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Di Bella DJ, Domínguez-Iturza N, Brown JR, Arlotta P. Making Ramón y Cajal proud: Development of cell identity and diversity in the cerebral cortex. Neuron 2024; 112:2091-2111. [PMID: 38754415 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2024.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Since the beautiful images of Santiago Ramón y Cajal provided a first glimpse into the immense diversity and complexity of cell types found in the cerebral cortex, neuroscience has been challenged and inspired to understand how these diverse cells are generated and how they interact with each other to orchestrate the development of this remarkable tissue. Some fundamental questions drive the field's quest to understand cortical development: what are the mechanistic principles that govern the emergence of neuronal diversity? How do extrinsic and intrinsic signals integrate with physical forces and activity to shape cell identity? How do the diverse populations of neurons and glia influence each other during development to guarantee proper integration and function? The advent of powerful new technologies to profile and perturb cortical development at unprecedented resolution and across a variety of modalities has offered a new opportunity to integrate past knowledge with brand new data. Here, we review some of this progress using cortical excitatory projection neurons as a system to draw out general principles of cell diversification and the role of cell-cell interactions during cortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela J Di Bella
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Nuria Domínguez-Iturza
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Juliana R Brown
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Paola Arlotta
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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2
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Talaverón R, Morado-Díaz CJ, Herrera A, Gálvez V, Pastor AM, Matarredona ER. The Gap Junction Inhibitor Octanol Decreases Proliferation and Increases Glial Differentiation of Postnatal Neural Progenitor Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6288. [PMID: 38927995 PMCID: PMC11203596 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Neural precursor cells (NPCs) that persist in the postnatal/adult subventricular zone (SVZ) express connexins that form hemichannels and gap junctions. Gap junctional communication plays a role in NPC proliferation and differentiation during development, but its relevance on postnatal age remains to be elucidated. In this work we aimed to evaluate the effect of the blockade of gap junctional communication on proliferation and cell fate of NPCs obtained from the SVZ of postnatal rats. NPCs were isolated and expanded in culture as neurospheres. Electron microscopy revealed the existence of gap junctions among neurosphere cells. Treatment of cultures with octanol, a broad-spectrum gap junction blocker, or with Gap27, a specific blocker for gap junctions formed by connexin43, produced a significant decrease in bromodeoxyuridine incorporation. Octanol treatment also exerted a dose-dependent antiproliferative effect on glioblastoma cells. To analyze possible actions on NPC fate, cells were seeded in the absence of mitogens. Treatment with octanol led to an increase in the percentage of astrocytes and oligodendrocyte precursors, whereas the percentage of neurons remained unchanged. Gap27 treatment, in contrast, did not modify the differentiation pattern of SVZ NPCs. Our results indicate that general blockade of gap junctions with octanol induces significant effects on the behavior of postnatal SVZ NPCs, by reducing proliferation and promoting glial differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Talaverón
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain;
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain; (C.J.M.-D.); (A.M.P.)
| | - Camilo J. Morado-Díaz
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain; (C.J.M.-D.); (A.M.P.)
| | - Alejandro Herrera
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain; (C.J.M.-D.); (A.M.P.)
| | - Victoria Gálvez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain; (C.J.M.-D.); (A.M.P.)
| | - Angel M. Pastor
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain; (C.J.M.-D.); (A.M.P.)
| | - Esperanza R. Matarredona
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain; (C.J.M.-D.); (A.M.P.)
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3
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Díaz-Piña DA, Rivera-Ramírez N, García-López G, Díaz NF, Molina-Hernández A. Calcium and Neural Stem Cell Proliferation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4073. [PMID: 38612887 PMCID: PMC11012558 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25074073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Intracellular calcium plays a pivotal role in central nervous system (CNS) development by regulating various processes such as cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, and maturation. However, understanding the involvement of calcium (Ca2+) in these processes during CNS development is challenging due to the dynamic nature of this cation and the evolving cell populations during development. While Ca2+ transient patterns have been observed in specific cell processes and molecules responsible for Ca2+ homeostasis have been identified in excitable and non-excitable cells, further research into Ca2+ dynamics and the underlying mechanisms in neural stem cells (NSCs) is required. This review focuses on molecules involved in Ca2+ entrance expressed in NSCs in vivo and in vitro, which are crucial for Ca2+ dynamics and signaling. It also discusses how these molecules might play a key role in balancing cell proliferation for self-renewal or promoting differentiation. These processes are finely regulated in a time-dependent manner throughout brain development, influenced by extrinsic and intrinsic factors that directly or indirectly modulate Ca2+ dynamics. Furthermore, this review addresses the potential implications of understanding Ca2+ dynamics in NSCs for treating neurological disorders. Despite significant progress in this field, unraveling the elements contributing to Ca2+ intracellular dynamics in cell proliferation remains a challenging puzzle that requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafne Astrid Díaz-Piña
- Departamento de Fisiología y Desarrollo Celular, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Montes Urales 800, Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico
- Facultad de Medicina, Circuito Exterior Universitario, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Universitario, Copilco Universidad, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04360, Mexico
| | - Nayeli Rivera-Ramírez
- Departamento de Fisiología y Desarrollo Celular, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Montes Urales 800, Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe García-López
- Departamento de Fisiología y Desarrollo Celular, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Montes Urales 800, Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico
| | - Néstor Fabián Díaz
- Departamento de Fisiología y Desarrollo Celular, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Montes Urales 800, Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico
| | - Anayansi Molina-Hernández
- Departamento de Fisiología y Desarrollo Celular, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Montes Urales 800, Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico
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4
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Tung A, Sperry MM, Clawson W, Pavuluri A, Bulatao S, Yue M, Flores RM, Pai VP, McMillen P, Kuchling F, Levin M. Embryos assist morphogenesis of others through calcium and ATP signaling mechanisms in collective teratogen resistance. Nat Commun 2024; 15:535. [PMID: 38233424 PMCID: PMC10794468 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44522-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Information for organismal patterning can come from a variety of sources. We investigate the possibility that instructive influences for normal embryonic development are provided not only at the level of cells within the embryo, but also via interactions between embryos. To explore this, we challenge groups of embryos with disruptors of normal development while varying group size. Here, we show that Xenopus laevis embryos are much more sensitive to a diverse set of chemical and molecular-biological perturbations when allowed to develop alone or in small groups, than in large groups. Keeping per-embryo exposure constant, we find that increasing the number of exposed embryos in a cohort increases the rate of survival while incidence of defects decreases. This inter-embryo assistance effect is mediated by short-range diffusible signals and involves the P2 ATP receptor. Our data and computational model emphasize that morphogenesis is a collective phenomenon not only at the level of cells, but also of whole bodies, and that cohort size is a crucial variable in studies of ecotoxicology, teratogenesis, and developmental plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Tung
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Megan M Sperry
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Wesley Clawson
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Ananya Pavuluri
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Sydney Bulatao
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Michelle Yue
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ramses Martinez Flores
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Vaibhav P Pai
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Patrick McMillen
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Franz Kuchling
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Michael Levin
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA.
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Butler J, Dale N. X-linked Charcot Marie Tooth mutations alter CO 2 sensitivity of connexin32 hemichannels. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1330983. [PMID: 38188670 PMCID: PMC10771293 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1330983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Connexin32 (Cx32) is expressed in myelinating Schwann cells. It forms both reflexive gap junctions, to facilitate transfer of molecules from the outer to the inner myelin layers and hemichannels at the paranode to permit action potential-evoked release of ATP into the extracellular space. Loss of function mutations in Cx32 cause X-linked Charcot Marie Tooth disease (CMTX), a slowly developing peripheral neuropathy. The mechanistic links between Cx32 mutations and CMTX are not well understood. As Cx32 hemichannels can be opened by increases in PCO2, we have examined whether CMTX mutations alter this CO2 sensitivity. By using Ca2+ imaging, dye loading and genetically encoded ATP sensors to measure ATP release, we have found 5 CMTX mutations that abolish the CO2 sensitivity of Cx32 hemichannels (A88D, 111-116 Del, C179Y, E102G, V139M). Others cause a partial loss (L56F, R220Stop, and R15W). Some CMTX mutations have no apparent effect on CO2 sensitivity (R15Q, L9F, G12S, V13L, V84I, W133R). The mutation R15W alters multiple additional aspects of hemichannel function including Ca2+ and ATP permeability. The mutations that abolish CO2 sensitivity are transdominant and abolish CO2 sensitivity of co-expressed Cx32WT. We have shown that Schwannoma RT4 D6P2T cells can release ATP in response to elevated PCO2 via the opening of Cx32. This is consistent with the hypothesis that the CO2 sensitivity of Cx32 may be important for maintenance of healthy myelin. Our data, showing a transdominant effect of certain CMTX mutations on CO2 sensitivity, may need to be taken into account in any future gene therapies for this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas Dale
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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Falco MV, Fabbiani G, Maciel C, Valdivia S, Vitureira N, Russo RE. P2X7 receptor activation awakes a dormant stem cell niche in the adult spinal cord. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1288676. [PMID: 38164435 PMCID: PMC10757934 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1288676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The ependyma of the spinal cord is a latent stem cell niche that is reactivated by injury, generating new cells that migrate to the lesion site to limit the damage. The mechanisms by which ependymal cells are reactivated after injury remain poorly understood. ATP has been proposed to act as a diffusible "danger signal" to alert about damage and start repair. Indeed, spinal cord injury (SCI) generates an increase in extracellular ATP around the lesion epicenter that lasts for several hours and affects the functional outcome after the damage. The P2X7 receptor (P2X7r) has functional properties (e.g., low sensitivity for ATP, high permeability for Ca2+) that makes it a suitable candidate to act as a detector of tissue damage. Because ependymal cells express functional P2X7r that generate an inward current and regenerative Ca2+ waves, we hypothesize that the P2X7r has a main role in the mechanisms by which progenitor-like cells in the ependyma react to tissue damage. To test this possibility, we simulated the P2X7r activation that occurs after SCI by in vivo intraspinal injection of the selective agonist BzATP nearby the central canal. We found that BzATP rescued ependymal cells from quiescence by triggering a proliferative response similar to that generated by injury. In addition, P2X7r activation by BzATP induced a shift of ependymal cells to a glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) phenotype similar to that induced by injury. However, P2X7r activation did not trigger the migration of ependyma-derived cells as occurs after tissue damage. Injection of BzATP induced the expression of connexin 26 (Cx26) in ependymal cells, an event needed for the proliferative reaction after injury. BzATP did not induce these changes in ependymal cells of P2X7-/- mice supporting a specific action on P2X7r. In vivo blockade of P2X7r with the potent antagonist AZ10606120 reduced significantly the injury-induced proliferation of ependymal cells. Our data indicate that P2X7r has a key role in the "awakening" of the ependymal stem cell niche after injury and suggest purinergic signaling is an interesting target to improve the contribution of endogenous progenitors to repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Victoria Falco
