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Ji S, Chen F, Li S, Zhou C, Liu C, Yu H. Dynamic brain entropy predicts risky decision-making across transdiagnostic dimensions of psychopathology. Behav Brain Res 2024; 476:115255. [PMID: 39326636 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Revised: 09/10/2024] [Accepted: 09/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Maladaptive risky decision-making is a common pathological behavior among patients with various psychiatric disorders. Brain entropy, which measures the complexity of brain time series signals, provides a novel approach to assessing brain health. Despite its potential, the dynamics of brain entropy have seldom been explored. This study aimed to construct a dynamic model of brain entropy and examine its predictive value for risky decision-making in patients with mental disorders, utilizing resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). METHODS This study analyzed the rs-fMRI data from a total of 198 subjects, including 48 patients with bipolar disorder (BD), 47 patients with schizophrenia (SZ), 40 patients with adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), as well as 63 healthy controls (HC). Time series signals were extracted from 264 brain regions based on rs-fMRI. The traditional static entropy and dynamic entropy (coefficient of variation, CV; rate of change, Rate) were constructed, respectively. Support vector regression was employed to predict risky decision-making utilizing leave-one-out cross-validation within each group. RESULTS Our findings showed that CV achieved the best performances in HC and BD groups (r = -0.58, MAE = 6.43, R2 = 0.32; r = -0.78, MAE = 12.10, R2 = 0.61), while the Rate achieved the best in SZ and ADHD groups (r = -0.69, MAE = 10.20, R2 = 0.47; r = -0.78, MAE = 7.63, R2 = 0.60). For the dynamic entropy, the feature selection threshold rather than the time window length and overlapping ratio influenced predictive performance. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that dynamic brain entropy could be a more effective predictor of risky decision-making than traditional static brain entropy. Our findings offer a novel perspective on exploring brain signal complexity and can serve as a reference for interventions targeting risky decision-making behaviors, particularly in individuals with psychiatric diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanling Ji
- Institute of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Shandong, China
| | - Fujian Chen
- Medical Imaging Department, Shandong Daizhuang Hospital, Shandong, China
| | - Sen Li
- Institute of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Shandong, China
| | - Cong Zhou
- Institute of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Shandong, China
| | - Chuanxin Liu
- Institute of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Shandong, China.
| | - Hao Yu
- Institute of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Shandong, China.
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Chowdhury NS, Taseen K, Chiang A, Chang WJ, Millard SK, Seminowicz DA, Schabrun SM. A 5-day course of rTMS before pain onset ameliorates future pain and increases sensorimotor peak alpha frequency. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.11.598596. [PMID: 38915700 PMCID: PMC11195234 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.11.598596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has shown promise as an intervention for pain. An unexplored research question is whether the delivery of rTMS prior to pain onset might protect against a future episode of prolonged pain. The present study aimed to determine i) whether 5 consecutive days of rTMS delivered prior to experimentally-induced prolonged jaw pain could reduce future pain intensity and ii) whether any effects of rTMS on pain were mediated by changes in corticomotor excitability (CME) and/or sensorimotor peak alpha frequency (PAF). On each day from Day 0-4, forty healthy individuals received a single session of active (n = 21) or sham (n = 19) rTMS over the left primary motor cortex. PAF and CME were assessed on Day 0 (before rTMS) and Day 4 (after rTMS). Prolonged pain was induced via intramuscular injection of nerve growth factor (NGF) in the right masseter muscle after the final rTMS session. From Days 5-25, participants completed twice-daily electronic dairies including pain on chewing and yawning (primary outcomes), as well as pain during other activities (e.g. talking), functional limitation in jaw function and muscle soreness (secondary outcomes). Compared to sham, individuals who received active rTMS subsequently experienced lower pain on chewing and yawning. Although active rTMS increased PAF, the effects of rTMS on pain were not mediated by changes in PAF or CME. This study is the first to show that rTMS delivered prior to pain onset can protect against future pain and associated functional impairment. Thus, rTMS may hold promise as a prophylactic intervention for persistent pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahian S Chowdhury
- Center for Pain IMPACT, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Khandoker Taseen
- Center for Pain IMPACT, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alan Chiang
- Center for Pain IMPACT, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wei-Ju Chang
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Samantha K Millard
- Center for Pain IMPACT, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - David A Seminowicz
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Siobhan M Schabrun
- The Gray Centre for Mobility and Activity, Parkwood Institute, St. Joseph's Healthcare, London, Canada
- School of Physical Therapy, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
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3
