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Eng GK, De Nadai AS, Collins KA, Recchia N, Tobe RH, Bragdon LB, Stern ER. Identifying subgroups of urge suppression in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder using machine learning. J Psychiatr Res 2024; 177:129-139. [PMID: 39004004 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is phenomenologically heterogeneous. While predominant models suggest fear and harm prevention drive compulsions, many patients also experience uncomfortable sensory-based urges ("sensory phenomena") that may be associated with heightened interoceptive sensitivity. Using an urge-to-blink eyeblink suppression paradigm to model sensory-based urges, we previously found that OCD patients as a group had more eyeblink suppression failures and greater activation of sensorimotor-interoceptive regions than controls. However, conventional approaches assuming OCD homogeneity may obscure important within-group variability, impeding precision treatment development. This study investigated the heterogeneity of urge suppression failure in OCD and examined relationships with clinical characteristics and neural activation. Eighty-two patients with OCD and 38 controls underwent an fMRI task presenting 60-s blocks of eyeblink suppression alternating with free-blinking blocks. Latent profile analysis identified OCD subgroups based on number of erroneous blinks during suppression. Subgroups were compared on behavior, clinical characteristics, and brain activation during task. Three patient subgroups were identified. Despite similar overall OCD severity, the subgroup with the most erroneous eyeblinks had the highest sensory phenomena severity, interoceptive sensitivity, and subjective urge intensity. Compared to other subgroups, this subgroup exhibited more neural activity in somatosensory and interoceptive regions during the early phase (first 30 s) of blink suppression and reduced activity in the middle frontal gyrus during the late phase (second 30 s) as the suppression period elapsed. Heterogeneity of urge suppression in OCD was associated with clinical characteristics and brain function. Our results reveal potential treatment targets that could inform personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goi Khia Eng
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, 10016, USA; Clinical Research Division, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, New York, 10962, USA.
| | - Alessandro S De Nadai
- Simches Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Katherine A Collins
- Clinical Research Division, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, New York, 10962, USA
| | - Nicolette Recchia
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, 10016, USA; Clinical Research Division, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, New York, 10962, USA
| | - Russell H Tobe
- Clinical Research Division, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, New York, 10962, USA; Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, 10022, USA
| | - Laura B Bragdon
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, 10016, USA; Clinical Research Division, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, New York, 10962, USA
| | - Emily R Stern
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, 10016, USA; Clinical Research Division, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, New York, 10962, USA; Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, 10016, USA
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2
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Kimura N, Takahashi Y, Usui N, Matsuda K, Otani H, Kasai Y, Kondo A, Imai K, Takita J. Neuropsychological outcome after frontal surgery for pediatric-onset epilepsy with focal cortical dysplasia in adolescent and young adult. Epilepsy Behav 2024; 153:109687. [PMID: 38368791 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2024.109687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated neuropsychological outcome in patients with pharmacoresistant pediatric-onset epilepsy caused by focal cortical dysplasia (FCD), who underwent frontal lobe resection during adolescence and young adulthood. METHODS Twenty-seven patients were studied, comprising 15 patients who underwent language-dominant side resection (LDR) and 12 patients who had languagenondominant side resection (n-LDR). We evaluated intelligence (language function, arithmetic ability, working memory, processing speed, visuo-spatial reasoning), executive function, and memory in these patients before and two years after resection surgery. We analyzed the relationship between neuropsychological outcome and resected regions (side of language dominance and location). RESULTS Although 75% of the patients showed improvement or no change in individual neuropsychological tests after surgical intervention, 25% showed decline. The cognitive tests that showed improvement or decline varied between LDR and n-LDR. In patients who had LDR, decline was observed in Vocabulary and Phonemic Fluency (both 5/15 patients), especially after resection of ventrolateral frontal cortex, and improvement was observed in WCST-Category (7/14 patients), Block Design (6/15 patients), Digit Symbol (4/15 patients), and Delayed Recall (3/9 patients). In patients who underwent n-LDR, improvement was observed in Vocabulary (3/12 patients), but decline was observed in Block Design (2/9 patients), and WCST-Category (2/9 patients) after resection of dorsolateral frontal cortex; and Arithmetic (3/10 patients) declined after resection of dorsolateral frontal cortex or ventrolateral frontal cortex. General Memory (3/8 patients), Visual Memory (3/8 patients), Delayed Recall (3/8 patients), Verbal Memory (2/9 patients), and Digit Symbol (3/12 patients) also declined after n-LDR. CONCLUSION Postoperative changes in cognitive function varied depending on the location and side of the resection. For precise presurgical prediction of neuropsychological outcome after surgery, further prospective studies are needed to accumulate data of cognitive changes in relation to the resection site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobusuke Kimura
- National Epilepsy Center, NHO Shizuoka Institute of Epilepsy and Neurological Disorder, Urushiyama 886, Aoi-ku, Shizuoka 420-8688, Japan; Naniwa Ikuno Hospital, Daikoku 1-10-3, Naniwa-ku, Oosaka 556-0014, Japan.
| | - Yukitoshi Takahashi
- National Epilepsy Center, NHO Shizuoka Institute of Epilepsy and Neurological Disorder, Urushiyama 886, Aoi-ku, Shizuoka 420-8688, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Gifu University School of Medicine, Japan; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Japan.
| | - Naotaka Usui
- National Epilepsy Center, NHO Shizuoka Institute of Epilepsy and Neurological Disorder, Urushiyama 886, Aoi-ku, Shizuoka 420-8688, Japan.
| | - Kazumi Matsuda
- National Epilepsy Center, NHO Shizuoka Institute of Epilepsy and Neurological Disorder, Urushiyama 886, Aoi-ku, Shizuoka 420-8688, Japan.
| | - Hideyuki Otani
- National Epilepsy Center, NHO Shizuoka Institute of Epilepsy and Neurological Disorder, Urushiyama 886, Aoi-ku, Shizuoka 420-8688, Japan.
| | - Yoshinobu Kasai
- National Epilepsy Center, NHO Shizuoka Institute of Epilepsy and Neurological Disorder, Urushiyama 886, Aoi-ku, Shizuoka 420-8688, Japan.
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- National Epilepsy Center, NHO Shizuoka Institute of Epilepsy and Neurological Disorder, Urushiyama 886, Aoi-ku, Shizuoka 420-8688, Japan.
| | - Katsumi Imai
- National Epilepsy Center, NHO Shizuoka Institute of Epilepsy and Neurological Disorder, Urushiyama 886, Aoi-ku, Shizuoka 420-8688, Japan.
| | - Junko Takita
- Kyoto University, Shogoin Kawahara-cho 53, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
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3
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Hotta J, Saari J, Harno H, Kalso E, Forss N, Hari R. Somatotopic disruption of the functional connectivity of the primary sensorimotor cortex in complex regional pain syndrome type 1. Hum Brain Mapp 2023; 44:6258-6274. [PMID: 37837646 PMCID: PMC10619416 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), the representation area of the affected limb in the primary sensorimotor cortex (SM1) reacts abnormally during sensory stimulation and motor actions. We recorded 3T functional magnetic resonance imaging resting-state data from 17 upper-limb CRPS type 1 patients and 19 healthy control subjects to identify alterations of patients' SM1 function during spontaneous pain and to find out how the spatial distribution of these alterations were related to peripheral symptoms. Seed-based correlations and independent component analyses indicated that patients' upper-limb SM1 representation areas display (i) reduced interhemispheric connectivity, associated with the combined effect of intensity and spatial extent of limb pain, (ii) increased connectivity with the right anterior insula that positively correlated with the duration of CRPS, (iii) increased connectivity with periaqueductal gray matter, and (iv) disengagement from the other parts of the SM1 network. These findings, now reported for the first time in CRPS, parallel the alterations found in patients suffering from other chronic pain conditions or from limb denervation; they also agree with findings in healthy persons who are exposed to experimental pain or have used their limbs asymmetrically. Our results suggest that CRPS is associated with a sustained and somatotopically specific alteration of SM1 function, that has correspondence to the spatial distribution of the peripheral manifestations and to the duration of the syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaakko Hotta
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical EngineeringAalto University School of ScienceEspooFinland
- Aalto NeuroImagingAalto UniversityEspooFinland
- Department of NeurologyHelsinki University Hospital and Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology, University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Jukka Saari
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical EngineeringAalto University School of ScienceEspooFinland
- Aalto NeuroImagingAalto UniversityEspooFinland
- Department of Applied PhysicsUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
| | - Hanna Harno
- Department of NeurologyHelsinki University Hospital and Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology, University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain MedicineUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University HospitalHelsinkiFinland
| | - Eija Kalso
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain MedicineUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University HospitalHelsinkiFinland
| | - Nina Forss
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical EngineeringAalto University School of ScienceEspooFinland
- Department of NeurologyHelsinki University Hospital and Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology, University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Riitta Hari
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical EngineeringAalto University School of ScienceEspooFinland
- Department of Art and MediaAalto University School of Arts, Design and ArchitectureHelsinkiFinland
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4
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Artiles O, Al Masry Z, Saeed F. Confounding Effects on the Performance of Machine Learning Analysis of Static Functional Connectivity Computed from rs-fMRI Multi-site Data. Neuroinformatics 2023; 21:651-668. [PMID: 37581850 DOI: 10.1007/s12021-023-09639-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) is a non-invasive imaging technique widely used in neuroscience to understand the functional connectivity of the human brain. While rs-fMRI multi-site data can help to understand the inner working of the brain, the data acquisition and processing of this data has many challenges. One of the challenges is the variability of the data associated with different acquisitions sites, and different MRI machines vendors. Other factors such as population heterogeneity among different sites, with variables such as age and gender of the subjects, must also be considered. Given that most of the machine-learning models are developed using these rs-fMRI multi-site data sets, the intrinsic confounding effects can adversely affect the generalizability and reliability of these computational methods, as well as the imposition of upper limits on the classification scores. This work aims to identify the phenotypic and imaging variables producing the confounding effects, as well as to control these effects. Our goal is to maximize the classification scores obtained from the machine learning analysis of the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange (ABIDE) rs-fMRI multi-site data. To achieve this goal, we propose novel methods of stratification to produce homogeneous sub-samples of the 17 ABIDE sites, as well as the generation of new features from the static functional connectivity values, using multiple linear regression models, ComBat harmonization models, and normalization methods. The main results obtained with our statistical models and methods are an accuracy of 76.4%, sensitivity of 82.9%, and specificity of 77.0%, which are 8.8%, 20.5%, and 7.5% above the baseline classification scores obtained from the machine learning analysis of the static functional connectivity computed from the ABIDE rs-fMRI multi-site data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oswaldo Artiles
- Knight Foundation School of Computing and Information Sciences, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street CASE 354, Miami, Florida, 33199, USA
| | - Zeina Al Masry
- SUPMICROTECH, CNRS, institut FEMTO-ST, 24 rue Alain Savary, Besançon, F-25000, France
| | - Fahad Saeed
- Knight Foundation School of Computing and Information Sciences, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street CASE 354, Miami, Florida, 33199, USA.
