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Parekh P, Gozi A, Reddi VSK, Saini J, John JP. Resting state functional connectivity and structural abnormalities of the brain in acute retarded catatonia: an exploratory MRI study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2022; 272:1045-1059. [PMID: 34668026 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-021-01345-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this first cross-sectional MRI study in acute catatonia, we compared the resting state whole-brain, within-network and seed (left precentral gyrus)-to-voxel connectivity, as well as cortical surface complexity between a sample of patients in acute retarded catatonic state (n = 15) diagnosed as per DSM-5 criteria and a demographically matched healthy control sample (n = 15). The patients had comorbid Axis-I psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia spectrum disorders and psychotic mood disorders, but did not have diagnosable neurological disorders. Acute retarded catatonia was characterized by reduced resting state functional connectivity, most robustly within the sensorimotor network; diffuse region of interest (ROI)-ROI hyperconnectivity; and seed-to-voxel hyperconnectivity in the frontoparietal and cerebellar regions. The seed (left precentral gyrus)-to-voxel connectivity was positively correlated to the catatonia motor ratings. The ROI-ROI as well as seed-to-voxel functional hyperconnectivity were noted to be higher in lorazepam responders (n = 9) in comparison to the non-responders (n = 6). The overall Hedges' g effect sizes for these analyses ranged between 0.82 and 3.53, indicating robustness of these results, while the average Dice coefficients from jackknife reliability analyses ranged between 0.6 and 1, indicating fair (inter-regional ROI-ROI connectivity) to perfect (within-sensorimotor network connectivity) reliability of the results. The catatonia sample showed reduced vertex-wise cortical complexity in the right insular cortex and contiguous areas. Thus, we have identified neuroimaging markers of the acute retarded catatonic state that may show an association with treatment response to benzodiazepines. We discuss how these novel findings have important translational implications for understanding the pathophysiology of catatonia as well as for the mechanistic understanding and prediction of treatment response to benzodiazepines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravesh Parekh
- Multimodal Brain Image Analysis Laboratory, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, 560029, India.,Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, 560029, India
| | - Anirban Gozi
- Multimodal Brain Image Analysis Laboratory, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, 560029, India.,Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, 560029, India
| | | | - Jitender Saini
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, 560029, India
| | - John P John
- Multimodal Brain Image Analysis Laboratory, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, 560029, India. .,Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, 560029, India.
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Antón-Toro LF, Bruña R, Del Cerro-León A, Shpakivska D, Mateos-Gordo P, Porras-Truque C, García-Gómez R, Maestú F, García-Moreno LM. Electrophysiological resting-state hyperconnectivity and poorer behavioural regulation as predisposing profiles of adolescent binge drinking. Addict Biol 2022; 27:e13199. [PMID: 35754100 PMCID: PMC9286401 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Adolescent Binge Drinking (BD) has become an increasing health and social concern, with detrimental consequences for brain development and functional integrity. However, research on neurophysiological and neuropsychological traits predisposing to BD are limited at this time. In this work, we conducted a 2‐year longitudinal magnetoencephalography (MEG) study over a cohort of initially alcohol‐naïve adolescents with the purpose of exploring anomalies in resting‐state electrophysiological networks, impulsivity, sensation‐seeking, and dysexecutive behaviour able to predict future BD patterns. In a sample of 67 alcohol‐naïve adolescents (age = 14.5 ± 0.9), we measured resting‐state activity using MEG. Additionally, we evaluated their neuropsychological traits using self‐report ecological scales (BIS‐11, SSS‐V, BDEFS, BRIEF‐SR and DEX). In a second evaluation, 2 years later, we measured participant's alcohol consumption, sub‐dividing the original sample in two groups: future binge drinkers (22 individuals, age 14.6 ± 0.8; eight females) and future light/no drinkers (17 individuals, age 14.5 ± 0.8; eight females). Then, we searched for differences predating alcohol BD intake. We found abnormalities in MEG resting state, in a form of gamma band hyperconnectivity, in those adolescents who transitioned into BD years later. Furthermore, they showed higher impulsivity, dysexecutive behaviours and sensation seeking, positively correlated with functional connectivity (FC). Sensation seeking and impulsivity mainly predicted BD severity in the future, while the relationship between dysexecutive trait and FC with future BD was mediated by sensation seeking. These findings shed light to electrophysiological and neuropsychological traits of vulnerability towards alcohol consumption. We hypothesise that these differences may rely on divergent neurobiological development of inhibitory neurotransmission pathways and executive prefrontal circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F Antón-Toro
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Bruña
- Department of Radiology, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Del Cerro-León
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Danylyna Shpakivska
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Mateos-Gordo
- Department of Psychobiology and Methodology in Behavioral Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Claudia Porras-Truque
- Department of Psychobiology and Methodology in Behavioral Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel García-Gómez
- Department of Psychobiology and Methodology in Behavioral Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Maestú