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Holzer KJ, Todorovic MS, Wilson EA, Steinberg A, Avidan MS, Haroutounian S. Cognitive flexibility training for chronic pain: a randomized clinical study. Pain Rep 2024; 9:e1120. [PMID: 38352025 PMCID: PMC10863938 DOI: 10.1097/pr9.0000000000001120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Previous studies suggest an association between cognitive flexibility and development of chronic pain after surgery. It is not known whether cognitive flexibility can be improved in patients with chronic pain. Objectives This study tested whether a neurocognitive training program results in improved cognitive flexibility and pain in patients with chronic pain. Methods We conducted a single-center, prospective, randomized study investigating 5-week daily neurocognitive training in patients with chronic pain. Participants (n = 145) were randomized into neurocognitive training or care as usual, and they completed assessments at baseline, posttreatment, and 3 months. The treatment group was asked to spend 35 minutes daily completing a program with tasks on cognitive flexibility, memory, attention, and speed. The primary outcome was performance on the neurocognitive performance test (NCPT). Secondary outcomes included levels of pain interference and severity. Results At 5 weeks, the treatment group showed greater improvements on NCPT compared with the control group (d = 0.37); effect size was smaller at 3 months (d = 0.18). The treatment group reported lower pain severity at 5 weeks (d = 0.16) and 3 months (d = 0.39) than the control group, but pain interference was only lower at 3 months (d = 0.20). Conclusions Outcomes suggest that using neurocognitive training to modify cognitive flexibility in patients with chronic pain may improve pain severity. This study provided effect size estimates to inform sample size calculations for randomized controlled trials to test the effectiveness of neurocognitive interventions for the prevention and treatment of chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J. Holzer
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Marko S. Todorovic
- Department of Anesthesiology, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Wilson
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Aaron Steinberg
- Emergency Department, SSM Health St. Mary's Hospital, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael S. Avidan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Simon Haroutounian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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4
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Atilgan H, Doody M, Oliver DK, McGrath TM, Shelton AM, Echeverria-Altuna I, Tracey I, Vyazovskiy VV, Manohar SG, Packer AM. Human lesions and animal studies link the claustrum to perception, salience, sleep and pain. Brain 2022; 145:1610-1623. [PMID: 35348621 PMCID: PMC9166552 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The claustrum is the most densely interconnected region in the human brain. Despite the accumulating data from clinical and experimental studies, the functional role of the claustrum remains unknown. Here, we systematically review claustrum lesion studies and discuss their functional implications. Claustral lesions are associated with an array of signs and symptoms, including changes in cognitive, perceptual and motor abilities; electrical activity; mental state; and sleep. The wide range of symptoms observed following claustral lesions do not provide compelling evidence to support prominent current theories of claustrum function such as multisensory integration or salience computation. Conversely, the lesions studies support the hypothesis that the claustrum regulates cortical excitability. We argue that the claustrum is connected to, or part of, multiple brain networks that perform both fundamental and higher cognitive functions. As a multifunctional node in numerous networks, this may explain the manifold effects of claustrum damage on brain and behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huriye Atilgan
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Max Doody
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - David K. Oliver
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Thomas M. McGrath
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Andrew M. Shelton
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | | | - Irene Tracey
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB Centre, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital and Merton College, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | | | - Sanjay G. Manohar
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Adam M. Packer
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
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5
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Hodkinson DJ, Bungert A, Bowtell R, Jackson SR, Jung J. Operculo-insular and anterior cingulate plasticity induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation in the human motor cortex: a dynamic casual modeling study. J Neurophysiol 2021; 125:1180-1190. [PMID: 33625934 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00670.