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Mosbach V, Puccio H. A multiple animal and cellular models approach to study frataxin deficiency in Friedreich Ataxia. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2024; 1871:119809. [PMID: 39134123 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2024.119809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Friedreich's ataxia (FA) is one of the most frequent inherited recessive ataxias characterized by a progressive sensory and spinocerebellar ataxia. The main causative mutation is a GAA repeat expansion in the first intron of the frataxin (FXN) gene which leads to a transcriptional silencing of the gene resulting in a deficit in FXN protein. The nature of the mutation (an unstable GAA expansion), as well as the multi-systemic nature of the disease (with neural and non-neural sites affected) make the generation of models for Friedreich's ataxia quite challenging. Over the years, several cellular and animal models for FA have been developed. These models are all complementary and possess their own strengths to investigate different aspects of the disease, such as the epigenetics of the locus or the pathophysiology of the disease, as well as being used to developed novel therapeutic approaches. This review will explore the recent advancements in the different mammalian models developed for FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentine Mosbach
- Institut NeuroMyoGene-PGNM UCBL-CNRS UMR5261 INSERM U1315, Lyon, France
| | - Hélène Puccio
- Institut NeuroMyoGene-PGNM UCBL-CNRS UMR5261 INSERM U1315, Lyon, France.
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Zhang H, Ren X, Wu C, He X, Huang Z, Li Y, Liao L, Xiang J, Li M, Wu L. Intracellular calcium dysregulation in heart and brain diseases: Insights from induced pluripotent stem cell studies. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2024:nlae078. [PMID: 39001792 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlae078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) plays a role in regulating heart rate and myocardial contractility through sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves, and the heart can impact the functional equilibrium of the CNS through feedback signals. Although heart and brain diseases often coexist and mutually influence each other, the potential links between heart and brain diseases remain unclear due to a lack of reliable models of these relationships. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which can differentiate into multiple functional cell types, stem cell biology and regenerative medicine may offer tools to clarify the mechanisms of these relationships and facilitate screening of effective therapeutic agents. Because calcium ions play essential roles in regulating both the cardiovascular and nervous systems, this review addresses how recent iPSC disease models reveal how dysregulation of intracellular calcium might be a common pathological factor underlying the relationships between heart and brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huayang Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xueming Ren
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Chunyu Wu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xinsen He
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Zhengxuan Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yangpeng Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Lei Liao
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jie Xiang
- Department of Pacing and Electrophysiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Miaoling Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Lin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
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Pilotto F, Chellapandi DM, Puccio H. Omaveloxolone: a groundbreaking milestone as the first FDA-approved drug for Friedreich ataxia. Trends Mol Med 2024; 30:117-125. [PMID: 38272714 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Friedreich ataxia (FA) is an inherited autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease (NDD) characterized primarily by progressive sensory and spinocerebellar ataxia associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. FA is due to an intronic GAA repeat expansion within the frataxin gene (FXN) leading to reduced levels of frataxin (FXN) which causes mitochondrial dysfunction, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and altered iron metabolism. To date there is no resolutive cure for FA; however, the FDA has recently approved omaveloxolone - a potent activator of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) - as the first treatment for FA. We discuss herein the urgency to find a resolutive cure for NDDs that will most probably be achieved via combinatorial therapy targeting multiple disease pathways, and how omavaloxolone serves as an example for future treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Pilotto
- Institut NeuroMyoGène (INMG), Unité Physiopathologie et Génétique du Neurone et du Muscle, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 CNRS UMR 5261, Inserm U1315, Lyon, France
| | - Deepika M Chellapandi
- Institut NeuroMyoGène (INMG), Unité Physiopathologie et Génétique du Neurone et du Muscle, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 CNRS UMR 5261, Inserm U1315, Lyon, France
| | - Hélène Puccio
- Institut NeuroMyoGène (INMG), Unité Physiopathologie et Génétique du Neurone et du Muscle, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 CNRS UMR 5261, Inserm U1315, Lyon, France.
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Lynch DR, Goldsberry A, Rummey C, Farmer J, Boesch S, Delatycki MB, Giunti P, Hoyle JC, Mariotti C, Mathews KD, Nachbauer W, Perlman S, Subramony S, Wilmot G, Zesiewicz T, Weissfeld L, Meyer C. Propensity matched comparison of omaveloxolone treatment to Friedreich ataxia natural history data. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2024; 11:4-16. [PMID: 37691319 PMCID: PMC10791025 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The natural history of Friedreich ataxia is being investigated in a multi-center longitudinal study designated the Friedreich ataxia Clinical Outcome Measures Study (FACOMS). To understand the utility of this study in analysis of clinical trials, we performed a propensity-matched comparison of data from the open-label MOXIe extension (omaveloxolone) to that from FACOMS. METHODS MOXIe extension patients were matched to FACOMS patients using logistic regression to estimate propensity scores based on multiple covariates: sex, baseline age, age of onset, baseline modified Friedreich Ataxia Rating scale (mFARS) score, and baseline gait score. The change from baseline in mFARS at Year 3 for the MOXIe extension patients compared to the matched FACOMS patients was analyzed as the primary efficacy endpoint using mixed model repeated measures analysis. RESULTS Data from the MOXIe extension show that omaveloxolone provided persistent benefit over 3 years when compared to an untreated, matched cohort from FACOMS. At each year, in all analysis populations, patients in the MOXIe extension experienced a smaller change from baseline in mFARS score than matched FACOMS patients. In the primary pooled population (136 patients in each group) by Year 3, patients in the FACOMS matched set progressed 6.6 points whereas patients treated with omaveloxolone in MOXIe extension progressed 3 points (difference = -3.6; nominal p value = 0.0001). INTERPRETATION These results suggest a meaningful slowing of Friedreich ataxia progression with omaveloxolone, and consequently detail how propensity-matched analysis may contribute to understanding of effects of therapeutic agents. This demonstrates the direct value of natural history studies in clinical trial evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R. Lynch
- Departments of Pediatrics and NeurologyThe Children's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | | | | | - Jennifer Farmer
- Friedreich Ataxia Research AllianceDowningtownPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Sylvia Boesch
- Department of NeurologyMedical University InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Martin B. Delatycki
- Victorian Clinical Genetics ServicesMurdoch Children's Research InstituteParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Paola Giunti
- University College London HospitalBloomsburyLondonUK
| | - J. Chad Hoyle
- Department of NeurologyOhio State University College of MedicineColumbusOhioUSA
| | | | - Katherine D. Mathews
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa CityIowaUSA
| | | | - Susan Perlman
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - S.H. Subramony
- Department of Neurology, McKnight Brain InstituteUniversity of Florida Health SystemGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - George Wilmot
- Department of NeurologyEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Theresa Zesiewicz
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of South Florida Ataxia Research CenterTampaFloridaUSA
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TAT for Enzyme/Protein Delivery to Restore or Destroy Cell Activity in Human Diseases. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11090924. [PMID: 34575072 PMCID: PMC8466028 DOI: 10.3390/life11090924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Much effort has been dedicated in the recent decades to find novel protein/enzyme-based therapies for human diseases, the major challenge of such therapies being the intracellular delivery and reaching sub-cellular organelles. One promising approach is the use of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) for delivering enzymes/proteins into cells. In this review, we describe the potential therapeutic usages of CPPs (mainly trans-activator of transcription protein, TAT) in enabling the uptake of biologically active proteins/enzymes needed in cases of protein/enzyme deficiency, concentrating on mitochondrial diseases and on the import of enzymes or peptides in order to destroy pathogenic cells, focusing on cancer cells.
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Zesiewicz TA, Hancock J, Ghanekar SD, Kuo SH, Dohse CA, Vega J. Emerging therapies in Friedreich's Ataxia. Expert Rev Neurother 2020; 20:1215-1228. [PMID: 32909841 PMCID: PMC8018609 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2020.1821654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is a progressive, neurodegenerative disease that results in gait and limb ataxia, diabetes, cardiac hypertrophy, and scoliosis. At the cellular level, FRDA results in the deficiency of frataxin, a mitochondrial protein that plays a vital role in iron homeostasis and amelioration of oxidative stress. No cure currently exists for FRDA, but exciting therapeutic developments which target different parts of the pathological cascade are on the horizon. AREAS COVERED Areas covered include past and emerging therapies for FRDA, including antioxidants and mitochondrial-related agents, nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activators, deuterated polyunsaturated fatty acids, iron chelators, histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, trans-activator of transcription (TAT)-frataxin, interferon gamma (IFNγ), erythropoietin, resveratrol, gene therapy, and anti-sense oligonucleotides (ASOs), among others. EXPERT OPINION While drug discovery has been challenging, new and exciting prospective treatments for FRDA are currently on the horizon, including pharmaceutical agents and gene therapy. Agents that enhance mitochondrial function, such as Nrf2 activators, dPUFAs and catalytic antioxidants, as well as novel methods of frataxin augmentation and genetic modulation will hopefully provide treatment for this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa A. Zesiewicz
- University of South Florida (USF) Department of Neurology, USF Ataxia Research Center, Tampa Florida, James A Haley Veteran’s Hospital, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Joshua Hancock
- University of South Florida (USF) Department of Neurology, USF Ataxia Research Center, Tampa Florida, James A Haley Veteran’s Hospital, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Shaila D. Ghanekar
- University of South Florida (USF) Department of Neurology, USF Ataxia Research Center, Tampa Florida, James A Haley Veteran’s Hospital, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Sheng-Han Kuo
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Initiative for Columbia Ataxia and Tremor, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carlos A. Dohse
- Universidad Central Del Caribe School of Medicine, Bayamon, Puerto Rico
| | - Joshua Vega
- University of South Florida (USF) Department of Neurology, USF Ataxia Research Center, Tampa Florida, James A Haley Veteran’s Hospital, Tampa, Florida, USA