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Miguel García-Moreno
- Department of Psychobiology and Methodology in Behavioral Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
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Wang J, Wang K, Liu T, Wang L, Suo D, Xie Y, Funahashi S, Wu J, Pei G. Abnormal Dynamic Functional Networks in Subjective Cognitive Decline and Alzheimer's Disease. Front Comput Neurosci 2022; 16:885126. [PMID: 35586480 PMCID: PMC9108158 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2022.885126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) is considered to be the preclinical stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and has the potential for the early diagnosis and intervention of AD. It was implicated that CSF-tau, which increases very early in the disease process in AD, has a high sensitivity and specificity to differentiate AD from normal aging, and the highly connected brain regions behaved more tau burden in patients with AD. Thus, a highly connected state measured by dynamic functional connectivity may serve as the early changes of AD. In this study, forty-five normal controls (NC), thirty-six individuals with SCD, and thirty-five patients with AD were enrolled to obtain the resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning. Sliding windows, Pearson correlation, and clustering analysis were combined to investigate the different levels of information transformation states. Three states, namely, the low state, the middle state, and the high state, were characterized based on the strength of functional connectivity between each pair of brain regions. For the global dynamic functional connectivity analysis, statistically significant differences were found among groups in the three states, and the functional connectivity in the middle state was positively correlated with cognitive scales. Furthermore, the whole brain was parcellated into four networks, namely, default mode network (DMN), cognitive control network (CCN), sensorimotor network (SMN), and occipital-cerebellum network (OCN). For the local network analysis, statistically significant differences in CCN for low state and SMN for middle state and high state were found in normal controls and patients with AD. Meanwhile, the differences were also found in normal controls and individuals with SCD. In addition, the functional connectivity in SMN for high state was positively correlated with cognitive scales. Converging results showed the changes in dynamic functional states in individuals with SCD and patients with AD. In addition, the changes were mainly in the high strength of the functional connectivity state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Wang
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Kexin Wang
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Tiantian Liu
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Li Wang
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Dingjie Suo
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yunyan Xie
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shintaro Funahashi
- Kokoro Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Laboratory of Cognitive Brain Science, Department of Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jinglong Wu
- Research Center for Medical Artificial Intelligence, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Jinglong Wu
| | - Guangying Pei
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
- Guangying Pei
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Yuan C, Gao A, Xu Q, Zhang B, Xue R, Dou Y, Yu C. A multi-dosing regimen to enhance the spatial memory of normal rats with α5-containing GABA A receptor negative allosteric modulator L-655,708. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:3375-3389. [PMID: 34389882 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05951-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES The reported inconsistent effects of negative allosteric modulators of α5-containing GABAA receptors on learning and memory may be attributed to receptor selectivity, effective plasma concentration maintenance, and administration time. This study aimed to compare the effects of L-655,708 administered by single-dosing regimen versus multi-dosing regimen on spatial memory, signaling molecules, and brain functional connectivity. METHODS After comparing the maintenance time of the effective plasma concentration of L-655,708 between multi-dosing and single-dosing regimens, we further compared the effects of the administration of the two regimens at different phases (before-learning, during-learning, and before-probe) of the Morris water maze (MWM) test on the performance of learning and memory and the levels of signaling molecules related to learning and memory in hippocampal tissues. Functional connectivity analyses between hippocampal and cortical regions were performed to further clarify the effects of the multi-dosing regimen. RESULTS The multi-dosing regimen could maintain the effective plasma concentration of L-655,708 much longer than the single-dosing regimen. Only the multi-dosing regimen for L-655,708 administration during the learning period led to significant improvement in spatial memory in the MWM test and increases in levels of glutamate receptors and phosphorylated signaling molecules (p-PKAα, p-CaMKII, and p-CREB-1). Compared with the vehicle control, the multi-dosing regimen increased the functional connectivity of the left hippocampal CA1 with cingulate and motor cortices. CONCLUSIONS A multi-dosing regimen for L-655,708 administered during the learning period is an effective strategy to improve spatial memory, increase signaling molecule levels, and enhance the functional connectivity of the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Yuan
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China
| | - An Gao
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China
| | - Beibei Zhang
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Xue
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Dou
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chunshui Yu
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China.