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to induce neuroplasticity with noninvasive brain stimulation techniques offers a unique opportunity to examine the human brain systems involved in pain modulation. In experimental and clinical settings, the primary motor cortex (M1) is commonly targeted to alleviate pain, but its mechanism of action remains unclear. Using dynamic causal modeling (DCM) and Bayesian model selection (BMS), we tested seven competing hypotheses about how transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) modulates the directed influences (or effective connectivity) between M1 and three distinct cortical areas of the medial and lateral pain systems, including the insular cortex (INS), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and parietal operculum cortex (PO). The data set included a novel fMRI acquisition collected synchronously with M1 stimulation during rest and while performing a simple hand motor task. DCM and BMS showed a clear preference for the fully connected model in which all cortical areas receive input directly from M1, with facilitation of the connections INS→M1, PO→M1, and ACC→M1, plus increased inhibition of their reciprocal connections. An additional DCM analysis comparing the reduced models only corresponding to networks with a sparser connectivity within the full model showed that M1 input into the INS is the second-best model of plasticity following TMS manipulations. The results reported here provide a starting point for investigating whether pathway-specific targeting involving M1↔INS improves analgesic response beyond conventional targeting. We eagerly await future empirical data and models that tests this hypothesis.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the primary motor cortex (M1) is a promising treatment for chronic pain, but its mechanism of action remains unclear. Competing dynamic causal models of effective connectivity between M1 and medial and lateral pain systems suggest direct input into the insular, anterior cingulate cortex, and parietal operculum. This supports the hypothesis that analgesia produced from M1 stimulation most likely acts through the activation of top-down processes associated with intracortical modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan J Hodkinson
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research, Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Queens Medical Center, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Versus Arthritis Pain Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Bungert
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Bowtell
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen R Jackson
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - JeYoung Jung
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Han F, Liu H, Wang K, Yang J, Yang L, Liu J, Zhang M, Dun W. Correlation Between Thalamus-Related Functional Connectivity and Serum BDNF Levels During the Periovulatory Phase of Primary Dysmenorrhea. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:333. [PMID: 31632254 PMCID: PMC6779153 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The thalamus is a key region for the transmission of nociceptive information in the central modulation of pain and has been studied in the setting of numerous chronic pain conditions. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is considered an important modulator for mediating nociceptive pathways in chronic pain. The present study aimed to investigate whether there was thalamus-related abnormal functional connectivity or relevant serum BDNF level alterations during periovulation in long-term primary dysmenorrhea (PDM). Thalamic subregions were defined according to the Human Brainnetome Atlas. Functional connectivity analyses were performed in 36 patients in the periovulatory phase and 29 age-, education-, and gender-matched healthy controls. Serum BDNF levels were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and a significantly higher BDNF level was detected in PDM patients. Compared with HCs, PDM patients had abnormal functional connectivity of thalamic-subregions, mainly involving with prefrontal cortex, sensorimotor cortex, and temporal cortex. In addition, the functional connectivity of thalamic-subregions showed significant interactive effect correlated with serum BDNF level between PDM and HCs. It has been suggested that there were maladaptive or adoptive alteration associated with chronic menstrual pain even without the ongoing menstrual pain. BDNF might play a role in the development and chronicity of central nervous system dysfunction. These findings provided more accurate information about the involvement of the thalamus in the pathophysiology of PDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Han
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hongjuan Liu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Medical Imaging, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Medical Imaging, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Chong Qing Medical University, Chong Qing, China
| | - Jixin Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wanghuan Dun
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Necka EA, Lee IS, Kucyi A, Cheng JC, Yu Q, Atlas LY. Applications of dynamic functional connectivity to pain and its modulation. Pain Rep 2019; 4:e752. [PMID: 31579848 PMCID: PMC6728009 DOI: 10.1097/pr9.0000000000000752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Since early work attempting to characterize the brain's role in pain, it has been clear that pain is not generated by a specific brain region, but rather by coordinated activity across a network of brain regions, the "neuromatrix." The advent of noninvasive whole-brain neuroimaging, including functional magnetic resonance imaging, has provided insight on coordinated activity in the pain neuromatrix and how correlations in activity between regions, referred to as "functional connectivity," contribute to pain and its modulation. Initial functional connectivity investigations assumed interregion connectivity remained stable over time, and measured variability across individuals. However, new dynamic functional connectivity (dFC) methods allow researchers to measure how connectivity changes over time within individuals, permitting insights on the dynamic reorganization of the pain neuromatrix in humans. We