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Washington SD, Shattuck K, Steckel J, Peremans H, Jonckers E, Hinz R, Venneman T, Van den Berg M, Van Ruijssevelt L, Verellen T, Pritchett DL, Scholliers J, Liang S, C Wang P, Verhoye M, Esser KH, Van der Linden A, Keliris GA. Auditory cortical regions show resting-state functional connectivity with the default mode-like network in echolocating bats. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2306029121. [PMID: 38913894 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2306029121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Echolocating bats are among the most social and vocal of all mammals. These animals are ideal subjects for functional MRI (fMRI) studies of auditory social communication given their relatively hypertrophic limbic and auditory neural structures and their reduced ability to hear MRI gradient noise. Yet, no resting-state networks relevant to social cognition (e.g., default mode-like networks or DMLNs) have been identified in bats since there are few, if any, fMRI studies in the chiropteran order. Here, we acquired fMRI data at 7 Tesla from nine lightly anesthetized pale spear-nosed bats (Phyllostomus discolor). We applied independent components analysis (ICA) to reveal resting-state networks and measured neural activity elicited by noise ripples (on: 10 ms; off: 10 ms) that span this species' ultrasonic hearing range (20 to 130 kHz). Resting-state networks pervaded auditory, parietal, and occipital cortices, along with the hippocampus, cerebellum, basal ganglia, and auditory brainstem. Two midline networks formed an apparent DMLN. Additionally, we found four predominantly auditory/parietal cortical networks, of which two were left-lateralized and two right-lateralized. Regions within four auditory/parietal cortical networks are known to respond to social calls. Along with the auditory brainstem, regions within these four cortical networks responded to ultrasonic noise ripples. Iterative analyses revealed consistent, significant functional connectivity between the left, but not right, auditory/parietal cortical networks and DMLN nodes, especially the anterior-most cingulate cortex. Thus, a resting-state network implicated in social cognition displays more distributed functional connectivity across left, relative to right, hemispheric cortical substrates of audition and communication in this highly social and vocal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart D Washington
- Bio-Imaging Lab, Drie Eiken Campus, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp B-2610, Belgium
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Howard University, College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20060
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University, College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20060
| | - Kyle Shattuck
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057
- Department of Neurology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057
| | - Jan Steckel
- Department of Electronics-Information and Communication Technology, Cosys Lab, University of Antwerp, Antwerp B-2020, Belgium
- Flanders Make Strategic Research Center, Oude Diestersebaan 133, Lommel 3920, Belgium
| | - Herbert Peremans
- Department of Engineering Management, University of Antwerp, Antwerp B-2000, Belgium
| | - Elisabeth Jonckers
- Bio-Imaging Lab, Drie Eiken Campus, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp B-2610, Belgium
- µNeuro Research Centre for Excellence, Drie Eiken Campus, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp B-2610, Belgium
| | - Rukun Hinz
- Bio-Imaging Lab, Drie Eiken Campus, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp B-2610, Belgium
| | - Tom Venneman
- Bio-Imaging Lab, Drie Eiken Campus, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp B-2610, Belgium
| | - Monica Van den Berg
- Bio-Imaging Lab, Drie Eiken Campus, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp B-2610, Belgium
- µNeuro Research Centre for Excellence, Drie Eiken Campus, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp B-2610, Belgium
| | - Lisbeth Van Ruijssevelt
- Bio-Imaging Lab, Drie Eiken Campus, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp B-2610, Belgium
| | - Thomas Verellen
- Department of Electronics-Information and Communication Technology, Cosys Lab, University of Antwerp, Antwerp B-2020, Belgium
| | - Dominique L Pritchett
- Department of Biology, Howard University, College of Arts and Sciences, Washington, DC 20059
| | - Jan Scholliers
- Department of Biology, Drie Eiken Campus, University of Antwerp, Antwerp B-2610, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Drie Eiken Campus, University of Antwerp, Antwerp B-2610, Belgium
| | - Sayuan Liang
- Bio-Imaging Lab, Drie Eiken Campus, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp B-2610, Belgium
| | - Paul C Wang
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Howard University, College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20060
- Department of Physics, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei 24205, Taiwan
| | - Marleen Verhoye
- Bio-Imaging Lab, Drie Eiken Campus, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp B-2610, Belgium
- µNeuro Research Centre for Excellence, Drie Eiken Campus, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp B-2610, Belgium
| | - Karl-Heinz Esser
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover 30559, Germany
| | - Annemie Van der Linden
- Bio-Imaging Lab, Drie Eiken Campus, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp B-2610, Belgium
- µNeuro Research Centre for Excellence, Drie Eiken Campus, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp B-2610, Belgium
| | - Georgios A Keliris
- Bio-Imaging Lab, Drie Eiken Campus, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp B-2610, Belgium