- School of Medical Imaging, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China.
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Stylianou O, Racz FS, Kim K, Kaposzta Z, Czoch A, Yabluchanskiy A, Eke A, Mukli P. Multifractal Functional Connectivity Analysis of Electroencephalogram Reveals Reorganization of Brain Networks in a Visual Pattern Recognition Paradigm. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:740225. [PMID: 34733145 PMCID: PMC8558231 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.740225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human brain consists of anatomically distant neuronal assemblies that are interconnected via a myriad of synapses. This anatomical network provides the neurophysiological wiring framework for functional connectivity (FC), which is essential for higher-order brain functions. While several studies have explored the scale-specific FC, the scale-free (i.e., multifractal) aspect of brain connectivity remains largely neglected. Here we examined the brain reorganization during a visual pattern recognition paradigm, using bivariate focus-based multifractal (BFMF) analysis. For this study, 58 young, healthy volunteers were recruited. Before the task, 3-3 min of resting EEG was recorded in eyes-closed (EC) and eyes-open (EO) states, respectively. The subsequent part of the measurement protocol consisted of 30 visual pattern recognition trials of 3 difficulty levels graded as Easy, Medium, and Hard. Multifractal FC was estimated with BFMF analysis of preprocessed EEG signals yielding two generalized Hurst exponent-based multifractal connectivity endpoint parameters, H(2) and ΔH 15; with the former indicating the long-term cross-correlation between two brain regions, while the latter captures the degree of multifractality of their functional coupling. Accordingly, H(2) and ΔH 15 networks were constructed for every participant and state, and they were characterized by their weighted local and global node degrees. Then, we investigated the between- and within-state variability of multifractal FC, as well as the relationship between global node degree and task performance captured in average success rate and reaction time. Multifractal FC increased when visual pattern recognition was administered with no differences regarding difficulty level. The observed regional heterogeneity was greater for ΔH 15 networks compared to H(2) networks. These results show that reorganization of scale-free coupled dynamics takes place during visual pattern recognition independent of difficulty level. Additionally, the observed regional variability illustrates that multifractal FC is region-specific both during rest and task. Our findings indicate that investigating multifractal FC under various conditions - such as mental workload in healthy and potentially in diseased populations - is a promising direction for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orestis Stylianou
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary,Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Keumbi Kim
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zalan Kaposzta
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Akos Czoch
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andriy Yabluchanskiy
- Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States,The Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States,Department of Health Promotion Sciences, College of Public Health, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Andras Eke
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary,Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States,Andras Eke,
| | - Peter Mukli
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary,Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Neurodegeneration Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States,*Correspondence: Peter Mukli,
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Stenroos P, Pirttimäki T, Paasonen J, Paasonen E, Salo RA, Koivisto H, Natunen T, Mäkinen P, Kuulasmaa T, Hiltunen M, Tanila H, Gröhn O. Isoflurane affects brain functional connectivity in rats 1 month after exposure. Neuroimage 2021; 234:117987. [PMID: 33762218 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.117987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoflurane, the most commonly used preclinical anesthetic, induces brain plasticity and long-term cellular and molecular changes leading to behavioral and/or cognitive consequences. These changes are most likely associated with network-level changes in brain function. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying long-term effects of isoflurane, we investigated the influence of a single isoflurane exposure on functional connectivity, brain electrical activity, and gene expression. Male Wistar rats (n = 22) were exposed to 1.8% isoflurane for 3 h. Control rats (n = 22) spent 3 h in the same room without exposure to anesthesia. After 1 month, functional connectivity was evaluated with resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI; n = 6 + 6) and local field potential measurements (n = 6 + 6) in anesthetized animals. A whole genome expression analysis (n = 10+10) was also conducted with mRNA-sequencing from cortical and hippocampal tissue samples. Isoflurane treatment strengthened thalamo-cortical and hippocampal-cortical functional connectivity. Cortical low-frequency fMRI power was also significantly increased in response to the isoflurane treatment. The local field potential results indicating strengthened hippocampal-cortical alpha and beta coherence were in good agreement with the fMRI findings. Furthermore, altered expression was found in 20 cortical genes, several of which are involved in neuronal signal transmission, but no gene expression changes were noted in the hippocampus. Isoflurane induced prolonged changes in thalamo-cortical and hippocampal-cortical function and expression of genes contributing to signal transmission in the cortex. Further studies are required to investigate whether these changes are associated with the postoperative behavioral and cognitive symptoms commonly observed in patients and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petteri Stenroos