review how dFC methods have been applied to pain, and insights afforded on how brain connectivity varies across time, either spontaneously or as a function of psychological states, cognitive demands, or the external environment. Specifically, we review psychophysiological interaction, dynamic causal modeling, state-based dynamic community structure, and sliding-window analyses and their use in human functional neuroimaging of acute pain, chronic pain, and pain modulation. We also discuss promising uses of dFC analyses for the investigation of chronic pain conditions and predicting pain treatment efficacy and the relationship between state- and trait-based pain measures. Throughout this review, we provide information regarding the advantages and shortcomings of each approach, and highlight potential future applications of these methodologies for better understanding the brain processes associated with pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Necka
- Division of Intramural Research, National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - In-Seon Lee
- Division of Intramural Research, National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Aaron Kucyi
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Joshua C. Cheng
- School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Qingbao Yu
- Division of Intramural Research, National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lauren Y. Atlas
- Division of Intramural Research, National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Division of Intramural Research, National Insitute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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8
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Yue Y, Collaku A. Correlation of Pain Reduction with fMRI BOLD Response in Osteoarthritis Patients Treated with Paracetamol: Randomized, Double-Blind, Crossover Clinical Efficacy Study. PAIN MEDICINE 2019; 19:355-367. [PMID: 29025005 PMCID: PMC5914370 DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnx157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Objective To assess the relationship between the analgesic efficacy of extended-release paracetamol (ER-APAP) and brain blood oxygen level–dependent (BOLD) signal activation in response to painful stimulation measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. Methods This placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover, randomized trial (N = 25) comprised three treatment periods in which patients received four doses of an eight-hour ER-APAP caplet (2 x 665 mg), four doses of matched placebo, and no treatment. Pain intensity of the knee was measured before and after painful stimulation at the knee with osteoarthritis and before and after fMRI. Results ER-APAP significantly reduced prestimulation osteoarthritis knee joint pain compared with baseline (P < 0.003) and placebo (P < 0.004). ER-APAP and placebo significantly reduced knee joint pain after stimulation (P = 0.014 and P = 0.032, respectively); however, pain reduction with ER-APAP was 35% greater than placebo. ER-APAP was associated with significant reductions in BOLD signal activation after stimulation compared with control in the sensory cortex (P = 0.002) and supramarginal gyrus (P = 0.003). Reduction in BOLD signal activation after stimulation for placebo was significantly greater than control in the subgenual prefrontal cortex (P < 0.001), frontal cortex (P < 0.001), insula (P < 0.003), and sensory cortex (P < 0.001). Conclusions ER-APAP had a significantly greater effect than placebo and no treatment in reducing knee pain, which was associated with reduced BOLD signal activations in pain pathways, including the sensory cortex and supramarginal gyrus. BOLD observations after placebo treatment may shed light on the role of the brain regions potentially involved in placebo response in clinical trials investigating pain therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yue
- GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare, Warren, New Jersey, USA
| | - Agron Collaku
- GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare, Warren, New Jersey, USA
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9
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Sharini H, Fooladi M, Masjoodi S, Jalalvandi M, Yousef Pour M. Identification of the Pain Process by Cold Stimulation: Using Dynamic Causal Modeling of Effective Connectivity in Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS). Ing Rech Biomed 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.irbm.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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10
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Unique aspects of clinical trials of invasive therapies for chronic pain. Pain Rep 2018; 4:e687. [PMID: 31583336 PMCID: PMC6749926 DOI: 10.1097/pr9.0000000000000687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly all who review the literature conclude that the role of invasive procedures to treat chronic pain is poorly characterized because of the lack of “definitive” studies. The overt nature of invasive treatments, along with the risks, technical skills, and costs involved create challenges to study them. However, these challenges do not completely preclude evaluating invasive procedure effectiveness and safety using well-designed methods. This article reviews the challenges of studying outcomes of invasive therapies to treat pain and discuss possible solutions. Although the following discussion can apply to most invasive therapies to treat chronic pain, it is beyond the scope of the article to individually cover every invasive therapy used. Therefore, most of the examples focus on injection therapies to treat spine pain, spinal cord stimulation, and intrathecal drug therapies.