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5
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Eng GK, Collins KA, Brown C, Ludlow M, Tobe RH, Iosifescu DV, Stern ER. Relationships between interoceptive sensibility and resting-state functional connectivity of the insula in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Cereb Cortex 2022; 32:5285-5300. [PMID: 35257146 PMCID: PMC9712718 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) exhibit abnormality in their subjective perception of internal sensation, a process known as interoceptive sensibility (IS), as well as altered functioning of the insula, a key neural structure for interoception. We investigated the multivariate structure of IS in 77 OCD patients and 53 controls and examined associations of IS with resting-state functional connectivity (FC) of the insula within the OCD group. For each group, principal component analysis was performed on 8 subscales of the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness assessing putatively "adaptive" and "maladaptive" aspects of IS. Associations between IS components and insula FC in the OCD group were evaluated using seed regions placed in each of 3 subdivisions of the insula (posterior, anterior dorsal, and anterior ventral). Behaviorally, controls showed a 2-component solution broadly categorized into "adaptive" and "maladaptive" IS, while OCD patients exhibited a 3-component solution. The general tendency to notice or be aware of sensation loaded onto an "adaptive" IS component in controls but loaded onto both "adaptive" and "maladaptive" IS components in OCD. Within OCD, insula FC was differentially associated with distinct aspects of IS, identifying network connections that could serve as future targets for the modulation of IS in OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goi Khia Eng
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, One Park Ave, 8th Floor, New York, NY 10016, United States.,Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY 10962, United States
| | - Katherine A Collins
- Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY 10962, United States
| | - Carina Brown
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, 6363 Alvarado Court, San Diego, CA 92120, United States
| | - Molly Ludlow
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, 1165 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10461, United States
| | - Russell H Tobe
- Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY 10962, United States
| | - Dan V Iosifescu
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, One Park Ave, 8th Floor, New York, NY 10016, United States.,Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY 10962, United States
| | - Emily R Stern
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, One Park Ave, 8th Floor, New York, NY 10016, United States.,Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY 10962, United States
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6
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Hawco C, Dickie EW, Herman G, Turner JA, Argyelan M, Malhotra AK, Buchanan RW, Voineskos AN. A longitudinal multi-scanner multimodal human neuroimaging dataset. Sci Data 2022; 9:332. [PMID: 35701471 PMCID: PMC9198098 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01386-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Human neuroimaging has led to an overwhelming amount of research into brain function in healthy and clinical populations. However, a better appreciation of the limitations of small sample studies has led to an increased number of multi-site, multi-scanner protocols to understand human brain function. As part of a multi-site project examining social cognition in schizophrenia, a group of "travelling human phantoms" had structural T1, diffusion, and resting-state functional MRIs obtained annually at each of three sites. Scan protocols were carefully harmonized across sites prior to the study. Due to scanner upgrades at each site (all sites acquired PRISMA MRIs during the study) and one participant being replaced, the end result was 30 MRI scans across 4 people, 6 MRIs, and 4 years. This dataset includes multiple neuroimaging modalities and repeated scans across six MRIs. It can be used to evaluate differences across scanners, consistency of pipeline outputs, or test multi-scanner harmonization approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Hawco
- Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Erin W Dickie
- Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gabrielle Herman
- Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jessica A Turner
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Miklos Argyelan
- The Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Anil K Malhotra
- The Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Robert W Buchanan
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Aristotle N Voineskos
- Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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7
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Dufford AJ, Noble S, Gao S, Scheinost D. The instability of functional connectomes across the first year of life. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2021; 51:101007. [PMID: 34419767 PMCID: PMC8379630 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2021.101007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The uniqueness and stability of the adolescent and adult functional connectome has been demonstrated to be high (80-95 % identification) using connectome-based identification (ID) or "fingerprinting". However, it is unclear to what extent individuals exhibit similar distinctiveness and stability in infancy, a developmental period of rapid and unparalleled brain development. In this study, we examined connectome-based ID rates within and across the first year of life using a longitudinal infant dataset at 1.5 month and 9 months of age. We also calculated the test-retest reliability of individual connections across the first year of life using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Overall, we found substantially lower infant ID rates than have been reported in adult and adolescent populations. Within-session ID rates were moderate and significant (ID = 48.94-70.83 %). Between-session ID rates were very low and not significant, with task-to-task connectomes resulting in the highest between-session ID rate (ID = 26.6 %). Similarly, average edge-level test-retest reliability was higher within-session than between-session (mean within-session ICC = 0.17, mean between-session ICC = 0.10). These findings suggest a lack of uniqueness and stability in functional connectomes across the first year of life consistent with the unparalleled changes in brain functional organization during this critical period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Dufford
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, USA.
| | - Stephanie Noble
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, USA
| | - Siyuan Gao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dustin Scheinost
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, USA; Department of Statistics and Data Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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8
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Borgan F, O'Daly O, Veronese M, Reis Marques T, Laurikainen H, Hietala J, Howes O. The neural and molecular basis of working memory function in psychosis: a multimodal PET-fMRI study. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:4464-4474. [PMID: 31801965 PMCID: PMC8550949 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0619-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Working memory (WM) deficits predict clinical and functional outcomes in schizophrenia but are poorly understood and unaddressed by existing treatments. WM encoding and WM retrieval have not been investigated in schizophrenia without the confounds of illness chronicity or the use of antipsychotics and illicit substances. Moreover, it is unclear if WM deficits may be linked to cannabinoid 1 receptor dysfunction in schizophrenia. Sixty-six volunteers (35 controls, 31 drug-free patients with diagnoses of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder) completed the Sternberg Item-Recognition paradigm during an fMRI scan. Neural activation during WM encoding and WM retrieval was indexed using the blood-oxygen-level-dependent hemodynamic response. A subset of volunteers (20 controls, 20 drug-free patients) underwent a dynamic PET scan to measure [11C] MePPEP distribution volume (ml/cm3) to index CB1R availability. In a whole-brain analysis, there was a significant main effect of group on task-related BOLD responses in the superior parietal lobule during WM encoding, and the bilateral hippocampus during WM retrieval. Region of interest analyses in volunteers who had PET/fMRI indicated that there was a significant main effect of group on task-related BOLD responses in the right hippocampus, left DLPFC, left ACC during encoding; and in the bilateral hippocampus, striatum, ACC and right DLPFC during retrieval. Striatal CB1R availability was positively associated with mean striatal activation during WM retrieval in male patients (R = 0.5, p = 0.02) but not male controls (R = -0.20, p = 0.53), and this was significantly different between groups, Z = -2.20, p = 0.02. Striatal CB1R may contribute to the pathophysiology of WM deficits in male patients and have implications for drug development in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith Borgan
- Psychosis Studies Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, England.
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, England.
| | - Owen O'Daly
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, England
| | - Mattia Veronese
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, England
| | - Tiago Reis Marques
- Psychosis Studies Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, England
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, England
| | - Heikki Laurikainen
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jarmo Hietala
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Oliver Howes
- Psychosis Studies Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, England
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, England
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9
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Cao H, Chen OY, McEwen SC, Forsyth JK, Gee DG, Bearden CE, Addington J, Goodyear B, Cadenhead KS, Mirzakhanian H, Cornblatt BA, Carrión RE, Mathalon DH, McGlashan TH, Perkins DO, Belger A, Thermenos H, Tsuang MT, van Erp TGM, Walker EF, Hamann S, Anticevic A, Woods SW, Cannon TD. Cross-paradigm connectivity: reliability, stability, and utility. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 15:614-629. [PMID: 32361945 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-020-00272-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
While functional neuroimaging studies typically focus on a particular paradigm to investigate network connectivity, the human brain appears to possess an intrinsic "trait" architecture that is independent of any given paradigm. We have previously proposed the use of "cross-paradigm connectivity (CPC)" to quantify shared connectivity patterns across multiple paradigms and have demonstrated the utility of such measures in clinical studies. Here, using generalizability theory and connectome fingerprinting, we examined the reliability, stability, and individual identifiability of CPC in a group of highly-sampled healthy traveling subjects who received fMRI scans with a battery of five paradigms across multiple sites and days. Compared with single-paradigm connectivity matrices, the CPC matrices showed higher reliability in connectivity diversity, lower reliability in connectivity strength, higher stability, and higher individual identification accuracy. All of these assessments increased as a function of number of paradigms included in the CPC analysis. In comparisons involving different paradigm combinations and different brain atlases, we observed significantly higher reliability, stability, and identifiability for CPC matrices constructed from task-only data (versus those from both task and rest data), and higher identifiability but lower stability for CPC matrices constructed from the Power atlas (versus those from the AAL atlas). Moreover, we showed that multi-paradigm CPC matrices likely reflect the brain's "trait" structure that cannot be fully achieved from single-paradigm data, even with multiple runs. The present results provide evidence for the feasibility and utility of CPC in the study of functional "trait" networks and offer some methodological implications for future CPC studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengyi Cao
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, 2 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Oliver Y Chen
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah C McEwen
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer K Forsyth
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dylan G Gee
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, 2 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jean Addington
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Bradley Goodyear
- Departments of Radiology, Clinical Neuroscience and Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Kristin S Cadenhead
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Heline Mirzakhanian
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Barbara A Cornblatt
- Department of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, USA
| | - Ricardo E Carrión
- Department of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, USA
| | - Daniel H Mathalon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Diana O Perkins
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Aysenil Belger
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Heidi Thermenos
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ming T Tsuang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Theo G M van Erp
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Elaine F Walker
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stephan Hamann
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alan Anticevic
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Scott W Woods
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tyrone D Cannon
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, 2 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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10
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Hartling C, Metz S, Pehrs C, Scheidegger M, Gruzman R, Keicher C, Wunder A, Weigand A, Grimm S. Comparison of Four fMRI Paradigms Probing Emotion Processing. Brain Sci 2021; 11:525. [PMID: 33919024 PMCID: PMC8142995 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11050525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous fMRI research has applied a variety of tasks to examine brain activity underlying emotion processing. While task characteristics are known to have a substantial influence on the elicited activations, direct comparisons of tasks that could guide study planning are scarce. We aimed to provide a comparison of four common emotion processing tasks based on the same analysis pipeline to suggest tasks best suited for the study of certain target brain regions. We studied an n-back task using emotional words (EMOBACK) as well as passive viewing tasks of emotional faces (FACES) and emotional scenes (OASIS and IAPS). We compared the activation patterns elicited by these tasks in four regions of interest (the amygdala, anterior insula, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (pgACC)) in three samples of healthy adults (N = 45). The EMOBACK task elicited activation in the right dlPFC and bilateral anterior insula and deactivation in the pgACC while the FACES task recruited the bilateral amygdala. The IAPS and OASIS tasks showed similar activation patterns recruiting the bilateral amygdala and anterior insula. We conclude that these tasks can be used to study different regions involved in emotion processing and that the information provided is valuable for future research and the development of fMRI biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Hartling
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, CBF, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (S.M.); (R.G.); (S.G.)
| | - Sophie Metz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, CBF, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (S.M.); (R.G.); (S.G.)
| | - Corinna Pehrs
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Humboldt-University Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Milan Scheidegger
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Rebecca Gruzman
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, CBF, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (S.M.); (R.G.); (S.G.)
| | | | - Andreas Wunder
- Translational Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH and Co. KG, 52216 Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany;
| | - Anne Weigand
- Department of Psychology, Medical School Berlin, 14197 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Simone Grimm
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, CBF, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (S.M.); (R.G.); (S.G.)
