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Hilton BJ, Griffin JM, Fawcett JW, Bradke F. Neuronal maturation and axon regeneration: unfixing circuitry to enable repair. Nat Rev Neurosci 2024:10.1038/s41583-024-00849-3. [PMID: 39164450 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00849-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
Mammalian neurons lose the ability to regenerate their central nervous system axons as they mature during embryonic or early postnatal development. Neuronal maturation requires a transformation from a situation in which neuronal components grow and assemble to one in which these components are fixed and involved in the machinery for effective information transmission and computation. To regenerate after injury, neurons need to overcome this fixed state to reactivate their growth programme. A variety of intracellular processes involved in initiating or sustaining neuronal maturation, including the regulation of gene expression, cytoskeletal restructuring and shifts in intracellular trafficking, have been shown to prevent axon regeneration. Understanding these processes will contribute to the identification of targets to promote repair after injury or disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett J Hilton
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Jarred M Griffin
- Laboratory for Axonal Growth and Regeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - James W Fawcett
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Centre for Reconstructive Neuroscience, Institute for Experimental Medicine Czech Academy of Science (CAS), Prague, Czechia.
| | - Frank Bradke
- Laboratory for Axonal Growth and Regeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.
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Jiang Y, Cai Y, Yang N, Gao S, Li Q, Pang Y, Su P. Molecular mechanisms of spinal cord injury repair across vertebrates: A comparative review. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 60:4552-4568. [PMID: 38978308 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
In humans and other adult mammals, axon regeneration is difficult in axotomized neurons. Therefore, spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating event that can lead to permanent loss of locomotor and sensory functions. Moreover, the molecular mechanisms of axon regeneration in vertebrates are not very well understood, and currently, no effective treatment is available for SCI. In striking contrast to adult mammals, many nonmammalian vertebrates such as reptiles, amphibians, bony fishes and lampreys can spontaneously resume locomotion even after complete SCI. In recent years, rapid progress in the development of next-generation sequencing technologies has offered valuable information on SCI. In this review, we aimed to provide a comparison of axon regeneration process across classical model organisms, focusing on crucial genes and signalling pathways that play significant roles in the regeneration of individually identifiable descending neurons after SCI. Considering the special evolutionary location and powerful regenerative ability of lamprey and zebrafish, they will be the key model organisms for ongoing studies on spinal cord regeneration. Detailed study of SCI in these model organisms will help in the elucidation of molecular mechanisms of neuron regeneration across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jiang
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Yang Cai
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Ning Yang
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Si Gao
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Qingwei Li
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Yue Pang
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Peng Su
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
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Saijilafu, Ye LC, Zhang JY, Xu RJ. The top 100 most cited articles on axon regeneration from 2003 to 2023: a bibliometric analysis. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1410988. [PMID: 38988773 PMCID: PMC11233811 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1410988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective In this study, we used a bibliometric and visual analysis to evaluate the characteristics of the 100 most cited articles on axon regeneration. Methods The 100 most cited papers on axon regeneration published between 2003 and 2023 were identified by searching the Web of Science Core Collection database. The extracted data included the title, author, keywords, journal, publication year, country, and institution. A bibliometric analysis was subsequently undertaken. Results The examined set of 100 papers collectively accumulated a total of 39,548 citations. The number of citations for each of the top 100 articles ranged from 215 to 1,604, with a median value of 326. The author with the most contributions to this collection was He, Zhigang, having authored eight papers. Most articles originated in the United States (n = 72), while Harvard University was the institution with the most cited manuscripts (n = 19). Keyword analysis unveiled several research hotspots, such as chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, alternative activation, exosome, Schwann cells, axonal protein synthesis, electrical stimulation, therapeutic factors, and remyelination. Examination of keywords in the articles indicated that the most recent prominent keyword was "local delivery." Conclusion This study offers bibliometric insights into axon regeneration, underscoring that the United States is a prominent leader in this field. Our analysis highlights the growing relevance of local delivery systems in axon regeneration. Although these systems have shown promise in preclinical models, challenges associated with long-term optimization, agent selection, and clinical translation remain. Nevertheless, the continued development of local delivery technologies represents a promising pathway for achieving axon regeneration; however, additional research is essential to fully realize their potential and thereby enhance patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saijilafu