- Departamento de Neurofisiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gabriela Fabbiani
- Departamento de Neurofisiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Cecilia Maciel
- Departamento de Neurofisiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Spring Valdivia
- Departamento de Neurofisiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Nathalia Vitureira
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Raúl E. Russo
- Departamento de Neurofisiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Held A, Lapka J, Sargeant J, Hojanazarova J, Shaheen A, Galindo S, Madreiter-Sokolowski C, Malli R, Graier WF, Hay JC. Steady-state regulation of COPII-dependent secretory cargo sorting by inositol trisphosphate receptors, calcium, and penta EF hand proteins. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105471. [PMID: 37979918 PMCID: PMC10750190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, we demonstrated that agonist-stimulated Ca2+ signaling involving IP3 receptors modulates ER export rates through activation of the penta-EF Hand proteins apoptosis-linked gene-2 (ALG-2) and peflin. It is unknown, however, whether IP3Rs and penta-EF proteins regulate ER export rates at steady state. Here we tested this idea in normal rat kidney epithelial cells by manipulation of IP3R isoform expression. Under standard growth conditions, spontaneous cytosolic Ca2+ oscillations occurred simultaneously in successive groups of contiguous cells, generating intercellular Ca2+ waves that moved across the monolayer periodically. Depletion of IP3R-3, typically the least promiscuous IP3R isoform, caused increased cell participation in intercellular Ca2+ waves in unstimulated cells. The increased spontaneous signaling was sufficient to cause increased ALG-2 and COPII coat subunit Sec31A and decreased peflin localization at ER exit sites, resulting in increased ER-to-Golgi transport of the COPII client cargo VSV-G. The elevated ER-to-Golgi transport caused greater concentration of VSV-G at ER exit sites and had reciprocal effects on transport of VSV-G and a bulk-flow cargo, though both cargos equally required Sec31A. Inactivation of client cargo sorting using 4-phenylbutyrate had opposing reciprocal effects on client and bulk-flow cargo and neutralized any effect of ALG-2 activation on transport. This work extends our knowledge of ALG-2 mechanisms and indicates that in normal rat kidney cells, IP3R isoforms regulate homeostatic Ca2+ signaling that helps determine the basal secretion rate and stringency of COPII-dependent cargo sorting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Held
- Division of Biological Sciences, Center for Structural & Functional Neuroscience, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
| | - Jacob Lapka
- Division of Biological Sciences, Center for Structural & Functional Neuroscience, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
| | - John Sargeant
- Division of Biological Sciences, Center for Structural & Functional Neuroscience, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
| | - Jennet Hojanazarova
- Division of Biological Sciences, Center for Structural & Functional Neuroscience, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
| | - Alaa Shaheen
- Division of Biological Sciences, Center for Structural & Functional Neuroscience, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
| | - Samuel Galindo
- Division of Biological Sciences, Center for Structural & Functional Neuroscience, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
| | - Corina Madreiter-Sokolowski
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Roland Malli
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang F Graier
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Jesse C Hay
- Division of Biological Sciences, Center for Structural & Functional Neuroscience, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA.
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Taylor KR, Monje M. Neuron-oligodendroglial interactions in health and malignant disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 2023; 24:733-746. [PMID: 37857838 PMCID: PMC10859969 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-023-00744-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Experience sculpts brain structure and function. Activity-dependent modulation of the myelinated infrastructure of the nervous system has emerged as a dimension of adaptive change during childhood development and in adulthood. Myelination is a richly dynamic process, with neuronal activity regulating oligodendrocyte precursor cell proliferation, oligodendrogenesis and myelin structural changes in some axonal subtypes and in some regions of the nervous system. This myelin plasticity and consequent changes to conduction velocity and circuit dynamics can powerfully influence neurological functions, including learning and memory. Conversely, disruption of the mechanisms mediating adaptive myelination can contribute to cognitive impairment. The robust effects of neuronal activity on normal oligodendroglial precursor cells, a putative cellular origin for many forms of glioma, indicates that dysregulated or 'hijacked' mechanisms of myelin plasticity could similarly promote growth in this devastating group of brain cancers. Indeed, neuronal activity promotes the pathogenesis of many forms of glioma in preclinical models through activity-regulated paracrine factors and direct neuron-to-glioma synapses. This synaptic integration of glioma into neural circuits is central to tumour growth and invasion. Thus, not only do neuron-oligodendroglial interactions modulate neural circuit structure and function in the healthy brain, but neuron-glioma interactions also have important roles in the pathogenesis of glial malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn R Taylor
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michelle Monje
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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9
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Lourenço DM, Soares R, Sá-Santos S, Mateus JM, Rodrigues RS, Moreira JB, Vaz SH, Sebastião AM, Solá S, Xapelli S. Unravelling a novel role for cannabidivarin in the modulation of subventricular zone postnatal neurogenesis. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 959:176079. [PMID: 37802277 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Postnatal neurogenesis has been shown to rely on the endocannabinoid system. Here we aimed at unravelling the role of Cannabidivarin (CBDV), a non-psychoactive cannabinoid, with high affinity for the non-classical cannabinoid receptor TRPV1, on subventricular zone (SVZ) postnatal neurogenesis. Using the neurosphere assay, SVZ-derived neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) were incubated with CBDV and/or 5'-Iodoresinferotoxin (TRPV1 antagonist), and their role on cell viability, proliferation, and differentiation were dissected. CBDV was able to promote, through a TRPV1-dependent mechanism, cell survival, cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation. Furthermore, pulse-chase experiments revealed that CBDV-induced neuronal differentiation was a result of cell cycle exit of NSPCs. Regarding oligodendrocyte differentiation, CBDV inhibited oligodendrocyte differentiation and maturation. Since our data suggested that the CBDV-induced modulation of NSPCs acted via TRPV1, a sodium-calcium channel, and that intracellular calcium levels are known regulators of NSPCs fate and neuronal maturation, single cell calcium imaging was performed to evaluate the functional response of SVZ-derived cells. We observed that CBDV-responsive cells displayed a two-phase calcium influx profile, being the initial phase dependent on TRPV1 activation. Taken together, this work unveiled a novel and untapped neurogenic potential of CBDV via TRPV1 modulation. These findings pave the way to future neural stem cell biological studies and repair strategies by repurposing this non-psychoactive cannabinoid as a valuable therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo M Lourenço
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rita Soares
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sónia Sá-Santos
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana M Mateus
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rui S Rodrigues
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João B Moreira
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sandra H Vaz
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana M Sebastião
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Susana Solá
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sara Xapelli
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
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10
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Chen HY, Phan BN, Shim G, Hamersky GR, Sadowski N, O'Donnell TS, Sripathy SR, Bohlen JF, Pfenning AR, Maher BJ. Psychiatric risk gene Transcription Factor 4 (TCF4) regulates the density and connectivity of distinct inhibitory interneuron subtypes. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:4679-4692. [PMID: 37770578 PMCID: PMC11144438 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02248-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factor 4 (TCF4) is a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that is implicated in a variety of psychiatric disorders including autism spectrum disorder (ASD), major depression, and schizophrenia. Autosomal dominant mutations in TCF4 are causal for a specific ASD called Pitt-Hopkins Syndrome (PTHS). However, our understanding of etiological and pathophysiological mechanisms downstream of TCF4 mutations is incomplete. Single cell sequencing indicates TCF4 is highly expressed in GABAergic interneurons (INs). Here, we performed cell-type specific expression analysis (CSEA) and cellular deconvolution (CD) on bulk RNA sequencing data from 5 different PTHS mouse models. Using CSEA we observed differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were enriched in parvalbumin expressing (PV+) INs and CD predicted a reduction in the PV+ INs population. Therefore, we investigated the role of TCF4 in regulating the development and function of INs in the Tcf4+/tr mouse model of PTHS. In Tcf4+/tr mice, immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis of subtype-specific IN markers and reporter mice identified reductions in PV+, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP+), and cortistatin (CST+) expressing INs in the cortex and cholinergic (ChAT+) INs in the striatum, with the somatostatin (SST+) IN population being spared. The reduction of these specific IN populations led to cell-type specific alterations in the balance of excitatory and inhibitory inputs onto PV+ and VIP+ INs and excitatory pyramidal neurons within the cortex. These data indicate TCF4 is a critical regulator of the development of specific subsets of INs and highlight the inhibitory network as an important source of pathophysiology in PTHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huei-Ying Chen
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - BaDoi N Phan
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Gina Shim
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Gregory R Hamersky
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Norah Sadowski
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Thomas S O'Donnell
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Srinidhi Rao Sripathy
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Joseph F Bohlen
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Andreas R Pfenning
- Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Brady J Maher
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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11
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Cao JW, Liu LY, Yu YC. Gap junctions regulate the development of neural circuits in the neocortex. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 81:102735. [PMID: 37263136 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Gap junctions between cells are ubiquitously expressed in the developing brain. They are involved in major steps of neocortical development, including neurogenesis, cell migration, synaptogenesis, and neural circuit formation, and have been implicated in cortical column formation. Dysfunctional gap junctions can contribute to or even cause a variety of brain diseases. Although the role of gap junctions in neocortical development is better known, a comprehensive understanding of their functions is far from complete. Here we explore several critical open questions surrounding gap junctions and their involvement in neural circuit development. Addressing them will greatly impact our understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of neocortical structure and function as well as the etiology of brain disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Wei Cao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, Hunan 423000, China
| | - Lin-Yun Liu
- Jing'an District Central Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yong-Chun Yu
- Jing'an District Central Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai 200032, China.