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Herrera MG, Noguera ME, Sewell KE, Agudelo Suárez WA, Capece L, Klinke S, Santos J. Structure of the Human ACP-ISD11 Heterodimer. Biochemistry 2019; 58:4596-4609. [PMID: 31664822 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the mammalian mitochondrial protein complex for iron-sulfur cluster assembly has been the focus of important studies. This is partly because of its high degree of relevance in cell metabolism and because mutations of the involved proteins are the cause of several human diseases. Cysteine desulfurase NFS1 is the key enzyme of the complex. At present, it is well-known that the active form of NFS1 is stabilized by the small protein ISD11. In this work, the structure of the human mitochondrial ACP-ISD11 heterodimer was determined at 2.0 Å resolution. ACP-ISD11 forms a cooperative unit stabilized by several ionic interactions, hydrogen bonds, and apolar interactions. The 4'-phosphopantetheine-acyl chain, which is covalently bound to ACP, interacts with several residues of ISD11, modulating together with ACP the foldability of ISD11. Recombinant human ACP-ISD11 was able to interact with the NFS1 desulfurase, thus yielding an active enzyme, and the NFS1/ACP-ISD11 core complex was activated by frataxin and ISCU proteins. Internal motions of ACP-ISD11 were studied by molecular dynamics simulations, showing the persistence of the interactions between both protein chains. The conformation of the dimer is similar to that found in the context of the (NFS1/ACP-ISD11)2 supercomplex core, which contains the Escherichia coli ACP instead of the human variant. This fact suggests a sequential mechanism for supercomplex consolidation, in which the ACP-ISD11 complex may fold independently and, after that, the NFS1 dimer would be stabilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Georgina Herrera
- Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales , Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Biociencias, Biotecnología y Biomedicina (iB3), Intendente Güiraldes 2160-Ciudad Universitaria , C1428EGA Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Martín Ezequiel Noguera
- Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales , Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Biociencias, Biotecnología y Biomedicina (iB3), Intendente Güiraldes 2160-Ciudad Universitaria , C1428EGA Buenos Aires , Argentina.,Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas , Dr. Alejandro Paladini, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET , Junín 956 , C1113AAD Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Karl Ellioth Sewell
- Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales , Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Biociencias, Biotecnología y Biomedicina (iB3), Intendente Güiraldes 2160-Ciudad Universitaria , C1428EGA Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - William Armando Agudelo Suárez
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC) , Av. 50 No. 26-20 , Bogotá D.C. , Colombia.,Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales , Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía (INQUIMAE CONICET) , C1428EGA Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Luciana Capece
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales , Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía (INQUIMAE CONICET) , C1428EGA Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Sebastián Klinke
- Fundación Instituto Leloir , IIBBA-CONICET, and Plataforma Argentina de Biología Estructural y Metabolómica PLABEM , Av. Patricias Argentinas 435 , C1405BWE Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Javier Santos
- Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales , Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Biociencias, Biotecnología y Biomedicina (iB3), Intendente Güiraldes 2160-Ciudad Universitaria , C1428EGA Buenos Aires , Argentina
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Georges P, Boza-Moran MG, Gide J, Pêche GA, Forêt B, Bayot A, Rustin P, Peschanski M, Martinat C, Aubry L. Induced pluripotent stem cells-derived neurons from patients with Friedreich ataxia exhibit differential sensitivity to resveratrol and nicotinamide. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14568. [PMID: 31601825 PMCID: PMC6787055 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49870-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Translation of pharmacological results from in vitro cell testing to clinical trials is challenging. One of the causes that may underlie these discrepant results is the lack of the phenotypic or species-specific relevance of the tested cells; today, this lack of relevance may be reduced by relying on cells differentiated from human pluripotent stem cells. To analyse the benefits provided by this approach, we chose to focus on Friedreich ataxia, a neurodegenerative condition for which the recent clinical testing of two compounds was not successful. These compounds, namely, resveratrol and nicotinamide, were selected because they had been shown to stimulate the expression of frataxin in fibroblasts and lymphoblastoid cells. Our results indicated that these compounds failed to do so in iPSC-derived neurons generated from two patients with Friedreich ataxia. By comparing the effects of both molecules on different cell types that may be considered to be non-relevant for the disease, such as fibroblasts, or more relevant to the disease, such as neurons differentiated from iPSCs, a differential response was observed; this response suggests the importance of developing more predictive in vitro systems for drug discovery. Our results demonstrate the value of utilizing human iPSCs early in drug discovery to improve translational predictability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria-Gabriela Boza-Moran
- INSERM UMR 861, I-STEM, AFM, 91100, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
- UEVE, Paris-Saclay UMR 861, I-STEM, AFM, 91100, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
| | | | - Georges Arielle Pêche
- INSERM UMR 861, I-STEM, AFM, 91100, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
- UEVE, Paris-Saclay UMR 861, I-STEM, AFM, 91100, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
| | | | - Aurélien Bayot
- CNRS UMR 3691, Institut Pasteur, Mitochondrial Biology Group, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Rustin
- Hôpital Robert Debré, INSERM UMR, 1141, Paris, France
| | - Marc Peschanski
- INSERM UMR 861, I-STEM, AFM, 91100, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
- UEVE, Paris-Saclay UMR 861, I-STEM, AFM, 91100, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
| | - Cécile Martinat
- INSERM UMR 861, I-STEM, AFM, 91100, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
- UEVE, Paris-Saclay UMR 861, I-STEM, AFM, 91100, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
| | - Laetitia Aubry
- INSERM UMR 861, I-STEM, AFM, 91100, Corbeil-Essonnes, France.
- UEVE, Paris-Saclay UMR 861, I-STEM, AFM, 91100, Corbeil-Essonnes, France.