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ling-Chen Ye
- Department of Orthopaedics, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jing-Yu Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ren-Jie Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
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Bolívar S, Sanz E, Ovelleiro D, Zochodne DW, Udina E. Neuron-specific RNA-sequencing reveals different responses in peripheral neurons after nerve injury. eLife 2024; 12:RP91316. [PMID: 38742628 PMCID: PMC11093584 DOI: 10.7554/elife.91316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Peripheral neurons are heterogeneous and functionally diverse, but all share the capability to switch to a pro-regenerative state after nerve injury. Despite the assumption that the injury response is similar among neuronal subtypes, functional recovery may differ. Understanding the distinct intrinsic regenerative properties between neurons may help to improve the quality of regeneration, prioritizing the growth of axon subpopulations to their targets. Here, we present a comparative analysis of regeneration across four key peripheral neuron populations: motoneurons, proprioceptors, cutaneous mechanoreceptors, and nociceptors. Using Cre/Ai9 mice that allow fluorescent labeling of neuronal subtypes, we found that nociceptors showed the greater regeneration after a sciatic crush, followed by motoneurons, mechanoreceptors, and, finally, proprioceptors. By breeding these Cre mice with Ribotag mice, we isolated specific translatomes and defined the regenerative response of these neuronal subtypes after axotomy. Only 20% of the regulated genes were common, revealing a diverse response to injury among neurons, which was also supported by the differential influence of neurotrophins among neuron subtypes. Among differentially regulated genes, we proposed MED12 as a specific regulator of the regeneration of proprioceptors. Altogether, we demonstrate that the intrinsic regenerative capacity differs between peripheral neuron subtypes, opening the door to selectively modulate these responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bolívar
- Institute of Neurosciences, and Department Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBellaterraSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - Elisenda Sanz
- Institute of Neurosciences, and Department Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBellaterraSpain
| | - David Ovelleiro
- Peripheral Nervous System, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital CampusBarcelonaSpain
| | - Douglas W Zochodne
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of AlbertaEdmontonCanada
| | - Esther Udina
- Institute of Neurosciences, and Department Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBellaterraSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
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Lisek M, Tomczak J, Boczek T, Zylinska L. Calcium-Associated Proteins in Neuroregeneration. Biomolecules 2024; 14:183. [PMID: 38397420 PMCID: PMC10887043 DOI: 10.3390/biom14020183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The dysregulation of intracellular calcium levels is a critical factor in neurodegeneration, leading to the aberrant activation of calcium-dependent processes and, ultimately, cell death. Ca2+ signals vary in magnitude, duration, and the type of neuron affected. A moderate Ca2+ concentration can initiate certain cellular repair pathways and promote neuroregeneration. While the peripheral nervous system exhibits an intrinsic regenerative capability, the central nervous system has limited self-repair potential. There is evidence that significant variations exist in evoked calcium responses and axonal regeneration among neurons, and individual differences in regenerative capacity are apparent even within the same type of neurons. Furthermore, some studies have shown that neuronal activity could serve as a potent regulator of this process. The spatio-temporal patterns of calcium dynamics are intricately controlled by a variety of proteins, including channels, ion pumps, enzymes, and various calcium-binding proteins, each of which can exert either positive or negative effects on neural repair, depending on the cellular context. In this concise review, we focus on several calcium-associated proteins such as CaM kinase II, GAP-43, oncomodulin, caldendrin, calneuron, and NCS-1 in order to elaborate on their roles in the intrinsic mechanisms governing neuronal regeneration following traumatic damage processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ludmila Zylinska
- Department of Molecular Neurochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (M.L.); (J.T.); (T.B.)