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11
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Zeng Y, Hu D, Yang W, Hayashinaka E, Wada Y, Watanabe Y, Zeng Q, Cui Y. A voxel-based analysis of neurobiological mechanisms in placebo analgesia in rats. Neuroimage 2018; 178:602-612. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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12
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Ong WY, Stohler CS, Herr DR. Role of the Prefrontal Cortex in Pain Processing. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:1137-1166. [PMID: 29876878 PMCID: PMC6400876 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1130-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is not only important in executive functions, but also pain processing. The latter is dependent on its connections to other areas of the cerebral neocortex, hippocampus, periaqueductal gray (PAG), thalamus, amygdala, and basal nuclei. Changes in neurotransmitters, gene expression, glial cells, and neuroinflammation occur in the PFC during acute and chronic pain, that result in alterations to its structure, activity, and connectivity. The medial PFC (mPFC) could serve dual, opposing roles in pain: (1) it mediates antinociceptive effects, due to its connections with other cortical areas, and as the main source of cortical afferents to the PAG for modulation of pain. This is a ‘loop’ where, on one side, a sensory stimulus is transformed into a perceptual signal through high brain processing activity, and perceptual activity is then utilized to control the flow of afferent sensory stimuli at their entrance (dorsal horn) to the CNS. (2) It could induce pain chronification via its corticostriatal projection, possibly depending on the level of dopamine receptor activation (or lack of) in the ventral tegmental area-nucleus accumbens reward pathway. The PFC is involved in biopsychosocial pain management. This includes repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation, antidepressants, acupuncture, cognitive behavioral therapy, mindfulness, music, exercise, partner support, empathy, meditation, and prayer. Studies demonstrate the role of the PFC during placebo analgesia, and in establishing links between pain and depression, anxiety, and loss of cognition. In particular, losses in PFC grey matter are often reversible after successful treatment of chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yi Ong
- Department of Anatomy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119260, Singapore.
- Neurobiology and Ageing Research Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119260, Singapore.
| | | | - Deron R Herr
- Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119260, Singapore.