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Brandsma R, Verschuuren-Bemelmans CC, Amrom D, Barisic N, Baxter P, Bertini E, Blumkin L, Brankovic-Sreckovic V, Brouwer OF, Bürk K, Catsman-Berrevoets CE, Craiu D, de Coo IFM, Gburek J, Kennedy C, de Koning TJ, Kremer HPH, Kumar R, Macaya A, Micalizzi A, Mirabelli-Badenier M, Nemeth A, Nuovo S, Poll-The B, Lerman-Sagie T, Steinlin M, Synofzik M, Tijssen MAJ, Vasco G, Willemsen MAAP, Zanni G, Valente EM, Boltshauser E, Sival DA. A clinical diagnostic algorithm for early onset cerebellar ataxia. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2019; 23:692-706. [PMID: 31481303 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Early onset cerebellar Ataxia (EOAc) comprises a large group of rare heterogeneous disorders. Determination of the underlying etiology can be difficult given the broad differential diagnosis and the complexity of the genotype-phenotype relationships. This may change the diagnostic work-up into a time-consuming, costly and not always rewarding task. In this overview, the Childhood Ataxia and Cerebellar Group of the European Pediatric Neurology Society (CACG-EPNS) presents a diagnostic algorithm for EOAc patients. In seven consecutive steps, the algorithm leads the clinician through the diagnostic process, including EOA identification, application of the Inventory of Non-Ataxic Signs (INAS), consideration of the family history, neuro-imaging, laboratory investigations, genetic testing by array CGH and Next Generation Sequencing (NGS). In children with EOAc, this algorithm is intended to contribute to the diagnostic process and to allow uniform data entry in EOAc databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Brandsma
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - C C Verschuuren-Bemelmans
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - D Amrom
- Department of Neurology, Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; Neurology Unit, Kannerklinik Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
| | - N Barisic
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Medical Centre Zagreb, University of Zagreb Medical School, Croatia
| | - P Baxter
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, UK
| | - E Bertini
- Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesu' Children's Research Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - L Blumkin
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - V Brankovic-Sreckovic
- Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - O F Brouwer
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - K Bürk
- Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik Kassel, University of Marburg, Germany
| | - C E Catsman-Berrevoets
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Erasmus University Hospital/Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - D Craiu
- Carol Davila University of Medicine Bucharest, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Pediatric Neurology II Discipline, Alexandru Obregia Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - I F M de Coo
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - J Gburek
- Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - C Kennedy
- Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK
| | - T J de Koning
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - H P H Kremer
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - R Kumar
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - A Macaya
- Grup de Recerca en Neurologia Pediàtrica, Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Secció de Neurologia Pediàtrica, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, 08002, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Micalizzi
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesu Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - M Mirabelli-Badenier
- DINOGMI Department-University of Genoa/Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry, G. Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | - A Nemeth
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Oxford Centre for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - S Nuovo
- Neurogenetics Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - B Poll-The
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Centre (AMC), University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - T Lerman-Sagie
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - M Steinlin
- Division of Neuropediatrics, Development and Rehabilitation, University Children's Hospital Bern, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - M Synofzik
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - M A J Tijssen
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - G Vasco
- Division of Neurorehabilitation, Bambino Gesu' Children's Research Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - M A A P Willemsen
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center/Amalia Children's Hospital, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - G Zanni
- Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesu' Children's Research Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - E M Valente
- Neurogenetics Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - E Boltshauser
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Children's Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - D A Sival
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Reisman SA, Gahir SS, Lee CYI, Proksch JW, Sakamoto M, Ward KW. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the novel Nrf2 activator omaveloxolone in primates. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2019; 13:1259-1270. [PMID: 31118567 PMCID: PMC6475100 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s193889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Omaveloxolone is a synthetic oleanane triterpenoid that pharmacologically activates Nrf2, a master transcription factor that regulates genes with antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and mitochondrial bioenergetic properties, and is being evaluated in patients with Friedreich’s ataxia. Methods The present study evaluated the pharmacokinetics (PK) and tissue distribution of omaveloxolone in monkeys after single and multiple oral doses, and then compared these data to initial results in Friedreich’s ataxia patients. Pharmacodynamic (PD) evaluations in monkeys consisted of Nrf2 target gene mRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), liver, lung, and brain. A PK/PD model was generated with the monkey data, and used to further evaluate the Friedreich’s ataxia patient PK profile. Results Oral administration of omaveloxolone to monkeys was associated with dose-linear plasma PK and readily measureable and dose-proportional concentrations in liver, lung, and brain. Dose-dependent induction of Nrf2 target genes in PBMCs and tissues was also observed. Clinically, oral administration of omaveloxolone to Friedreich’s ataxia patients at incremental doses from 2.5 to 300 mg produced dose-proportional systemic exposures. Clinical doses of at least 80 mg were associated with meaningful improvements in neurological function in patients and generated plasma omaveloxolone concentrations consistent with those significantly inducing Nrf2 target genes in monkeys, as shown with the monkey PK/PD model. Conclusion Overall, the monkey data demonstrate a well-characterized and dose-proportional PK and tissue distribution profile after oral administration of omaveloxolone, which was associated with Nrf2 activation. Further, systemic exposures to omaveloxolone that produce Nrf2 activation in monkeys were readily achievable in Friedreich’s ataxia patients after oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Keith W Ward
- Reata Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Irving, TX 75063, USA,
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11
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Mollá B, Muñoz-Lasso DC, Calap P, Fernandez-Vilata A, de la Iglesia-Vaya M, Pallardó FV, Moltó MD, Palau F, Gonzalez-Cabo P. Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors Revert Axonal Dystrophy in Friedreich's Ataxia Mouse Model. Neurotherapeutics 2019; 16:432-449. [PMID: 30761510 PMCID: PMC6554462 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-018-00706-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by an unstable GAA repeat expansion within intron 1 of the FXN gene and characterized by peripheral neuropathy. A major feature of FRDA is frataxin deficiency with the loss of large sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG), namely proprioceptive neurons, undergoing dying-back neurodegeneration with progression to posterior columns of the spinal cord and cerebellar ataxia. We used isolated DRGs from a YG8R FRDA mouse model and C57BL/6J control mice for a proteomic study and a primary culture of sensory neurons from DRG to test novel pharmacological strategies. We found a decreased expression of electron transport chain (ETC) proteins, the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system and antioxidant enzymes, confirming a clear impairment in mitochondrial function and an oxidative stress-prone phenotype. The proteomic profile also showed a decreased expression in Ca2+ signaling related proteins and G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). These receptors modulate intracellular cAMP/cGMP and Ca2+ levels. Treatment of frataxin-deficient sensory neurons with phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors was able to restore improper cytosolic Ca2+ levels and revert the axonal dystrophy found in DRG neurons of YG8R mice. In conclusion, the present study shows the effectiveness of PDE inhibitors against axonal degeneration of sensory neurons in YG8R mice. Our findings indicate that PDE inhibitors may become a future FRDA pharmacological treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Mollá
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, 46010, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia (IBV), CSIC, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Diana C Muñoz-Lasso
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibañez, 46010, Valencia, Spain
- Associated Unit for Rare Diseases INCLIVA-CIPF, Valencia, 46010, Spain
| | - Pablo Calap
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, 46010, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibañez, 46010, Valencia, Spain
- Associated Unit for Rare Diseases INCLIVA-CIPF, Valencia, 46010, Spain
- Department of Genetics, University of Valencia, Campus of Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - Angel Fernandez-Vilata
- Brain Connectivity Laboratory, Joint Unit FISABIO & Prince Felipe Research Centre (CIPF), 46012, Valencia, Spain
| | - María de la Iglesia-Vaya
- Brain Connectivity Laboratory, Joint Unit FISABIO & Prince Felipe Research Centre (CIPF), 46012, Valencia, Spain
- Regional Ministry of Health in Valencia, Hospital Sagunto (CEIB-CSUSP), Valencia, 46500, Spain
- CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Valencia, 46010, Spain
| | - Federico V Pallardó
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, 46010, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibañez, 46010, Valencia, Spain
- Associated Unit for Rare Diseases INCLIVA-CIPF, Valencia, 46010, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute INCLIVA, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria Dolores Moltó
- Department of Genetics, University of Valencia, Campus of Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Valencia, 46010, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute INCLIVA, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Francesc Palau
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, 46010, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu and Department of Genetic & Molecular Medicine and IPER, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Barcelona School of Medicine, Barcelona, 08036, Spain
| | - Pilar Gonzalez-Cabo
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, 46010, Spain.