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Gordon T. Brief Electrical Stimulation Promotes Recovery after Surgical Repair of Injured Peripheral Nerves. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:665. [PMID: 38203836 PMCID: PMC10779324 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Injured peripheral nerves regenerate their axons in contrast to those in the central nervous system. Yet, functional recovery after surgical repair is often disappointing. The basis for poor recovery is progressive deterioration with time and distance of the growth capacity of the neurons that lose their contact with targets (chronic axotomy) and the growth support of the chronically denervated Schwann cells (SC) in the distal nerve stumps. Nonetheless, chronically denervated atrophic muscle retains the capacity for reinnervation. Declining electrical activity of motoneurons accompanies the progressive fall in axotomized neuronal and denervated SC expression of regeneration-associated-genes and declining regenerative success. Reduced motoneuronal activity is due to the withdrawal of synaptic contacts from the soma. Exogenous neurotrophic factors that promote nerve regeneration can replace the endogenous factors whose expression declines with time. But the profuse axonal outgrowth they provoke and the difficulties in their delivery hinder their efficacy. Brief (1 h) low-frequency (20 Hz) electrical stimulation (ES) proximal to the injury site promotes the expression of endogenous growth factors and, in turn, dramatically accelerates axon outgrowth and target reinnervation. The latter ES effect has been demonstrated in both rats and humans. A conditioning ES of intact nerve days prior to nerve injury increases axonal outgrowth and regeneration rate. Thereby, this form of ES is amenable for nerve transfer surgeries and end-to-side neurorrhaphies. However, additional surgery for applying the required electrodes may be a hurdle. ES is applicable in all surgeries with excellent outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Gordon
- Division of Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M4G 1X8, Canada
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Bakooshli MA, Wang YX, Monti E, Su S, Kraft P, Nalbandian M, Alexandrova L, Wheeler JR, Vogel H, Blau HM. Regeneration of neuromuscular synapses after acute and chronic denervation by inhibiting the gerozyme 15-prostaglandin dehydrogenase. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadg1485. [PMID: 37820010 PMCID: PMC10763629 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adg1485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
To date, there are no approved treatments for the diminished strength and paralysis that result from the loss of peripheral nerve function due to trauma, heritable neuromuscular diseases, or aging. Here, we showed that denervation resulting from transection of the sciatic nerve triggered a marked increase in the prostaglandin-degrading enzyme 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) in skeletal muscle in mice, providing evidence that injury drives early expression of this aging-associated enzyme or gerozyme. Treating mice with a small-molecule inhibitor of 15-PGDH promoted regeneration of motor axons and formation of neuromuscular synapses leading to an acceleration in recovery of force after an acute nerve crush injury. In aged mice with chronic denervation of muscles, treatment with the 15-PGDH inhibitor increased motor neuron viability and restored neuromuscular junctions and function. These presynaptic changes synergized with previously reported muscle tissue remodeling to result in a marked increase in the strength of aged muscles. We further found that 15-PGDH aggregates defined the target fibers that are histopathologic hallmarks of human neurogenic myopathies, suggesting that the gerozyme may be involved in their etiology. Our data suggest that inhibition of 15-PGDH may constitute a therapeutic strategy to physiologically boost prostaglandin E2, restore neuromuscular connectivity, and promote recovery of strength after acute or chronic denervation due to injury, disease, or aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen A. Bakooshli
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yu Xin Wang
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Center for Genetic Disorders and Aging, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Elena Monti
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Shiqi Su
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Peggy Kraft
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Minas Nalbandian
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ludmila Alexandrova
- Vincent Coates Foundation Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Joshua R. Wheeler
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Neuropathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hannes Vogel
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Neuropathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Helen M. Blau
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Gao J, Khang MK, Liao Z, Webb K, Detloff MR, Lee JS. Rolipram-loaded PgP nanoparticle reduces secondary injury and enhances motor function recovery in a rat moderate contusion SCI model. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2023; 53:102702. [PMID: 37574117 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2023.102702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in immediate axonal damage and cell death, as well as a prolonged secondary injury consist of a cascade of pathophysiological processes. One important aspect of secondary injury is activation of phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) that leads to reduce cAMP levels in the injured spinal cord. We have developed an amphiphilic copolymer, poly (lactide-co-glycolide)-graft-polyethylenimine (PgP) that can deliver Rolipram, the PDE4 inhibitor. The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of rolipram loaded PgP (Rm-PgP) on secondary injury and motor functional recovery in a rat moderate contusion SCI model. We observed that Rm-PgP can increase cAMP level at the lesion site, and reduce secondary injury such as the inflammatory response by macrophages/microglia, astrogliosis by activated astrocytes and apoptosis as well as improve neuronal survival at 4 weeks post-injury (WPI). We also observed that Rm-PgP can improve motor functional recovery after SCI over 4 WPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Gao
- Drug Design Delivery and Development (4D) Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Min Kyung Khang
- Drug Design Delivery and Development (4D) Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Zhen Liao
- Drug Design Delivery and Development (4D) Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA.
| | - Ken Webb
- MicroEnvironmental Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA.
| | - Megan Ryan Detloff
- Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA.
| | - Jeoung Soo Lee
- Drug Design Delivery and Development (4D) Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA.