- Department of Psychology, Medical School Berlin, 14197 Berlin, Germany;
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11
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De Koninck BP, Guay S, Blais H, De Beaumont L. Parametric study of transcranial alternating current stimulation for brain alpha power modulation. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab010. [PMID: 34085039 PMCID: PMC8165484 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial alternating current stimulation, a non-invasive brain stimulation technique, has been used to increase alpha (8-12 Hz) power, the latter being associated with various brain functions and states. Heterogeneity among stimulation parameters across studies makes it difficult to implement reliable transcranial alternating current stimulation protocols, explaining the absence of consensus on optimal stimulation parameters to modulate the alpha rhythm. This project documents the differential impact of controlling for key transcranial alternating current stimulation parameters, namely the intensity, the frequency and the stimulation site (anterior versus posterior). Phase 1:20 healthy participants underwent 4 different stimulation conditions. In each experimental condition, stimulation via 2 electrodes was delivered for 20 min. Stimulation conditions were administered at PO7-PO8 or F3-F4 at individual's alpha frequency, or at individual's theta frequency or sham. Stimulation intensity was set according to each participant's comfort following a standardized unpleasantness scale (≤ 40 out of 100) and could not exceed 6 mA. All conditions were counterbalanced. Phase 2: participants who tolerated higher intensity of stimulation (4-6 mA) underwent alpha-frequency stimulation applied over PO7-PO8 at 1 mA to investigate within-subject modulation of stimulation response according to stimulation intensity. Whether set over posterior or anterior cortical sites, alpha-frequency stimulation showed greater increase in alpha power relative to stimulation at theta frequency and sham stimulation. Posterior alpha-frequency stimulation showed a greater increase in alpha power relative to the adjacent frequency bands over frontal and occipito-parietal brain areas. Low intensity (1 mA) posterior alpha stimulation showed a similar increase in alpha power than at high (4-6 mA) intensity when measured immediately after stimulation. However, when tested at 60 min or 120 min, low intensity stimulation was associated with significantly superior alpha power increase relative to high intensity stimulation. This study shows that posterior individual's alpha frequency stimulation at higher intensities is well tolerated but fails to increase stimulation aftereffects recorded within 2 h of stimulation on brain oscillations of the corresponding frequency band. In sharp contrast, stimulating at 1 mA (regardless of phosphene generation or sensory perception) effectively and selectively modulates alpha power within that 2-h time window, thus validating that it as a reliable stimulus intensity for future studies. This study also shows that posterior alpha-frequency stimulation preferentially modulates endogenous brain oscillations of the corresponding frequency band. Moreover, our data suggest that posterior alpha-frequency transcranial alternating current stimulation is a reliable and precise non-invasive brain stimulation technique for persistent modulation of both frontal and occipito-parietal alpha power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice P De Koninck
- Research Center, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, CIUSSS du Nord-de-l’Île-de-Montréal Research Center (CRHSCM), H4J 1C5, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Université De Montréal, H3T1J4, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Samuel Guay
- Research Center, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, CIUSSS du Nord-de-l’Île-de-Montréal Research Center (CRHSCM), H4J 1C5, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Université De Montréal, H3T1J4, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Hélène Blais
- Research Center, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, CIUSSS du Nord-de-l’Île-de-Montréal Research Center (CRHSCM), H4J 1C5, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Louis De Beaumont
- Research Center, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, CIUSSS du Nord-de-l’Île-de-Montréal Research Center (CRHSCM), H4J 1C5, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Université De Montréal, H3T1J4, Montreal, Québec, Canada
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12
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Stavroulaki V, Giakoumaki SG, Sidiropoulou K. Working memory training effects across the lifespan: Evidence from human and experimental animal studies. Mech Ageing Dev 2020; 194:111415. [PMID: 33338498 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Working memory refers to a cognitive function that provides temporary storage and manipulation of the information necessary for complex cognitive tasks. Due to its central role in general cognition, several studies have investigated the possibility that training on working memory tasks could improve not only working memory function but also increase other cognitive abilities or modulate other behaviors. This possibility is still highly controversial, with prior studies providing contradictory findings. The lack of systematic approaches and methodological shortcomings complicates this debate even more. This review highlights the impact of working memory training at different ages on humans. Finally, it demonstrates several findings about the neural substrate of training in both humans and experimental animals, including non-human primates and rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stella G Giakoumaki
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, Department of Psychology, Gallos University Campus, University of Crete, Rethymno, 74100, Crete, Greece; University of Crete Research Center for the Humanities, The Social and Educational Sciences, University of Crete, Rethymno, 74100, Crete, Greece
| | - Kyriaki Sidiropoulou
- Dept of Biology, University of Crete, Greece; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology - Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Greece.
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13
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Effects of highly purified cannabidiol (CBD) on fMRI of working memory in treatment-resistant epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2020; 112:107358. [PMID: 32871501 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to determine changes in working memory and functional connectivity via functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)-modified Sternberg task after treatment with highly purified cannabidiol (CBD, Epidiolex®; 100 mg/mL) in patients with treatment-resistant epilepsy (TRE). METHODS Twenty patients with TRE (mean age: 35.8 years; 7 male) performed fMRI Sternberg task before receiving CBD ("PRE") and after reaching stable dosage of CBD (15-25 mg/kg/day; "ON"). Each patient performed 2 runs of the modified Sternberg task during PRE and ON fMRI. Twenty-three healthy controls (HCs; mean age: 25 years; 11 M) also completed the task. All were presented with a sequence of 2 or 6 letters and instructed to remember them (encoding). After a delay, a single letter was shown, and participants recalled if letter was shown in sequence (retrieval). Paired t-tests were used to analyze accuracy/response times. For each subject, event-related modeling of encoding (2 and 6 letters) and retrieval was performed. Paired t-tests controlling for seizure frequency change and scanner type were performed to assess changes in neural recruitment during encoding and retrieval in key regions of interest. RESULTS There was nonsignificant increase in mean modified Sternberg task accuracy from PRE to ON-CBD (28.6 vs. 32.1%). PRE and ON accuracy was worse than HCs (75.5%, p < 0.001). ON-PRE comparison revealed increased activation in the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) during 6-letter encoding. ON-HC comparison revealed increased activation in bilateral IFG and insula during 2-letter encoding. PRE-HC comparison revealed decreased activation in the left middle frontal gyrus during 6-letter encoding. None of these activations were associated with working memory performance. SIGNIFICANCE Treatment-resistant epilepsy results in poorer working memory performance and lower neural recruitment compared with HCs. Treatment with CBD results in no significant changes in working memory performance and in significant increases in neural activity in regions important for verbal memory and attention compared with HCs during memory encoding.
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14
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Roach BJ, Carrión RE, Hamilton HK, Bachman P, Belger A, Duncan E, Johannesen J, Light GA, Niznikiewicz M, Addington J, Bearden CE, S Cadenhead K, Cannon TD, A Cornblatt B, McGlashan TH, Perkins DO, Seidman L, Tsuang M, Walker EF, Woods SW, Mathalon DH. Reliability of mismatch negativity event-related potentials in a multisite, traveling subjects study. Clin Neurophysiol 2020; 131:2899-2909. [PMID: 33160266 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2020.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the optimal methods for measuring mismatch negativity (MMN), an auditory event-related potential (ERP), and quantify sources of MMN variance in a multisite setting. METHODS Reliability of frequency, duration, and double (frequency + duration) MMN was determined from eight traveling subjects, tested on two occasions at eight laboratory sites. Deviant-specific variance components were estimated for MMN peak amplitude and latency measures using different ERP processing methods. Generalizability (G) coefficients were calculated using two-facet (site and occasion), fully-crossed models and single-facet (occasion) models within each laboratory to assess MMN reliability. RESULTS G-coefficients calculated from two-facet models indicated fair (0.4 < G<=0.6) duration MMN reliability at electrode Fz, but poor (G < 0.4) double and frequency MMN reliability. Single-facet G-coefficients averaged across laboratory resulted in improved reliability (G > 0.5). MMN amplitude reliability was greater than latency reliability, and reliability with mastoid referencing significantly outperformed nose-referencing. CONCLUSIONS EEG preprocessing methods have an impact on the reliability of MMN amplitude. Within site MMN reliability can be excellent, consistent with prior single site studies. SIGNIFICANCE With standardized data collection and ERP processing, MMN can be reliably obtained in multisite studies, providing larger samples sizeswithin rare patient groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Roach
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Ricardo E Carrión
- Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks, NY, United States; Center For PsychiatricNeuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island JewishHealth System, Manhasset, NY, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Holly K Hamilton
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Peter Bachman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Aysenil Belger
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Erica Duncan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States; Atlanta VeteransAffairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, United States
| | - Jason Johannesen
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Gregory A Light
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Margaret Niznikiewicz
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jean Addington
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Semel Institute for Neuroscienceand Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Kristin S Cadenhead
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Tyrone D Cannon
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Psychology, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Barbara A Cornblatt
- Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks, NY, United States; Center For PsychiatricNeuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island JewishHealth System, Manhasset, NY, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, United States; Department of Molecular Medicine, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Thomas H McGlashan
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Diana O Perkins
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Larry Seidman
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ming Tsuang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Elaine F Walker
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Scott W Woods
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Daniel H Mathalon
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States.
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15
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Cao H, McEwen SC, Forsyth JK, Gee DG, Bearden CE, Addington J, Goodyear B, Cadenhead KS, Mirzakhanian H, Cornblatt BA, Carrión RE, Mathalon DH, McGlashan TH, Perkins DO, Belger A, Seidman LJ, Thermenos H, Tsuang MT, van Erp TGM, Walker EF, Hamann S, Anticevic A, Woods SW, Cannon TD. Toward Leveraging Human Connectomic Data in Large Consortia: Generalizability of fMRI-Based Brain Graphs Across Sites, Sessions, and Paradigms. Cereb Cortex 2020. [PMID: 29522112 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
While graph theoretical modeling has dramatically advanced our understanding of complex brain systems, the feasibility of aggregating connectomic data in large imaging consortia remains unclear. Here, using a battery of cognitive, emotional and resting fMRI paradigms, we investigated the generalizability of functional connectomic measures across sites and sessions. Our results revealed overall fair to excellent reliability for a majority of measures during both rest and tasks, in particular for those quantifying connectivity strength, network segregation and network integration. Processing schemes such as node definition and global signal regression (GSR) significantly affected resulting reliability, with higher reliability detected for the Power atlas (vs. AAL atlas) and data without GSR. While network diagnostics for default-mode and sensori-motor systems were consistently reliable independently of paradigm, those for higher-order cognitive systems were reliable predominantly when challenged by task. In addition, based on our present sample and after accounting for observed reliability, satisfactory statistical power can be achieved in multisite research with sample size of approximately 250 when the effect size is moderate or larger. Our findings provide empirical evidence for the generalizability of brain functional graphs in large consortia, and encourage the aggregation of connectomic measures using multisite and multisession data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengyi Cao
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sarah C McEwen
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer K Forsyth
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dylan G Gee
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jean Addington
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Bradley Goodyear
- Departments of Radiology, Clinical Neuroscience and Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Kristin S Cadenhead
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Heline Mirzakhanian
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Barbara A Cornblatt
- Department of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, USA
| | - Ricardo E Carrión
- Department of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, USA
| | - Daniel H Mathalon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Diana O Perkins
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Aysenil Belger
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Larry J Seidman
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Heidi Thermenos
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ming T Tsuang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Theo G M van Erp
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Elaine F Walker
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stephan Hamann
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alan Anticevic
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Scott W Woods
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tyrone D Cannon
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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16
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Pinto MS, Paolella R, Billiet T, Van Dyck P, Guns PJ, Jeurissen B, Ribbens A, den Dekker AJ, Sijbers J. Harmonization of Brain Diffusion MRI: Concepts and Methods. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:396. [PMID: 32435181 PMCID: PMC7218137 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MRI diffusion data suffers from significant inter- and intra-site variability, which hinders multi-site and/or longitudinal diffusion studies. This variability may arise from a range of factors, such as hardware, reconstruction algorithms and acquisition settings. To allow a reliable comparison and joint analysis of diffusion data across sites and over time, there is a clear need for robust data harmonization methods. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of diffusion data harmonization concepts and methods, and their limitations. Overall, the methods for the harmonization of multi-site diffusion images can be categorized in two main groups: diffusion parametric map harmonization (DPMH) and diffusion weighted image harmonization (DWIH). Whereas DPMH harmonizes the diffusion parametric maps (e.g., FA, MD, and MK), DWIH harmonizes the diffusion-weighted images. Defining a gold standard harmonization technique for dMRI data is still an ongoing challenge. Nevertheless, in this paper we provide two classification tools, namely a feature table and a flowchart, which aim to guide the readers in selecting an appropriate harmonization method for their study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maíra Siqueira Pinto
- Department of Radiology, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,imec-Vision Lab, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Roberto Paolella
- imec-Vision Lab, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Icometrix, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Pieter Van Dyck
- Department of Radiology, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Ben Jeurissen
- imec-Vision Lab, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | | | - Jan Sijbers
- imec-Vision Lab, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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17