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibañez, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
- Associated Unit for Rare Diseases INCLIVA-CIPF, Valencia, 46010, Spain.
- Biomedical Research Institute INCLIVA, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
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12
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Herrera MG, Pignataro MF, Noguera ME, Cruz KM, Santos J. Rescuing the Rescuer: On the Protein Complex between the Human Mitochondrial Acyl Carrier Protein and ISD11. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:1455-1462. [PMID: 29737835 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Iron-sulfur clusters are essential cofactors in many biochemical processes. ISD11, one of the subunits of the protein complex that carries out the cluster assembly in mitochondria, is necessary for cysteine desulfurase NFS1 stability and function. Several authors have recently provided evidence showing that ISD11 interacts with the acyl carrier protein (ACP). We carried out the coexpression of human mitochondrial ACP and ISD11 in E. coli. This work shows that ACP and ISD11 form a soluble, structured, and stable complex able to bind to the human NFS1 subunit modulating its activity. Results suggest that ACP plays a key-role in ISD11 folding and stability in vitro. These findings offer the opportunity to study the mechanism of interaction between ISD11 and NFS1.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Georgina Herrera
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, Dr. Alejandro Paladini (UBA-CONICET), University of Buenos Aires, Junín 956, C1113AAD Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Florencia Pignataro
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, Dr. Alejandro Paladini (UBA-CONICET), University of Buenos Aires, Junín 956, C1113AAD Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martín Ezequiel Noguera
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, Dr. Alejandro Paladini (UBA-CONICET), University of Buenos Aires, Junín 956, C1113AAD Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Karen Magalí Cruz
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, Dr. Alejandro Paladini (UBA-CONICET), University of Buenos Aires, Junín 956, C1113AAD Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Javier Santos
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, Dr. Alejandro Paladini (UBA-CONICET), University of Buenos Aires, Junín 956, C1113AAD Buenos Aires, Argentina
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13
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Lupoli F, Vannocci T, Longo G, Niccolai N, Pastore A. The role of oxidative stress in Friedreich's ataxia. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:718-727. [PMID: 29197070 PMCID: PMC5887922 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and an increase in the levels of free radicals are important markers associated with several pathologies, including Alzheimer's disease, cancer and diabetes. Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is an excellent paradigmatic example of a disease in which oxidative stress plays an important, albeit incompletely understood, role. FRDA is a rare genetic neurodegenerative disease that involves the partial silencing of frataxin, a small mitochondrial protein that was completely overlooked before being linked to FRDA. More than 20 years later, we now know how important this protein is in terms of being an essential and vital part of the machinery that produces iron-sulfur clusters in the cell. In this review, we revisit the most important steps that have brought us to our current understanding of the function of frataxin and its role in disease. We discuss the current hypotheses on the role of oxidative stress in FRDA and review some of the existing animal and cellular models. We also evaluate new techniques that can assist in the study of the disease mechanisms, as well as in our understanding of the interplay between primary and secondary phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Lupoli
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and PharmacyUniversity of SienaItaly
| | - Tommaso Vannocci
- The Maurice Wohl InstituteDementia Research CentreKing's College LondonUK
| | | | - Neri Niccolai
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and PharmacyUniversity of SienaItaly
| | - Annalisa Pastore
- The Maurice Wohl InstituteDementia Research CentreKing's College LondonUK
- Department of Molecular MedicineUniversity of PaviaItaly
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14
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Costantini A, Laureti T, Pala MI, Colangeli M, Cavalieri S, Pozzi E, Brusco A, Salvarani S, Serrati C, Fancellu R. Long-term treatment with thiamine as possible medical therapy for Friedreich ataxia. J Neurol 2016; 263:2170-2178. [PMID: 27488863 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-016-8244-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Thiamine (vitamin B1) is a cofactor of fundamental enzymes of cell energetic metabolism; its deficiency causes disorders affecting both the peripheral and central nervous system. Previous studies reported low thiamine levels in cerebrospinal fluid and pyruvate dehydrogenase dysfunction in Friedreich ataxia (FRDA). We investigated the effect of long-term treatment with thiamine in FRDA, evaluating changes in neurological symptoms, echocardiographic parameters, and plasma FXN mRNA levels. Thirty-four consecutive FRDA patients have been continuously treated with intramuscular thiamine 100 mg twice a week and have been assessed with the Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA) at baseline, after 1 month, and then every 3 months during treatment. Thiamine administration ranged from 80 to 930 days and was effective in improving total SARA scores from 26.6 ± 7.7 to 21.5 ± 6.2 (p < 0.02). Moreover, deep tendon reflexes reappeared in 57 % of patients with areflexia at baseline, and swallowing improved in 63 % of dysphagic patients. Clinical improvement was stable in all patients, who did not show worsening even after 2 years of treatment. In a subgroup of 13 patients who performed echocardiogram before and during treatment, interventricular septum thickness reduced significantly (p < 0.02). Frataxin mRNA blood levels were modestly increased in one-half of treated patients. We suppose that a focal thiamine deficiency may contribute to a selective neuronal damage in the areas involved in FRDA. Further studies are mandatory to evaluate thiamine role on FXN regulation, to exclude placebo effect, to verify our clinical results, and to confirm restorative and neuroprotective action of thiamine in FRDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Costantini
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, "Villa Immacolata" Clinic, Strada Sammartinese 65A, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Tiziana Laureti
- Department of Economics and Management, University of Tuscia, Via del Paradiso 47, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Maria Immacolata Pala
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, "Villa Immacolata" Clinic, Strada Sammartinese 65A, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Marco Colangeli
- University Studies Abroad Consortium, University of Tuscia, Via Santa Maria in Gradi 4, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Simona Cavalieri
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Elisa Pozzi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Alfredo Brusco
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126, Turin, Italy.,Medical Genetics Unit, Città della Salute e della Scienza University Hospital, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Sandro Salvarani
- Unit of Neurology, ASL3 Villa Scassi Hospital, Corso O. Scassi 1, 16149, Genoa, Italy
| | - Carlo Serrati
- Unit of Neurology, IRCCS San Martino University Hospital IST, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Roberto Fancellu
- Unit of Neurology, ASL3 Villa Scassi Hospital, Corso O. Scassi 1, 16149, Genoa, Italy. .,Unit of Neurology, IRCCS San Martino University Hospital IST, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy.