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Tsang CK, Mi Q, Su G, Hwa Lee G, Xie X, D'Arcangelo G, Huang L, Steven Zheng XF. Maf1 is an intrinsic suppressor against spontaneous neural repair and functional recovery after ischemic stroke. J Adv Res 2023; 51:73-90. [PMID: 36402285 PMCID: PMC10491990 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Spontaneous recovery after CNS injury is often very limited and incomplete, leaving most stroke patients with permanent disability. Maf1 is known as a key growth suppressor in proliferating cells. However, its role in neuronal cells after stroke remains unclear. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the mechanistic role of Maf1 in spontaneous neural repair and evaluated the therapeutic effect of targeting Maf1 on stroke recovery. METHODS We used mouse primary neurons to determine the signaling mechanism of Maf1, and the cleavage-under-targets-and-tagmentation-sequencing to map the whole-genome promoter binding sites of Maf1 in isolated mature cortical neurons. Photothrombotic stroke model was used to determine the therapeutic effect on neural repair and functional recovery by AAV-mediated Maf1 knockdown. RESULTS We found that Maf1 mediates mTOR signaling to regulate RNA polymerase III (Pol III)-dependent rRNA and tRNA transcription in mouse cortical neurons. mTOR regulates neuronal Maf1 phosphorylation and subcellular localization. Maf1 knockdown significantly increases Pol III transcription, neurite outgrowth and dendritic spine formation in neurons. Conversely, Maf1 overexpression suppresses such activities. In response to photothrombotic stroke in mice, Maf1 expression is increased and accumulates in the nucleus of neurons in the peripheral region of infarcted cortex, which is the key region for neural remodeling and repair during spontaneous recovery. Intriguingly, Maf1 knockdown in the peri-infarct cortex significantly enhances neural plasticity and functional recovery. Mechanistically, Maf1 not only interacts with the promoters and represses Pol III-transcribed genes, but also those of CREB-associated genes that are critical for promoting plasticity during neurodevelopment and neural repair. CONCLUSION These findings indicate Maf1 as an intrinsic neural repair suppressor against regenerative capability of mature CNS neurons, and suggest that Maf1 is a potential therapeutic target for enhancing functional recovery after ischemic stroke and other CNS injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Kwan Tsang
- Clinical Neuroscience Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.
| | - Qiongjie Mi
- Clinical Neuroscience Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Department of Neurology, The First Clinical Medical School of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangpu Su
- Clinical Neuroscience Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Department of Neurology, The First Clinical Medical School of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gum Hwa Lee
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Xuemin Xie
- Clinical Neuroscience Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Department of Neurology, The First Clinical Medical School of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gabriella D'Arcangelo
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Li'an Huang
- Clinical Neuroscience Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Department of Neurology, The First Clinical Medical School of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - X F Steven Zheng
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.
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Halawani D, Wang Y, Ramakrishnan A, Estill M, He X, Shen L, Friedel RH, Zou H. Circadian clock regulator Bmal1 gates axon regeneration via Tet3 epigenetics in mouse sensory neurons. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5165. [PMID: 37620297 PMCID: PMC10449865 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40816-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Axon regeneration of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons after peripheral axotomy involves reconfiguration of gene regulatory circuits to establish regenerative gene programs. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, through an unbiased survey, we show that the binding motif of Bmal1, a central transcription factor of the circadian clock, is enriched in differentially hydroxymethylated regions (DhMRs) of mouse DRG after peripheral lesion. By applying conditional deletion of Bmal1 in neurons, in vitro and in vivo neurite outgrowth assays, as well as transcriptomic profiling, we demonstrate that Bmal1 inhibits axon regeneration, in part through a functional link with the epigenetic factor Tet3. Mechanistically, we reveal that Bmal1 acts as a gatekeeper of neuroepigenetic responses to axonal injury by limiting Tet3 expression and restricting 5hmC modifications. Bmal1-regulated genes not only concern axon growth, but also stress responses and energy homeostasis. Furthermore, we uncover an epigenetic rhythm of diurnal oscillation of Tet3 and 5hmC levels in DRG neurons, corresponding to time-of-day effect on axon growth potential. Collectively, our studies demonstrate that targeting Bmal1 enhances axon regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Halawani
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yiqun Wang
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Aarthi Ramakrishnan
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Molly Estill
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xijing He
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Xi'an International Medical Center Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Li Shen
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Roland H Friedel
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hongyan Zou