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12
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Rimbert S, Moreira JB, Xapelli S, Lévi S. Role of purines in brain development, from neuronal proliferation to synaptic refinement. Neuropharmacology 2023:109640. [PMID: 37348675 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
The purinergic system includes P1 and P2 receptors, which are activated by ATP and its metabolites. They are expressed in adult neuronal and glial cells and are crucial in brain function, including neuromodulation and neuronal signaling. As P1 and P2 receptors are expressed throughout embryogenesis and development, purinergic signaling also has an important role in the development of the peripheral and central nervous system. In this review, we present the expression pattern and activity of purinergic receptors and of their signaling pathways during embryonic and postnatal development of the nervous system. In particular, we review the involvement of the purinergic signaling in all the crucial steps of brain development i.e. in neural stem cell proliferation, neuronal differentiation and migration as well as in astrogliogenesis and oligodendrogenesis. Then, we review data showing a crucial role of the ATP and adenosine signaling pathways in the formation of the peripheral neuromuscular junction and of central GABAergic and glutamatergic synapses. Finally, we examine the consequences of deregulation of the purinergic system during development and discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting it at adult stage in diseases with reactivation of the ATP and adenosine pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solen Rimbert
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, Sorbonne Université, Institut du Fer à Moulin, 75005, Paris, France
| | - João B Moreira
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, Sorbonne Université, Institut du Fer à Moulin, 75005, Paris, France; Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular - João Lobo Antunes (iMM - JLA), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sara Xapelli
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular - João Lobo Antunes (iMM - JLA), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sabine Lévi
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, Sorbonne Université, Institut du Fer à Moulin, 75005, Paris, France.
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13
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Abstract
The nervous system regulates tissue stem and precursor populations throughout life. Parallel to roles in development, the nervous system is emerging as a critical regulator of cancer, from oncogenesis to malignant growth and metastatic spread. Various preclinical models in a range of malignancies have demonstrated that nervous system activity can control cancer initiation and powerfully influence cancer progression and metastasis. Just as the nervous system can regulate cancer progression, cancer also remodels and hijacks nervous system structure and function. Interactions between the nervous system and cancer occur both in the local tumour microenvironment and systemically. Neurons and glial cells communicate directly with malignant cells in the tumour microenvironment through paracrine factors and, in some cases, through neuron-to-cancer cell synapses. Additionally, indirect interactions occur at a distance through circulating signals and through influences on immune cell trafficking and function. Such cross-talk among the nervous system, immune system and cancer-both systemically and in the local tumour microenvironment-regulates pro-tumour inflammation and anti-cancer immunity. Elucidating the neuroscience of cancer, which calls for interdisciplinary collaboration among the fields of neuroscience, developmental biology, immunology and cancer biology, may advance effective therapies for many of the most difficult to treat malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Mancusi
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michelle Monje
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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14
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Koo B, Lee KH, Ming GL, Yoon KJ, Song H. Setting the clock of neural progenitor cells during mammalian corticogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 142:43-53. [PMID: 35644876 PMCID: PMC9699901 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Radial glial cells (RGCs) as primary neural stem cells in the developing mammalian cortex give rise to diverse types of neurons and glial cells according to sophisticated developmental programs with remarkable spatiotemporal precision. Recent studies suggest that regulation of the temporal competence of RGCs is a key mechanism for the highly conserved and predictable development of the cerebral cortex. Various types of epigenetic regulations, such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, and 3D chromatin architecture, play a key role in shaping the gene expression pattern of RGCs. In addition, epitranscriptomic modifications regulate temporal pre-patterning of RGCs by affecting the turnover rate and function of cell-type-specific transcripts. In this review, we summarize epigenetic and epitranscriptomic regulatory mechanisms that control the temporal competence of RGCs during mammalian corticogenesis. Furthermore, we discuss various developmental elements that also dynamically regulate the temporal competence of RGCs, including biochemical reaction speed, local environmental changes, and subcellular organelle remodeling. Finally, we discuss the underlying mechanisms that regulate the interspecies developmental tempo contributing to human-specific features of brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonsang Koo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Heon Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Guo-Li Ming
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ki-Jun Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hongjun Song
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; The Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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15
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Mut-Arbona P, Sperlágh B. P2 receptor-mediated signaling in the physiological and pathological brain: From development to aging and disease. Neuropharmacology 2023; 233:109541. [PMID: 37062423 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
The purinergic pathway mediates both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses, whereas the breakdown of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is in a critical equilibrium. Under physiological conditions, extracellular ATP is maintained at a nanomolar concentration. Whether released into the medium following tissue damage, inflammation, or hypoxia, ATP is considered a clear indicator of cell damage and a marker of pathological conditions. In this overview, we provide an update on the participation of P2 receptor-mediated purinergic signaling in normal and pathological brain development, with special emphasis on neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders. Since purinergic signaling is ubiquitous, it is not surprising that it plays a prominent role in developmental processes and pathological alterations. The main aim of this review is to conceptualize the time-dependent dynamic changes in the participation of different players in the purinome in shaping the normal and aberrant developmental patterns and diseases of the central nervous system over one's lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Mut-Arbona
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary; János Szentágothai Doctoral School, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta Sperlágh
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary; János Szentágothai Doctoral School, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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16
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Dale N, Butler J, Dospinescu VM, Nijjar S. Channel-mediated ATP release in the nervous system. Neuropharmacology 2023; 227:109435. [PMID: 36690324 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
ATP is well established as a transmitter and modulator in the peripheral and central nervous system. While conventional exocytotic release of ATP at synapses occurs, this transmitter is unusual in also being released into the extracellular space via large-pored plasma membrane channels. This review considers the channels that are known to be permeable to ATP and some of the functions of channel-mediated ATP release. While the possibility of ATP release via channels mediating volume transmission has been known for some time, localised ATP release via channels at specialised synapses made by taste cells to the afferent nerve has recently been documented in taste buds. This raises the prospect that "channel synapses" may occur in other contexts. However, volume transmission and channel synapses are not necessarily mutually exclusive. We suggest that certain glial cells in the brain stem and hypothalamus, which possess long processes and are known to release ATP, may be candidates for both modes of ATP release -channel-mediated volume transmission in the region of their somata and more localised transmission possibly via either conventional or channel synapses from their processes at distal targets. Finally, we consider the different characteristics of vesicular and channel synapses and suggest that channel synapses may be advantageous in requiring less energy than their conventional vesicular counterparts. This article is part of the Special Issue on "Purinergic Signaling: 50 years".
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Dale
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4, AL, UK.
| | - Jack Butler
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4, AL, UK
| | | | - Sarbjit Nijjar
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4, AL, UK
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17
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D’Arcy BR, Lennox AL, Manso Musso C, Bracher A, Escobar-Tomlienovich C, Perez-Sanchez S, Silver DL. Non-muscle myosins control radial glial basal endfeet to mediate interneuron organization. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3001926. [PMID: 36854011 PMCID: PMC9974137 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Radial glial cells (RGCs) are essential for the generation and organization of neurons in the cerebral cortex. RGCs have an elongated bipolar morphology with basal and apical endfeet that reside in distinct niches. Yet, how this subcellular compartmentalization of RGCs controls cortical development is largely unknown. Here, we employ in vivo proximity labeling, in the mouse, using unfused BirA to generate the first subcellular proteome of RGCs and uncover new principles governing local control of cortical development. We discover a cohort of proteins that are significantly enriched in RGC basal endfeet, with MYH9 and MYH10 among the most abundant. Myh9 and Myh10 transcripts also localize to endfeet with distinct temporal dynamics. Although they each encode isoforms of non-muscle myosin II heavy chain, Myh9 and Myh10 have drastically different requirements for RGC integrity. Myh9 loss from RGCs decreases branching complexity and causes endfoot protrusion through the basement membrane. In contrast, Myh10 controls endfoot adhesion, as mutants have unattached apical and basal endfeet. Finally, we show that Myh9- and Myh10-mediated regulation of RGC complexity and endfoot position non-cell autonomously controls interneuron number and organization in the marginal zone. Our study demonstrates the utility of in vivo proximity labeling for dissecting local control of complex systems and reveals new mechanisms for dictating RGC integrity and cortical architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke R. D’Arcy
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ashley L. Lennox
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Camila Manso Musso
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Annalise Bracher
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Carla Escobar-Tomlienovich
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Stephany Perez-Sanchez
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Debra L. Silver
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Regeneration Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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18
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Anastasaki C, Gao Y, Gutmann DH. Neurons as stromal drivers of nervous system cancer formation and progression. Dev Cell 2023; 58:81-93. [PMID: 36693322 PMCID: PMC9883043 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Similar to their pivotal roles in nervous system development, neurons have emerged as critical regulators of cancer initiation, maintenance, and progression. Focusing on nervous system tumors, we describe the normal relationships between neurons and other cell types relevant to normal nerve function, and discuss how disruptions of these interactions promote tumor evolution, focusing on electrical (gap junctions) and chemical (synaptic) coupling, as well as the establishment of new paracrine relationships. We also review how neuron-tumor communication contributes to some of the complications of cancer, including neuropathy, chemobrain, seizures, and pain. Finally, we consider the implications of cancer neuroscience in establishing risk for tumor penetrance and in the design of future anti-tumoral treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Anastasaki
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yunqing Gao
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David H Gutmann
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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19
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Understanding the Role of ATP Release through Connexins Hemichannels during Neurulation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032159. [PMID: 36768481 PMCID: PMC9916920 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurulation is a crucial process in the formation of the central nervous system (CNS), which begins with the folding and fusion of the neural plate, leading to the generation of the neural tube and subsequent development of the brain and spinal cord. Environmental and genetic factors that interfere with the neurulation process promote neural tube defects (NTDs). Connexins (Cxs) are transmembrane proteins that form gap junctions (GJs) and hemichannels (HCs) in vertebrates, allowing cell-cell (GJ) or paracrine (HCs) communication through the release of ATP, glutamate, and NAD+; regulating processes such as cell migration and synaptic transmission. Changes in the state of phosphorylation and/or the intracellular redox potential activate the opening of HCs in different cell types. Cxs such as Cx43 and Cx32 have been associated with proliferation and migration at different stages of CNS development. Here, using molecular and cellular biology techniques (permeability), we demonstrate the expression and functionality of HCs-Cxs, including Cx46 and Cx32, which are associated with the release of ATP during the neurulation process in Xenopus laevis. Furthermore, applications of FGF2 and/or changes in intracellular redox potentials (DTT), well known HCs-Cxs modulators, transiently regulated the ATP release in our model. Importantly, the blockade of HCs-Cxs by carbenoxolone (CBX) and enoxolone (ENX) reduced ATP release with a concomitant formation of NTDs. We propose two possible and highly conserved binding sites (N and E) in Cx46 that may mediate the pharmacological effect of CBX and ENX on the formation of NTDs. In summary, our results highlight the importance of ATP release mediated by HCs-Cxs during neurulation.