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13
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van der Meulen M, Kamping S, Anton F. The role of cognitive reappraisal in placebo analgesia: an fMRI study. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2018; 12:1128-1137. [PMID: 28338955 PMCID: PMC5490670 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsx033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Placebo analgesia (PA) depends crucially on the prefrontal cortex (PFC), which is assumed to be responsible for initiating the analgesic response. Surprisingly little research has focused on the psychological mechanisms mediated by the PFC and underlying PA. One increasingly accepted theory is that cognitive reappraisal—the reinterpretation of the meaning of adverse events—plays an important role, but no study has yet addressed the possible functional relationship with PA. We studied the influence of individual differences in reappraisal ability on PA and its prefrontal mediation. Participants completed a cognitive reappraisal ability task, which compared negative affect evoked by pictures in a reappraise versus a control condition. In a subsequent fMRI session, PA was induced using thermal noxious stimuli and an inert skin cream. We found a region in the left dorsolateral PFC, which showed a positive correlation between placebo-induced activation and (i) the reduction in participants’ pain intensity ratings; and (ii) cognitive reappraisal ability scores. Moreover, this region showed increased placebo-induced functional connectivity with the periaqueductal grey, indicating its involvement in descending nociceptive control. These initial findings thus suggest that cognitive reappraisal mechanisms mediated by the dorsolateral PFC may play a role in initiating pain inhibition in PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian van der Meulen
- Institute for Health and Behaviour, University of Luxembourg, Campus Belval, Maison des Sciences Humaines, 11, Porte des Sciences, L-4366, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Sandra Kamping
- Section Pain Medicine and Pain Psychology, Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fernand Anton
- Institute for Health and Behaviour, University of Luxembourg, Campus Belval, Maison des Sciences Humaines, 11, Porte des Sciences, L-4366, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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Schafer SM, Geuter S, Wager TD. Mechanisms of placebo analgesia: A dual-process model informed by insights from cross-species comparisons. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 160:101-122. [PMID: 29108801 PMCID: PMC5747994 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Placebo treatments are pharmacologically inert, but are known to alleviate symptoms across a variety of clinical conditions. Associative learning and cognitive expectations both play important roles in placebo responses, however we are just beginning to understand how interactions between these processes lead to powerful effects. Here, we review the psychological principles underlying placebo effects and our current understanding of their brain bases, focusing on studies demonstrating both the importance of cognitive expectations and those that demonstrate expectancy-independent associative learning. To account for both forms of placebo analgesia, we propose a dual-process model in which flexible, contextually driven cognitive schemas and attributions guide associative learning processes that produce stable, long-term placebo effects. According to this model, the placebo-induction paradigms with the most powerful effects are those that combine reinforcement (e.g., the experience of reduced pain after placebo treatment) with suggestions and context cues that disambiguate learning by attributing perceived benefit to the placebo. Using this model as a conceptual scaffold, we review and compare neurobiological systems identified in both human studies of placebo analgesia and behavioral pain modulation in rodents. We identify substantial overlap between the circuits involved in human placebo analgesia and those that mediate multiple forms of context-based modulation of pain behavior in rodents, including forebrain-brainstem pathways and opioid and cannabinoid systems in particular. This overlap suggests that placebo effects are part of a set of adaptive mechanisms for shaping nociceptive signaling based on its information value and anticipated optimal response in a given behavioral context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Schafer
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, 345 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Stephan Geuter
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, 345 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, 344 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Tor D Wager
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, 345 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, 344 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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15
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Nocebo-induced modulation of cerebral itch processing - An fMRI study. Neuroimage 2017; 166:209-218. [PMID: 29107770 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been shown repeatedly that perceiving itch-related pictures or listening to a lecture on itch can enhance itch sensation and scratching behaviour (Niemeier and Gieler, 2000; Holle et al., 2012; Lloyd et al., 2013), indicating that itch is strongly influenced by expectations. Using fMRI, we investigated the neural correlates of the itch-related nocebo effect in healthy male and female human subjects. Itch sensation on the left forearm was induced by cutaneous histamine application and thermally modulated, with cooling leading to higher itch. Nocebo-induced aggravation of histaminergic itch was achieved by ostensibly treating volunteers with "transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)" about which subjects were instructed that it would increase itch. During a conditioning phase subjects indeed experienced stronger itch due to slightly altered cooling and histamine concentrations, but attributed it to the alleged "TENS stimulation". Importantly, in the subsequent test phase where no "TENS" or electrical stimulation was applied, volunteers significantly reported stronger itch during the nocebo as compared to the control condition. Comparing BOLD responses during nocebo in contrast to control, we observed increased activity in contralateral (right) rolandic operculum. Opercular involvement was repeatedly reported in studies related to the expectation of stimulus intensification and might thus represent an early area integrating expectation information with somatosensory information. Finally, functional coupling between the insula and the periaqueductal gray (PAG) was enhanced specifically in the nocebo condition. This cortex-PAG interaction indicates that context-dependent top-down modulation during itch might represent a shared mechanism with other modalities such as pain.