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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Lear BP, Moore DL. Moving CNS axon growth and regeneration research into human model systems. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1198041. [PMID: 37425013 PMCID: PMC10324669 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1198041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Axon regeneration is limited in the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) due to both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Rodent studies have shown that developmental age can drive differences in intrinsic axon growth ability, such that embryonic rodent CNS neurons extend long axons while postnatal and adult CNS neurons do not. In recent decades, scientists have identified several intrinsic developmental regulators in rodents that modulate growth. However, whether this developmentally programmed decline in CNS axon growth is conserved in humans is not yet known. Until recently, there have been limited human neuronal model systems, and even fewer age-specific human models. Human in vitro models range from pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons to directly reprogrammed (transdifferentiated) neurons derived from human somatic cells. In this review, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each system, and how studying axon growth in human neurons can provide species-specific knowledge in the field of CNS axon regeneration with the goal of bridging basic science studies to clinical trials. Additionally, with the increased availability and quality of 'omics datasets of human cortical tissue across development and lifespan, scientists can mine these datasets for developmentally regulated pathways and genes. As there has been little research performed in human neurons to study modulators of axon growth, here we provide a summary of approaches to begin to shift the field of CNS axon growth and regeneration into human model systems to uncover novel drivers of axon growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Darcie L. Moore
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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12
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Gupta S, Dutta S, Hui SP. Regenerative Potential of Injured Spinal Cord in the Light of Epigenetic Regulation and Modulation. Cells 2023; 12:1694. [PMID: 37443728 PMCID: PMC10341208 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A spinal cord injury is a form of physical harm imposed on the spinal cord that causes disability and, in many cases, leads to permanent mammalian paralysis, which causes a disastrous global issue. Because of its non-regenerative aspect, restoring the spinal cord's role remains one of the most daunting tasks. By comparison, the remarkable regenerative ability of some regeneration-competent species, such as some Urodeles (Axolotl), Xenopus, and some teleost fishes, enables maximum functional recovery, even after complete spinal cord transection. During the last two decades of intensive research, significant progress has been made in understanding both regenerative cells' origins and the molecular signaling mechanisms underlying the regeneration and reconstruction of damaged spinal cords in regenerating organisms and mammals, respectively. Epigenetic control has gradually moved into the center stage of this research field, which has been helped by comprehensive work demonstrating that DNA methylation, histone modifications, and microRNAs are important for the regeneration of the spinal cord. In this review, we concentrate primarily on providing a comparison of the epigenetic mechanisms in spinal cord injuries between non-regenerating and regenerating species. In addition, we further discuss the epigenetic mediators that underlie the development of a regeneration-permissive environment following injury in regeneration-competent animals and how such mediators may be implicated in optimizing treatment outcomes for spinal cord injurie in higher-order mammals. Finally, we briefly discuss the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the context of spinal cord injury and their potential as targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samudra Gupta
- S.N. Pradhan Centre for Neurosciences, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India;
| | - Suman Dutta
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK;
| | - Subhra Prakash Hui
- S.N. Pradhan Centre for Neurosciences, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India;
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13
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Decourt C, Schaeffer J, Blot B, Paccard A, Excoffier B, Pende M, Nawabi H, Belin S. The RSK2-RPS6 axis promotes axonal regeneration in the peripheral and central nervous systems. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002044. [PMID: 37068088 PMCID: PMC10109519 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Unlike immature neurons and the ones from the peripheral nervous system (PNS), mature neurons from the central nervous system (CNS) cannot regenerate after injury. In the past 15 years, tremendous progress has been made to identify molecules and pathways necessary for neuroprotection and/or axon regeneration after CNS injury. In most regenerative models, phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 (p-RPS6) is up-regulated in neurons, which is often associated with an activation of the mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) pathway. However, the exact contribution of posttranslational modifications of this ribosomal protein in CNS regeneration remains elusive. In this study, we demonstrate that RPS6 phosphorylation is essential for PNS and CNS regeneration in mice. We show that this phosphorylation is induced during the preconditioning effect in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and that it is controlled by the p90S6 kinase RSK2. Our results reveal that RSK2 controls the preconditioning effect and that the RSK2-RPS6 axis is key for this process, as well as for PNS regeneration. Finally, we demonstrate that RSK2 promotes CNS regeneration in the dorsal column, spinal cord synaptic plasticity, and target innervation leading to functional recovery. Our data establish the critical role of RPS6 phosphorylation controlled by RSK2 in CNS regeneration and give new insights into the mechanisms related to axon growth and circuit formation after traumatic lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Decourt
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Julia Schaeffer
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Beatrice Blot
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Antoine Paccard
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Blandine Excoffier
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Mario Pende
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Homaira Nawabi
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Stephane Belin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
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14
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Kwon HS, Kevala K, Qian H, Abu-Asab M, Patnaik S, Marugan J, Kim HY. Ligand-Induced Activation of GPR110 (ADGRF1) to Improve Visual Function Impaired by Optic Nerve Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065340. [PMID: 36982411 PMCID: PMC10049487 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