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20
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Zhang NN, Zhang Y, Wang ZZ, Chen NH. Connexin 43: insights into candidate pathological mechanisms of depression and its implications in antidepressant therapy. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:2448-2461. [PMID: 35145238 PMCID: PMC9525669 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-00861-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD), a chronic and recurrent disease characterized by anhedonia, pessimism or even suicidal thought, remains a major chronic mental concern worldwide. Connexin 43 (Cx43) is the most abundant connexin expressed in astrocytes and forms the gap junction channels (GJCs) between astrocytes, the most abundant and functional glial cells in the brain. Astrocytes regulate neurons' synaptic strength and function by expressing receptors and regulating various neurotransmitters. Astrocyte dysfunction causes synaptic abnormalities, which are related to various mood disorders, e.g., depression. Increasing evidence suggests a crucial role of Cx43 in the pathogenesis of depression. Depression down-regulates Cx43 expression in humans and rats, and dysfunction of Cx43 also induces depressive behaviors in rats and mice. Recently Cx43 has received considerable critical attention and is highly implicated in the onset of depression. However, the pathological mechanisms of depression-like behavior associated with Cx43 still remain ambiguous. In this review we summarize the recent progress regarding the underlying mechanisms of Cx43 in the etiology of depression-like behaviors including gliotransmission, metabolic disorders, and neuroinflammation. We also discuss the effects of antidepressants (monoamine antidepressants and ketamine) on Cx43. The clarity of the candidate pathological mechanisms of depression-like behaviors associated with Cx43 and its potential pharmacological roles for antidepressants will benefit the exploration of a novel antidepressant target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning-Ning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Nai-Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
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21
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Arjun McKinney A, Petrova R, Panagiotakos G. Calcium and activity-dependent signaling in the developing cerebral cortex. Development 2022; 149:dev198853. [PMID: 36102617 PMCID: PMC9578689 DOI: 10.1242/dev.198853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Calcium influx can be stimulated by various intra- and extracellular signals to set coordinated gene expression programs into motion. As such, the precise regulation of intracellular calcium represents a nexus between environmental cues and intrinsic genetic programs. Mounting genetic evidence points to a role for the deregulation of intracellular calcium signaling in neuropsychiatric disorders of developmental origin. These findings have prompted renewed enthusiasm for understanding the roles of calcium during normal and dysfunctional prenatal development. In this Review, we describe the fundamental mechanisms through which calcium is spatiotemporally regulated and directs early neurodevelopmental events. We also discuss unanswered questions about intracellular calcium regulation during the emergence of neurodevelopmental disease, and provide evidence that disruption of cell-specific calcium homeostasis and/or redeployment of developmental calcium signaling mechanisms may contribute to adult neurological disorders. We propose that understanding the normal developmental events that build the nervous system will rely on gaining insights into cell type-specific calcium signaling mechanisms. Such an understanding will enable therapeutic strategies targeting calcium-dependent mechanisms to mitigate disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpana Arjun McKinney
- Graduate Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ralitsa Petrova
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Georgia Panagiotakos
- Graduate Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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22
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Everlien I, Yen TY, Liu YC, Di Marco B, Vázquez-Marín J, Centanin L, Alfonso J, Monyer H. Diazepam binding inhibitor governs neurogenesis of excitatory and inhibitory neurons during embryonic development via GABA signaling. Neuron 2022; 110:3139-3153.e6. [PMID: 35998632 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Of the neurotransmitters that influence neurogenesis, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) plays an outstanding role, and GABA receptors support non-synaptic signaling in progenitors and migrating neurons. Here, we report that expression levels of diazepam binding inhibitor (DBI), an endozepine that modulates GABA signaling, regulate embryonic neurogenesis, affecting the long-term outcome regarding the number of neurons in the postnatal mouse brain. We demonstrate that DBI is highly expressed in radial glia and intermediate progenitor cells in the germinal zones of the embryonic mouse brain that give rise to excitatory and inhibitory cells. The mechanism by which DBI controls neurogenesis involves its action as a negative allosteric modulator of GABA-induced currents on progenitor cells that express GABAA receptors containing γ2 subunits. DBI's modulatory effect parallels that of GABAA-receptor-mediating signaling in these cells in the proliferative areas, reflecting the tight control that DBI exerts on embryonic neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Everlien
- Department of Clinical Neurobiology at the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and the Medical Faculty of the Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ting-Yun Yen
- Department of Clinical Neurobiology at the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and the Medical Faculty of the Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chao Liu
- Department of Clinical Neurobiology at the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and the Medical Faculty of the Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Barbara Di Marco
- Department of Clinical Neurobiology at the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and the Medical Faculty of the Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Javier Vázquez-Marín
- Center for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Lázaro Centanin
- Center for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Julieta Alfonso
- Department of Clinical Neurobiology at the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and the Medical Faculty of the Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hannah Monyer
- Department of Clinical Neurobiology at the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and the Medical Faculty of the Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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23
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Corrigendum: Purinergic signaling systems across comparative models of spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2022; 18:689-696. [PMID: 36018196 PMCID: PMC9727416 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.350234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.338993].
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24
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Yildirim M, Delepine C, Feldman D, Pham VA, Chou S, Ip J, Nott A, Tsai LH, Ming GL, So PTC, Sur M. Label-free three-photon imaging of intact human cerebral organoids for tracking early events in brain development and deficits in Rett syndrome. eLife 2022; 11:78079. [PMID: 35904330 PMCID: PMC9337854 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cerebral organoids are unique in their development of progenitor-rich zones akin to ventricular zones from which neuronal progenitors differentiate and migrate radially. Analyses of cerebral organoids thus far have been performed in sectioned tissue or in superficial layers due to their high scattering properties. Here, we demonstrate label-free three-photon imaging of whole, uncleared intact organoids (~2 mm depth) to assess early events of early human brain development. Optimizing a custom-made three-photon microscope to image intact cerebral organoids generated from Rett Syndrome patients, we show defects in the ventricular zone volumetric structure of mutant organoids compared to isogenic control organoids. Long-term imaging live organoids reveals that shorter migration distances and slower migration speeds of mutant radially migrating neurons are associated with more tortuous trajectories. Our label-free imaging system constitutes a particularly useful platform for tracking normal and abnormal development in individual organoids, as well as for screening therapeutic molecules via intact organoid imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Yildirim
- Picower Institute of Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, United States.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Chloe Delepine
- Picower Institute of Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Danielle Feldman
- Picower Institute of Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Vincent A Pham
- Picower Institute of Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Stephanie Chou
- Picower Institute of Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Jacque Ip
- Picower Institute of Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alexi Nott
- Picower Institute of Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Li-Huei Tsai
- Picower Institute of Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Guo-Li Ming
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Peter T C So
- Deparment of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Mriganka Sur
- Picower Institute of Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
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25
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Andhika Rhaditya PA, Oishi K, Nishimura YV, Motoyama J. [Ca 2+] i fluctuation mediated by T-type Ca 2+ channel is required for the differentiation of cortical neural progenitor cells. Dev Biol 2022; 489:84-97. [PMID: 35690104 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The fluctuation of intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) is known to be involved in various processes in the development of central nervous system, such as the proliferation of neural progenitor cells (NPCs), migration of intermediate progenitor cells (IPCs) from the ventricular zone (VZ) to the subventricular zone (SVZ), and migration of immature neurons from the SVZ to cortical plate. However, the roles of [Ca2+]i fluctuation in NPC development, especially in the differentiation of the self-renewing NPCs into neuron-generating NPCs and immature neurons have not been elucidated. Using calcium imaging of acute cortical slices and cells isolated from mouse embryonic cortex, we examined temporal changes in the pattern of [Ca2+]i fluctuations in VZ cells from E12 to E16. We observed intracellular Ca2+ levels in Pax6-positive self-renewing NPCs decreased with their neural differentiation. In E11, Pax6-positive NPCs and Tuj1-positive immature neurons exhibited characteristic [Ca2+]i fluctuations; few Pax6-positive NPCs exhibited [Ca2+]i transient, but many Tuj1-positive immature neurons did, suggesting that the change in pattern of [Ca2+]i fluctuation correlate to their differentiation. The [Ca2+]i fluctuation during NPCs development was mostly mediated by the T-type calcium channel and blockage of T-type calcium channel in neurosphere cultures increased the number of spheres and inhibited neuronal differentiation. Consistent with this finding, knockdown of Cav3.1 by RNAi in vivo maintained Pax6-positive cells as self-renewing NPCs, and simultaneously suppressing their neuronal differentiation of NPCs into Tbr1-positive immature neurons. These results reveal that [Ca2+]i fluctuation mediated by Cav3.1 is required for the neural differentiation of Pax6-positive self-renewing NPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Putu Adi Andhika Rhaditya
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, 1-3, Tatara-miyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0394, Japan
| | - Koji Oishi
- Organization of Advanced Research and Education, Doshisha University, 1-3, Tatara-miyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0394, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki V Nishimura
- Organization of Advanced Research and Education, Doshisha University, 1-3, Tatara-miyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0394, Japan; Division of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 1-15-1 Fukumuro, Miyagino-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 983-8536, Japan
| | - Jun Motoyama
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, 1-3, Tatara-miyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0394, Japan.