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI,-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tiina Pirttimäki
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI,-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jaakko Paasonen
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI,-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ekaterina Paasonen
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI,-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Raimo A Salo
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI,-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hennariikka Koivisto
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI,-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Teemu Natunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI,-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Petra Mäkinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI,-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Teemu Kuulasmaa
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI,-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI,-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Heikki Tanila
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI,-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Olli Gröhn
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI,-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Liu C, Shi F, Fu B, Luo T, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Yu S, Yu T. GABA A receptors in the basal forebrain mediates emergence from propofol anaesthesia in rats. Int J Neurosci 2020; 132:802-814. [PMID: 33174773 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2020.1840375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the current study was to explore the role of the basal forebrain (BF) in propofol anaesthesia. METHODS In the present study, we observed the neural activities of the BF during propofol anaesthesia using calcium fibre photometry recording. Subsequently, ibotenic acid was injected into the BF to verify the role of the BF in propofol anaesthesia. Finally, to test whether GABAA receptors in the BF were involved in modulating propofol anaesthesia, muscimol (GABAA receptor agonist) and gabazine (GABAA receptor antagonist) were microinjected into the BF. Cortical electroencephalogram (EEG), time to loss of righting reflex (LORR), and recovery of righting reflex (RORR) under propofol anaesthesia were recorded and analysed. RESULTS The activity of BF neurons was inhibited during induction of propofol anaesthesia and activated during emergence from propofol anaesthesia. In addition, non-specifical lesion of BF neurons significantly prolonged the time to RORR and increased delta power in the frontal cortex under propofol anaesthesia. Next, microinjection of muscimol into the BF delayed emergence from propofol anaesthesia, increased delta power of the frontal cortex, and decreased gamma power under propofol anaesthesia. Conversely, infusion of gabazine accelerated emergence times and decreased EEG delta power. CONCLUSIONS The basal forebrain is involved in modulating frontal cortex delta activity and emergence from propofol anaesthesia. Additionally, the GABAA receptors in the basal forebrain are involved in regulating emergence propofol anaesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxi Liu
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,Guizhou Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Fu Shi
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Bao Fu
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Tianyuan Luo
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,Guizhou Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Shouyang Yu
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,Guizhou Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Tian Yu
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,Guizhou Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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Thomason ME. Development of Brain Networks In Utero: Relevance for Common Neural Disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2020; 88:40-50. [PMID: 32305217 PMCID: PMC7808399 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging, histological, and gene analysis approaches in living and nonliving human fetuses and in prematurely born neonates have provided insight into the staged processes of prenatal brain development. Increased understanding of micro- and macroscale brain network development before birth has spurred interest in understanding the relevance of prenatal brain development to common neurological diseases. Questions abound as to the sensitivity of the intrauterine brain to environmental programming, to windows of plasticity, and to the prenatal origin of disorders of childhood that involve disruptions in large-scale network connectivity. Much of the available literature on human prenatal neural development comes from cross-sectional or case studies that are not able to resolve the longitudinal consequences of individual variation in brain development before birth. This review will 1) detail specific methodologies for studying the human prenatal brain, 2) summarize large-scale human prenatal neural network development, integrating findings from across a variety of experimental approaches, 3) explore the plasticity of the early developing brain as well as potential sex differences in prenatal susceptibility, and 4) evaluate opportunities to link specific prenatal brain developmental processes to the forms of aberrant neural connectivity that underlie common neurological disorders of childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moriah E Thomason
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Population Health, and Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York.