It is extremely difficult to achieve functional recovery after axonal injury in the adult central nervous system. The activation of G-protein coupled receptor 110 (GPR110, ADGRF1) has been shown to stimulate neurite extension in developing neurons and after axonal injury in adult mice. Here, we demonstrate that GPR110 activation partially restores visual function impaired by optic nerve injury in adult mice. Intravitreal injection of GPR110 ligands, synaptamide and its stable analogue dimethylsynaptamide (A8) after optic nerve crush significantly reduced axonal degeneration and improved axonal integrity and visual function in wild-type but not gpr110 knockout mice. The retina obtained from the injured mice treated with GPR110 ligands also showed a significant reduction in the crush-induced loss of retinal ganglion cells. Our data suggest that targeting GPR110 may be a viable strategy for functional recovery after optic nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heung-Sun Kwon
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, NIAAA, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane Room 3S-02, Rockville, MD 20892-9410, USA
| | - Karl Kevala
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, NIAAA, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane Room 3S-02, Rockville, MD 20892-9410, USA
| | - Haohua Qian
- Visual Function Core, NEI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0616, USA
| | - Mones Abu-Asab
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Biological Imaging Core, NEI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20850-2510, USA
| | - Samarjit Patnaik
- Division of Pre-Clinical Innovation, NCATS, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20817, USA
| | - Juan Marugan
- Division of Pre-Clinical Innovation, NCATS, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20817, USA
| | - Hee-Yong Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, NIAAA, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane Room 3S-02, Rockville, MD 20892-9410, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-301-402-8746; Fax: +1-301-594-0035
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15
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Müller F, De Virgiliis F, Kong G, Zhou L, Serger E, Chadwick J, Sanchez-Vassopoulos A, Singh AK, Eswaramoorthy M, Kundu TK, Di Giovanni S. CBP/p300 activation promotes axon growth, sprouting, and synaptic plasticity in chronic experimental spinal cord injury with severe disability. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001310. [PMID: 36126035 PMCID: PMC9488786 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The interruption of spinal circuitry following spinal cord injury (SCI) disrupts neural activity and is followed by a failure to mount an effective regenerative response resulting in permanent neurological disability. Functional recovery requires the enhancement of axonal and synaptic plasticity of spared as well as injured fibres, which need to sprout and/or regenerate to form new connections. Here, we have investigated whether the epigenetic stimulation of the regenerative gene expression program can overcome the current inability to promote neurological recovery in chronic SCI with severe disability. We delivered the CBP/p300 activator CSP-TTK21 or vehicle CSP weekly between week 12 and 22 following a transection model of SCI in mice housed in an enriched environment. Data analysis showed that CSP-TTK21 enhanced classical regenerative signalling in dorsal root ganglia sensory but not cortical motor neurons, stimulated motor and sensory axon growth, sprouting, and synaptic plasticity, but failed to promote neurological sensorimotor recovery. This work provides direct evidence that clinically suitable pharmacological CBP/p300 activation can promote the expression of regeneration-associated genes and axonal growth in a chronic SCI with severe neurological disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Müller
- Department of Brain Sciences, Division of Neuroscience, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco De Virgiliis
- Department of Brain Sciences, Division of Neuroscience, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Guiping Kong
- Department of Brain Sciences, Division of Neuroscience, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Luming Zhou
- Department of Brain Sciences, Division of Neuroscience, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elisabeth Serger
- Department of Brain Sciences, Division of Neuroscience, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Chadwick
- Department of Brain Sciences, Division of Neuroscience, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Akash Kumar Singh
- Transcription and Disease Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, JNCASR, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Tapas K. Kundu
- Transcription and Disease Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, JNCASR, Bangalore, India
- Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India
| | - Simone Di Giovanni
- Department of Brain Sciences, Division of Neuroscience, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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16
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Gabapentin inhibits the analgesic effects and nerve regeneration process induced by hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in a peripheral nerve injury model: Implication for the use of VM202 and gabapentinoids for peripheral neuropathy. Mol Cell Neurosci 2022; 122:103767. [PMID: 36007867 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2022.103767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a multifunctional protein that plays a critical role in the angiogenic, neurotrophic, antifibrotic, and antiapoptotic activities of various cell types. It has been previously reported that intramuscular injection of pCK-HGF-X7 (or VM202), a plasmid DNA designed to express both native isoforms of human HGF (Pyun et al., 2010), significantly reduced the level of neuropathic pain in clinical studies as well as in a variety of animal models. In clinical studies, it has been observed that pCK-HGF-X7 appeared to give much higher pain-relieving effects in subjects not taking pregabalin or gabapentin, α2δ1 calcium channel blockers frequently prescribed for reducing pain in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. In this study, we tested the effects of gabapentin on HGF-mediated pain reduction and nerve regeneration in vivo. Consistent with the data from clinical studies, gabapentin administration inhibited the pain reduction and axon regeneration effects mediated by HGF expression from pCK-HGF-X7. In the context of nerve regenerative effects, treatment with gabapentin or EGTA, a Ca2+ chelator, inhibited HGF-mediated axon outgrowth of injured sciatic nerves in vivo. Taken together, i.m. injection of HGF-encoding plasmid DNA ameliorated pain symptoms and enhanced the regeneration of injured nerves, and these therapeutic effects of HGF were significantly hindered by gabapentin treatment, suggesting the possible involvement of Ca2+ in the pro-regenerative activities of native HGF derived from treatment with pCK-HGF-X7.