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Hassel S, Sharma GB, Alders GL, Davis AD, Arnott SR, Frey BN, Hall GB, Harris JK, Lam RW, Milev R, Müller DJ, Rotzinger S, Zamyadi M, Kennedy SH, Strother SC, MacQueen GM. Reliability of a functional magnetic resonance imaging task of emotional conflict in healthy participants. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 41:1400-1415. [PMID: 31794150 PMCID: PMC7267954 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Task-based functional neuroimaging methods are increasingly being used to identify biomarkers of treatment response in psychiatric disorders. To facilitate meaningful interpretation of neural correlates of tasks and their potential changes with treatment over time, understanding the reliability of the blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) signal of such tasks is essential. We assessed test-retest reliability of an emotional conflict task in healthy participants collected as part of the Canadian Biomarker Integration Network in Depression. Data for 36 participants, scanned at three time points (weeks 0, 2, and 8) were analyzed, and intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) were used to quantify reliability. We observed moderate reliability (median ICC values between 0.5 and 0.6), within occipital, parietal, and temporal regions, specifically for conditions of lower cognitive complexity, that is, face, congruent or incongruent trials. For these conditions, activation was also observed within frontal and sub-cortical regions, however, their reliability was poor (median ICC < 0.2). Clinically relevant prognostic markers based on task-based fMRI require high predictive accuracy at an individual level. For this to be achieved, reliability of BOLD responses needs to be high. We have shown that reliability of the BOLD response to an emotional conflict task in healthy individuals is moderate. Implications of these findings to further inform studies of treatment effects and biomarker discovery are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Hassel
- Department of Psychiatry, Cumming School of MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and EducationUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Gulshan B. Sharma
- Department of Psychiatry, Cumming School of MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Gésine L. Alders
- Graduate Program in NeuroscienceMcMaster University, and St. Joseph's Healthcare HamiltonHamiltonOntarioCanada
| | - Andrew D. Davis
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural NeurosciencesMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
| | | | - Benicio N. Frey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural NeurosciencesMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
- Mood Disorders Program and Women's Health Concerns ClinicSt. Joseph's HealthcareHamiltonOntarioCanada
| | - Geoffrey B. Hall
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and BehaviourMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
| | | | - Raymond W. Lam
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Roumen Milev
- Department of PsychiatryQueen's University and Providence Care HospitalKingstonOntarioCanada
- Department of PsychologyQueen's UniversityKingstonOntarioCanada
| | - Daniel J. Müller
- Department of PsychiatryCentre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Pharmacogenetic Research Clinic, University of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Susan Rotzinger
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of Psychiatry, Krembil Research CentreUniversity Health Network, University of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of Psychiatry, St. Michael's HospitalUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | | | - Sidney H. Kennedy
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of Psychiatry, Krembil Research CentreUniversity Health Network, University of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of Psychiatry, St. Michael's HospitalUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical ScienceLi Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's HospitalTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Stephen C. Strother
- Rotman Research InstituteTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Glenda M. MacQueen
- Department of Psychiatry, Cumming School of MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and EducationUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
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18
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Cui Z, Stiso J, Baum GL, Kim JZ, Roalf DR, Betzel RF, Gu S, Lu Z, Xia CH, He X, Ciric R, Oathes DJ, Moore TM, Shinohara RT, Ruparel K, Davatzikos C, Pasqualetti F, Gur RE, Gur RC, Bassett DS, Satterthwaite TD. Optimization of energy state transition trajectory supports the development of executive function during youth. eLife 2020; 9:e53060. [PMID: 32216874 PMCID: PMC7162657 DOI: 10.7554/elife.53060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Executive function develops during adolescence, yet it remains unknown how structural brain networks mature to facilitate activation of the fronto-parietal system, which is critical for executive function. In a sample of 946 human youths (ages 8-23y) who completed diffusion imaging, we capitalized upon recent advances in linear dynamical network control theory to calculate the energetic cost necessary to activate the fronto-parietal system through the control of multiple brain regions given existing structural network topology. We found that the energy required to activate the fronto-parietal system declined with development, and the pattern of regional energetic cost predicts unseen individuals' brain maturity. Finally, energetic requirements of the cingulate cortex were negatively correlated with executive performance, and partially mediated the development of executive performance with age. Our results reveal a mechanism by which structural networks develop during adolescence to reduce the theoretical energetic costs of transitions to activation states necessary for executive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaixu Cui
- Departments of Psychiatry, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Jennifer Stiso
- Departments of Bioengineering, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Graham L Baum
- Departments of Psychiatry, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Jason Z Kim
- Departments of Bioengineering, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - David R Roalf
- Departments of Psychiatry, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Richard F Betzel
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana UniversityBloomingtonUnited States
| | - Shi Gu
- Department of Computer Science, University of Electronic Science and TechnologyChengduChina
| | - Zhixin Lu
- Departments of Bioengineering, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Cedric H Xia
- Departments of Psychiatry, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Xiaosong He
- Departments of Bioengineering, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Rastko Ciric
- Departments of Psychiatry, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Desmond J Oathes
- Departments of Psychiatry, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Tyler M Moore
- Departments of Psychiatry, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Russell T Shinohara
- Departments of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Kosha Ruparel
- Departments of Psychiatry, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Christos Davatzikos
- Departments of Bioengineering, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
- Departments of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Fabio Pasqualetti
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of CaliforniaRiversideUnited States
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Departments of Psychiatry, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Ruben C Gur
- Departments of Psychiatry, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Danielle S Bassett
- Departments of Bioengineering, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
- Departments of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
- Departments of Physics and Astronomy and Neurology, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
- Departments of Neurology, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
- Santa Fe InstituteSanta FeUnited States
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19
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Noble S, Scheinost D, Constable RT. A decade of test-retest reliability of functional connectivity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroimage 2019; 203:116157. [PMID: 31494250 PMCID: PMC6907736 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Once considered mere noise, fMRI-based functional connectivity has become a major neuroscience tool in part due to early studies demonstrating its reliability. These fundamental studies revealed only the tip of the iceberg; over the past decade, many test-retest reliability studies have continued to add nuance to our understanding of this complex topic. A summary of these diverse and at times contradictory perspectives is needed. OBJECTIVES We aimed to summarize the existing knowledge regarding test-retest reliability of functional connectivity at the most basic unit of analysis: the individual edge level. This entailed (1) a meta-analytic estimate of reliability and (2) a review of factors influencing reliability. METHODS A search of Scopus was conducted to identify studies that estimated edge-level test-retest reliability. To facilitate comparisons across studies, eligibility was restricted to studies measuring reliability via the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The meta-analysis included a random effects pooled estimate of mean edge-level ICC, with studies nested within datasets. The review included a narrative summary of factors influencing edge-level ICC. RESULTS From an initial pool of 212 studies, 44 studies were identified for the qualitative review and 25 studies for quantitative meta-analysis. On average, individual edges exhibited a "poor" ICC of 0.29 (95% CI = 0.23 to 0.36). The most reliable measurements tended to involve: (1) stronger, within-network, cortical edges, (2) eyes open, awake, and active recordings, (3) more within-subject data, (4) shorter test-retest intervals, (5) no artifact correction (likely due in part to reliable artifact), and (6) full correlation-based connectivity with shrinkage. CONCLUSION This study represents the first meta-analysis and systematic review investigating test-retest reliability of edge-level functional connectivity. Key findings suggest there is room for improvement, but care should be taken to avoid promoting reliability at the expense of validity. By pooling existing knowledge regarding this key facet of accuracy, this study supports broader efforts to improve inferences in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Noble
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, USA.
| | - Dustin Scheinost
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, USA; Department of Statistics and Data Science, Yale University, USA; Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, USA
| | - R Todd Constable
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, USA
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20
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Yoo K, Rosenberg MD, Noble S, Scheinost D, Constable RT, Chun MM. Multivariate approaches improve the reliability and validity of functional connectivity and prediction of individual behaviors. Neuroimage 2019; 197:212-223. [PMID: 31039408 PMCID: PMC6591084 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain functional connectivity features can predict cognition and behavior at the level of the individual. Most studies measure univariate signals, correlating timecourses from the average of constituent voxels in each node. While straightforward, this approach overlooks the spatial patterns of voxel-wise signals within individual nodes. Given that multivariate spatial activity patterns across voxels can improve fMRI measures of mental representations, here we asked whether using voxel-wise timecourses can better characterize region-by-region interactions relative to univariate approaches. Using two fMRI datasets, the Human Connectome Project sample and a local test-retest sample, we measured multivariate functional connectivity with multivariate distance correlation and univariate connectivity with Pearson's correlation. We compared multivariate and univariate connectivity estimates, demonstrating that relative to univariate estimates, multivariate estimates exhibited higher reliability at both the edge-level and connectome-level, stronger prediction of individual differences, and greater sensitivity to brain states within individuals. Our findings suggest that multivariate estimates reliably provide more powerful information about an individual's functional brain organization and its relation to cognitive skills.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephanie Noble
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, USA
| | - Dustin Scheinost
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, USA
| | - R Todd Constable
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, USA
| | - Marvin M Chun
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, USA; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
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21
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Nath V, Remedios S, Parvathaneni P, Hansen CB, Bayrak RG, Bermudez C, Blaber JA, Schilling KG, Janve VA, Gao Y, Huo Y, Lyu I, Williams O, Resnick S, Beason-Held L, Rogers BP, Stepniewska I, Anderson AW, Landman BA. Harmonizing 1.5T/3T Diffusion Weighted MRI through Development of Deep Learning Stabilized Microarchitecture Estimators. PROCEEDINGS OF SPIE--THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR OPTICAL ENGINEERING 2019; 10949:10.1117/12.2512902. [PMID: 32089583 PMCID: PMC7034942 DOI: 10.1117/12.2512902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) is interpreted as a quantitative method that is sensitive to tissue microarchitecture at a millimeter scale. However, the sensitization is dependent on acquisition sequences (e.g., diffusion time, gradient strength, etc.) and susceptible to imaging artifacts. Hence, comparison of quantitative DW-MRI biomarkers across field strengths (including different scanners, hardware performance, and sequence design considerations) is a challenging area of research. We propose a novel method to estimate microstructure using DW-MRI that is robust to scanner difference between 1.5T and 3T imaging. We propose to use a null space deep network (NSDN) architecture to model DW-MRI signal as fiber orientation distributions (FOD) to represent tissue microstructure. The NSDN approach is consistent with histologically observed microstructure (on previously acquired ex vivo squirrel monkey dataset) and scan-rescan data. The contribution of this work is that we incorporate identical dual networks (IDN) to minimize the influence of scanner effects via scan-rescan data. Briefly, our estimator is trained on two datasets. First, a histology dataset was acquired on three squirrel monkeys with corresponding DW-MRI and confocal histology (512 independent voxels). Second, 37 control subjects from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (67-95 y/o) were identified who had been scanned at 1.5T and 3T scanners (b-value of 700 s/mm2, voxel resolution at 2.2mm, 30-32 gradient volumes) with an average interval of 4 years (standard deviation 1.3 years). After image registration, we used paired white matter (WM) voxels for 17 subjects and 440 histology voxels for training and 20 subjects and 72 histology voxels for testing. We compare the proposed estimator with super-resolved constrained spherical deconvolution (CSD) and a previously presented regression deep neural network (DNN). NSDN outperformed CSD and DNN in angular correlation coefficient (ACC) 0.81 versus 0.28 and 0.46, mean squared error (MSE) 0.001 versus 0.003 and 0.03, and general fractional anisotropy (GFA) 0.05 versus 0.05 and 0.09. Further validation and evaluation with contemporaneous imaging are necessary, but the NSDN is promising avenue for building understanding of microarchitecture in a consistent and device-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishwesh Nath
- Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Samuel Remedios
- Dept. of Computer Science, Middle Tennessee State University
| | | | | | - Roza G Bayrak
- Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Camilo Bermudez
- Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | | | | | - Vaibhav A Janve
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Yurui Gao
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Yuankai Huo
- Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Ilwoo Lyu
- Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Owen Williams
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Susan Resnick
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Lori Beason-Held
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Baxter P Rogers
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | | | - Adam W Anderson
- Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Bennett A Landman
- Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
- Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
- Electrical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
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22
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Cetin Karayumak S, Bouix S, Ning L, James A, Crow T, Shenton M, Kubicki M, Rathi Y. Retrospective harmonization of multi-site diffusion MRI data acquired with different acquisition parameters. Neuroimage 2019; 184:180-200. [PMID: 30205206 PMCID: PMC6230479 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.08.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A joint and integrated analysis of multi-site diffusion MRI (dMRI) datasets can dramatically increase the statistical power of neuroimaging studies and enable comparative studies pertaining to several brain disorders. However, dMRI data sets acquired on multiple scanners cannot be naively pooled for joint analysis due to scanner specific nonlinear effects as well as differences in acquisition parameters. Consequently, for joint analysis, the dMRI data has to be harmonized, which involves removing scanner-specific differences from the raw dMRI signal. In this work, we propose a dMRI harmonization method that is capable of removing scanner-specific effects, while accounting for minor differences in acquisition parameters such as b-value, spatial resolution and number of gradient directions. We validate our algorithm on dMRI data acquired from two sites: Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort (PNC) with 800 healthy adolescents (ages 8-22 years) and Brigham and Women's Hospital (BWH) with 70 healthy subjects (ages 14-54 years). In particular, we show that gender and age-related maturation differences in different age groups are preserved after harmonization, as measured using effect sizes (small, medium and large), irrespective of the test sample size. Since we use matched control subjects from different scanners to estimate scanner-specific effects, our goal in this work is also to determine the minimum number of well-matched subjects needed from each site to achieve best harmonization results. Our results indicate that at-least 16 to 18 well-matched healthy controls from each site are needed to reliably capture scanner related differences. The proposed method can thus be used for retrospective harmonization of raw dMRI data across sites despite differences in acquisition parameters, while preserving inter-subject anatomical variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suheyla Cetin Karayumak
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, USA.
