Adamson SL. ENU-induced mutation in the DNA-binding domain of KLF3 reveals important roles for KLF3 in cardiovascular development and function in mice. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003612. [PMID: 23874215 PMCID: PMC3708807 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
KLF3 is a Krüppel family zinc finger transcription factor with widespread tissue expression and no previously known role in heart development. In a screen for dominant mutations affecting cardiovascular function in N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) mutagenized mice, we identified a missense mutation in the Klf3 gene that caused aortic valvular stenosis and partially penetrant perinatal lethality in heterozygotes. All homozygotes died as embryos. In the first of three zinc fingers, a point mutation changed a highly conserved histidine at amino acid 275 to arginine (Klf3H275R). This change impaired binding of the mutant protein to KLF3's canonical DNA binding sequence. Heterozygous Klf3H275R mutants that died as neonates had marked biventricular cardiac hypertrophy with diminished cardiac chambers. Adult survivors exhibited hypotension, cardiac hypertrophy with enlarged cardiac chambers, and aortic valvular stenosis. A dominant negative effect on protein function was inferred by the similarity in phenotype between heterozygous Klf3H275R mutants and homozygous Klf3 null mice. However, the existence of divergent traits suggested the involvement of additional interactions. We conclude that KLF3 plays diverse and important roles in cardiovascular development and function in mice, and that amino acid 275 is critical for normal KLF3 protein function. Future exploration of the KLF3 pathway provides a new avenue for investigating causative factors contributing to cardiovascular disorders in humans. Cardiac defects are among the most common malformations in humans. Most causative genetic mutations remain unknown. To discover new causative genes important in cardiovascular development and function, we examined 1770 mice with randomly mutated genes and found a mutant with aortic valvular stenosis, and increased risk of fetal and neonatal death. Using linkage analysis and sequencing, we identified a protein-altering point mutation in the gene regulatory protein KLF3. Mice that survived into adulthood with one mutant copy of the Klf3 gene had low arterial blood pressure, enlarged hearts, and increased mortality due to heart failure. When both copies of the Klf3 gene was mutant, then embryos had heart defects, and all died before birth. KLF3 had no previously known role in heart development so to confirm these findings, we (1) knocked down klf3 expression in zebrafish embryos and (2) examined mice with a mutation that effectively eliminated the KLF3 protein. In both cases, cardiovascular dysfunction was observed. In conclusion, we have discovered that KLF3 plays diverse and important roles in cardiovascular development and function in mice. Future exploration of the KLF3 pathway provides a new avenue for investigating causative factors contributing to cardiovascular disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lois Kelsey
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Modeling Human Disease, Toronto Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ann M. Flenniken
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Modeling Human Disease, Toronto Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dawei Qu
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Modeling Human Disease, Toronto Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alister P. W. Funnell
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard Pearson
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yu-Qing Zhou
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Toronto Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Irina Voronina
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Modeling Human Disease, Toronto Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zorana Berberovic
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Modeling Human Disease, Toronto Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Geoffrey Wood
- Centre for Modeling Human Disease, Toronto Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susan Newbigging
- Centre for Modeling Human Disease, Toronto Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Edward S. Weiss
- Centre for Modeling Human Disease, Toronto Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Wong
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Toronto Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ivan Quach
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - S. Y. Sandy Yeh
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ashish R. Deshwar
- The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ian C. Scott
- The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Colin McKerlie
- Centre for Modeling Human Disease, Toronto Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark Henkelman
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Toronto Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter Backx
- Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeremy Simpson
- Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lucy Osborne
- Centre for Modeling Human Disease, Toronto Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Janet Rossant
- Centre for Modeling Human Disease, Toronto Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Merlin Crossley
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Benoit Bruneau
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Pediatrics, and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - S. Lee Adamson
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Modeling Human Disease, Toronto Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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19