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26
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Pumo GM, Kitazawa T, Rijli FM. Epigenetic and Transcriptional Regulation of Spontaneous and Sensory Activity Dependent Programs During Neuronal Circuit Development. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 16:911023. [PMID: 35664458 PMCID: PMC9158562 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2022.911023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous activity generated before the onset of sensory transduction has a key role in wiring developing sensory circuits. From axonal targeting, to synapse formation and elimination, to the balanced integration of neurons into developing circuits, this type of activity is implicated in a variety of cellular processes. However, little is known about its molecular mechanisms of action, especially at the level of genome regulation. Conversely, sensory experience-dependent activity implements well-characterized transcriptional and epigenetic chromatin programs that underlie heterogeneous but specific genomic responses that shape both postnatal circuit development and neuroplasticity in the adult. In this review, we focus on our knowledge of the developmental processes regulated by spontaneous activity and the underlying transcriptional mechanisms. We also review novel findings on how chromatin regulates the specificity and developmental induction of the experience-dependent program, and speculate their relevance for our understanding of how spontaneous activity may act at the genomic level to instruct circuit assembly and prepare developing neurons for sensory-dependent connectivity refinement and processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele M. Pumo
- Laboratory of Neurodevelopmental Epigenetics, Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
- Department Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Taro Kitazawa
- Laboratory of Neurodevelopmental Epigenetics, Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Filippo M. Rijli
- Laboratory of Neurodevelopmental Epigenetics, Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
- Department Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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27
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Casingal CR, Descant KD, Anton ES. Coordinating cerebral cortical construction and connectivity: Unifying influence of radial progenitors. Neuron 2022; 110:1100-1115. [PMID: 35216663 PMCID: PMC8989671 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Radial progenitor development and function lay the foundation for the construction of the cerebral cortex. Radial glial scaffold, through its functions as a source of neurogenic progenitors and neuronal migration guide, is thought to provide a template for the formation of the cerebral cortex. Emerging evidence is challenging this limited view. Intriguingly, radial glial scaffold may also play a role in axonal growth, guidance, and neuronal connectivity. Radial glial cells not only facilitate the generation, placement, and allocation of neurons in the cortex but also regulate how they wire up. The organization and function of radial glial cells may thus be a unifying feature of the developing cortex that helps to precisely coordinate the right patterns of neurogenesis, neuronal placement, and connectivity necessary for the emergence of a functional cerebral cortex. This perspective critically explores this emerging view and its impact in the context of human brain development and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristine R Casingal
- UNC Neuroscience Center, the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Katherine D Descant
- UNC Neuroscience Center, the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - E S Anton
- UNC Neuroscience Center, the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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28
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Brotherton DH, Savva CG, Ragan TJ, Dale N, Cameron AD. Conformational changes and CO 2-induced channel gating in connexin26. Structure 2022; 30:697-706.e4. [PMID: 35276081 PMCID: PMC9592558 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2022.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Connexins form large-pore channels that function either as dodecameric gap junctions or hexameric hemichannels to allow the regulated movement of small molecules and ions across cell membranes. Opening or closing of the channels is controlled by a variety of stimuli, and dysregulation leads to multiple diseases. An increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) has been shown to cause connexin26 (Cx26) gap junctions to close. Here, we use cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) to determine the structure of human Cx26 gap junctions under increasing levels of PCO2. We show a correlation between the level of PCO2 and the size of the aperture of the pore, governed by the N-terminal helices that line the pore. This indicates that CO2 alone is sufficient to cause conformational changes in the protein. Analysis of the conformational states shows that movements at the N terminus are linked to both subunit rotation and flexing of the transmembrane helices. High-resolution cryo-EM structures of connexin26 at varying levels of PCO2 CO2 alone causes conformational changes in the protein under stable pH conditions The N-terminal helices regulate the aperture of the pore KID syndrome mutations affecting CO2 sensitivity map to flexion points of structure
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah H Brotherton
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, CV4 7AL Coventry, UK
| | - Christos G Savva
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, LE1 7HB Leicester, UK
| | - Timothy J Ragan
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, LE1 7HB Leicester, UK
| | - Nicholas Dale
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, CV4 7AL Coventry, UK.
| | - Alexander D Cameron
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, CV4 7AL Coventry, UK.
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29
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Sokpor G, Brand-Saberi B, Nguyen HP, Tuoc T. Regulation of Cell Delamination During Cortical Neurodevelopment and Implication for Brain Disorders. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:824802. [PMID: 35281509 PMCID: PMC8904418 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.824802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical development is dependent on key processes that can influence apical progenitor cell division and progeny. Pivotal among such critical cellular processes is the intricate mechanism of cell delamination. This indispensable cell detachment process mainly entails the loss of apical anchorage, and subsequent migration of the mitotic derivatives of the highly polarized apical cortical progenitors. Such apical progenitor derivatives are responsible for the majority of cortical neurogenesis. Many factors, including transcriptional and epigenetic/chromatin regulators, are known to tightly control cell attachment and delamination tendency in the cortical neurepithelium. Activity of these molecular regulators principally coordinate morphogenetic cues to engender remodeling or disassembly of tethering cellular components and external cell adhesion molecules leading to exit of differentiating cells in the ventricular zone. Improper cell delamination is known to frequently impair progenitor cell fate commitment and neuronal migration, which can cause aberrant cortical cell number and organization known to be detrimental to the structure and function of the cerebral cortex. Indeed, some neurodevelopmental abnormalities, including Heterotopia, Schizophrenia, Hydrocephalus, Microcephaly, and Chudley-McCullough syndrome have been associated with cell attachment dysregulation in the developing mammalian cortex. This review sheds light on the concept of cell delamination, mechanistic (transcriptional and epigenetic regulation) nuances involved, and its importance for corticogenesis. Various neurodevelopmental disorders with defective (too much or too little) cell delamination as a notable etiological underpinning are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godwin Sokpor
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- *Correspondence: Godwin Sokpor,
| | - Beate Brand-Saberi
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Huu Phuc Nguyen
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Tran Tuoc
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Tran Tuoc,
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30
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Bando Y, Ishibashi M, Yamagishi S, Fukuda A, Sato K. Orchestration of Ion Channels and Transporters in Neocortical Development and Neurological Disorders. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:827284. [PMID: 35237124 PMCID: PMC8884360 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.827284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrical activity plays crucial roles in neural circuit formation and remodeling. During neocortical development, neurons are generated in the ventricular zone, migrate to their correct position, elongate dendrites and axons, and form synapses. In this review, we summarize the functions of ion channels and transporters in neocortical development. Next, we discuss links between neurological disorders caused by dysfunction of ion channels (channelopathies) and neocortical development. Finally, we introduce emerging optical techniques with potential applications in physiological studies of neocortical development and the pathophysiology of channelopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Bando
- Department of Organ and Tissue Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yuki Bando,
| | - Masaru Ishibashi
- Department of Neurophysiology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Satoru Yamagishi
- Department of Organ and Tissue Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Atsuo Fukuda
- Department of Neurophysiology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Kohji Sato
- Department of Organ and Tissue Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
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31
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Abstract
Nervous system activity regulates development, homeostasis, and plasticity of the brain as well as other organs in the body. These mechanisms are subverted in cancer to propel malignant growth. In turn, cancers modulate neural structure and function to augment growth-promoting neural signaling in the tumor microenvironment. Approaching cancer biology from a neuroscience perspective will elucidate new therapeutic strategies for presently lethal forms of cancer. In this review, we highlight the neural signaling mechanisms recapitulated in primary brain tumors, brain metastases, and solid tumors throughout the body that regulate cancer progression. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Neuroscience, Volume 45 is July 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Keough
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA;
| | - Michelle Monje
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA;
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32
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Warm D, Schroer J, Sinning A. Gabaergic Interneurons in Early Brain Development: Conducting and Orchestrated by Cortical Network Activity. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 14:807969. [PMID: 35046773 PMCID: PMC8763242 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.807969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout early phases of brain development, the two main neural signaling mechanisms—excitation and inhibition—are dynamically sculpted in the neocortex to establish primary functions. Despite its relatively late formation and persistent developmental changes, the GABAergic system promotes the ordered shaping of neuronal circuits at the structural and functional levels. Within this frame, interneurons participate first in spontaneous and later in sensory-evoked activity patterns that precede cortical functions of the mature brain. Upon their subcortical generation, interneurons in the embryonic brain must first orderly migrate to and settle in respective target layers before they can actively engage in cortical network activity. During this process, changes at the molecular and synaptic level of interneurons allow not only their coordinated formation but also the pruning of connections as well as excitatory and inhibitory synapses. At the postsynaptic site, the shift of GABAergic signaling from an excitatory towards an inhibitory response is required to enable synchronization within cortical networks. Concomitantly, the progressive specification of different interneuron subtypes endows the neocortex with distinct local cortical circuits and region-specific modulation of neuronal firing. Finally, the apoptotic process further refines neuronal populations by constantly maintaining a controlled ratio of inhibitory and excitatory neurons. Interestingly, many of these fundamental and complex processes are influenced—if not directly controlled—by electrical activity. Interneurons on the subcellular, cellular, and network level are affected by high frequency patterns, such as spindle burst and gamma oscillations in rodents and delta brushes in humans. Conversely, the maturation of interneuron structure and function on each of these scales feeds back and contributes to the generation of cortical activity patterns that are essential for the proper peri- and postnatal development. Overall, a more precise description of the conducting role of interneurons in terms of how they contribute to specific activity patterns—as well as how specific activity patterns impinge on their maturation as orchestra members—will lead to a better understanding of the physiological and pathophysiological development and function of the nervous system.