| | - Sylvain Bouix
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Lipeng Ning
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Anthony James
- Highfield Family and Adolescent Unit, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Tim Crow
- Sane Powic, University Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Martha Shenton
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, USA; VA Boston Healthcare System, Brockton Division, Brockton, USA
| | - Marek Kubicki
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Yogesh Rathi
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, USA
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23
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Hawco C, Viviano JD, Chavez S, Dickie EW, Calarco N, Kochunov P, Argyelan M, Turner JA, Malhotra AK, Buchanan RW, Voineskos AN. A longitudinal human phantom reliability study of multi-center T1-weighted, DTI, and resting state fMRI data. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2018; 282:134-142. [PMID: 29945740 PMCID: PMC6482446 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Multi-center MRI studies can enhance power, generalizability, and discovery for clinical neuroimaging research in brain disorders. Here, we sought to establish the utility of a clustering algorithm as an alternative to more traditional intra-class correlation coefficient approaches in a longitudinal multi-center human phantom study. We completed annual reliability scans on 'travelling human phantoms'. Acquisitions across sites were harmonized prospectively. Twenty-seven MRI sessions were available across four participants, scanned on five scanners, across three years. For each scan, three metrics were extracted: cortical thickness (CT), white matter fractional anisotropy (FA), and resting state functional connectivity (FC). For each metric, hierarchical clustering (Ward's method) was performed. The cluster solutions were compared to participant and scanner using the adjusted Rand index (ARI). For all metrics, data clustered by participant rather than by scanner (ARI > 0.8 comparing clusters to participants, ARI < 0.2 comparing clusters to scanners). These results demonstrate that hierarchical clustering can reliably identify structural and functional scans from different participants imaged on different scanners across time. With increasing interest in data-driven approaches in psychiatric and neurologic brain imaging studies, our findings provide a framework for multi-center analytic approaches aiming to identify subgroups of participants based on brain structure or function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Hawco
- Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St., Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joseph D Viviano
- Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St., Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sofia Chavez
- Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St., Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Erin W Dickie
- Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St., Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Navona Calarco
- Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St., Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Peter Kochunov
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, P.O. Box 21247, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Miklos Argyelan
- Zucker Hillside Hospital, 75-59 263rd St, Glen Oaks, NY, United States
| | - Jessica A Turner
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, 33 Gilmer Street SE, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Anil K Malhotra
- Zucker Hillside Hospital, 75-59 263rd St, Glen Oaks, NY, United States; The Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell
| | - Robert W Buchanan
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, P.O. Box 21247, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Aristotle N Voineskos
- Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St., Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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24
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Mäntylä T, Nummenmaa L, Rikandi E, Lindgren M, Kieseppä T, Hari R, Suvisaari J, Raij TT. Aberrant Cortical Integration in First-Episode Psychosis During Natural Audiovisual Processing. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 84:655-664. [PMID: 29885763 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of psychotic disorders have reported both hypoactivity and hyperactivity in numerous brain regions. In line with the dysconnection hypothesis, these regions include cortical integrative hub regions. However, most earlier studies focused on a single cognitive function at a time, assessed by delivering artificial stimuli to patients with chronic psychosis. Thus, it remains unresolved whether these findings are present already in early psychosis and whether they translate to real-life-like conditions that require multisensory processing and integration. METHODS Scenes from the movie Alice in Wonderland (2010) were shown to 51 patients with first-episode psychosis (16 women) and 32 community-based control subjects (17 women) during 3T functional magnetic resonance imaging. We compared intersubject correlation, a measure of similarity of brain signal time courses in each voxel, between the groups. We also quantified the hubness as the number of connections each region has. RESULTS Intersubject correlation was significantly lower in patients with first-episode psychosis than in control subjects in the medial and lateral prefrontal, cingulate, precuneal, and parietotemporal regions, including the default mode network. Regional magnitude of between-group difference in intersubject correlation was associated with the hubness. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide novel evidence for the dysconnection hypothesis by showing that during complex real-life-like stimulation, the most prominent functional alterations in psychotic disorders relate to integrative brain functions. Presence of such abnormalities in first-episode psychosis rules out long-term effects of illness or medication. These methods can be used in further studies to map widespread hub alterations in a single functional magnetic resonance imaging session and link them to potential downstream and upstream pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teemu Mäntylä
- Mental Health Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering and Advanced Magnetic Imaging Center, Aalto NeuroImaging, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Lauri Nummenmaa
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering and Advanced Magnetic Imaging Center, Aalto NeuroImaging, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland; Turku PET Centre and Department of Psychology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Eva Rikandi
- Mental Health Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering and Advanced Magnetic Imaging Center, Aalto NeuroImaging, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland
| | - Maija Lindgren
- Mental Health Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuula Kieseppä
- Mental Health Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riitta Hari
- Department of Art, School of Arts, Design and Architecture, Aalto University, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering and Advanced Magnetic Imaging Center, Aalto NeuroImaging, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland
| | - Jaana Suvisaari
- Mental Health Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuukka T Raij
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering and Advanced Magnetic Imaging Center, Aalto NeuroImaging, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland
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25
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Jiang P, Vuontela V, Tokariev M, Lin H, Aronen ET, Ma Y, Carlson S. Functional connectivity of intrinsic cognitive networks during resting state and task performance in preadolescent children. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205690. [PMID: 30332489 PMCID: PMC6192623 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Earlier studies on adults have shown that functional connectivity (FC) of brain networks can vary depending on the brain state and cognitive challenge. Network connectivity has been investigated quite extensively in children in resting state, much less during tasks and is largely unexplored between these brain states. Here we used functional magnetic resonance imaging and independent component analysis to investigate the functional architecture of large-scale brain networks in 16 children (aged 7–11 years, 11 males) and 16 young adults (aged 22–29 years, 10 males) during resting state and visual working memory tasks. We identified the major neurocognitive intrinsic connectivity networks (ICNs) in both groups. Children had stronger FC than adults within the cingulo-opercular network in resting state, during task performance, and after controlling for performance differences. During tasks, children had stronger FC than adults also within the default mode (DMN) and right frontoparietal (rFPN) networks, and between the anterior DMN and the frontopolar network, whereas adults had stronger coupling between the anterior DMN and rFPN. Furthermore, children compared to adults modulated the FC strength regarding the rFPN differently between the brain states. The FC within the anterior DMN correlated with age and performance in children so that the younger they were, the stronger was the FC, and the stronger the FC within this network, the slower they performed the tasks. The group differences in the network connectivity reported here, and the observed correlations with task performance, provide insight into the normative development of the preadolescent brain and link maturation of functional connectivity with improving cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Jiang
- Neuroscience Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, and Advanced Magnetic Imaging Centre, Aalto NeuroImaging, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland.,Huaxi Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Virve Vuontela
- Neuroscience Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Child Psychiatry, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maksym Tokariev
- Neuroscience Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, and Advanced Magnetic Imaging Centre, Aalto NeuroImaging, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland
| | - Hai Lin
- Neuroscience Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, and Advanced Magnetic Imaging Centre, Aalto NeuroImaging, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland
| | - Eeva T Aronen
- Child Psychiatry, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Pediatric Research Center, Laboratory of Developmental Psychopathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - YuanYe Ma
- Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Synnöve Carlson
- Neuroscience Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, and Advanced Magnetic Imaging Centre, Aalto NeuroImaging, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland
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26
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Abstract
Diffusion MRI (dMRI) data acquired on different scanners varies significantly in its content throughout the brain even if the acquisition parameters are nearly identical. Thus, proper harmonization of such data sets is necessary to increase the sample size and thereby the statistical power of neuroimaging studies. In this paper, we present a novel approach to harmonize dMRI data (the raw signal, instead of dMRI derived measures such as fractional anisotropy) using rotation invariant spherical harmonic (RISH) features embedded within a multi-modal image registration framework. All dMRI data sets from all sites are registered to a common template and voxel-wise differences in RISH features between sites at a group level are used to harmonize the signal in a subject-specific manner. We validate our method on diffusion data acquired from seven different sites (two GE, three Philips, and two Siemens scanners) on a group of age-matched healthy subjects. We demonstrate the efficacy of our method by statistically comparing diffusion measures such as fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity and generalized fractional anisotropy across these sites before and after data harmonization. Validation was also done on a group oftest subjects, which were not used to "learn" the harmonization parameters. We also show results using TBSS before and after harmonization for independent validation of the proposed methodology. Using synthetic data, we show that any abnormality in diffusion measures due to disease is preserved during the harmonization process. Our experimental results demonstrate that, for nearly identical acquisition protocol across sites, scanner-specific differences in the signal can be removed using the proposed method in a model independent manner.