- Institute of Computer Science, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, GR 700 13, Greece; and
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02115, MA
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Maugoust J, Orliac MJ. Anatomical correlates and nomenclature of the chiropteran endocranial cast. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2023; 306:2791-2829. [PMID: 37018745 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Bats form a diverse group of mammals that are highly specialized in active flight and ultrasound echolocation. These specializations rely on adaptations that reflect on their morphoanatomy and have been tentatively linked to brain morphology and volumetry. Despite their small size and fragility, bat crania and natural braincase casts ("endocasts") have been preserved in the fossil record, which allows for investigating brain evolution and inferring paleobiology. Advances in imaging techniques have allowed virtual extraction of internal structures, assuming that the shape of the endocast reflects soft organ morphology. However, there is no direct correspondence between the endocast and internal structures because meninges and vascular tissues mark the inner braincase together with the brain they surround, resulting in a mosaic morphology of the endocast. The hypothesis suggesting that the endocast reflects the brain in terms of both external shape and volume has drastic implications when addressing brain evolution, but it has been rarely discussed. To date, only a single study addressed the correspondence between the brain and braincase in bats. Taking advantage of the advent of imaging techniques, we reviewed the anatomical, neuroanatomical, and angiological literature and compare this knowledge available on bat's braincase anatomy with anatomical observations using a sample of endocranial casts representing most modern bat families. Such comparison allows to propose a Chiroptera-scale nomenclature for future descriptions and comparisons among bat endocasts. Describing the imprints of the tissues surrounding the brain also allows to address to what extent brain features can be blurred or hidden (e.g., hypophysis, epiphysis, colliculi, flocculus). Furthermore, this approach encourages further study to formally test the proposed hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Maugoust
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, département CHANGE, équipe Paléontologie, UMR 5554 Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Place Eugène Bataillon, Montpellier Cedex 5, 34095, France
| | - Maeva Judith Orliac
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, département CHANGE, équipe Paléontologie, UMR 5554 Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Place Eugène Bataillon, Montpellier Cedex 5, 34095, France
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3
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Yohe LR, Krell NT. An updated synthesis of and outstanding questions in the olfactory and vomeronasal systems in bats: Genetics asks questions only anatomy can answer. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2023; 306:2765-2780. [PMID: 37523493 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
The extensive diversity observed in bat nasal chemosensory systems has been well-documented at the histological level. Understanding how this diversity evolved and developing hypotheses as to why particular patterns exist require a phylogenetic perspective, which was first outlined in the work of anatomist Kunwar Bhatnagar. With the onset of genetics and genomics, it might be assumed that the puzzling patterns observed in the morphological data have been clarified. However, there is still a widespread mismatch of genetic and morphological correlations among bat chemosensory systems. Novel genomic evidence has set up new avenues to explore that demand more evidence from anatomical structures. Here, we outline the progress that has been made in both morphological and molecular studies on the olfactory and vomeronasal systems in bats since the work of Bhatnagar. Genomic data of olfactory and vomeronasal receptors demonstrate the strong need for further morphological sampling, with a particular focus on receiving brain regions, glands, and ducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel R Yohe
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
- North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nicholas T Krell
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
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4
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Baldoni C, Thomas WR, von Elverfeldt D, Reisert M, Làzaro J, Muturi M, Dávalos LM, Nieland JD, Dechmann DKN. Histological and MRI brain atlas of the common shrew, Sorex araneus, with brain region-specific gene expression profiles. Front Neuroanat 2023; 17:1168523. [PMID: 37206998 PMCID: PMC10188933 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2023.1168523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The common shrew, Sorex araneus, is a small mammal of growing interest in neuroscience research, as it exhibits dramatic and reversible seasonal changes in individual brain size and organization (a process known as Dehnel's phenomenon). Despite decades of studies on this system, the mechanisms behind the structural changes during Dehnel's phenomenon are not yet understood. To resolve these questions and foster research on this unique species, we present the first combined histological, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and transcriptomic atlas of the common shrew brain. Our integrated morphometric brain atlas provides easily obtainable and comparable anatomic structures, while transcriptomic mapping identified distinct expression profiles across most brain regions. These results suggest that high-resolution morphological and genetic research is pivotal for elucidating the mechanisms underlying Dehnel's phenomenon while providing a communal resource for continued research on a model of natural mammalian regeneration. Morphometric and NCBI Sequencing Read Archive are available at https://doi.org/10.17617/3.HVW8ZN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Baldoni