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van Eede MC, Scholz J, Chakravarty MM, Henkelman RM, Lerch JP. Mapping registration sensitivity in MR mouse brain images. Neuroimage 2013; 82:226-36. [PMID: 23756204 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonlinear registration algorithms provide a way to estimate structural (brain) differences based on magnetic resonance images. Their ability to align images of different individuals and across modalities has been well-researched, but the bounds of their sensitivity with respect to the recovery of salient morphological differences between groups are unclear. Here we develop a novel approach to simulate deformations on MR brain images to evaluate the ability of two registration algorithms to extract structural differences corresponding to biologically plausible atrophy and expansion. We show that at a neuroanatomical level registration accuracy is influenced by the size and compactness of structures, but do so differently depending on how much change is simulated. The size of structures has a small influence on the recovered accuracy. There is a trend for larger structures to be recovered more accurately, which becomes only significant as the amount of simulated change is large. More compact structures can be recovered more accurately regardless of the amount of simulated change. Both tested algorithms underestimate the full extent of the simulated atrophy and expansion. Finally we show that when multiple comparisons are corrected for at a voxelwise level, a very low rate of false positives is obtained. More interesting is that true positive rates average around 40%, indicating that the simulated changes are not fully recovered. Simulation experiments were run using two fundamentally different registration algorithms and we identified the same results, suggesting that our findings are generalizable across different classes of nonlinear registration algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthijs C van Eede
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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20
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Mohun T, Adams DJ, Baldock R, Bhattacharya S, Copp AJ, Hemberger M, Houart C, Hurles ME, Robertson E, Smith JC, Weaver T, Weninger W. Deciphering the Mechanisms of Developmental Disorders (DMDD): a new programme for phenotyping embryonic lethal mice. Dis Model Mech 2013; 6:562-6. [PMID: 23519034 PMCID: PMC3634640 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.011957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
International efforts to test gene function in the mouse by the systematic knockout of each gene are creating many lines in which embryonic development is compromised. These homozygous lethal mutants represent a potential treasure trove for the biomedical community. Developmental biologists could exploit them in their studies of tissue differentiation and organogenesis; for clinical researchers they offer a powerful resource for investigating the origins of developmental diseases that affect newborns. Here, we outline a new programme of research in the UK aiming to kick-start research with embryonic lethal mouse lines. The ‘Deciphering the Mechanisms of Developmental Disorders’ (DMDD) programme has the ambitious goal of identifying all embryonic lethal knockout lines made in the UK over the next 5 years, and will use a combination of comprehensive imaging and transcriptomics to identify abnormalities in embryo structure and development. All data will be made freely available, enabling individual researchers to identify lines relevant to their research. The DMDD programme will coordinate its work with similar international efforts through the umbrella of the International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium [see accompanying Special Article (Adams et al., 2013)] and, together, these programmes will provide a novel database for embryonic development, linking gene identity with molecular profiles and morphology phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Mohun
- MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London, NW7 1AA, UK
- Author for correspondence ()
| | - David J. Adams
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | | | | | - Andrew J. Copp
- UCL Institute of Child Health, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | | | - Matt E. Hurles
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | | | - James C. Smith
- MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London, NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Tom Weaver
- MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxford, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Wolfgang Weninger
- Medical University of Vienna, Universitätsring 1, 1010 Vienna, Austria
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21
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Ellegood J, Babineau BA, Henkelman RM, Lerch JP, Crawley JN. Neuroanatomical analysis of the BTBR mouse model of autism using magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging. Neuroimage 2012; 70:288-300. [PMID: 23275046 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by abnormal reciprocal social interactions, communication deficits, and repetitive behaviors with restricted interests. Autism-relevant phenotypes in the inbred mouse strain BTBR T+tf/J (BTBR) offer translational tools to discover biological mechanisms underlying unusual mouse behaviors analogous to symptoms of autism. Two of the most consistent findings with BTBR are lack of sociability as measured by the three-chamber social approach task and increased amount of time engaged in self-grooming in an empty cage. Here we evaluated BTBR as compared to two typical inbred strains with high sociability and low self-grooming, C57BL/6J (B6) and FVB/AntJ (FVB), on both the automated three-chambered social approach task and repetitive self-grooming assays. Brains from the behaviorally tested mice were analyzed using magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging to investigate potential neuroanatomical abnormalities throughout the brain; specifically, to discover neuroanatomical mechanisms which could explain the autism-relevant behavioral abnormalities. Significant differences in volume and white matter microstructure were detected in multiple anatomical regions throughout the brain of BTBR compared to B6 and FVB. Further, significant correlations were found between behavioral measures and areas of the brain known to be associated with those behaviors. For example, striatal volume was strongly correlated to time spent in self-grooming across strains. Our findings suggest that neuropathology exists in BTBR beyond the previously reported white matter abnormalities in the corpus callosum and hippocampal commissure and that these brain differences may be related to the behavioral abnormalities seen in BTBR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Ellegood
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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22
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Apostolova I, Wunder A, Dirnagl U, Michel R, Stemmer N, Lukas M, Derlin T, Gregor-Mamoudou B, Goldschmidt J, Brenner W, Buchert R. Brain perfusion SPECT in the mouse: Normal pattern according to gender and age. Neuroimage 2012; 63:1807-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Revised: 08/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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23
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Wong MD, Dorr AE, Walls JR, Lerch JP, Henkelman RM. A novel 3D mouse embryo atlas based on micro-CT. Development 2012; 139:3248-56. [PMID: 22872090 DOI: 10.1242/dev.082016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The goal of the International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium (IMPC) is to phenotype targeted knockout mouse strains throughout the whole mouse genome (23,000 genes) by 2021. A significant percentage of the generated mice will be embryonic lethal; therefore, phenotyping methods tuned to the mouse embryo are needed. Methods that are robust, quantitative, automated and high-throughput are attractive owing to the numbers of mice involved. Three-dimensional (3D) imaging is a useful method for characterizing morphological phenotypes. However, tools to automatically quantify morphological information of mouse embryos from 3D imaging have not been fully developed. We present a representative mouse embryo average 3D atlas comprising micro-CT images of 35 individual C57BL/6J mouse embryos at 15.5 days post-coitum. The 35 micro-CT images were registered into a consensus average image with our automated image registration software and 48 anatomical structures were segmented manually. We report the mean and variation in volumes for each of the 48 segmented structures. Mouse organ volumes vary by 2.6-4.2% on a linear scale when normalized to whole body volume. A power analysis of the volume data reports that a 9-14% volume difference can be detected between two classes of mice with sample sizes of eight. This resource will be crucial in establishing baseline anatomical phenotypic measurements for the assessment of mutant mouse phenotypes, as any future mutant embryo image can be registered to the atlas and subsequent organ volumes calculated automatically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Wong
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, and Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada.
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24
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Neurodevelopmental impairment following neonatal hyperoxia in the mouse. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 50:69-75. [PMID: 23064437 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Extremely premature infants are often exposed to supra-physiologic concentrations of oxygen, and frequently have hypoxemic episodes. These preterm infants are at high risk (~40%) for neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) even in the absence of obvious intracranial pathology such as intraventricular hemorrhage or periventricular leukomalacia. The etiology for NDI has not been determined, and there are no animal models to simulate neurodevelopmental outcomes of prematurity. Our objectives were to develop and characterize a mouse model to determine long-term effects of chronic hypoxia or hyperoxia exposure on neurodevelopment. Newborn C57BL/6 mice were exposed to hypoxia (12% O(2)) or hyperoxia (85% O(2)) from postnatal days 1 to 14 and then returned to air. At 12-14 weeks of age, neurobehavioral assessment (Water Maze test, Novel Object Recognition test, Open Field test, Elevated Plus Maze, and Rotarod test) was performed, followed by MRI and brain histology. Neurobehavioral testing revealed that hyperoxia-exposed mice did poorly on the water maze and novel object recognition tests compared to air-exposed mice. MRI demonstrated smaller hippocampi in hyperoxia- and hypoxia-exposed mice with a greater reduction in hyperoxia-exposed mice, including a smaller cerebellum in hyperoxia-exposed mice. Brain histology showed reduced CA1 and CA3 and increased dentate gyral width in hippocampus. In conclusion, neonatal hyperoxia in mice leads to abnormal neurobehavior, primarily deficits in spatial and recognition memory, associated with smaller hippocampal sizes, similar to findings in ex-preterm infants. This animal model may be useful to determine mechanisms underlying developmental programming of NDI in preterm infants, and for evaluation of therapeutic strategies.