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9
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Intermingling of gut microbiota with brain: Exploring the role of probiotics in battle against depressive disorders. Food Res Int 2020; 137:109489. [PMID: 33233143 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Depression is a debilitating psychiatric ailment which exerts disastrous effects on one's mental and physical health. Depression is accountable for augmentation of various life-threatening maladies such as neurodegenerative anomalies, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Depressive episodes are recurrent, pose a negative impact on life quality, decline life expectancy and enhance suicidal tendencies. Anti-depression chemotherapy displays marked adverse effects and frequent relapses. Thus, newer therapeutic interventions to prevent or combat depression are desperately required. Discovery of gut microbes as our mutualistic partner was made a long time ago and it is surprising that their functions still continue to expand and as of yet many are still to be uncovered. Experimental studies have revealed astonishing role of gut commensals in gut-brain signaling, immune homeostasis and hormonal regulation. Now, it is a well-established fact that gut microbes can alleviate stress or depression associated symptoms by modulating brain functions. Here in, we provide an overview of physiological alleyways involved in cross-talk between gut and brain, part played by probiotics in regulation of these pathways and use of probiotic bacteria as psychobiotics in various mental or depressive disorders.
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10
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Effect of Zolpidem in the Aftermath of Traumatic Brain Injury: An MEG Study. Case Rep Neurol Med 2020; 2020:8597062. [PMID: 32257474 PMCID: PMC7109561 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8597062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past two decades, many studies have shown the paradoxical efficacy of zolpidem, a hypnotic used to induce sleep, in transiently alleviating various disorders of consciousness such as traumatic brain injury (TBI), dystonia, and Parkinson's disease. The mechanism of action of this effect of zolpidem is of great research interest. In this case study, we use magnetoencephalography (MEG) to investigate a fully conscious, ex-coma patient who suffered from neurological difficulties for a few years due to traumatic brain injury. For a few years after injury, the patient was under medication with zolpidem that drastically improved his symptoms. MEG recordings taken before and after zolpidem showed a reduction in power in the theta-alpha (4–12 Hz) and lower beta (15–20 Hz) frequency bands. An increase in power after zolpidem intake was found in the higher beta/lower gamma (20–43 Hz) frequency band. Source level functional connectivity measured using weighted-phase lag index showed changes after zolpidem intake. Stronger connectivity between left frontal and temporal brain regions was observed. We report that zolpidem induces a change in MEG resting power and functional connectivity in the patient. MEG is an informative and sensitive tool to detect changes in brain activity for TBI.
