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Şentürk YD, Ünver N, Demircan C, Egner T, Günseli E. The reactivation of task rules triggers the reactivation of task-relevant items. Cortex 2024; 171:465-480. [PMID: 38141571 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2023.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Working memory (WM) describes the temporary storage of task-relevant items and procedural rules to guide action. Despite its central importance for goal-directed behavior, the interplay between WM and long-term memory (LTM) remains poorly understood. Recent studies have shown that repeated use of the same task-relevant item in WM results in a hand-off of the storage of that item to LTM, and switching to a new item reactivates WM. To further elucidate the rules governing WM-LTM interactions, we here planned to probe whether a change in task rules, independent of a switch in task-relevant items, would also lead to WM reactivation of maintained items. To this end, we used scalp-recorded electroencephalogram (EEG) data, specifically the contralateral delay activity (CDA), to track WM item storage while manipulating repetitions and changes in task rules and task-relevant items across trials in a visual WM task. We tested two rival hypotheses: If changes in task rules result in a reactivation of the target item representation, then the CDA should increase when a task change is cued even when the same target has been repeated across trials. However, if the reactivation of a task-relevant item only depends on the mnemonic availability of the item itself instead of the task it is used for, then only the changes in task-relevant items should reactivate the representations. Accordingly, the CDA amplitude should decrease for repeated task-relevant items independently of a task change. We found a larger CDA on task-switch compared to task-repeat trials, suggesting that the reactivation of task rules triggers the reactivation of task-relevant items in WM. By demonstrating that WM reactivation of LTM is interdependent for task rules and task-relevant items, this study informs our understanding of visual WM and its interplay with LTM. PREREGISTERED STAGE 1 PROTOCOL: https://osf.io/zp9e8 (date of in-principle acceptance: 19/12/2021).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yağmur D Şentürk
- Department of Psychology, Sabancı University, Istanbul, Türkiye.
| | - Nursima Ünver
- Department of Psychology, Sabancı University, Istanbul, Türkiye; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Canada.
| | - Can Demircan
- Department of Psychology, Sabancı University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Tobias Egner
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Eren Günseli
- Department of Psychology, Sabancı University, Istanbul, Türkiye
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2
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Roggenhofer E, Muller S, Santarnecchi E, Melie-Garcia L, Wiest R, Kherif F, Draganski B. Remodeling of brain morphology in temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01825. [PMID: 32945137 PMCID: PMC7667340 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is one of the most widespread neurological network disorders. Computational anatomy MRI studies demonstrate a robust pattern of cortical volume loss. Most statistical analyses provide information about localization of significant focal differences in a segregationist way. Multivariate Bayesian modeling provides a framework allowing inferences about inter-regional dependencies. We adopt this approach to answer following questions: Which structures within a pattern of dynamic epilepsy-associated brain anatomy reorganization best predict TLE pathology. Do these structures differ between TLE subtypes? METHODS We acquire clinical and MRI data from TLE patients with and without hippocampus sclerosis (n = 128) additional to healthy volunteers (n = 120). MRI data were analyzed in the computational anatomy framework of SPM12 using classical mass-univariate analysis followed by multivariate Bayesian modeling. RESULTS After obtaining TLE-associated brain anatomy pattern, we estimate predictive power for disease and TLE subtypes using Bayesian model selection and comparison. We show that ipsilateral para-/hippocampal regions contribute most to disease-related differences between TLE and healthy controls independent of TLE laterality and subtype. Prefrontal cortical changes are more discriminative for left-sided TLE, whereas thalamus and temporal pole for right-sided TLE. The presence of hippocampus sclerosis was linked to stronger involvement of thalamus and temporal lobe regions; frontoparietal involvement was predominant in absence of sclerosis. CONCLUSIONS Our topology inferences on brain anatomy demonstrate a differential contribution of structures within limbic and extralimbic circuits linked to main effects of TLE and hippocampal sclerosis. We interpret our results as evidence for TLE-related spatial modulation of anatomical networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Roggenhofer
- Neurology Department, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, HUG, University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, LREN, CHUV, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sandrine Muller
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, LREN, CHUV, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Emiliano Santarnecchi
- Berenson-Allen Center for Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation, Cognitive Neurology Department, Beth Israel Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Siena Brain Investigation and Neuromodulation Lab, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Lester Melie-Garcia
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, LREN, CHUV, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Applied Signal Processing Group, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Roland Wiest
- Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ferath Kherif
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, LREN, CHUV, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bogdan Draganski
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, LREN, CHUV, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Neurology, Max-Planck-Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Max Planck Society, Leipzig, Germany
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3
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A Consumer Neuroscience Study of Conscious and Subconscious Destination Preference. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15102. [PMID: 31641234 PMCID: PMC6805896 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51567-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In studying consumer behaviors, the inclusion of neuroscience tools and methods is improving our understanding of preference formation and choice. But such responses are mostly related to the consumption of goods and services that meet an immediate need. Tourism represents a consumer behavior that is related to a more complex decision-making process, involving a stronger relationship with a future self, and choices typically being of a higher level of involvement and of a transformational type. The aim of this study was to test whether direct emotional and cognitive responses to travel destination would be indicative of subsequent stated destination preference. Participants were shown images and videos from multiple travel destinations while being monitored using eye-tracking and electroencephalography (EEG) brain monitoring. The EEG responses to each image and video were further calculated into neurometric scores of emotional (frontal asymmetry and arousal) and cognitive load metrics. Our results show that arousal and cognitive load were significantly related to subsequent stated travel preferences, accounting for about 20% of the variation in preference. Still, results also suggested that subconscious emotional and cognitive responses are not identical to subjective travel preference, suggesting that other mechanisms may be at play in forming conscious, stated preference. This study both supports the idea that destination preferences can be studied using consumer neuroscience and brings further insights into the mechanisms at stake during such choices.