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27
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Yu M, Linn KA, Cook PA, Phillips ML, McInnis M, Fava M, Trivedi MH, Weissman MM, Shinohara RT, Sheline YI. Statistical harmonization corrects site effects in functional connectivity measurements from multi-site fMRI data. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39:4213-4227. [PMID: 29962049 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquiring resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) datasets at multiple MRI scanners and clinical sites can improve statistical power and generalizability of results. However, multi-site neuroimaging studies have reported considerable nonbiological variability in fMRI measurements due to different scanner manufacturers and acquisition protocols. These undesirable sources of variability may limit power to detect effects of interest and may even result in erroneous findings. Until now, there has not been an approach that removes unwanted site effects. In this study, using a relatively large multi-site (4 sites) fMRI dataset, we investigated the impact of site effects on functional connectivity and network measures estimated by widely used connectivity metrics and brain parcellations. The protocols and image acquisition of the dataset used in this study had been homogenized using identical MRI phantom acquisitions from each of the neuroimaging sites; however, intersite acquisition effects were not completely eliminated. Indeed, in this study, we found that the magnitude of site effects depended on the choice of connectivity metric and brain atlas. Therefore, to further remove site effects, we applied ComBat, a harmonization technique previously shown to eliminate site effects in multi-site diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and cortical thickness studies. In the current work, ComBat successfully removed site effects identified in connectivity and network measures and increased the power to detect age associations when using optimal combinations of connectivity metrics and brain atlases. Our proposed ComBat harmonization approach for fMRI-derived connectivity measures facilitates reliable and efficient analysis of retrospective and prospective multi-site fMRI neuroimaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meichen Yu
- Center for Neuromodulation in Depression and Stress, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kristin A Linn
- Center for Neuromodulation in Depression and Stress, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Philip A Cook
- Center for Neuromodulation in Depression and Stress, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mary L Phillips
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Melvin McInnis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Maurizio Fava
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Madhukar H Trivedi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Myrna M Weissman
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, New York.,Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York.,Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Russell T Shinohara
- Center for Neuromodulation in Depression and Stress, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yvette I Sheline
- Center for Neuromodulation in Depression and Stress, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Noble S, Spann MN, Tokoglu F, Shen X, Constable RT, Scheinost D. Influences on the Test-Retest Reliability of Functional Connectivity MRI and its Relationship with Behavioral Utility. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:5415-5429. [PMID: 28968754 PMCID: PMC6248395 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Best practices are currently being developed for the acquisition and processing of
resting-state magnetic resonance imaging data used to estimate brain functional
organization—or “functional connectivity.” Standards have been proposed based on
test–retest reliability, but open questions remain. These include how amount of data per
subject influences whole-brain reliability, the influence of increasing runs versus
sessions, the spatial distribution of reliability, the reliability of multivariate
methods, and, crucially, how reliability maps onto prediction of behavior. We collected a
dataset of 12 extensively sampled individuals (144 min data each across 2 identically
configured scanners) to assess test–retest reliability of whole-brain connectivity within
the generalizability theory framework. We used Human Connectome Project data to replicate
these analyses and relate reliability to behavioral prediction. Overall, the historical
5-min scan produced poor reliability averaged across connections. Increasing the number of
sessions was more beneficial than increasing runs. Reliability was lowest for subcortical
connections and highest for within-network cortical connections. Multivariate reliability
was greater than univariate. Finally, reliability could not be used to improve prediction;
these findings are among the first to underscore this distinction for functional
connectivity. A comprehensive understanding of test–retest reliability, including its
limitations, supports the development of best practices in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Noble
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Marisa N Spann
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Fuyuze Tokoglu
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Xilin Shen
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - R Todd Constable
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.,Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Dustin Scheinost
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Taylor BA, Dager AD, Panza GA, Zaleski AL, Meda S, Book G, Stevens MC, Tartar S, White CM, Polk DM, Pearlson GD, Thompson PD. The effect of high-dose atorvastatin on neural activity and cognitive function. Am Heart J 2018; 197:166-174. [PMID: 29447778 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2017.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has not been used to assess the effects of statins on the brain. We assessed the effect of statins on cognition using standard neuropsychological assessments and brain neural activation with fMRI on two tasks. METHODS Healthy statin-naïve men and women (48±15 years) were randomized to 80 mg/day atorvastatin (n=66; 27 men) or placebo (n=84; 48 men) for 6 months. Participants completed cognitive testing while on study drug and 2 months after treatment cessation using alternative test and task versions. RESULTS There were few changes in standard neuropsychological tests with drug treatment (all P>.56). Total and delayed recall from the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised increased in both groups (P<.05). The Stroop Color-Word score increased (P<.01) and the 18-Point Clock Test decreased in the placebo group (P=.02) after drug cessation. There were, however, small but significant group-time interactions for each fMRI task: participants on placebo had greater activation in the right putamen/dorsal striatum during the maintenance phase of the Sternberg task while on placebo but the effect was reversed after drug washout (P<.001). Participants on atorvastatin had greater activation in the bilateral precuneus during the encoding phase of the Figural Memory task while on-drug but the effect was reversed after drug washout (P<.001). CONCLUSION Six months of high dose atorvastatin therapy is not associated with measurable changes in neuropsychological test scores, but did evoke transient differences in brain activation patterns. Larger, longer-term clinical trials are necessary to confirm these findings and evaluate their clinical implications.
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30
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Cannon TD, Cao H, Mathalon DH, Forsyth J. Reliability of functional magnetic resonance imaging activation during working memory in a multisite study: Clarification and implications for statistical power. Neuroimage 2017; 163:456-458. [PMID: 29113944 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In this technical note, we clarify the meaning of the generalizability-theory based coefficients reported in our multisite reliability study of fMRI measures of regional brain activation during working memory processing (Forsyth et al., Neuroimage 2014;97:51-52). While the original paper reported generalizability and dependability coefficients based on the design of our traveling subjects study (in which each subject was scanned twice at each of eight sites), those coefficients are of limited applicability outside of the reliability study context. Here we report generalizability and dependability coefficients that represent the reliability one can expect for a multisite study in which a given subject is scanned once on a scanner drawn randomly from the pool of available scanners (i.e., analogous to the more typical multisite study design). We also characterize the implications of a multisite versus single site study design for statistical power, including a figure that shows sample size requirements to detect activation in two key nodes of the working memory circuitry given observed differences in reliability of measurement between single and multisite designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyrone D Cannon
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, United States.
| | - Hengyi Cao
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, United States
| | | | - Jennifer Forsyth
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, United States
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31
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Hill SY, Lichenstein SD, Wang S, O'Brien J. Volumetric Differences in Cerebellar Lobes in Individuals from Multiplex Alcohol Dependence Families and Controls: Their Relationship to Externalizing and Internalizing Disorders and Working Memory. THE CEREBELLUM 2017; 15:744-754. [PMID: 26589810 PMCID: PMC5097111 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-015-0747-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Offspring from families with multiple cases of alcohol dependence have a greater likelihood of developing alcohol dependence and related substance use disorders. Greater susceptibility for these disorders may be related to cerebellar morphology. Because posterior regions of the cerebellum are associated with cognitive abilities, we investigated whether high-risk offspring would display regionally specific differences in cerebellar morphology and whether these would be related to working memory performance. The relationship to externalizing and internalizing psychopathology was of interest because cerebellar morphology has previously been associated with a cognitive affective syndrome. A total of 131 participants underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with volumes of the cerebellar lobes obtained with manual tracing. These individuals were from high-risk (HR) for alcohol dependence families (N = 72) or from low-risk (LR) control families (N = 59). All were enrolled in a longitudinal follow-up that included repeated clinical assessments during childhood and young-adulthood prior to the scan that provided information on Axis I psychopathology. The Working Memory Index of the Wechsler Memory Scale was given at the time of the scan. Larger volumes of the corpus medullare and inferior posterior lobes and poorer working memory performance were found for the HR offspring relative to LR controls. Across all subjects, a significant positive association between working memory and total volume of corpus of the cerebellum was seen, controlling for familial risk. Presence of an internalizing or externalizing disorder interacting with familial risk was also associated with volume of the corpus medullare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Y Hill
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O' Hara St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA. .,Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | | | - Shuhui Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O' Hara St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Jessica O'Brien
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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32
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Hampstead BM, Sathian K, Bikson M, Stringer AY. Combined mnemonic strategy training and high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation for memory deficits in mild cognitive impairment. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (NEW YORK, N. Y.) 2017; 3:459-470. [PMID: 29067352 PMCID: PMC5651427 DOI: 10.1016/j.trci.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Memory deficits characterize Alzheimer's dementia and the clinical precursor stage known as mild cognitive impairment. Nonpharmacologic interventions hold promise for enhancing functioning in these patients, potentially delaying functional impairment that denotes transition to dementia. Previous findings revealed that mnemonic strategy training (MST) enhances long-term retention of trained stimuli and is accompanied by increased blood oxygen level-dependent signal in the lateral frontal and parietal cortices as well as in the hippocampus. The present study was designed to enhance MST generalization, and the range of patients who benefit, via concurrent delivery of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). METHODS This protocol describes a prospective, randomized controlled, four-arm, double-blind study targeting memory deficits in those with mild cognitive impairment. Once randomized, participants complete five consecutive daily sessions in which they receive either active or sham high definition tDCS over the left lateral prefrontal cortex, a region known to be important for successful memory encoding and that has been engaged by MST. High definition tDCS (active or sham) will be combined with either MST or autobiographical memory recall (comparable to reminiscence therapy). Participants undergo memory testing using ecologically relevant measures and functional magnetic resonance imaging before and after these treatment sessions as well as at a 3-month follow-up. Primary outcome measures include face-name and object-location association tasks. Secondary outcome measures include self-report of memory abilities as well as a spatial navigation task (near transfer) and prose memory (medication instructions; far transfer). Changes in functional magnetic resonance imaging will be evaluated during both task performance and the resting-state using activation and connectivity analyses. DISCUSSION The results will provide important information about the efficacy of cognitive and neuromodulatory techniques as well as the synergistic interaction between these promising approaches. Exploratory results will examine patient characteristics that affect treatment efficacy, thereby identifying those most appropriate for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M. Hampstead
- Mental Health Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Neuropsychology Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Michigan Alzheimer's Disease Core Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Krishnankutty Sathian
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center of Excellence for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VAMC, Decatur, GA, USA
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Marom Bikson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anthony Y. Stringer
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Carter CS, Bearden CE, Bullmore ET, Geschwind DH, Glahn DC, Gur RE, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Weinberger DR. Enhancing the Informativeness and Replicability of Imaging Genomics Studies. Biol Psychiatry 2017; 82:157-164. [PMID: 27793332 PMCID: PMC5318285 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Imaging genomics is a new field of investigation that seeks to gain insights into the impact of human genetic variation on the structure, chemistry, and function of neural systems in health and disease. Because publications in this field have increased over the past decade, increasing concerns have been raised about false-positive results entering the literature. Here, we provide an overview of the field of imaging genomic and genetic approaches and discuss factors related to research design and analysis that can enhance the informativeness and replicability of these studies. We conclude that imaging genetic studies can provide important insights into the role of human genetic variation on neural systems and circuits, both in the context of normal quantitative variation and in relation to neuropsychiatric disease. We also argue that demonstrating genetic association to imaging-derived traits is subject to the same constraints as any other genetic study, including stringent type I error control. Adequately powered studies are necessary; however, there are currently limited data available to allow precise estimates of effect sizes for candidate gene studies. Independent replication is necessary before a result can be considered definitive, and for studies with small sample sizes it is necessary before publication. Increased transparency of methods and enhanced data sharing will further enhance replicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron S. Carter
- University of California at Davis, 4701 X Street Sacramento, CA 95816, phone 916 7348883 fax 916 7347884,
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Herting MM, Gautam P, Chen Z, Mezher A, Vetter NC. Test-retest reliability of longitudinal task-based fMRI: Implications for developmental studies. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2017; 33:17-26. [PMID: 29158072 PMCID: PMC5767156 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Great advances have been made in functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) studies, including the use of longitudinal design to more accurately identify changes in brain development across childhood and adolescence. While longitudinal fMRI studies are necessary for our understanding of typical and atypical patterns of brain development, the variability observed in fMRI blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) signal and its test-retest reliability in developing populations remain a concern. Here we review the current state of test-retest reliability for child and adolescent fMRI studies (ages 5–18 years) as indexed by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). In addition to highlighting ways to improve fMRI test-retest reliability in developmental cognitive neuroscience research, we hope to open a platform for dialogue regarding longitudinal fMRI study designs, analyses, and reporting of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Herting
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90032, United States.
| | - Prapti Gautam
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States; Centre for Research on Ageing, Health, and Wellbeing, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| | - Zhanghua Chen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90032, United States.
| | - Adam Mezher
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles CA 90007, United States.
| | - Nora C Vetter
- Neuroimaging Center & Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; Department of Psychology, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Germany.