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Spisák T, Pozsgay Z, Aranyi C, Dávid S, Kocsis P, Nyitrai G, Gajári D, Emri M, Czurkó A, Kincses ZT. Central sensitization-related changes of effective and functional connectivity in the rat inflammatory trigeminal pain model. Neuroscience 2016; 344:133-147. [PMID: 28003158 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Central sensitization is a key mechanism in the pathology of several neuropathic pain disorders. We aimed to investigate the underlying brain connectivity changes in a rat model of chronic pain. Non-noxious whisker stimulation was used to evoke blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) responses in a block-design functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) experiment on 9.4T. Measurements were repeated two days and one week after injecting complete Freund's adjuvant into the rats' whisker pad. We found that acute pain reduced activation in the barrel cortex, most probably due to a plateau effect. After one week, increased activation of the anterior cingulate cortex was found. Analyses of effective connectivity driven by stimulus-related activation revealed that chronic pain-related central sensitization manifested as a widespread alteration in the activity of the somatosensory network. Changes were mainly mediated by the anterior cingulate cortex and the striatum and affected the somatosensory and motor cortices and the superior colliculus. Functional connectivity analysis of nested BOLD oscillations justified that the anterior cingular-somatosensory interplay is a key element of network changes. Additionally, a decreased cingulo-motor functional connectivity implies that alterations also involve the output tract of the network. Our results extend the knowledge about the role of the cingulate cortex in the chronification of pain and indicate that integration of multiple connectivity analysis could be fruitful in studying the central sensitization in the pain matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Spisák
- Preclinical Imaging Center, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Zsófia Pozsgay
- Preclinical Imaging Center, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Aranyi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Dávid
- Preclinical Imaging Center, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Pál Kocsis
- Preclinical Imaging Center, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Dávid Gajári
- Preclinical Imaging Center, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Emri
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - András Czurkó
- Preclinical Imaging Center, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsigmond Tamás Kincses
- Preclinical Imaging Center, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest, Hungary; Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, Hungary; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
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Sevel LS, Letzen JE, Staud R, Robinson ME. Interhemispheric Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Connectivity is Associated with Individual Differences in Pain Sensitivity in Healthy Controls. Brain Connect 2016; 6:357-64. [PMID: 26916416 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2015.0405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is implicated in pain modulation through multiple psychological processes. Recent noninvasive brain stimulation studies suggest that interhemispheric DLPFC connectivity influences pain tolerance and discomfort by altering interhemispheric inhibition. The structure and role of interhemispheric DLPFC connectivity in pain processing have not been investigated. The present study used dynamic causal modeling (DCM) for fMRI to investigate transcallosal DLPFC connectivity during painful stimulation in healthy volunteers. DCM parameters were used to predict individual differences in sensitivity to noxious heat stimuli. Bayesian model selection results indicated that influences among the right DLPFC (rDLPFC) and left DLPFC (lDLPFC) are modulated during painful stimuli. Regression analyses revealed that greater rDLPFC→lDLPFC couplings were associated with higher suprathreshold pain temperatures. These results highlight the role of interhemispheric connectivity in pain modulation and support the preferential role of the right hemisphere in pain processing. Knowledge of these mechanisms may improve understanding of abnormal pain modulation in chronic pain populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Landrew S Sevel
- 1 Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Janelle E Letzen
- 1 Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Roland Staud
- 2 Department of Medicine, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Michael E Robinson
- 1 Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
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Ellingsen DM, Leknes S, Løseth G, Wessberg J, Olausson H. The Neurobiology Shaping Affective Touch: Expectation, Motivation, and Meaning in the Multisensory Context. Front Psychol 2016; 6:1986. [PMID: 26779092 PMCID: PMC4701942 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Inter-individual touch can be a desirable reward that can both relieve negative affect and evoke strong feelings of pleasure. However, if other sensory cues indicate it is undesirable to interact with the toucher, the affective experience of the same touch may be flipped to disgust. While a broad literature has addressed, on one hand the neurophysiological basis of ascending touch pathways, and on the other hand the central neurochemistry involved in touch behaviors, investigations of how external context and internal state shapes the hedonic value of touch have only recently emerged. Here, we review the psychological and neurobiological mechanisms responsible for the integration of tactile “bottom–up” stimuli and “top–down” information into affective touch experiences. We highlight the reciprocal influences between gentle touch and contextual information, and consider how, and at which levels of neural processing, top-down influences may modulate ascending touch signals. Finally, we discuss the central neurochemistry, specifically the μ-opioids and oxytocin systems, involved in affective touch processing, and how the functions of these neurotransmitters largely depend on the context and motivational state of the individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Mikael Ellingsen