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Radolfzell am Bodensee, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Quantitative Behaviour Ecology and Evolution, Konstanz, Germany
- *Correspondence: Cecilia Baldoni,
| | - William R. Thomas
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Dominik von Elverfeldt
- Division of Medical Physics, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Marco Reisert
- Division of Medical Physics, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Javier Làzaro
- Javier Lázaro Scientific and Wildlife Illustration, Noasca, Italy
| | - Marion Muturi
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Radolfzell am Bodensee, Germany
| | - Liliana M. Dávalos
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
- Consortium for Inter-Disciplinary Environmental Research, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - John D. Nieland
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Dina K. N. Dechmann
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Radolfzell am Bodensee, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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5
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Vernes SC, Devanna P, Hörpel SG, Alvarez van Tussenbroek I, Firzlaff U, Hagoort P, Hiller M, Hoeksema N, Hughes GM, Lavrichenko K, Mengede J, Morales AE, Wiesmann M. The pale spear-nosed bat: A neuromolecular and transgenic model for vocal learning. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2022; 1517:125-142. [PMID: 36069117 PMCID: PMC9826251 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Vocal learning, the ability to produce modified vocalizations via learning from acoustic signals, is a key trait in the evolution of speech. While extensively studied in songbirds, mammalian models for vocal learning are rare. Bats present a promising study system given their gregarious natures, small size, and the ability of some species to be maintained in captive colonies. We utilize the pale spear-nosed bat (Phyllostomus discolor) and report advances in establishing this species as a tractable model for understanding vocal learning. We have taken an interdisciplinary approach, aiming to provide an integrated understanding across genomics (Part I), neurobiology (Part II), and transgenics (Part III). In Part I, we generated new, high-quality genome annotations of coding genes and noncoding microRNAs to facilitate functional and evolutionary studies. In Part II, we traced connections between auditory-related brain regions and reported neuroimaging to explore the structure of the brain and gene expression patterns to highlight brain regions. In Part III, we created the first successful transgenic bats by manipulating the expression of FoxP2, a speech-related gene. These interdisciplinary approaches are facilitating a mechanistic and evolutionary understanding of mammalian vocal learning and can also contribute to other areas of investigation that utilize P. discolor or bats as study species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja C. Vernes
- School of BiologyUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsUK,Neurogenetics of Vocal Communication GroupMax Planck Institute for PsycholinguisticsNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Paolo Devanna
- School of BiologyUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsUK,Neurogenetics of Vocal Communication GroupMax Planck Institute for PsycholinguisticsNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Stephen Gareth Hörpel
- School of BiologyUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsUK,Neurogenetics of Vocal Communication GroupMax Planck Institute for PsycholinguisticsNijmegenThe Netherlands,TUM School of Life SciencesTechnical University of MunichFreisingGermany
| | - Ine Alvarez van Tussenbroek
- School of BiologyUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsUK,Neurogenetics of Vocal Communication GroupMax Planck Institute for PsycholinguisticsNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Uwe Firzlaff
- TUM School of Life SciencesTechnical University of MunichFreisingGermany
| | - Peter Hagoort
- Neurobiology of Language DepartmentMax Planck Institute for PsycholinguisticsNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Michael Hiller
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Faculty of Biosciences, Senckenberg Research Institute, Goethe‐UniversityFrankfurtGermany
| | - Nienke Hoeksema
- Neurogenetics of Vocal Communication GroupMax Planck Institute for PsycholinguisticsNijmegenThe Netherlands,Neurobiology of Language DepartmentMax Planck Institute for PsycholinguisticsNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Graham M. Hughes
- School of Biology and Environmental ScienceUniversity College DublinBelfieldIreland
| | - Ksenia Lavrichenko
- Neurogenetics of Vocal Communication GroupMax Planck Institute for PsycholinguisticsNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Janine Mengede
- Neurogenetics of Vocal Communication GroupMax Planck Institute for PsycholinguisticsNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Ariadna E. Morales
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Faculty of Biosciences, Senckenberg Research Institute, Goethe‐UniversityFrankfurtGermany
| | - Maximilian Wiesmann
- Department of Medical ImagingAnatomyRadboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition & Behavior, Center for Medical Neuroscience, Preclinical Imaging Center PRIME, Radboud Alzheimer CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