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35
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Sandberg CW. Hypoconnectivity of Resting-State Networks in Persons with Aphasia Compared with Healthy Age-Matched Adults. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:91. [PMID: 28293185 PMCID: PMC5329062 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Aphasia is a language disorder affecting more than one million people in the US. While language function has traditionally been the focus of neuroimaging research, other cognitive functions are affected in this population, which has implications not only for those specific processes but also for the interaction of language and other cognitive functions. Resting state fMRI (rs-fMRI) is a practical and informative way to explore and characterize general cognitive engagement and/or health in this population, but it is currently underutilized. The aim of this study was to explore the functional connectivity in resting state networks (RSNs) and in the semantic network in seven persons with aphasia (PWA) who were at least 6 months post onset compared with 11 neurologically healthy adults (NHA) in order to gain a more comprehensive understanding of general cognitive engagement in aphasia. These preliminary results show that PWA exhibit hypoconnectivity in the semantic network and all RSNs except the visual network. Compared with NHA, PWA appear to have fewer cross- and left-hemispheric connections. However, PWA exhibit some stronger connections than NHA within the semantic network, which could indicate compensatory mechanisms. Importantly, connectivity for RSNs appear to increase with decreasing aphasia severity and decrease with increasing lesion size. This knowledge has the potential to improve aphasia therapy by furthering the understanding of lesion effects on the cognitive system as a whole, which can guide treatment target selection and promotion of favorable neural reorganization for optimal recovery of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaleece W Sandberg
- Adult Neuroplasticity Laboratory, Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Penn State University University Park, PA, USA
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Noble S, Scheinost D, Finn ES, Shen X, Papademetris X, McEwen SC, Bearden CE, Addington J, Goodyear B, Cadenhead KS, Mirzakhanian H, Cornblatt BA, Olvet DM, Mathalon DH, McGlashan TH, Perkins DO, Belger A, Seidman LJ, Thermenos H, Tsuang MT, van Erp TGM, Walker EF, Hamann S, Woods SW, Cannon TD, Constable RT. Multisite reliability of MR-based functional connectivity. Neuroimage 2016; 146:959-970. [PMID: 27746386 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed an increasing number of multisite MRI functional connectivity (fcMRI) studies. While multisite studies provide an efficient way to accelerate data collection and increase sample sizes, especially for rare clinical populations, any effects of site or MRI scanner could ultimately limit power and weaken results. Little data exists on the stability of functional connectivity measurements across sites and sessions. In this study, we assess the influence of site and session on resting state functional connectivity measurements in a healthy cohort of traveling subjects (8 subjects scanned twice at each of 8 sites) scanned as part of the North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study (NAPLS). Reliability was investigated in three types of connectivity analyses: (1) seed-based connectivity with posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), right motor cortex (RMC), and left thalamus (LT) as seeds; (2) the intrinsic connectivity distribution (ICD), a voxel-wise connectivity measure; and (3) matrix connectivity, a whole-brain, atlas-based approach to assessing connectivity between nodes. Contributions to variability in connectivity due to subject, site, and day-of-scan were quantified and used to assess between-session (test-retest) reliability in accordance with Generalizability Theory. Overall, no major site, scanner manufacturer, or day-of-scan effects were found for the univariate connectivity analyses; instead, subject effects dominated relative to the other measured factors. However, summaries of voxel-wise connectivity were found to be sensitive to site and scanner manufacturer effects. For all connectivity measures, although subject variance was three times the site variance, the residual represented 60-80% of the variance, indicating that connectivity differed greatly from scan to scan independent of any of the measured factors (i.e., subject, site, and day-of-scan). Thus, for a single 5min scan, reliability across connectivity measures was poor (ICC=0.07-0.17), but increased with increasing scan duration (ICC=0.21-0.36 at 25min). The limited effects of site and scanner manufacturer support the use of multisite studies, such as NAPLS, as a viable means of collecting data on rare populations and increasing power in univariate functional connectivity studies. However, the results indicate that aggregation of fcMRI data across longer scan durations is necessary to increase the reliability of connectivity estimates at the single-subject level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Noble
- Yale University, Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Dustin Scheinost
- Yale University, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Emily S Finn
- Yale University, Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Xilin Shen
- Yale University, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Xenophon Papademetris
- Yale University, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sarah C McEwen
- University of California, Los Angeles, Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- University of California, Los Angeles, Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jean Addington
- University of Calgary, Department of Psychiatry, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bradley Goodyear
- University of Calgary, Departments of Radiology, Clinical Neurosciences and Psychiatry, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kristin S Cadenhead
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Heline Mirzakhanian
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Barbara A Cornblatt
- Zucker Hillside Hospital, Department of Psychiatry Research, Glen Oaks, NY, USA
| | - Doreen M Olvet
- Zucker Hillside Hospital, Department of Psychiatry Research, Glen Oaks, NY, USA
| | - Daniel H Mathalon
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Psychiatry, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Diana O Perkins
- Yale University, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Aysenil Belger
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Department of Psychiatry, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Larry J Seidman
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Heidi Thermenos
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ming T Tsuang
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Theo G M van Erp
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Elaine F Walker
- Emory University, Department of Psychology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stephan Hamann
- Emory University, Department of Psychology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Scott W Woods
- Yale University, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tyrone D Cannon
- Yale University, Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - R Todd Constable
- Yale University, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, New Haven, CT, USA
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Raij TT, Mäntylä T, Mantere O, Kieseppä T, Suvisaari J. Cortical salience network activation precedes the development of delusion severity. Psychol Med 2016; 46:2741-2748. [PMID: 27425380 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291716001057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delusion is the most characteristic symptom of psychosis. While researchers suggested an association between changes of the cortical salience network (CSN) and delusion, whether these CSN findings are a cause or a consequence of delusion remains unknown. METHOD To assess the effect of CSN functioning to forthcoming changes in delusion scores, we measured brain activation with 3-T functional magnetic resonance imaging in two independent samples of first-episode psychosis patients (total of 27 patients and 23 healthy controls). During scanning, the patients evaluated statements about whether an individual's psychosis-related experiences should be described as a mental illness, and control statements that were also evaluated by healthy controls. Symptoms were assessed at the baseline and at 2 months follow-up with Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. RESULTS Both tasks activated the CSN in comparison with rest. Activation of CSN ('illness evaluation v. control task' contrast) in patients positively correlated with worsening of or less improvement in delusions at the 2-month follow-up assessment. This finding was independent of delusion and clinical insight scores at the baseline evaluation. CONCLUSIONS Our findings link symptom-evaluation-related CSN functioning to severity of delusion and, importantly, add a new layer of evidence for the contribution of CSN functioning to the longitudinal course of delusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T T Raij
- Department of Psychiatry,Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital,Helsinki,Finland
| | - T Mäntylä
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering and Aalto NeuroImaging,Aalto University School of Science,Espoo,Finland
| | - O Mantere
- Department of Psychiatry,Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital,Helsinki,Finland
| | - T Kieseppä
- Department of Psychiatry,Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital,Helsinki,Finland
| | - J Suvisaari
- Mental Health Unit,National Institute for Health and Welfare,Helsinki,Finland
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38
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Evidence for Thalamocortical Circuit Abnormalities and Associated Cognitive Dysfunctions in Underweight Individuals with Anorexia Nervosa. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:1560-8. [PMID: 26462619 PMCID: PMC4832017 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is characterized by extremely low body weight resulting from pathological food restriction, and carries a mortality rate among the highest of any psychiatric illness. AN, particularly during the acute, underweight state of the illness, has been associated with abnormalities across a range of brain regions, including the frontal cortex and basal ganglia. Few studies of AN have investigated the thalamus, a key mediator of information flow through frontal-basal ganglia circuit loops. We examined both thalamic surface morphology using anatomical MRI and thalamo-frontal functional connectivity using resting-state functional MRI. Individuals with AN (n=28) showed localized inward deformations of the thalamus relative to healthy controls (HC, n=22), and abnormal functional connectivity between the thalamus and the dorsolateral and anterior prefrontal cortices. Alterations in thalamo-frontal connectivity were associated with deficits in performance on tasks probing cognitive control (Stroop task) and working memory (Letter-Number Sequencing (LNS) task). Our findings suggest that abnormalities in thalamo-frontal circuits may have a role in mediating aspects of cognitive dysfunction in underweight individuals with AN.
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39
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Mirzaalian H, Ning L, Savadjiev P, Pasternak O, Bouix S, Michailovich O, Grant G, Marx CE, Morey RA, Flashman LA, George MS, McAllister TW, Andaluz N, Shutter L, Coimbra R, Zafonte RD, Coleman MJ, Kubicki M, Westin CF, Stein MB, Shenton ME, Rathi Y. Inter-site and inter-scanner diffusion MRI data harmonization. Neuroimage 2016; 135:311-23. [PMID: 27138209 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose a novel method to harmonize diffusion MRI data acquired from multiple sites and scanners, which is imperative for joint analysis of the data to significantly increase sample size and statistical power of neuroimaging studies. Our method incorporates the following main novelties: i) we take into account the scanner-dependent spatial variability of the diffusion signal in different parts of the brain; ii) our method is independent of compartmental modeling of diffusion (e.g., tensor, and intra/extra cellular compartments) and the acquired signal itself is corrected for scanner related differences; and iii) inter-subject variability as measured by the coefficient of variation is maintained at each site. We represent the signal in a basis of spherical harmonics and compute several rotation invariant spherical harmonic features to estimate a region and tissue specific linear mapping between the signal from different sites (and scanners). We validate our method on diffusion data acquired from seven different sites (including two GE, three Philips, and two Siemens scanners) on a group of age-matched healthy subjects. Since the extracted rotation invariant spherical harmonic features depend on the accuracy of the brain parcellation provided by Freesurfer, we propose a feature based refinement of the original parcellation such that it better characterizes the anatomy and provides robust linear mappings to harmonize the dMRI data. We demonstrate the efficacy of our method by statistically comparing diffusion measures such as fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity and generalized fractional anisotropy across multiple sites before and after data harmonization. We also show results using tract-based spatial statistics before and after harmonization for independent validation of the proposed methodology. Our experimental results demonstrate that, for nearly identical acquisition protocol across sites, scanner-specific differences can be accurately removed using the proposed method.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Mirzaalian
- Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA.