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33
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Luhmann HJ. Neurophysiology of the Developing Cerebral Cortex: What We Have Learned and What We Need to Know. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 15:814012. [PMID: 35046777 PMCID: PMC8761895 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.814012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This review article aims to give a brief summary on the novel technologies, the challenges, our current understanding, and the open questions in the field of the neurophysiology of the developing cerebral cortex in rodents. In the past, in vitro electrophysiological and calcium imaging studies on single neurons provided important insights into the function of cellular and subcellular mechanism during early postnatal development. In the past decade, neuronal activity in large cortical networks was recorded in pre- and neonatal rodents in vivo by the use of novel high-density multi-electrode arrays and genetically encoded calcium indicators. These studies demonstrated a surprisingly rich repertoire of spontaneous cortical and subcortical activity patterns, which are currently not completely understood in their functional roles in early development and their impact on cortical maturation. Technological progress in targeted genetic manipulations, optogenetics, and chemogenetics now allow the experimental manipulation of specific neuronal cell types to elucidate the function of early (transient) cortical circuits and their role in the generation of spontaneous and sensory evoked cortical activity patterns. Large-scale interactions between different cortical areas and subcortical regions, characterization of developmental shifts from synchronized to desynchronized activity patterns, identification of transient circuits and hub neurons, role of electrical activity in the control of glial cell differentiation and function are future key tasks to gain further insights into the neurophysiology of the developing cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko J. Luhmann
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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34
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Guan PP, Cao LL, Yang Y, Wang P. Calcium Ions Aggravate Alzheimer's Disease Through the Aberrant Activation of Neuronal Networks, Leading to Synaptic and Cognitive Deficits. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:757515. [PMID: 34924952 PMCID: PMC8674839 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.757515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by the production and deposition of β-amyloid protein (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau, leading to the formation of β-amyloid plaques (APs) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Although calcium ions (Ca2+) promote the formation of APs and NFTs, no systematic review of the mechanisms by which Ca2+ affects the development and progression of AD has been published. Therefore, the current review aimed to fill the gaps between elevated Ca2+ levels and the pathogenesis of AD. Specifically, we mainly focus on the molecular mechanisms by which Ca2+ affects the neuronal networks of neuroinflammation, neuronal injury, neurogenesis, neurotoxicity, neuroprotection, and autophagy. Furthermore, the roles of Ca2+ transporters located in the cell membrane, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), mitochondria and lysosome in mediating the effects of Ca2+ on activating neuronal networks that ultimately contribute to the development and progression of AD are discussed. Finally, the drug candidates derived from herbs used as food or seasoning in Chinese daily life are summarized to provide a theoretical basis for improving the clinical treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Pei Guan
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Long-Long Cao
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yi Yang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Pu Wang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
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35
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Pereida-Jaramillo E, Gómez-González GB, Espino-Saldaña AE, Martínez-Torres A. Calcium Signaling in the Cerebellar Radial Glia and Its Association with Morphological Changes during Zebrafish Development. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413509. [PMID: 34948305 PMCID: PMC8706707 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Radial glial cells are a distinct non-neuronal cell type that, during development, span the entire width of the brain walls of the ventricular system. They play a central role in the origin and placement of neurons, since their processes form structural scaffolds that guide and facilitate neuronal migration. Furthermore, glutamatergic signaling in the radial glia of the adult cerebellum (i.e., Bergmann glia), is crucial for precise motor coordination. Radial glial cells exhibit spontaneous calcium activity and functional coupling spread calcium waves. However, the origin of calcium activity in relation to the ontogeny of cerebellar radial glia has not been widely explored, and many questions remain unanswered regarding the role of radial glia in brain development in health and disease. In this study we used a combination of whole mount immunofluorescence and calcium imaging in transgenic (gfap-GCaMP6s) zebrafish to determine how development of calcium activity is related to morphological changes of the cerebellum. We found that the morphological changes in cerebellar radial glia are quite dynamic; the cells are remarkably larger and more elaborate in their soma size, process length and numbers after 7 days post fertilization. Spontaneous calcium events were scarce during the first 3 days of development and calcium waves appeared on day 5, which is associated with the onset of more complex morphologies of radial glia. Blockage of gap junction coupling inhibited the propagation of calcium waves, but not basal local calcium activity. This work establishes crucial clues in radial glia organization, morphology and calcium signaling during development and provides insight into its role in complex behavioral paradigms.
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Fame RM, Lehtinen MK. Mitochondria in Early Forebrain Development: From Neurulation to Mid-Corticogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:780207. [PMID: 34888312 PMCID: PMC8650308 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.780207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Function of the mature central nervous system (CNS) requires a substantial proportion of the body’s energy consumption. During development, the CNS anlage must maintain its structure and perform stage-specific functions as it proceeds through discrete developmental stages. While key extrinsic signals and internal transcriptional controls over these processes are well appreciated, metabolic and mitochondrial states are also critical to appropriate forebrain development. Specifically, metabolic state, mitochondrial function, and mitochondrial dynamics/localization play critical roles in neurulation and CNS progenitor specification, progenitor proliferation and survival, neurogenesis, neural migration, and neurite outgrowth and synaptogenesis. With the goal of integrating neurodevelopmental biologists and mitochondrial specialists, this review synthesizes data from disparate models and processes to compile and highlight key roles of mitochondria in the early development of the CNS with specific focus on forebrain development and corticogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryann M Fame
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Maria K Lehtinen
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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37
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Dalgin G, Tryba AK, Cohen AP, Park SY, Philipson LH, Greeley SAW, Garcia AJ. Developmental defects and impaired network excitability in a cerebral organoid model of KCNJ11 p.V59M-related neonatal diabetes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21590. [PMID: 34732776 PMCID: PMC8566525 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00939-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The gene KCNJ11 encodes Kir6.2 a major subunit of the ATP-sensitive potassium channel (KATP) expressed in both the pancreas and brain. Heterozygous gain of function mutations in KCNJ11 can cause neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM). In addition, many patients exhibit neurological defects ranging from modest learning disorders to severe cognitive dysfunction and seizures. However, it remains unclear to what extent these neurological deficits are due to direct brain-specific activity of mutant KATP. We have generated cerebral organoids derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) possessing the KCNJ11 mutation p.Val59Met (V59M) and from non-pathogenic/normal hiPSCs (i.e., control/WT). Control cerebral organoids developed neural networks that could generate stable synchronized bursting neuronal activity whereas those derived from V59M cerebral organoids showed reduced synchronization. Histocytochemical studies revealed a marked reduction in neurons localized to upper cortical layer-like structures in V59M cerebral organoids suggesting dysfunction in the development of cortical neuronal network. Examination of temporal transcriptional profiles of neural stem cell markers revealed an extended window of SOX2 expression in V59M cerebral organoids. Continuous treatment of V59M cerebral organoids with the KATP blocker tolbutamide partially rescued the neurodevelopmental differences. Our study demonstrates the utility of human cerebral organoids as an investigative platform for studying the effects of KCNJ11 mutations on neurophysiological outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokhan Dalgin
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Andrew K Tryba
- Section of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ashley P Cohen
- Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Soo-Young Park
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Louis H Philipson
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Siri Atma W Greeley
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alfredo J Garcia
- Section of Emergency Medicine, Department of Medicine, Institute for Integrative Physiology, Grossman Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Chicago, Chicago, USA.
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38
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Arulkandarajah KH, Osterstock G, Lafont A, Le Corronc H, Escalas N, Corsini S, Le Bras B, Chenane L, Boeri J, Czarnecki A, Mouffle C, Bullier E, Hong E, Soula C, Legendre P, Mangin JM. Neuroepithelial progenitors generate and propagate non-neuronal action potentials across the spinal cord. Curr Biol 2021; 31:4584-4595.e4. [PMID: 34478646 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the developing central nervous system, electrical signaling is thought to rely exclusively on differentiating neurons as they acquire the ability to generate and propagate action potentials. Accordingly, neuroepithelial progenitors (NEPs), which give rise to all neurons and glial cells during development, have been reported to remain electrically passive. Here, we investigated the physiological properties of NEPs at the onset of spontaneous neural activity (SNA) initiating motor behavior in mouse embryonic spinal cord. Using patch-clamp recordings, we discovered that spinal NEPs exhibit spontaneous membrane depolarizations during episodes of SNA. These rhythmic depolarizations exhibited a ventral-to-dorsal gradient with the highest amplitude located in the floor plate, the ventral-most part of the neuroepithelium. Paired recordings revealed that NEPs are coupled via gap junctions and form an electrical syncytium. Although other NEPs were electrically passive, we discovered that floor-plate NEPs generated large Na+/Ca2+ action potentials. Unlike in neurons, floor-plate action potentials relied primarily on the activation of voltage-gated T-type calcium channels (TTCCs). In situ hybridization showed that all 3 known subtypes of TTCCs are predominantly expressed in the floor plate. During SNA, we found that acetylcholine released by motoneurons rhythmically triggers floor-plate action potentials by acting through nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Finally, by expressing the genetically encoded calcium indicator GCaMP6f in the floor plate, we demonstrated that neuroepithelial action potentials are associated with calcium waves and propagate along the entire length of the spinal cord. Our work reveals a novel physiological mechanism to generate and propagate electrical signals across a neural structure independently from neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalaimakan Hervé Arulkandarajah
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Osterstock
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Agathe Lafont
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Hervé Le Corronc
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), 75005 Paris, France; Université d'Angers, 49000 Angers, France
| | - Nathalie Escalas
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD) CNRS/UPS, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, 31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Silvia Corsini
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Barbara Le Bras
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Linda Chenane
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Juliette Boeri
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Antonny Czarnecki
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Christine Mouffle
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Erika Bullier
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Elim Hong
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Cathy Soula
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD) CNRS/UPS, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, 31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Pascal Legendre
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marie Mangin
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), 75005 Paris, France.