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Cook PF, Berns G. Volumetric and connectivity assessment of the caudate nucleus in California sea lions and coyotes. Anim Cogn 2022; 25:1231-1240. [DOI: 10.1007/s10071-022-01685-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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7
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Washington SD, Pritchett DL, Keliris GA, Kanwal JS. Hemispheric and Sex Differences in Mustached Bat Primary Auditory Cortex Revealed by Neural Responses to Slow Frequency Modulations. Symmetry (Basel) 2021; 13. [PMID: 34513031 DOI: 10.3390/sym13061037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mustached bat (Pteronotus parnellii) is a mammalian model of cortical hemispheric asymmetry. In this species, complex social vocalizations are processed preferentially in the left Doppler-shifted constant frequency (DSCF) subregion of primary auditory cortex. Like hemispheric specializations for speech and music, this bat brain asymmetry differs between sexes (i.e., males>females) and is linked to spectrotemporal processing based on selectivities to frequency modulations (FMs) with rapid rates (>0.5 kHz/ms). Analyzing responses to the long-duration (>10 ms), slow-rate (<0.5 kHz/ms) FMs to which most DSCF neurons respond may reveal additional neural substrates underlying this asymmetry. Here, we bilaterally recorded responses from 176 DSCF neurons in male and female bats that were elicited by upward and downward FMs fixed at 0.04 kHz/ms and presented at 0-90 dB SPL. In females, we found inter-hemispheric latency differences consistent with applying different temporal windows to precisely integrate spectrotemporal information. In males, we found a substrate for asymmetry less related to spectrotemporal processing than to acoustic energy (i.e., amplitude). These results suggest that in the DSCF area, (1) hemispheric differences in spectrotemporal processing manifest differently between sexes, and (2) cortical asymmetry for social communication is driven by spectrotemporal processing differences and neural selectivities for amplitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart D Washington
- Department of Radiology, Howard University Hospital, 2041 Georgia Ave NW, Washington, DC 20060, USA
- Laboratory of Auditory Communication and Cognition, Georgetown University, Department of Neurology, 3700 O St. NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Dominique L Pritchett
- Department of Biology, EE Just Hall Building, Howard University, 415 College St. NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Georgios A Keliris
- Bio-Imaging Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jagmeet S Kanwal
- Laboratory of Auditory Communication and Cognition, Georgetown University, Department of Neurology, 3700 O St. NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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Radtke-Schuller S, Fenzl T, Peremans H, Schuller G, Firzlaff U. Cyto- and myeloarchitectural brain atlas of the pale spear-nosed bat (Phyllostomus discolor) in CT Aided Stereotaxic Coordinates. Brain Struct Funct 2020; 225:2509-2520. [PMID: 32936343 PMCID: PMC7544721 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-020-02138-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The pale spear-nosed bat Phyllostomus discolor, a microchiropteran bat, is well established as an animal model for research on the auditory system, echolocation and social communication of species-specific vocalizations. We have created a brain atlas of Phyllostomus discolor that provides high-quality histological material for identification of brain structures in reliable stereotaxic coordinates to strengthen neurobiological studies of this key species. The new atlas combines high-resolution images of frontal sections alternately stained for cell bodies (Nissl) and myelinated fibers (Gallyas) at 49 rostrocaudal levels, at intervals of 350 µm. To facilitate comparisons with other species, brain structures were named according to the widely accepted Paxinos nomenclature and previous neuroanatomical studies of other bat species. Outlines of auditory cortical fields, as defined in earlier studies, were mapped onto atlas sections and onto the brain surface, together with the architectonic subdivisions of the neocortex. X-ray computerized tomography (CT) of the bat's head was used to establish the relationship between coordinates of brain structures and the skull. We used profile lines and the occipital crest as skull landmarks to line up skull and brain in standard atlas coordinates. An easily reproducible protocol allows sectioning of experimental brains in the standard frontal plane of the atlas. An electronic version of the atlas plates and supplementary material is available from https://doi.org/10.12751/g-node.8bbcxy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Radtke-Schuller
- Lehrstuhl für Zoologie, Technical University Munich, Freising, Germany.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina At Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Thomas Fenzl
- Klinikum für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin am Klinikum Rechts der Isar, TU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Herbert Peremans
- Department of Engineering Management, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gerd Schuller
- Division of Neurobiology, Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Uwe Firzlaff
- Lehrstuhl für Zoologie, Technical University Munich, Freising, Germany
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Waxholm Space atlas of the rat brain auditory system: Three-dimensional delineations based on structural and diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging. Neuroimage 2019; 199:38-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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