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Muller AM, Meyerhoff DJ. Does an Over-Connected Visual Cortex Undermine Efforts to Stay Sober After Treatment for Alcohol Use Disorder? Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:536706. [PMID: 33362591 PMCID: PMC7758478 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.536706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A fine-tuned interplay of highly synchronized activity within and between the brain's communities is a crucial feature of the brain's functional organization. We wanted to investigate in individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD) the degree to which the interplay of the brain's community-architecture and the extended brain reward system (eBRS) is affected by drinking status (relapse or abstinence). We used Graph Theory Analysis of resting-state fMRI data from treatment seekers at 1 month of abstinence to model the brain's intrinsic community configuration and their follow-up data as abstainers or relapsers 3 months later to quantify the degree of global across-community interaction between the eBRS and the intrinsic communities at both timepoints. After 1 month of abstinence, the ventromedial PFC in particular showed a significantly higher global across-community interaction in the 22 future relapsers when compared to 30 light/non-drinking controls. These differences were no longer present 3 months later when the relapsers had resumed drinking. We found no significant differences between abstainers and controls at either timepoint. Post hoc tests revealed that one eBRS region, the ventromedial PFC, showed a significant global across-community interaction with a community comprising the visual cortex in relapsers at baseline. In contrast, abstainers showed a significant negative association of the ventromedial PFC with the visual cortex. The increased across-community interaction of the ventromedial PFC and the visual cortex in relapsers at timepoint 1 may be an early indicator for treatment failure in a subgroup of AUD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Muller
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Dieter J Meyerhoff
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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Pedersen M, Kowalczyk M, Omidvarnia A, Perucca P, Gooley S, Petrou S, Scheffer IE, Berkovic SF, Jackson GD. Human GABRG2 generalized epilepsy: Increased somatosensory and striatothalamic connectivity. NEUROLOGY-GENETICS 2019; 5:e340. [PMID: 31321301 PMCID: PMC6563517 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective To map functional MRI (fMRI) connectivity within and between the somatosensory cortex, putamen, and ventral thalamus in individuals from a family with a GABAergic deficit segregating with febrile seizures and genetic generalized epilepsy. Methods We studied 5 adults from a family with early-onset absence epilepsy and/or febrile seizures and a GABAA receptor subunit gamma2 pathogenic variant (GABRG2[R43Q]) vs 5 age-matched controls. We infer differences between participants with the GABRG2 pathogenic variant and controls in resting-state fMRI connectivity within and between the somatosensory cortex, putamen, and ventral thalamus. Results We observed increased fMRI connectivity within the somatosensory cortex and between the putamen and ventral thalamus in all individuals with the GABRG2 pathogenic variant compared with controls. Post hoc analysis showed less pronounced changes in fMRI connectivity within and between the primary visual cortex and precuneus. Conclusions Although our sample size was small, this preliminary study suggests that individuals with a GABRG2 pathogenic variant, raising risk of febrile seizures and generalized epilepsy, display underlying increased functional connectivity both within the somatosensory cortex and in striatothalamic networks. This human network model aligns with rodent research and should be further validated in larger cohorts, including other individuals with generalized epilepsy with and without known GABA pathogenic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mangor Pedersen
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (M.P., M.K., A.O., S.P., I.E.S., G.D.J.), Parkville; Department of Neurology (I.E.S.), Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville; Department of Neuroscience (P.P.), Central Clinical School, Monash University; Department of Neurology (P.P.), The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville; Department of Neurology (P.P.), Alfred Health, Melbourne; Department of Medicine (P.P., S.P.), The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville; Epilepsy Research Centre (S.G., I.E.S., S.F.B., G.D.J.), Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg; and Department of Pediatrics (I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Magdalena Kowalczyk