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17
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Noristani HN. Intrinsic regulation of axon regeneration after spinal cord injury: Recent advances and remaining challenges. Exp Neurol 2022; 357:114198. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Cooke P, Janowitz H, Dougherty SE. Neuronal Redevelopment and the Regeneration of Neuromodulatory Axons in the Adult Mammalian Central Nervous System. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:872501. [PMID: 35530177 PMCID: PMC9074815 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.872501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
One reason that many central nervous system injuries, including those arising from traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, and stroke, have limited recovery of function is that neurons within the adult mammalian CNS lack the ability to regenerate their axons following trauma. This stands in contrast to neurons of the adult mammalian peripheral nervous system (PNS). New evidence, provided by single-cell expression profiling, suggests that, following injury, both mammalian central and peripheral neurons can revert to an embryonic-like growth state which is permissive for axon regeneration. This “redevelopment” strategy could both facilitate a damage response necessary to isolate and repair the acute damage from injury and provide the intracellular machinery necessary for axon regrowth. Interestingly, serotonin neurons of the rostral group of raphe nuclei, which project their axons into the forebrain, display a robust ability to regenerate their axons unaided, counter to the widely held view that CNS axons cannot regenerate without experimental intervention after injury. Furthermore, initial evidence suggests that norepinephrine neurons within the locus coeruleus possess similar regenerative abilities. Several morphological characteristics of serotonin axon regeneration in adult mammals, observable using longitudinal in vivo imaging, are distinct from the known characteristics of unaided peripheral nerve regeneration, or of the regeneration seen in the spinal cord and optic nerve that occurs with experimental intervention. These results suggest that there is an alternative CNS program for axon regeneration that likely differs from that displayed by the PNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Cooke
- Linden Lab, Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Haley Janowitz
- Linden Lab, Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Sarah E Dougherty
- Linden Lab, Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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19
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Petrović A, Ban J, Ivaničić M, Tomljanović I, Mladinic M. The Role of ATF3 in Neuronal Differentiation and Development of Neuronal Networks in Opossum Postnatal Cortical Cultures. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094964. [PMID: 35563354 PMCID: PMC9100162 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), a member of the ATF/cAMP response element-binding (CREB) family, is upregulated by various intracellular and extracellular signals such as injury and signals related to cell proliferation. ATF3 also belongs to the regeneration-associated genes (RAG) group of transcription factors. RAG and ATF/CREB transcription factors that play an important role in embryonic neuronal development and PNS regeneration may also be involved in postnatal neuronal differentiation and development, as well as in the regeneration of the injured CNS. Here we investigated the effect of ATF3 in differentiation, neural outgrowth, network formation, and regeneration after injury using postnatal dissociated cortical neurons derived from neonatal opossums (Monodelphis domestica). Our results show that RAG and ATF genes are differentially expressed in early differentiated neurons versus undifferentiated neurospheres and that many members of those families, ATF3 in particular, are upregulated in cortical cultures obtained from younger animals that have the ability to fully functionally regenerate spinal cord after injury. In addition, we observed different intracellular localization of ATF3 that shifts from nuclear (in neuronal progenitors) to cytoplasmic (in more mature neurons) during neuronal differentiation. The ATF3 inhibition, pharmacological or by specific antibody, reduced the neurite outgrowth and differentiation and caused increased cell death in early differentiating cortical neuronal cultures, suggesting the importance of ATF3 in the CNS development of neonatal opossums. Finally, we investigated the regeneration capacity of primary cortical cultures after mechanical injury using the scratch assay. Remarkably, neonatal opossum-derived cultures retain their capacity to regenerate for up to 1 month in vitro. Inhibition of ATF3 correlates with reduced neurite outgrowth and regeneration after injury. These results indicate that ATF3, and possibly other members of RAG and ATF/CREB family of transcription factors, have an important role both during cortical postnatal development and in response after injury.