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Gaser C, Schmidt S, Metzler M, Herrmann KH, Krumbein I, Reichenbach JR, Witte OW. Deformation-based brain morphometry in rats. Neuroimage 2012; 63:47-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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Nieman BJ, Blank MC, Roman BB, Henkelman RM, Millen KJ. If the skull fits: magnetic resonance imaging and microcomputed tomography for combined analysis of brain and skull phenotypes in the mouse. Physiol Genomics 2012; 44:992-1002. [PMID: 22947655 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00093.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian brain and skull develop concurrently in a coordinated manner, consistently producing a brain and skull that fit tightly together. It is common that abnormalities in one are associated with related abnormalities in the other. However, this is not always the case. A complete characterization of the relationship between brain and skull phenotypes is necessary to understand the mechanisms that cause them to be coordinated or divergent and to provide perspective on the potential diagnostic or prognostic significance of brain and skull phenotypes. We demonstrate the combined use of magnetic resonance imaging and microcomputed tomography for analysis of brain and skull phenotypes in the mouse. Co-registration of brain and skull images allows comparison of the relationship between phenotypes in the brain and those in the skull. We observe a close fit between the brain and skull of two genetic mouse models that both show abnormal brain and skull phenotypes. Application of these three-dimensional image analyses in a broader range of mouse mutants will provide a map of the relationships between brain and skull phenotypes generally and allow characterization of patterns of similarities and differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Nieman
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Oguz I, McMurray MS, Styner M, Johns JM. The translational role of diffusion tensor image analysis in animal models of developmental pathologies. Dev Neurosci 2012; 34:5-19. [PMID: 22627095 DOI: 10.1159/000336825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DTI) has proven itself a powerful technique for clinical investigation of the neurobiological targets and mechanisms underlying developmental pathologies. The success of DTI in clinical studies has demonstrated its great potential for understanding translational animal models of clinical disorders, and preclinical animal researchers are beginning to embrace this new technology to study developmental pathologies. In animal models, genetics can be effectively controlled, drugs consistently administered, subject compliance ensured, and image acquisition times dramatically increased to reduce between-subject variability and improve image quality. When pairing these strengths with the many positive attributes of DTI, such as the ability to investigate microstructural brain organization and connectivity, it becomes possible to delve deeper into the study of both normal and abnormal development. The purpose of this review is to provide new preclinical investigators with an introductory source of information about the analysis of data resulting from small animal DTI studies to facilitate the translation of these studies to clinical data. In addition to an in-depth review of translational analysis techniques, we present a number of relevant clinical and animal studies using DTI to investigate developmental insults in order to further illustrate techniques and to highlight where small animal DTI could potentially provide a wealth of translational data to inform clinical researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ipek Oguz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Lutkenhoff E, Karlsgodt KH, Gutman B, Stein JL, Thompson PM, Cannon TD, Jentsch JD. Structural and functional neuroimaging phenotypes in dysbindin mutant mice. Neuroimage 2012; 62:120-9. [PMID: 22584233 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a highly heritable psychiatric disorder that is associated with a number of structural and functional neurophenotypes. DTNBP1, the gene encoding dysbindin-1, is a promising candidate gene for schizophrenia. Use of a mouse model carrying a large genomic deletion exclusively within the dysbindin gene permits a direct investigation of the gene in isolation. Here, we use manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEMRI) to explore the regional alterations in brain structure and function caused by loss of the gene encoding dysbindin-1. We report novel findings that uniquely inform our understanding of the relationship of dysbindin-1 to known schizophrenia phenotypes. First, in mutant mice, analysis of the rate of manganese uptake into the brain over a 24-hour period, putatively indexing basal cellular activity, revealed differences in dopamine rich brain regions, as well as in CA1 and dentate subregions of the hippocampus formation. Finally, novel tensor-based morphometry techniques were applied to the mouse MRI data, providing evidence for structural volume deficits in cortical regions, subiculum and dentate gyrus, and the striatum of dysbindin mutant mice. The affected cortical regions were primarily localized to the sensory cortices in particular the auditory cortex. This work represents the first application of manganese-enhanced small animal imaging to a mouse model of schizophrenia endophenotypes, and a novel combination of functional and structural measures. It revealed both hypothesized and novel structural and functional neural alterations related to dysbindin-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Lutkenhoff
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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29