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15
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease caused by expansion of a GAA·TTC triplet in the first intron of the FXN gene, encoding the essential mitochondrial protein frataxin. Repeat expansion results in transcriptional silencing through an epigenetic mechanism, resulting in significant decreases in frataxin protein in affected individuals. Since the FXN protein coding sequence is unchanged in FRDA, an attractive therapeutic approach for this disease would be to increase transcription of pathogenic alleles with small molecules that target the silencing mechanism. AREAS COVERED We review the evidence that histone postsynthetic modifications and heterochromatin formation are responsible for FXN gene silencing in FRDA, along with efforts to reverse silencing with drugs that target histone modifying enzymes. Chemical and pharmacological properties of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, which reverse silencing, together with enzyme target profiles and kinetics of inhibition, are discussed. Two HDAC inhibitors have been studied in human clinical trials and the properties of these compounds are compared and contrasted. Efforts to improve on bioavailability, metabolic stability, and target activity are reviewed. EXPERT OPINION 2-aminobenzamide class I HDAC inhibitors are attractive therapeutic small molecules for FRDA. These molecules increase FXN gene expression in human neuronal cells derived from patient induced pluripotent stem cells, and in two mouse models for the disease, as well as in circulating lymphocytes in patients treated in a phase Ib clinical trial. Medicinal chemistry efforts have identified compounds with improved brain penetration, metabolic stability and efficacy in the human neuronal cell model. A clinical candidate will soon be identified for further human testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Soragni
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037 USA
| | - Joel M Gottesfeld
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037 USA
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16
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Tranchant C, Anheim M. Movement disorders in mitochondrial diseases. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2016; 172:524-529. [PMID: 27476418 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases (MIDs) are a large group of heterogeneous disorders due to mutations in either mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) or nuclear DNA (nDNA) genes, the latter encoding proteins involved in mitochondrial function. A multisystem clinical picture that involves several organs, including both the peripheral and central nervous systems, is a common presentation of MID. Movement disorders, even isolated ones, are not rare. Cerebellar ataxia is common in myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers (MERFF) due to mutations in the mitochondrial transfer RNA (tRNA) lysine gene, in Kearns-Sayre syndrome due to mtDNA deletions, in sensory ataxic neuropathy with dysarthria and ophthalmoplegia (SANDO) due to nuclear POLG1 gene mutations, and also in ARCA2, Friedreich's ataxia, SPG7, SCA28 and autosomal-recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay (ARSACS) due to mutations in nuclear genes involved in mitochondrial morphology or function. Myoclonus is a key feature of MERFF, but may also be encountered in mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS), ARCA2, POLG1 mutations and Leigh syndrome. Dystonia is common in Leigh syndrome (which may be caused by 75 different genes) and in Leber hereditary ocular neuropathy (LHON) plus disease, due to mutations in mtDNA genes that encode subunits of NADH dehydrogenase, as well as in ARCA2, pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN), mitochondrial membrane protein-associated neurodegeneration (MPAN) and POLG1 mutations. Other movement disorders are rarer (such as parkinsonism, tremor, chorea). Although parkinsonism is more frequent in POLG1 mutations, and myoclonus in MERFF, most movement disorders are found either isolated or combined in numerous MIDs. The presence of associated neurological signs, whether central or peripheral, or of evocative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) abnormalities (striatal necrosis) should prompt a search for MID. In cases of a particular clinical spectrum (LHON, MERFF, Kearns-Sayre, SANDO, SPG7, ARCA2, ARSACS), a search for the most frequently implicated mutation(s) is recommended. In other cases, muscle biopsies followed by metabolic and genetic studies may be useful for arriving at a diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tranchant
- Service de neurologie, hôpital de Hautepierre, 1, avenue Molière, 67000 Strasbourg, France; Fédération de médecine translationnelle, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - M Anheim
- Service de neurologie, hôpital de Hautepierre, 1, avenue Molière, 67000 Strasbourg, France; Fédération de médecine translationnelle, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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17
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Bhalla AD, Khodadadi-Jamayran A, Li Y, Lynch DR, Napierala M. Deep sequencing of mitochondrial genomes reveals increased mutation load in Friedreich's ataxia. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2016; 3:523-36. [PMID: 27386501 PMCID: PMC4931717 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is an autosomal recessive trinucleotide repeat expansion disorder caused by epigenetic silencing of the frataxin gene (FXN). Current research suggests that damage and variation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) contribute to the molecular pathogenesis of FRDA. We sought to establish the extent of the mutation burden across the mitochondrial genome in FRDA cells and investigate the molecular mechanisms connecting FXN downregulation and the acquisition of mtDNA damage. Methods Damage and mutation load in mtDNA of a panel of FRDA and control fibroblasts were determined using qPCR and next‐generation MiSeq sequencing, respectively. The capacity of FRDA and control cells to repair oxidative lesions in their mtDNA was measured using a quantitative DNA damage assay. Comprehensive RNA sequencing gene expression analyses were conducted to assess the status of DNA repair and metabolism genes in FRDA cells. Results Acute or prolonged downregulation of FXN expression resulted in a significant increase in mtDNA damage that translated to a significant elevation of mutation load in mtDNA. The predominant mutations identified throughout the mtDNA were C>T, G>A transitions (P = 0.007). Low FXN expression reduced capacity to repair oxidative damage in mtDNA. Downregulation of FXN expression strongly correlated (r = 0.73) with decreased levels of base excision repair (BER) DNA glycosylase NTHL1. Interpretation Downregulation of FXN expression in FRDA cells elevates mtDNA damage, increases mutation load of the mitochondrial genome, and diminishes DNA repair capacity. Progressive accumulation of mtDNA mutations in vulnerable FRDA patient cells reduces mitochondrial fitness ultimately leading to cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela D Bhalla