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4
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Increased Prefrontal Activity with Aging Reflects Nonspecific Neural Responses Rather than Compensation. J Neurosci 2018; 38:7303-7313. [PMID: 30037829 PMCID: PMC6096047 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1701-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated prefrontal cortex activity is often observed in healthy older adults despite declines in their memory and other cognitive functions. According to one view, this activity reflects a compensatory functional posterior-to-anterior shift, which contributes to maintenance of cognitive performance when posterior cortical function is impaired. Alternatively, the increased prefrontal activity may be less efficient or less specific because of structural and neurochemical changes accompanying aging. These accounts are difficult to distinguish on the basis of average activity levels within brain regions. Instead, we used a novel, model-based multivariate analysis technique applied to two independent fMRI datasets from an adult-lifespan human sample (N = 123 and N = 115; approximately half female). Standard analysis replicated the age-related increase in average prefrontal activation, but multivariate tests revealed that this activity did not carry additional information. The results contradict the hypothesis of a compensatory posterior-to-anterior shift. Instead, they suggest that the increased prefrontal activation reflects reduced efficiency or specificity rather than compensation. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Functional brain imaging studies have often shown increased activity in prefrontal brain regions in older adults. This has been proposed to reflect a compensatory shift to greater reliance on prefrontal cortex (PFC), helping to maintain cognitive function. Alternatively, activity may become less specific as people age. This is a key question in the neuroscience of aging. In this study, we used novel tests of how different brain regions contribute to long- and short-term memory. We found increased activity in PFC in older adults, but this activity carried less information about memory outcomes than activity in visual regions. These findings are relevant for understanding why cognitive abilities decline with age, suggesting that optimal function depends on successful brain maintenance rather than compensation.
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5
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Bilkey DK, Cheyne KR, Eckert MJ, Lu X, Chowdhury S, Worley PF, Crandall JE, Abraham WC. Exposure to complex environments results in more sparse representations of space in the hippocampus. Hippocampus 2017; 27:1178-1191. [PMID: 28686801 PMCID: PMC5752118 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The neural circuitry mediating sensory and motor representations is adaptively tuned by an animal's interaction with its environment. Similarly, higher order representations such as spatial memories can be modified by exposure to a complex environment (CE), but in this case the changes in brain circuitry that mediate the effect are less well understood. Here, we show that prolonged CE exposure was associated with increased selectivity of CA1 "place cells" to a particular recording arena compared to a social control (SC) group. Furthermore, fewer CA1 and DG neurons in the CE group expressed high levels of Arc protein, a marker of recent activation, following brief exposure to a completely novel environment. The reduced Arc expression was not attributable to overall changes in cell density or number. These data indicate that one effect of CE exposure is to modify high-level spatial representations in the brain by increasing the sparsity of population coding within networks of neurons. Greater sparsity could result in a more efficient and compact coding system that might alter behavioural performance on spatial tasks. The results from a behavioural experiment were consistent with this hypothesis, as CE-treated animals habituated more rapidly to a novel environment despite showing equivalent initial responding.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K. Bilkey
- Department of Psychology and the Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Kirsten R. Cheyne
- Department of Psychology and the Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Michael J. Eckert
- Department of Psychology and the Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Xiaodong Lu
- Department of Psychology and the Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Shoaib Chowdhury
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Paul F. Worley
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - James E. Crandall
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School Waltham, MA 02452, USA
| | - Wickliffe C. Abraham
- Department of Psychology and the Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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6
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Friis-Olivarius M, Hulme OJ, Skov M, Ramsøy TZ, Siebner HR. Imaging the Creative Unconscious: Reflexive Neural Responses to Objects in the Visual and Parahippocampal Region Predicts State and Trait Creativity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14420. [PMID: 29089567 PMCID: PMC5663854 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14729-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
What does it take to have a creative mind? Theories of creative cognition assert that the quantity of automatic associations places fundamental constraints on the probability of reaching creative solutions. Due to the difficulties inherent in isolating automated associative responses from cognitive control, the neural basis underlying this faculty remains unknown. Here we acquired fMRI data in an incidental-viewing paradigm in which subjects performed an attention-demanding task whilst viewing task-irrelevant objects. By assigning a standard creativity task on the same objects out of the scanner, as well as a battery of psychometric creativity tests, we could assess whether stimulus-bound neural activity was predictive of state or trait variability in creativity. We found that stimulus-bound responses in superior occipital regions were linearly predictive of trial-by-trial variability in creative performance (state-creativity), and that in more creative individuals (trait-creativity) this response was more strongly expressed in entorhinal cortex. Additionally, the mean response to the onset of objects in parahippocampal gyrus was predictive of trait differences in creativity. This work suggests that, creative individuals are endowed with occipital and medial temporal reflexes that generate a greater fluency in associative representations, making them more accessible for ideation even when no ideation is explicitly called for.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Friis-Olivarius