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Talukdar S, Emdad L, Das SK, Fisher PB. GAP junctions: multifaceted regulators of neuronal differentiation. Tissue Barriers 2021; 10:1982349. [PMID: 34651545 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2021.1982349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gap junctions are intercellular membrane channels consisting of connexin proteins, which contribute to direct cytoplasmic exchange of small molecules, substrates and metabolites between adjacent cells. These channels play important roles in neuronal differentiation, maintenance, survival and function. Gap junctions regulate differentiation of neurons from embryonic, neural and induced pluripotent stem cells. In addition, they control transdifferentiation of neurons from mesenchymal stem cells. The expression and levels of several connexins correlate with cell cycle changes and different stages of neurogenesis. Connexins such as Cx36, Cx45, and Cx26, play a crucial role in neuronal function. Several connexin knockout mice display lethal or severely impaired phenotypes. Aberrations in connexin expression is frequently associated with various neurodegenerative disorders. Gap junctions also act as promising therapeutic targets for neuronal regenerative medicine, because of their role in neural stem cell integration, injury and remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmistha Talukdar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States.,Vcu Institute of Molecular Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Luni Emdad
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States.,Vcu Institute of Molecular Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States.,Vcu Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Swadesh K Das
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States.,Vcu Institute of Molecular Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States.,Vcu Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Paul B Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States.,Vcu Institute of Molecular Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States.,Vcu Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
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40
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Soria-Ortiz MB, Reyes-Ortega P, Martínez-Torres A, Reyes-Haro D. A Functional Signature in the Developing Cerebellum: Evidence From a Preclinical Model of Autism. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:727079. [PMID: 34540842 PMCID: PMC8448387 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.727079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are pervasive neurodevelopmental conditions detected during childhood when delayed language onset and social deficits are observed. Children diagnosed with ASD frequently display sensorimotor deficits associated with the cerebellum, suggesting a dysfunction of synaptic circuits. Astroglia are part of the tripartite synapses and postmortem studies reported an increased expression of the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the cerebellum of ASD patients. Astroglia respond to neuronal activity with calcium transients that propagate to neighboring cells, resulting in a functional response known as a calcium wave. This form of intercellular signaling is implicated in proliferation, migration, and differentiation of neural precursors. Prenatal exposure to valproate (VPA) is a preclinical model of ASD in which premature migration and excess of apoptosis occur in the internal granular layer (IGL) of the cerebellum during the early postnatal period. In this study we tested calcium wave propagation in the IGL of mice prenatally exposed to VPA. Sensorimotor deficits were observed and IGL depolarization evoked a calcium wave with astrocyte recruitment. The calcium wave propagation, initial cell recruitment, and mean amplitude of the calcium transients increased significantly in VPA-exposed mice compared to the control group. Astrocyte recruitment was significantly increased in the VPA model, but the mean amplitude of the calcium transients was unchanged. Western blot and histological studies revealed an increased expression of GFAP, higher astroglial density and augmented morphological complexity. We conclude that the functional signature of the IGL is remarkably augmented in the preclinical model of autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Berenice Soria-Ortiz
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México-Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Pamela Reyes-Ortega
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México-Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Ataúlfo Martínez-Torres
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México-Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Daniel Reyes-Haro
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México-Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
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Malchow RP, Tchernookova BK, Choi JIV, Smith PJS, Kramer RH, Kreitzer MA. Review and Hypothesis: A Potential Common Link Between Glial Cells, Calcium Changes, Modulation of Synaptic Transmission, Spreading Depression, Migraine, and Epilepsy-H . Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:693095. [PMID: 34539347 PMCID: PMC8446203 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.693095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
There is significant evidence to support the notion that glial cells can modulate the strength of synaptic connections between nerve cells, and it has further been suggested that alterations in intracellular calcium are likely to play a key role in this process. However, the molecular mechanism(s) by which glial cells modulate neuronal signaling remains contentiously debated. Recent experiments have suggested that alterations in extracellular H+ efflux initiated by extracellular ATP may play a key role in the modulation of synaptic strength by radial glial cells in the retina and astrocytes throughout the brain. ATP-elicited alterations in H+ flux from radial glial cells were first detected from Müller cells enzymatically dissociated from the retina of tiger salamander using self-referencing H+-selective microelectrodes. The ATP-elicited alteration in H+ efflux was further found to be highly evolutionarily conserved, extending to Müller cells isolated from species as diverse as lamprey, skate, rat, mouse, monkey and human. More recently, self-referencing H+-selective electrodes have been used to detect ATP-elicited alterations in H+ efflux around individual mammalian astrocytes from the cortex and hippocampus. Tied to increases in intracellular calcium, these ATP-induced extracellular acidifications are well-positioned to be key mediators of synaptic modulation. In this article, we examine the evidence supporting H+ as a key modulator of neurotransmission, review data showing that extracellular ATP elicits an increase in H+ efflux from glial cells, and describe the potential signal transduction pathways involved in glial cell-mediated H+ efflux. We then examine the potential role that extracellular H+ released by glia might play in regulating synaptic transmission within the vertebrate retina, and then expand the focus to discuss potential roles in spreading depression, migraine, epilepsy, and alterations in brain rhythms, and suggest that alterations in extracellular H+ may be a unifying feature linking these disparate phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Paul Malchow
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Boriana K. Tchernookova
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ji-in Vivien Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University, Maywood, IL, United States
| | - Peter J. S. Smith
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Bell Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, United States
| | - Richard H. Kramer
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Matthew A. Kreitzer
- Department of Biology, Indiana Wesleyan University, Marion, IN, United States
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42
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Development, Diversity, and Death of MGE-Derived Cortical Interneurons. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179297. [PMID: 34502208 PMCID: PMC8430628 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mammalian brain, cortical interneurons (INs) are a highly diverse group of cells. A key neurophysiological question concerns how each class of INs contributes to cortical circuit function and whether specific roles can be attributed to a selective cell type. To address this question, researchers are integrating knowledge derived from transcriptomic, histological, electrophysiological, developmental, and functional experiments to extensively characterise the different classes of INs. Our hope is that such knowledge permits the selective targeting of cell types for therapeutic endeavours. This review will focus on two of the main types of INs, namely the parvalbumin (PV+) or somatostatin (SOM+)-containing cells, and summarise the research to date on these classes.
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43
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Martini FJ, Guillamón-Vivancos T, Moreno-Juan V, Valdeolmillos M, López-Bendito G. Spontaneous activity in developing thalamic and cortical sensory networks. Neuron 2021; 109:2519-2534. [PMID: 34293296 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Developing sensory circuits exhibit different patterns of spontaneous activity, patterns that are related to the construction and refinement of functional networks. During the development of different sensory modalities, spontaneous activity originates in the immature peripheral sensory structures and in the higher-order central structures, such as the thalamus and cortex. Certainly, the perinatal thalamus exhibits spontaneous calcium waves, a pattern of activity that is fundamental for the formation of sensory maps and for circuit plasticity. Here, we review our current understanding of the maturation of early (including embryonic) patterns of spontaneous activity and their influence on the assembly of thalamic and cortical sensory networks. Overall, the data currently available suggest similarities between the developmental trajectory of brain activity in experimental models and humans, which in the future may help to improve the early diagnosis of developmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Martini
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain.
| | - Teresa Guillamón-Vivancos
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Verónica Moreno-Juan
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Miguel Valdeolmillos
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Guillermina López-Bendito
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain.
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CO 2-Sensitive Connexin Hemichannels in Neurons and Glia: Three Different Modes of Signalling? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147254. [PMID: 34298872 PMCID: PMC8304244 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Connexins can assemble into either gap junctions (between two cells) or hemichannels (from one cell to the extracellular space) and mediate cell-to-cell signalling. A subset of connexins (Cx26, Cx30, Cx32) are directly sensitive to CO2 and fluctuations in the level within a physiological range affect their open probability, and thus, change cell conductance. These connexins are primarily found on astrocytes or oligodendrocytes, where increased CO2 leads to ATP release, which acts on P2X and P2Y receptors of neighbouring neurons and changes excitability. CO2-sensitive hemichannels are also found on developing cortical neurons, where they play a role in producing spontaneous neuronal activity. It is plausible that the transient opening of hemichannels allows cation influx, leading to depolarisation. Recently, we have shown that dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and GABAergic neurons in the VTA also express Cx26 hemichannels. An increase in the level of CO2 results in hemichannel opening, increasing whole-cell conductance, and decreasing neuronal excitability. We found that the expression of Cx26 in the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra at P7-10 is transferred to glial cells by P17-21, displaying a shift from being inhibitory (to neuronal activity) in young mice, to potentially excitatory (via ATP release). Thus, Cx26 hemichannels could have three modes of signalling (release of ATP, excitatory flickering open and shut and inhibitory shunting) depending on where they are expressed (neurons or glia) and the stage of development.