| | - L Ning
- Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - P Savadjiev
- Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - O Pasternak
- Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - S Bouix
- Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA
| | | | - G Grant
- Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, CA, USA (Previously Duke University)
| | - C E Marx
- Duke University Medical Center and VA Mid-Atlantic MIRECC, NC, USA
| | - R A Morey
- Duke University Medical Center and VA Mid-Atlantic MIRECC, NC, USA
| | - L A Flashman
- Dartmouth University, Hanover and Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - M S George
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA, Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston
| | - T W McAllister
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth (original) and Indiana University School of Medicine (current)
| | - N Andaluz
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati (UC) College of Medicine; Neurotrauma Center at UC Neuroscience Institute; and Mayfield Clinic, Cincinnati, OH
| | - L Shutter
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA (Previously Duke University)
| | - R Coimbra
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego
| | - R D Zafonte
- Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - M J Coleman
- Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - M Kubicki
- Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - C F Westin
- Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - M B Stein
- University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - M E Shenton
- Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA; VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Y Rathi
- Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA
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40
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Fernandez-Gonzalo R, Fernandez-Gonzalo S, Turon M, Prieto C, Tesch PA, García-Carreira MDC. Muscle, functional and cognitive adaptations after flywheel resistance training in stroke patients: a pilot randomized controlled trial. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2016; 13:37. [PMID: 27052303 PMCID: PMC4823904 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-016-0144-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistance exercise (RE) improves neuromuscular function and physical performance after stroke. Yet, the effects of RE emphasizing eccentric (ECC; lengthening) actions on muscle hypertrophy and cognitive function in stroke patients are currently unknown. Thus, this study explored the effects of ECC-overload RE training on skeletal muscle size and function, and cognitive performance in individuals with stroke. METHODS Thirty-two individuals with chronic stroke (≥6 months post-stroke) were randomly assigned into a training group (TG; n = 16) performing ECC-overload flywheel RE of the more-affected lower limb (12 weeks, 2 times/week; 4 sets of 7 maximal closed-chain knee extensions; <2 min of contractile activity per session) or a control group (CG; n = 16), maintaining daily routines. Before and after the intervention, quadriceps femoris volume, maximal force and power for each leg were assessed, and functional and dual task performance, and cognitive functions were measured. RESULTS Quadriceps femoris volume of the more-affected leg increased by 9.4 % in TG. Muscle power of the more-affected, trained (48.2 %), and the less-affected, untrained limb (28.1 %) increased after training. TG showed enhanced balance (8.9 %), gait performance (10.6 %), dual-task performance, executive functions (working memory, verbal fluency tasks), attention, and speed of information processing. CG showed no changes. CONCLUSION ECC-overload flywheel resistance exercise comprising 4 min of contractile activity per week offers a powerful aid to regain muscle mass and function, and functional performance in individuals with stroke. While the current intervention improved cognitive functions, the cause-effect relationship, if any, with the concomitant neuromuscular adaptations remains to be explored. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical Trials NCT02120846.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sol Fernandez-Gonzalo
- Research Department, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari. Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí I3PT. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Sabadell, Spain
| | - Marc Turon
- Research Department, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari. Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí I3PT. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Sabadell, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Prieto
- Department of Radiology, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari. Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí I3PT. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Sabadell, Spain.,Diagnostic Imaging, Althaia Xarxa Assistencial Universitària de Manresa, Manresa, Spain
| | - Per A Tesch
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria del Carmen García-Carreira
- Department of Neurology, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari. Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí I3PT. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Sabadell, Spain
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41
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Pinter D, Beckmann C, Koini M, Pirker E, Filippini N, Pichler A, Fuchs S, Fazekas F, Enzinger C. Reproducibility of Resting State Connectivity in Patients with Stable Multiple Sclerosis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152158. [PMID: 27007237 PMCID: PMC4805264 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Given increasing efforts to use resting-state fMRI (rfMRI) as a biomarker of disease progression in multiple sclerosis (MS) we here explored the reproducibility of longitudinal rfMRI over three months in patients with clinically and radiologically stable MS. To pursue this aim, two approaches were applied in nine rfMRI networks: First, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC 3,1) was assessed for the mean functional connectivity maps across the entire network and a region of interest (ROI). Second, the ratio of overlap between Z-thresholded connectivity maps for each network was assessed. We quantified between-session functional reproducibility of rfMRI for 20 patients with stable MS and 14 healthy controls (HC). Nine rfMRI networks (RSNs) were examined at baseline and after 3 months of follow-up: three visual RSNs, the default-mode network, sensorimotor-, auditory-, executive control, and the left and right fronto-parietal RSN. ROI analyses were constrained to thresholded overlap masks for each individual (Z>0) at baseline and follow-up.In both stable MS and HC mean functional connectivity across the entire network did not reach acceptable ICCs for several networks (ICC<0.40) but we found a high reproducibility of ROI ICCs and of the ratio of overlap. ROI ICCs of all nine networks were between 0.98 and 0.99 for HC and ranged from 0.88 to 0.99 in patients with MS, respectively. The ratio of overlap for all networks was similar for both groups, ranging from 0.60 to 0.75.Our findings attest to a high reproducibility of rfMRI networks not only in HC but also in patients with stable MS when applying ROI analysis. This supports the utility of rfMRI to monitor functional changes related to disease progression or therapeutic interventions in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Pinter
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- * E-mail:
| | - Christian Beckmann
- Donders Institute, Cognitive Neuroscience Department and Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marisa Koini
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Eva Pirker
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Nicola Filippini
- The Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Siegrid Fuchs
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Franz Fazekas
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Christian Enzinger
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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42
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Rath J, Wurnig M, Fischmeister F, Klinger N, Höllinger I, Geißler A, Aichhorn M, Foki T, Kronbichler M, Nickel J, Siedentopf C, Staffen W, Verius M, Golaszewski S, Koppelstaetter F, Auff E, Felber S, Seitz RJ, Beisteiner R. Between- and within-site variability of fMRI localizations. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 37:2151-60. [PMID: 26955899 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study provides first data about the spatial variability of fMRI sensorimotor localizations when investigating the same subjects at different fMRI sites. Results are comparable to a previous patient study. We found a median between-site variability of about 6 mm independent of task (motor or sensory) and experimental standardization (high or low). An intraclass correlation coefficient analysis using data quality measures indicated a major influence of the fMRI site on variability. In accordance with this, within-site localization variability was considerably lower (about 3 mm). We conclude that the fMRI site is a considerable confound for localization of brain activity. However, when performed by experienced clinical fMRI experts, brain pathology does not seem to have a relevant impact on the reliability of fMRI localizations. Hum Brain Mapp 37:2151-2160, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Rath
- Department of Neurology and MR Center of Excellence, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Moritz Wurnig
- Department of Neurology and MR Center of Excellence, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Fischmeister
- Department of Neurology and MR Center of Excellence, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicolaus Klinger
- Department of Neurology and MR Center of Excellence, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Ilse Höllinger
- Department of Neurology and MR Center of Excellence, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Geißler
- Department of Neurology and MR Center of Excellence, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Aichhorn
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Thomas Foki
- Department of Neurology and MR Center of Excellence, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Kronbichler
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.,Neuroscience Institute, Christian-Doppler-Clinic, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Janpeter Nickel
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Staffen
- Department of Neurology, Christian-Doppler-Clinic, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Michael Verius
- Department of Radiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stefan Golaszewski
- Department of Neurology, Christian-Doppler-Clinic, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Eduard Auff
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephan Felber
- Institute for Diagnostic Radiology, Stiftungsklinikum Mittelrhein, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Rüdiger J Seitz
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Germany.,Centre of Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Roland Beisteiner
- Department of Neurology and MR Center of Excellence, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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43
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Enzinger C, Pinter D, Rocca MA, De Luca J, Sastre-Garriga J, Audoin B, Filippi M. Longitudinal fMRI studies: Exploring brain plasticity and repair in MS. Mult Scler 2015; 22:269-78. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458515619781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has greatly advanced our understanding of cerebral functional changes occurring in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). However, most of our knowledge regarding brain plasticity and repair in MS as evidenced by fMRI has been extrapolated from cross-sectional studies across different phenotypes of the disease. This topical review provides an overview of this research, but also highlights limitations of existing fMRI studies with cross-sectional design. We then review the few existing longitudinal fMRI studies and discuss the feasibility and constraints of serial fMRI in individuals with MS. We further emphasize the potential to track fMRI changes in evolving disease and the insights this may give in terms of mechanisms of adaptation and repair, focusing on serial fMRI to monitor response to disease-modifying therapies or rehabilitation interventions. Finally, we offer recommendations for designing future research studies to overcome previous methodological shortcomings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Enzinger
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria/Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Daniela Pinter
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Maria A Rocca
- Neuroimaging Research Unit and Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - John De Luca
- Kessler Foundation, West Orange, NJ, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Jaume Sastre-Garriga
- Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Catalonia (Cemcat), Edifici Cemcat, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bertrand Audoin
- Aix-Marseille University, National Center for Scientific Research, Center for Magnetic Resonance in Biology and Medicine UMR 7339; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurosciences, Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - Massimo Filippi
- Neuroimaging Research Unit and Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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44
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Harmonizing Diffusion MRI Data Across Multiple Sites and Scanners. MEDICAL IMAGE COMPUTING AND COMPUTER-ASSISTED INTERVENTION : MICCAI ... INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MEDICAL IMAGE COMPUTING AND COMPUTER-ASSISTED INTERVENTION 2015; 9349:12-19. [PMID: 27754499 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-24553-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Harmonizing diffusion MRI (dMRI) images across multiple sites is imperative for joint analysis of the data to significantly increase the sample size and statistical power of neuroimaging studies. In this work, we develop a method to harmonize diffusion MRI data across multiple sites and scanners that incorporates two main novelties: i) we take into account the spatial variability of the signal (for different sites) in different parts of the brain as opposed to existing methods, which consider one linear statistical covariate for the entire brain; ii) our method is model-free, in that no a-priori model of diffusion (e.g., tensor, compartmental models, etc.) is assumed and the signal itself is corrected for scanner related differences. We use spherical harmonic basis functions to represent the signal and compute several rotation invariant features, which are used to estimate a regionally specific linear mapping between signal from different sites (and scanners). We validate our method on diffusion data acquired from four different sites (including two GE and two Siemens scanners) on a group of healthy subjects. Diffusion measures such fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity and generalized fractional anisotropy are compared across multiple sites before and after the mapping. Our experimental results demonstrate that, for identical acquisition protocol across sites, scanner-specific differences can be accurately removed using the proposed method.
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45
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Gee DG, McEwen SC, Forsyth JK, Haut KM, Bearden CE, Addington J, Goodyear B, Cadenhead KS, Mirzakhanian H, Cornblatt BA, Olvet D, Mathalon DH, McGlashan TH, Perkins DO, Belger A, Seidman LJ, Thermenos H, Tsuang MT, van Erp TGM, Walker EF, Hamann S, Woods SW, Constable T, Cannon TD. Reliability of an fMRI paradigm for emotional processing in a multisite longitudinal study. Hum Brain Mapp 2015; 36:2558-79. [PMID: 25821147 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multisite neuroimaging studies can facilitate the investigation of brain-related changes in many contexts, including patient groups that are relatively rare in the general population. Though multisite studies have characterized the reliability of brain activation during working memory and motor functional magnetic resonance imaging tasks, emotion processing tasks, pertinent to many clinical populations, remain less explored. A traveling participants study was conducted with eight healthy volunteers scanned twice on consecutive days at each of the eight North American Longitudinal Prodrome Study sites. Tests derived from generalizability theory showed excellent reliability in the amygdala ( Eρ2 = 0.82), inferior frontal gyrus (IFG; Eρ2 = 0.83), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC; Eρ2 = 0.76), insula ( Eρ2 = 0.85), and fusiform gyrus ( Eρ2 = 0.91) for maximum activation and fair to excellent reliability in the amygdala ( Eρ2 = 0.44), IFG ( Eρ2 = 0.48), ACC ( Eρ2 = 0.55), insula ( Eρ2 = 0.42), and fusiform gyrus ( Eρ2 = 0.83) for mean activation across sites and test days. For the amygdala, habituation ( Eρ2 = 0.71) was more stable than mean activation. In a second investigation, data from 111 healthy individuals across sites were aggregated in a voxelwise, quantitative meta-analysis. When compared with a mixed effects model controlling for site, both approaches identified robust activation in regions consistent with expected results based on prior single-site research. Overall, regions central to emotion processing showed strong reliability in the traveling participants study and robust activation in the aggregation study. These results support the reliability of blood oxygen level-dependent signal in emotion processing areas across different sites and scanners and may inform future efforts to increase efficiency and enhance knowledge of rare conditions in the population through multisite neuroimaging paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan G Gee
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sarah C McEwen
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jennifer K Forsyth
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kristen M Haut
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jean Addington
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bradley Goodyear
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kristin S Cadenhead
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Heline Mirzakhanian
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Barbara A Cornblatt
- Department of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, New York
| | - Doreen Olvet
- Department of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, New York
| | - Daniel H Mathalon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Diana O Perkins
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Aysenil Belger
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Larry J Seidman
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Heidi Thermenos
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ming T Tsuang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Theo G M van Erp
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Elaine F Walker
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Stephan Hamann
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Scott W Woods
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Todd Constable
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Tyrone D Cannon
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
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