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, DK-2650, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Center for Decision Neuroscience, Department of Marketing, Copenhagen Business School, DK-2000, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Copenhagen Institute of NeuroCreativity, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Oliver J Hulme
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, DK-2650, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Skov
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, DK-2650, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Decision Neuroscience, Department of Marketing, Copenhagen Business School, DK-2000, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Z Ramsøy
- Center for Decision Neuroscience, Department of Marketing, Copenhagen Business School, DK-2000, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Behavioral Innovation, DK-4300, Holbæk, Denmark.,Singularity University, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, United States
| | - Hartwig R Siebner
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, DK-2650, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, DK-2400, Copenhagen, Denmark
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7
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Montazeribarforoushi S, Keshavarzsaleh A, Ramsøy TZ. On the hierarchy of choice: An applied neuroscience perspective on the AIDA model. COGENT PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/23311908.2017.1363343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Saba Montazeribarforoushi
- Department of Genetic and Molecular Biology, University of Malaya (UM), Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Abolfazl Keshavarzsaleh
- Department of Genetic and Molecular Biology, University of Malaya (UM), Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Faculty of Business and Law, High Impact Research Center (HIR), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Thomas Zoëga Ramsøy
- Center for Behavioral Innovation, Ahlgade 33, 1, Holbæk 4300, Denmark
- Singularity University, NASA Ames Research Park Building 20 S. Akron Rd., Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Neurons Inc Ahlgade 33, 1, 4300 Holbæk, Denmark
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8
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van den Honert RN, McCarthy G, Johnson MK. Holistic versus feature-based binding in the medial temporal lobe. Cortex 2017; 91:56-66. [PMID: 28215821 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A central question for cognitive neuroscience is how feature-combinations that give rise to episodic/source memories are encoded in the brain. Although there is much evidence that the hippocampus (HIP) is involved in feature binding, and some evidence that other brain regions are as well, there is relatively little evidence about the nature of the resulting representations in different brain regions. We used multivoxel pattern analysis (MVPA) to investigate how feature combinations might be represented, contrasting two possibilities, feature-based versus holistic. Participants viewed stimuli that were composed of three source features - a person (face or body), a scene (indoor or outdoor), and an object (bike or luggage) - which were combined to make eight unique stimulus identities. We reasoned that regions that can classify the eight identities (a multiclass classification) but not the individual features (a binary classification) likely have a holistic representation of each identity. In contrast, regions that can classify the eight identities and can classify each feature are likely to contain feature-based representations of these identities. To further probe the extent of feature-based or holistic classification in each region, we developed and validated a novel approach that directly compares binary and multiclass classification. We found clear evidence for holistic representation in the parahippocampal cortex (PHC), consistent with theories that posit that pattern-separation-like binding mechanisms are not unique to the HIP. Further clarifying the mechanisms of feature binding should benefit from systematic comparisons of multi-feature representations and whether they vary with task, type of stimulus, and/or experience.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gregory McCarthy
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Marcia K Johnson
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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9
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Aly M, Turk-Browne NB. Attention Stabilizes Representations in the Human Hippocampus. Cereb Cortex 2015; 26:783-796. [PMID: 25766839 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention and memory are intricately linked, but how attention modulates brain areas that subserve memory, such as the hippocampus, is unknown. We hypothesized that attention may stabilize patterns of activity in human hippocampus, resulting in distinct but reliable activity patterns for different attentional states. To test this prediction, we utilized high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging and a novel "art gallery" task. On each trial, participants viewed a room containing a painting, and searched a stream of rooms for a painting from the same artist (art state) or a room with the same layout (room state). Bottom-up stimulation was the same in both tasks, enabling the isolation of neural effects related to top-down attention. Multivariate analyses revealed greater pattern similarity in all hippocampal subfields for trials from the same, compared with different, attentional state. This stability was greater for the room than art state, was unrelated to univariate activity, and, in CA2/CA3/DG, was correlated with behavior. Attention therefore induces representational stability in the human hippocampus, resulting in distinct activity patterns for different attentional states. Modulation of hippocampal representational stability highlights the far-reaching influence of attention outside of sensory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas B Turk-Browne
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute.,Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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