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics University of Alabama at Birmingham UAB Stem Cell Institute 1825 University Blvd. Birmingham Alabama 35294
| | - Alireza Khodadadi-Jamayran
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics University of Alabama at Birmingham UAB Stem Cell Institute 1825 University Blvd. Birmingham Alabama 35294
| | - Yanjie Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics University of Alabama at Birmingham UAB Stem Cell Institute 1825 University Blvd. Birmingham Alabama 35294
| | - David R Lynch
- Division of Neurology and Pediatrics Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Abramson Research Center Room 502 Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Marek Napierala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics University of Alabama at Birmingham UAB Stem Cell Institute 1825 University Blvd. Birmingham Alabama 35294; Department of Molecular Biomedicine Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Poznan 61-704 Poland
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Cherubini F, Serio D, Guccini I, Fortuni S, Arcuri G, Condò I, Rufini A, Moiz S, Camerini S, Crescenzi M, Testi R, Malisan F. Src inhibitors modulate frataxin protein levels. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:4296-305. [PMID: 25948553 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Defective expression of frataxin is responsible for the inherited, progressive degenerative disease Friedreich's Ataxia (FRDA). There is currently no effective approved treatment for FRDA and patients die prematurely. Defective frataxin expression causes critical metabolic changes, including redox imbalance and ATP deficiency. As these alterations are known to regulate the tyrosine kinase Src, we investigated whether Src might in turn affect frataxin expression. We found that frataxin can be phosphorylated by Src. Phosphorylation occurs primarily on Y118 and promotes frataxin ubiquitination, a signal for degradation. Accordingly, Src inhibitors induce accumulation of frataxin but are ineffective on a non-phosphorylatable frataxin-Y118F mutant. Importantly, all the Src inhibitors tested, some of them already in the clinic, increase frataxin expression and rescue the aconitase defect in frataxin-deficient cells derived from FRDA patients. Thus, Src inhibitors emerge as a new class of drugs able to promote frataxin accumulation, suggesting their possible use as therapeutics in FRDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Cherubini
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Dario Serio
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Guccini
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Fortuni
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy, Fratagene Therapeutics Ltd, 22 Northumberland Rd, Dublin, Ireland and
| | - Gaetano Arcuri
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Ivano Condò
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Rufini
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy, Fratagene Therapeutics Ltd, 22 Northumberland Rd, Dublin, Ireland and
| | - Shadman Moiz
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Camerini
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Crescenzi
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Testi
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy, Fratagene Therapeutics Ltd, 22 Northumberland Rd, Dublin, Ireland and
| | - Florence Malisan
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy,
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19
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Yoon H, Knight SAB, Pandey A, Pain J, Turkarslan S, Pain D, Dancis A. Turning Saccharomyces cerevisiae into a Frataxin-Independent Organism. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005135. [PMID: 25996596 PMCID: PMC4440810 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Frataxin (Yfh1 in yeast) is a conserved protein and deficiency leads to the neurodegenerative disease Friedreich's ataxia. Frataxin is a critical protein for Fe-S cluster assembly in mitochondria, interacting with other components of the Fe-S cluster machinery, including cysteine desulfurase Nfs1, Isd11 and the Isu1 scaffold protein. Yeast Isu1 with the methionine to isoleucine substitution (M141I), in which the E. coli amino acid is inserted at this position, corrected most of the phenotypes that result from lack of Yfh1 in yeast. This suppressor Isu1 behaved as a genetic dominant. Furthermore frataxin-bypass activity required a completely functional Nfs1 and correlated with the presence of efficient scaffold function. A screen of random Isu1 mutations for frataxin-bypass activity identified only M141 substitutions, including Ile, Cys, Leu, or Val. In each case, mitochondrial Nfs1 persulfide formation was enhanced, and mitochondrial Fe-S cluster assembly was improved in the absence of frataxin. Direct targeting of the entire E. coli IscU to ∆yfh1 mitochondria also ameliorated the mutant phenotypes. In contrast, expression of IscU with the reverse substitution i.e. IscU with Ile to Met change led to worsening of the ∆yfh1 phenotypes, including severely compromised growth, increased sensitivity to oxygen, deficiency in Fe-S clusters and heme, and impaired iron homeostasis. A bioinformatic survey of eukaryotic Isu1/prokaryotic IscU database entries sorted on the amino acid utilized at the M141 position identified unique groupings, with virtually all of the eukaryotic scaffolds using Met, and the preponderance of prokaryotic scaffolds using other amino acids. The frataxin-bypassing amino acids Cys, Ile, Leu, or Val, were found predominantly in prokaryotes. This amino acid position 141 is unique in Isu1, and the frataxin-bypass effect likely mimics a conserved and ancient feature of the prokaryotic Fe-S cluster assembly machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heeyong Yoon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Simon A. B. Knight