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (M.P., M.K., A.O., S.P., I.E.S., G.D.J.), Parkville; Department of Neurology (I.E.S.), Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville; Department of Neuroscience (P.P.), Central Clinical School, Monash University; Department of Neurology (P.P.), The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville; Department of Neurology (P.P.), Alfred Health, Melbourne; Department of Medicine (P.P., S.P.), The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville; Epilepsy Research Centre (S.G., I.E.S., S.F.B., G.D.J.), Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg; and Department of Pediatrics (I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Amir Omidvarnia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (M.P., M.K., A.O., S.P., I.E.S., G.D.J.), Parkville; Department of Neurology (I.E.S.), Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville; Department of Neuroscience (P.P.), Central Clinical School, Monash University; Department of Neurology (P.P.), The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville; Department of Neurology (P.P.), Alfred Health, Melbourne; Department of Medicine (P.P., S.P.), The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville; Epilepsy Research Centre (S.G., I.E.S., S.F.B., G.D.J.), Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg; and Department of Pediatrics (I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Piero Perucca
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (M.P., M.K., A.O., S.P., I.E.S., G.D.J.), Parkville; Department of Neurology (I.E.S.), Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville; Department of Neuroscience (P.P.), Central Clinical School, Monash University; Department of Neurology (P.P.), The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville; Department of Neurology (P.P.), Alfred Health, Melbourne; Department of Medicine (P.P., S.P.), The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville; Epilepsy Research Centre (S.G., I.E.S., S.F.B., G.D.J.), Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg; and Department of Pediatrics (I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Samuel Gooley
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (M.P., M.K., A.O., S.P., I.E.S., G.D.J.), Parkville; Department of Neurology (I.E.S.), Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville; Department of Neuroscience (P.P.), Central Clinical School, Monash University; Department of Neurology (P.P.), The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville; Department of Neurology (P.P.), Alfred Health, Melbourne; Department of Medicine (P.P., S.P.), The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville; Epilepsy Research Centre (S.G., I.E.S., S.F.B., G.D.J.), Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg; and Department of Pediatrics (I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Steven Petrou
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (M.P., M.K., A.O., S.P., I.E.S., G.D.J.), Parkville; Department of Neurology (I.E.S.), Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville; Department of Neuroscience (P.P.), Central Clinical School, Monash University; Department of Neurology (P.P.), The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville; Department of Neurology (P.P.), Alfred Health, Melbourne; Department of Medicine (P.P., S.P.), The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville; Epilepsy Research Centre (S.G., I.E.S., S.F.B., G.D.J.), Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg; and Department of Pediatrics (I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ingrid E Scheffer
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (M.P., M.K., A.O., S.P., I.E.S., G.D.J.), Parkville; Department of Neurology (I.E.S.), Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville; Department of Neuroscience (P.P.), Central Clinical School, Monash University; Department of Neurology (P.P.), The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville; Department of Neurology (P.P.), Alfred Health, Melbourne; Department of Medicine (P.P., S.P.), The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville; Epilepsy Research Centre (S.G., I.E.S., S.F.B., G.D.J.), Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg; and Department of Pediatrics (I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Samuel F Berkovic
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (M.P., M.K., A.O., S.P., I.E.S., G.D.J.), Parkville; Department of Neurology (I.E.S.), Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville; Department of Neuroscience (P.P.), Central Clinical School, Monash University; Department of Neurology (P.P.), The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville; Department of Neurology (P.P.), Alfred Health, Melbourne; Department of Medicine (P.P., S.P.), The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville; Epilepsy Research Centre (S.G., I.E.S., S.F.B., G.D.J.), Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg; and Department of Pediatrics (I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Graeme D Jackson
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (M.P., M.K., A.O., S.P., I.E.S., G.D.J.), Parkville; Department of Neurology (I.E.S.), Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville; Department of Neuroscience (P.P.), Central Clinical School, Monash University; Department of Neurology (P.P.), The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville; Department of Neurology (P.P.), Alfred Health, Melbourne; Department of Medicine (P.P., S.P.), The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville; Epilepsy Research Centre (S.G., I.E.S., S.F.B., G.D.J.), Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg; and Department of Pediatrics (I.E.S.), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Evaluation of nuisance removal for functional MRI of rodent brain. Neuroimage 2019; 188:694-709. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Chang WT, Puspitasari F, Garcia-Miralles M, Yeow LY, Tay HC, Koh KB, Tan LJ, Pouladi MA, Chuang KH. Connectomic imaging reveals Huntington-related pathological and pharmaceutical effects in a mouse model. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2018; 31:e4007. [PMID: 30260561 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that neurodegenerative diseases could affect brain structure and function in disease-specific network patterns; however, how spontaneous activity affects structural covariance network (SC) is not clear. We hypothesized that hyper-excitability in Huntington disease (HD) disrupts the coordinated structural and functional connectivity, and treatment with memantine helps to reduce excitotoxicity and normalize the connectivity. MRI was conducted to measure somatosensory activation, resting-state functional-connectivity (rsFC), SC, amplitude of low frequency fluctuation (ALFF) and ALFF covariance (ALFFC) in the YAC128 mouse model of HD. We found somatosensory activation was unchanged but the subcortical ALFF was increased in HD mice, indicating subcortical but not cortical hyperactivity. The reduced sensorimotor rsFC but spared hippocampal and default mode networks in the HD mice was consistent with the more pronounced impairment in motor function compared with cognitive performance. The disease suppressed SC globally and reduced ALFFC in the basal ganglia network as well as its anti-correlation with the default mode network. By comparing these connectivity measures, we found that the originally coupled rsFC-SC relationship was impaired whereas SC-ALFFC correlation was increased by HD, suggesting disease facilitated covariation of brain volume and activity amplitude but not neural synchrony. The comparison with mono-synaptic axonal projection supports the hypothesis that rsFC, but not SC or ALFFC, is highly dependent on structural connectivity under healthy conditions. Treatment with memantine had a strong effect on normalizing the SC and reducing ALFF while slightly increasing other connectivity measures and restoring the rsFC-SC coupling, which is consistent with its effect on alleviating hyper-excitability and improving the coordinated neural growth. These results indicate that HD affects the cerebral structure-function relationship which could be partially reverted by NMDA antagonism. These connectivity measures provide unique insights into pathological and pharmaceutical effects in brain circuitry, and could be translatable biomarkers for evaluating drug effect and refining its efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Tang Chang
- Singapore BioImaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fiftarina Puspitasari
- Singapore BioImaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marta Garcia-Miralles
- Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ling Yun Yeow
- Singapore BioImaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hui-Chien Tay
- Singapore BioImaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Katrianne Bethia Koh
- Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Liang Juin Tan
- Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mahmoud A Pouladi
- Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kai-Hsiang Chuang
- Singapore BioImaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Asaad M, Lee JH. A guide to using functional magnetic resonance imaging to study Alzheimer's disease in animal models. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:dmm031724. [PMID: 29784664 PMCID: PMC5992611 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.031724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a leading healthcare challenge facing our society today. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of the brain has played an important role in our efforts to understand how Alzheimer's disease alters brain function. Using fMRI in animal models of Alzheimer's disease has the potential to provide us with a more comprehensive understanding of the observations made in human clinical fMRI studies. However, using fMRI in animal models of Alzheimer's disease presents some unique challenges. Here, we highlight some of these challenges and discuss potential solutions for researchers interested in performing fMRI in animal models. First, we briefly summarize our current understanding of Alzheimer's disease from a mechanistic standpoint. We then overview the wide array of animal models available for studying this disease and how to choose the most appropriate model to study, depending on which aspects of the condition researchers seek to investigate. Finally, we discuss the contributions of fMRI to our understanding of Alzheimer's disease and the issues to consider when designing fMRI studies for animal models, such as differences in brain activity based on anesthetic choice and ways to interrogate more specific questions in rodents beyond those that can be addressed in humans. The goal of this article is to provide information on the utility of fMRI, and approaches to consider when using fMRI, for studies of Alzheimer's disease in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazen Asaad
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jin Hyung Lee
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Functional networks and network perturbations in rodents. Neuroimage 2017; 163:419-436. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Li H, Xiao J, Li X, Chen H, Kang D, Shao Y, Shen B, Zhu Z, Yin X, Xie L, Wang G, Liang Y. Low Cerebral Exposure Cannot Hinder the Neuroprotective Effects of Panax Notoginsenosides. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 46:53-65. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.078436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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