- MGH/HST Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA; Department of Psychology, University of OsloOslo, Norway
| | - Siri Leknes
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo Oslo, Norway
| | - Guro Løseth
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo Oslo, Norway
| | - Johan Wessberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Håkan Olausson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University Linköping, Sweden
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Mariano TY, Van't Wout M, Garnaat SL, Rasmussen SA, Greenberg BD. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) Targeting Left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Modulates Task-Induced Acute Pain in Healthy Volunteers. PAIN MEDICINE 2015; 17:737-45. [PMID: 26814276 DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnv042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Current chronic pain treatments target nociception rather than affective "suffering" and its associated functional and psychiatric comorbidities. The left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) has been implicated in affective, cognitive, and attentional aspects of pain and is a primary target of neuromodulation for affective disorders. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can non-invasively modulate cortical activity. The present study tests whether anodal tDCS targeting the left DLPFC will increase tolerability of acute painful stimuli vs cathodal tDCS. METHODS Forty tDCS-naive healthy volunteers received anodal and cathodal stimulation targeting the left DLPFC in two randomized and counterbalanced sessions. During stimulation, each participant performed cold pressor (CP) and breath holding (BH) tasks. We measured pain intensity with the Defense and Veterans Pain Rating Scale (DVPRS) before and after each task. RESULTS Mixed ANOVA revealed no main effect of stimulation polarity for mean CP threshold, tolerance, or endurance, or mean BH time (allP > 0.27). However, DVPRS rise associated with CP was significantly smaller with anodal vs cathodal tDCS (P = 0.024). We further observed a significant tDCS polarity × stimulation order interaction (P = 0.042) on CP threshold, suggesting task sensitization. CONCLUSIONS Although our results do not suggest that polarity of tDCS targeting the left DLPFC differentially modulates the tolerability of CP- and BH-related pain distress in healthy volunteers, there was a significant effect on DVPRS pain ratings. This contrasts with our previous findings that tDCS targeting the left dorsal anterior cingulate cortex showed a trend toward higher mean CP tolerance with cathodal vs anodal stimulation. The present results may suggest tDCS-related effects on nociception or DLPFC-mediated attention, or preferential modulation of the affective valence of pain as captured by the DVPRS. Sham-controlled clinical studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Y Mariano
- *Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island Center of Excellence for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Mascha Van't Wout
- *Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island Center of Excellence for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Sarah L Garnaat
- *Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Steven A Rasmussen
- *Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island Center of Excellence for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Benjamin D Greenberg
- *Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island Center of Excellence for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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Inter-individual differences in pain processing investigated by functional magnetic resonance imaging of the brainstem and spinal cord. Neuroscience 2015; 307:231-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Abstract
Chronic pain is an important public health problem, and there is a need to understand the mechanisms that lead to pain chronification. From a neurobiological perspective, the mechanisms contributing to the transition from acute to subacute and chronic pain are heterogeneous and are thought to take place at various levels of the peripheral and central nervous system. In the past decade, brain imaging studies have shed light on neural correlates of pain perception and pain modulation, but they have also begun to disentangle neural mechanisms that underlie chronic pain. This review summarizes important and recent findings in pain research using magnetic resonance tomography. Especially new developments in functional, structural and neurochemical imaging such as resting-state connectivity and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) spectroscopy, which have advanced our understanding of chronic pain and which can potentially be integrated in clinical practice, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Schmidt-Wilcke
- Department of Neurology, Berufsgenossenschaftliche Universitätsklinik Bergmannsheil, Ruhr Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
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