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Alok Pandey
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Jayashree Pain
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Serdar Turkarslan
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Debkumar Pain
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Andrew Dancis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Soragni E, Chou CJ, Rusche JR, Gottesfeld JM. Mechanism of Action of 2-Aminobenzamide HDAC Inhibitors in Reversing Gene Silencing in Friedreich's Ataxia. Front Neurol 2015; 6:44. [PMID: 25798128 PMCID: PMC4350406 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic defect in Friedreich’s ataxia (FRDA) is the hyperexpansion of a GAA•TTC triplet in the first intron of the FXN gene, encoding the essential mitochondrial protein frataxin. Histone post-translational modifications near the expanded repeats are consistent with heterochromatin formation and consequent FXN gene silencing. Using a newly developed human neuronal cell model, derived from patient-induced pluripotent stem cells, we find that 2-aminobenzamide histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors increase FXN mRNA levels and frataxin protein in FRDA neuronal cells. However, only compounds targeting the class I HDACs 1 and 3 are active in increasing FXN mRNA in these cells. Structural analogs of the active HDAC inhibitors that selectively target either HDAC1 or HDAC3 do not show similar increases in FXN mRNA levels. To understand the mechanism of action of these compounds, we probed the kinetic properties of the active and inactive inhibitors, and found that only compounds that target HDACs 1 and 3 exhibited a slow-on/slow-off mechanism of action for the HDAC enzymes. HDAC1- and HDAC3-selective compounds did not show this activity. Using siRNA methods in the FRDA neuronal cells, we show increases in FXN mRNA upon silencing of either HDACs 1 or 3, suggesting the possibility that inhibition of each of these class I HDACs is necessary for activation of FXN mRNA synthesis, as there appears to be redundancy in the silencing mechanism caused by the GAA•TTC repeats. Moreover, inhibitors must have a long residence time on their target enzymes for this activity. By interrogating microarray data from neuronal cells treated with inhibitors of different specificity, we selected two genes encoding histone macroH2A (H2AFY2) and Polycomb group ring finger 2 (PCGF2) that were specifically down-regulated by the inhibitors targeting HDACs1 and 3 versus the more selective inhibitors for further investigation. Both genes are involved in transcriptional repression and we speculate their involvement in FXN gene silencing. Our results shed light on the mechanism whereby HDAC inhibitors increase FXN mRNA levels in FRDA neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Soragni
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, CA , USA
| | - C James Chou
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, CA , USA
| | | | - Joel M Gottesfeld
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, CA , USA
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21
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Mammalian iron-sulphur proteins: novel insights into biogenesis and function. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2014; 16:45-55. [PMID: 25425402 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Iron-sulphur (Fe-S) clusters are inorganic cofactors that are found in nearly all species and are composed of various combinations of iron and sulphur atoms. Fe-S clusters can accept or donate single electrons to carry out oxidation and reduction reactions and to facilitate electron transport. Many details of how these complex modular structures are assembled and ligated to cellular proteins in the mitochondrial, nuclear and cytosolic compartments of mammalian cells remain unclear. Recent evidence indicates that a Leu-Tyr-Arg (LYR) tripeptide motif found in some Fe-S recipient proteins may facilitate the direct and shielded transfer of Fe-S clusters from a scaffold to client proteins. Fe-S clusters are probably an unrecognized and elusive cofactor of many known proteins.
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Maio N, Rouault TA. Iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis in mammalian cells: New insights into the molecular mechanisms of cluster delivery. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1853:1493-512. [PMID: 25245479 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters are ancient, ubiquitous cofactors composed of iron and inorganic sulfur. The combination of the chemical reactivity of iron and sulfur, together with many variations of cluster composition, oxidation states and protein environments, enables Fe-S clusters to participate in numerous biological processes. Fe-S clusters are essential to redox catalysis in nitrogen fixation, mitochondrial respiration and photosynthesis, to regulatory sensing in key metabolic pathways (i.e. cellular iron homeostasis and oxidative stress response), and to the replication and maintenance of the nuclear genome. Fe-S cluster biogenesis is a multistep process that involves a complex sequence of catalyzed protein-protein interactions and coupled conformational changes between the components of several dedicated multimeric complexes. Intensive studies of the assembly process have clarified key points in the biogenesis of Fe-S proteins. However several critical questions still remain, such as: what is the role of frataxin? Why do some defects of Fe-S cluster biogenesis cause mitochondrial iron overload? How are specific Fe-S recipient proteins recognized in the process of Fe-S transfer? This review focuses on the basic steps of Fe-S cluster biogenesis, drawing attention to recent advances achieved on the identification of molecular features that guide selection of specific subsets of nascent Fe-S recipients by the cochaperone HSC20. Additionally, it outlines the distinctive phenotypes of human diseases due to mutations in the components of the basic pathway. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Fe/S proteins: Analysis, structure, function, biogenesis and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunziata Maio
- Molecular Medicine Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 9000 Rockville Pike, 20892 Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tracey A Rouault
- Molecular Medicine Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 9000 Rockville Pike, 20892 Bethesda, MD, USA.
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