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Shinohara Y, Hosoya A, Yahagi K, Ferecskó AS, Yaguchi K, Sík A, Itakura M, Takahashi M, Hirase H. Hippocampal CA3 and CA2 have distinct bilateral innervation patterns to CA1 in rodents. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 35:702-10. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.07993.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Ellegood J, Henkelman RM, Lerch JP. Neuroanatomical Assessment of the Integrin β3 Mouse Model Related to Autism and the Serotonin System Using High Resolution MRI. Front Psychiatry 2012; 3:37. [PMID: 22557981 PMCID: PMC3337465 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The integrinβ3 (ITGβ3) gene has been associated with both autism and the serotonin system. The purpose of this study was to examine the volumetric differences in the brain of an ITGβ3 homozygous knockout mouse model compared with a corresponding wild-type mouse using high resolution magnetic resonance imaging and detailed statistical analyses. The most striking difference found was an 11% reduction in total brain volume. Moreover, 32 different regions were found to have significantly different relative volumes (percentage total brain volume) in the ITGβ3 mouse. A number of interesting differences relevant to autism were discovered including a smaller corpus callosum volume and bilateral decreases in the hippocampus, striatum, and cerebellum. Relative volume increases were also found in the frontal and parieto-temporal lobes as well as in the amygdala. Particularly intriguing were the changes in the lateral wings of the dorsal raphe nuclei since that nucleus is so integral to the development of many different brain regions and the serotonin system in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Ellegood
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children Toronto, ON, Canada
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31
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Paniagua B, Alhadidi A, Cevidanes L, Styner M, Oguz I. MANDIBULAR ASYMMETRY CHARACTERIZATION USING GENERALIZED TENSOR-BASED MORPHOMETRY. PROCEEDINGS. IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON BIOMEDICAL IMAGING 2011; 2011:1175-1178. [PMID: 24443671 DOI: 10.1109/isbi.2011.5872611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative assessment of facial asymmetry is crucial for successful planning of corrective surgery. We propose a tensor-based morphometry (TBM) framework to locate and quantify asymmetry using 3D CBCT images. To this end, we compute a rigid transformation between the mandible segmentation and its mirror image, which yields global rotation and translation with respect to the cranial base to guide the surgery's first stage. Next, we nonrigidly register the rigidly aligned images and use TBM methods to locally analyze the deformation field. This yields data on the location, amount and direction of "growth" (or "shrinkage") between the left and right sides. We visualize this data in a volumetric manner and via scalar and vector maps on the mandibular surface to provide the surgeon with optimal understanding of the patient's anatomy. We illustrate the feasibility and strength of our technique on 3 representative patients with a wide range of facial asymmetries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Paniagua
- Department of Orthodontics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Abeer Alhadidi
- Department of Orthodontics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Lucia Cevidanes
- Department of Orthodontics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Martin Styner
- Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill ; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Ipek Oguz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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Powell KA, Wilson D. 3-dimensional imaging modalities for phenotyping genetically engineered mice. Vet Pathol 2011; 49:106-15. [PMID: 22146851 DOI: 10.1177/0300985811429814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A variety of 3-dimensional (3D) digital imaging modalities are available for whole-body assessment of genetically engineered mice: magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM), X-ray microcomputed tomography (microCT), optical projection tomography (OPT), episcopic and cryoimaging, and ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM). Embryo and adult mouse phenotyping can be accomplished at microscopy or near microscopy spatial resolutions using these modalities. MRM and microCT are particularly well-suited for evaluating structural information at the organ level, whereas episcopic and OPT imaging provide structural and functional information from molecular fluorescence imaging at the cellular level. UBM can be used to monitor embryonic development longitudinally in utero. Specimens are not significantly altered during preparation, and structures can be viewed in their native orientations. Technologies for rapid automated data acquisition and high-throughput phenotyping have been developed and continually improve as this exciting field evolves.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Powell
- Small Animal Imaging Shared Resource, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