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Alçada-Morais S, Gonçalves N, Moreno-Juan V, Andres B, Ferreira S, Marques JM, Magalhães J, Rocha JMM, Xu X, Partidário M, Cunha RA, López-Bendito G, Rodrigues RJ. Adenosine A2A Receptors Contribute to the Radial Migration of Cortical Projection Neurons through the Regulation of Neuronal Polarization and Axon Formation. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:5652-5663. [PMID: 34184030 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cortical interneurons born in the subpallium reach the cortex through tangential migration, whereas pyramidal cells reach their final position by radial migration. Purinergic signaling via P2Y1 receptors controls the migration of intermediate precursor cells from the ventricular zone to the subventricular zone. It was also reported that the blockade of A2A receptors (A2AR) controls the tangential migration of somatostatin+ interneurons. Here we found that A2AR control radial migration of cortical projection neurons. In A2AR-knockout (KO) mouse embryos or naïve mouse embryos exposed to an A2AR antagonist, we observed an accumulation of early-born migrating neurons in the lower intermediate zone at late embryogenesis. In utero knockdown of A2AR also caused an accumulation of neurons at the lower intermediate zone before birth. This entails the presently identified ability of A2AR to promote multipolar-bipolar transition and axon formation, critical for the transition of migrating neurons from the intermediate zone to the cortical plate. This effect seems to require extracellular ATP-derived adenosine since a similar accumulation of neurons at the lower intermediate zone was observed in mice lacking ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73-KO). These findings frame adenosine as a fine-tune regulator of the wiring of cortical inhibitory and excitatory networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Alçada-Morais
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-504, Portugal.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3030-789, Portugal
| | - Nélio Gonçalves
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-504, Portugal
| | | | - Belén Andres
- Instituto de Neurociencias, CSIC-UMH, San Juan de Alicante 03550, Spain
| | - Sofia Ferreira
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-504, Portugal.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3030-789, Portugal
| | - Joana M Marques
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-504, Portugal
| | - Joana Magalhães
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-504, Portugal
| | - João M M Rocha
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-504, Portugal
| | - Xinli Xu
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-504, Portugal.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3030-789, Portugal
| | - Matilde Partidário
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-504, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo A Cunha
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-504, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-504, Portugal
| | | | - Ricardo J Rodrigues
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-504, Portugal.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3030-789, Portugal
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Nakazawa S, Iwasato T. Spatial organization and transitions of spontaneous neuronal activities in the developing sensory cortex. Dev Growth Differ 2021; 63:323-339. [PMID: 34166527 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The sensory cortex underlies our ability to perceive and interact with the external world. Sensory perceptions are controlled by specialized neuronal circuits established through fine-tuning, which relies largely on neuronal activity during the development. Spontaneous neuronal activity is an essential driving force of neuronal circuit refinement. At early developmental stages, sensory cortices display spontaneous activities originating from the periphery and characterized by correlated firing arranged spatially according to the modality. The firing patterns are reorganized over time and become sparse, which is typical for the mature brain. This review focuses mainly on rodent sensory cortices. First, the features of the spontaneous activities during early postnatal stages are described. Then, the developmental changes in the spatial organization of the spontaneous activities and the transition mechanisms involved are discussed. The identification of the principles controlling the spatial organization of spontaneous activities in the developing sensory cortex is essential to understand the self-organization process of neuronal circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Nakazawa
- Laboratory of Mammalian Neural Circuits, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan.,Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Takuji Iwasato
- Laboratory of Mammalian Neural Circuits, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan.,Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Mishima, Japan
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Krstanović F, Britt WJ, Jonjić S, Brizić I. Cytomegalovirus Infection and Inflammation in Developing Brain. Viruses 2021; 13:1078. [PMID: 34200083 PMCID: PMC8227981 DOI: 10.3390/v13061078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a highly prevalent herpesvirus that can cause severe disease in immunocompromised individuals and immunologically immature fetuses and newborns. Most infected newborns are able to resolve the infection without developing sequelae. However, in severe cases, congenital HCMV infection can result in life-threatening pathologies and permanent damage of organ systems that possess a low regenerative capacity. Despite the severity of the problem, HCMV infection of the central nervous system (CNS) remains inadequately characterized to date. Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) show strict species specificity, limiting the use of HCMV in experimental animals. Infection following intraperitoneal administration of mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) into newborn mice efficiently recapitulates many aspects of congenital HCMV infection in CNS. Upon entering the CNS, CMV targets all resident brain cells, consequently leading to the development of widespread histopathology and inflammation. Effector functions from both resident cells and infiltrating immune cells efficiently resolve acute MCMV infection in the CNS. However, host-mediated inflammatory factors can also mediate the development of immunopathologies during CMV infection of the brain. Here, we provide an overview of the cytomegalovirus infection in the brain, local immune response to infection, and mechanisms leading to CNS sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fran Krstanović
- Center for Proteomics and Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (F.K.); (S.J.)
| | - William J. Britt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Stipan Jonjić
- Center for Proteomics and Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (F.K.); (S.J.)
| | - Ilija Brizić
- Center for Proteomics and Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (F.K.); (S.J.)
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Gosak M, Gojić D, Spasovska E, Hawlina M, Andjelic S. Cataract Progression Associated with Modifications in Calcium Signaling in Human Lens Epithelia as Studied by Mechanical Stimulation. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11050369. [PMID: 33919270 PMCID: PMC8143283 DOI: 10.3390/life11050369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ca2+ homeostasis and signaling disturbances are associated with lens pathophysiology and are involved in cataract formation. Here, we explored the spatiotemporal changes in Ca2+ signaling in lens epithelial cells (LECs) upon local mechanical stimulation, to better understand the LECs’ intercellular communication and its association with cataractogenesis. We were interested in if the progression of the cataract affects the Ca2+ signaling and if modifications of the Ca2+ homeostasis in LECs are associated with different cataract types. Experiments were done on the human postoperative anterior lens capsule (LC) preparations consisting of the monolayer of LECs on the basement membrane. Our findings revealed that the Ca2+ signal spreads radially from the stimulation point and that the amplitude of Ca2+ transients decreases with increasing distance. It is noteworthy that a comparison of signaling characteristics with respect to the degree of cataract progression revealed that, in LCs from more developed cataracts, the Ca2+ wave propagates faster and the amplitudes of Ca2+ signals are lower, while their durations are longer. No differences were identified when comparing LCs with regard to the cataract type. Moreover, experiments with Apyrase have revealed that the Ca2+ signals are not affected by ATP-dependent paracrine communication. Our results indicated that cataract progression is associated with modifications in Ca2+ signaling in LECs, suggesting the functional importance of altered Ca2+ signaling of LECs in cataractogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Gosak
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Dajana Gojić
- Eye Hospital, University Medical Centre, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (D.G.); (E.S.); (M.H.)
| | - Elena Spasovska
- Eye Hospital, University Medical Centre, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (D.G.); (E.S.); (M.H.)
| | - Marko Hawlina
- Eye Hospital, University Medical Centre, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (D.G.); (E.S.); (M.H.)
| | - Sofija Andjelic
- Eye Hospital, University Medical Centre, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (D.G.); (E.S.); (M.H.)
- Correspondence:
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Scaramuzza L, De Rocco G, Desiato G, Cobolli Gigli C, Chiacchiaretta M, Mirabella F, Pozzi D, De Simone M, Conforti P, Pagani M, Benfenati F, Cesca F, Bedogni F, Landsberger N. The enhancement of activity rescues the establishment of Mecp2 null neuronal phenotypes. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e12433. [PMID: 33665914 PMCID: PMC8033520 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202012433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
MECP2 mutations cause Rett syndrome (RTT), a severe and progressive neurodevelopmental disorder mainly affecting females. Although RTT patients exhibit delayed onset of symptoms, several evidences demonstrate that MeCP2 deficiency alters early development of the brain. Indeed, during early maturation, Mecp2 null cortical neurons display widespread transcriptional changes, reduced activity, and defective morphology. It has been proposed that during brain development these elements are linked in a feed-forward cycle where neuronal activity drives transcriptional and morphological changes that further increase network maturity. We hypothesized that the enhancement of neuronal activity during early maturation might prevent the onset of RTT-typical molecular and cellular phenotypes. Accordingly, we show that the enhancement of excitability, obtained by adding to neuronal cultures Ampakine CX546, rescues transcription of several genes, neuronal morphology, and responsiveness to stimuli. Greater effects are achieved in response to earlier treatments. In vivo, short and early administration of CX546 to Mecp2 null mice prolongs lifespan, delays the disease progression, and rescues motor abilities and spatial memory, thus confirming the value for RTT of an early restoration of neuronal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Scaramuzza
- Division of NeuroscienceIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilanItaly
- Present address:
Department of Bioscience, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi”MilanItaly
| | - Giuseppina De Rocco
- Division of NeuroscienceIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilanItaly
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational MedicineUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
| | - Genni Desiato
- IRCCS Humanitas Research HospitalMilanItaly
- CNR Institute of NeuroscienceMilanItaly
| | - Clementina Cobolli Gigli
- Division of NeuroscienceIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilanItaly
- Present address:
Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | - Martina Chiacchiaretta
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaGenovaItaly
- Present address:
Department of NeuroscienceTufts University School of MedicineBostonMAUSA
| | - Filippo Mirabella
- IRCCS Humanitas Research HospitalMilanItaly
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas UniversityMilanItaly
| | - Davide Pozzi
- IRCCS Humanitas Research HospitalMilanItaly
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas UniversityMilanItaly
| | - Marco De Simone
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi”MilanItaly
- Present address:
Department of Radiation Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos Angeles, CAUSA
| | - Paola Conforti
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi”MilanItaly
- Department of BiosciencesUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
| | - Massimiliano Pagani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational MedicineUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi”MilanItaly
| | - Fabio Benfenati
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaGenovaItaly
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San MartinoGenovaItaly
- Present address:
Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | - Fabrizia Cesca
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaGenovaItaly
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of TriesteTriesteItaly
- Present address:
Department of Radiation Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos Angeles, CAUSA
| | - Francesco Bedogni
- Division of NeuroscienceIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilanItaly
- Present address:
Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute (NMHRI)Division of NeuroscienceSchool of BiosciencesCardiffUK
| | - Nicoletta Landsberger
- Division of NeuroscienceIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific InstituteMilanItaly
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational MedicineUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
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Antenatal Dexamethasone Treatment Induces Sex-dependent Upregulation of NTPDase1/CD39 and Ecto-5'-nucleotidase/CD73 in the Rat Fetal Brain. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:1965-1981. [PMID: 33761054 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01081-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Dexamethasone (DEX) is frequently used to treat women at risk of preterm delivery, but although indispensable for the completion of organ maturation in the fetus, antenatal DEX treatment may exert adverse sex-dimorphic neurodevelopmental effects. Literature findings implicated oxidative stress in adverse effects of DEX treatment. Purinergic signaling is involved in neurodevelopment and controlled by ectonucleotidases, among which in the brain the most abundant are ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1 (NTPDase1/CD39) and ecto-5'-nucleotidase (e5'NT/CD73), which jointly dephosphorylate ATP to adenosine. They are also involved in cell adhesion and migration, processes integral to brain development. Upregulation of CD39 and CD73 after DEX treatment was reported in adult rat hippocampus. We investigated the effects of maternal DEX treatment on CD39 and CD73 expression and enzymatic activity in the rat fetal brain of both sexes, in the context of oxidative status of the brain tissue. Fetuses were obtained at embryonic day (ED) 21, from Wistar rat dams treated with 0.5 mg DEX/kg/day, at ED 16, 17, and 18, and brains were processed and used for further analysis. Sex-specific increase in CD39 and CD73 expression and in the corresponding enzyme activities was induced in the brain of antenatally DEX-treated fetuses, more prominently in males. The oxidative stress induction after antenatal DEX treatment was confirmed in both sexes, although showing a slight bias in males. Due to the involvement of purinergic system in crucial neurodevelopmental processes, future investigations are needed to determine the role of these observed changes in the adverse effects of antenatal DEX treatment.
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