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Real MA, Simón MP, Heredia R, de Diego Y, Guirado S. Phenotypic changes in calbindin D28K immunoreactivity in the hippocampus of Fmr1 knockout mice. J Comp Neurol 2011; 519:2622-36. [PMID: 21491426 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS), the most prevalent form of inherited mental retardation, is caused by the lack of FMRP (fragile mental retardation protein) as a result of the transcriptional silencing of the FMR1 gene. Here we analyze the immunohistochemical expression of the calbindin D28K protein in the hippocampus of Fmr1 knockout (KO) mice and compare it with that of their wildtype (WT) littermates. The spatial distribution pattern of calbindin-immunoreactive cells in the hippocampus was similar in WT and KO mice but for each age studied (ranging from 3.5-8 months) the dentate gyrus of Fmr1-KO mice showed a significant reduction in calbindin-immunoreactive granule cells. Also, the number of calbindin-immunoreactive cells was reduced in the CA1 pyramidal layer in KO mice compared to their WT littermates. In addition, Frm1-KO mice showed a group of calbindin-immunoreactive cells located only in the left CA3b subregion that was only sometimes observed in WT mice. Overall, the absence of FMRP results in a dysregulation of the calbindin protein expression in the hippocampus. This dysregulation is cell type- and time-dependent and as a consequence key elements of the hippocampal trisynaptic circuitry may lack calbindin in critical periods for normal memory/learning abilities to be achieved and may explain some of the FXS symptoms observed in the Fmr1-KO mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Angeles Real
- University of Málaga, Department of Cell Biology, Genetics, and Physiology, Málaga, Spain
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Ellegood J, Lerch JP, Henkelman RM. Brain abnormalities in a Neuroligin3 R451C knockin mouse model associated with autism. Autism Res 2011; 4:368-76. [PMID: 21882360 DOI: 10.1002/aur.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been used quite extensively for examining morphological changes in human and animal brains. One of the many advantages to examining mouse models of human autism is that we are able to examine single gene targets, like that of Neuroligin3 R451C knockin (NL3 KI), which has been directly implicated in human autism. The NL3 KI mouse model has marked volume differences in many different structures in the brain: gray matter structures, such as the hippocampus, the striatum, and the thalamus, were all found to be smaller in the NL3 KI. Further, many white matter structures were found to be significantly smaller, such as the cerebral peduncle, corpus callosum, fornix/fimbria, and internal capsule. Fractional anisotropy measurements in these structures were also measured, and no differences were found. The volume changes in the white matter regions, therefore, are not due to a general breakdown in the microstructure of the tissue and seem to be caused by fewer axons or less mature axons. A larger radial diffusivity was also found in localized regions of the corpus callosum and cerebellum. The corpus callosal changes are particularly interesting as the thinning (or reduced volume) of the corpus callosum is a consistent finding in autism. This suggests that the NL3 KI model may be useful for examining white matter changes associated with autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Ellegood
- Mouse Imaging Centre (MICe), Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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35
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Carroll JB, Lerch JP, Franciosi S, Spreeuw A, Bissada N, Henkelman RM, Hayden MR. Natural history of disease in the YAC128 mouse reveals a discrete signature of pathology in Huntington disease. Neurobiol Dis 2011; 43:257-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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36
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Kida I, Iguchi Y, Hoshi Y. Blood oxygenation level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging of bilateral but asymmetrical responses to gustatory stimulation in the rat insular cortex. Neuroimage 2011; 56:1520-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Revised: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Maze training in mice induces MRI-detectable brain shape changes specific to the type of learning. Neuroimage 2011; 54:2086-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.09.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Revised: 09/04/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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38
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Li Q, Cheung C, Wei R, Cheung V, Hui ES, You Y, Wong P, Chua SE, McAlonan GM, Wu EX. Voxel-based analysis of postnatal white matter microstructure in mice exposed to immune challenge in early or late pregnancy. Neuroimage 2010; 52:1-8. [PMID: 20399275 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal infection during prenatal life is a risk factor for neurodevelopmental disorders, including schizophrenia and autism, in the offspring. We and others have reported white mater microstructure abnormalities in prefrontal-striato-temporal networks in these disorders. In addition we have shown that early rather than late maternal immune challenge in the mouse model precipitates ventricular volume change and impairs sensorimotor gating similar to that found in schizophrenia. However, it is not known whether the timing of maternal infection has a differential impact upon white matter microstructural indices. Therefore this study directly tested the effect of early or late gestation maternal immune activation on post-natal white matter microstructure in the mouse. The viral mimic PolyI:C was administered on day 9 or day 17 of gestation. In-vivo diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) was carried out when the offspring reached adulthood. We describe a novel application of voxel-based analysis to evaluate fractional anisotrophy (FA). In addition we conducted a preliminary immunohistochemical exploration of the oligodendrocyte marker, 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNPase), to determine whether differences in myelination might contribute to any changes in FA observed. Our results provide experimental evidence that prenatal exposure to inflammation elicits widespread differences in FA throughout fronto-striatal-limbic circuits compared to control saline exposure. Moreover, FA changes were more extensive in the group exposed earliest in gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
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