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20
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Noristani HN, Kim H, Pang S, Zhong J, Son YJ. Co-targeting B-RAF and PTEN Enables Sensory Axons to Regenerate Across and Beyond the Spinal Cord Injury. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:891463. [PMID: 35557554 PMCID: PMC9087900 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.891463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary sensory axons in adult mammals fail to regenerate after spinal cord injury (SCI), in part due to insufficient intrinsic growth potential. Robustly boosting their growth potential continues to be a challenge. Previously, we showed that constitutive activation of B-RAF (rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma kinase) markedly promotes axon regeneration after dorsal root and optic nerve injuries. The regrowth is further augmented by supplemental deletion of PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog). Here, we examined whether concurrent B-RAF activation and PTEN deletion promotes dorsal column axon regeneration after SCI. Remarkably, genetically targeting B-RAF and PTEN selectively in DRG neurons of adult mice enables many DC axons to enter, cross, and grow beyond the lesion site after SCI; some axons reach ∼2 mm rostral to the lesion by 3 weeks post-injury. Co-targeting B-RAF and PTEN promotes more robust DC regeneration than a pre-conditioning lesion, which additively enhances the regeneration triggered by B-RAF/PTEN. We also found that post-injury targeting of B-RAF and PTEN enhances DC axon regeneration. These results demonstrate that co-targeting B-RAF and PTEN effectively enhances the intrinsic growth potential of DC axons after SCI and therefore may help to develop a novel strategy to promote robust long-distance regeneration of primary sensory axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harun N. Noristani
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center and Center for Neural Repair, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Harun N. Noristani,
| | - Hyukmin Kim
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center and Center for Neural Repair, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Shuhuan Pang
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center and Center for Neural Repair, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jian Zhong
- Burke Medical Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, White Plains, NY, United States
| | - Young-Jin Son
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center and Center for Neural Repair, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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21
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Yang Z, Wei F, Zhang B, Luo Y, Xing X, Wang M, Chen R, Sun G, Sun X. Cellular Immune Signal Exchange From Ischemic Stroke to Intestinal Lesions Through Brain-Gut Axis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:688619. [PMID: 35432368 PMCID: PMC9010780 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.688619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As a vital pivot for the human circulatory system, the brain-gut axis is now being considered as an important channel for many of the small immune molecules’ transductions, including interleukins, interferons, neurotransmitters, peptides, and the chemokines penetrating the mesentery and blood brain barrier (BBB) during the development of an ischemic stroke (IS). Hypoxia-ischemia contributes to pituitary and neurofunctional disorders by interfering with the molecular signal release and communication then providing feedback to the gut. Suffering from such a disease on a long-term basis may cause the peripheral system’s homeostasis to become imbalanced, and it can also lead to multiple intestinal complications such as gut microbiota dysbiosis (GMD), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), and even the tumorigenesis of colorectal carcinoma (CRC). Correspondingly, these complications will deteriorate the cerebral infarctions and, in patients suffering with IS, it can even ruin the brain’s immune system. This review summarized recent studies on abnormal immunological signal exchange mediated polarization subtype changes, in both macrophages and microglial cells as well as T-lymphocytes. How gut complications modulate the immune signal transduction from the brain are also elucidated and analyzed. The conclusions drawn in this review could provide guidance and novel strategies to benefit remedies for both IS and relative gut lesions from immune-prophylaxis and immunotherapy aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizhao Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fei Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Luo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xing
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Min Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Rongchang Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Guibo Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Guibo Sun, ; Xiaobo Sun,
| | - Xiaobo Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Guibo Sun, ; Xiaobo Sun,
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22
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Zhao D, Zhang M, Yang L, Zeng M. GPR68 Improves Nerve Damage and Myelination in an Immature Rat Model Induced by Sevoflurane Anesthesia by Activating cAMP/CREB to Mediate BDNF. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:423-431. [PMID: 35025202 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer G-protein-coupled receptor 1 (OGR1, also known as GPR68) is a member of proton-sensing G-protein-coupled receptors, involved in cardiovascular physiology, tumor biology, and asthma, and exerts a neuroprotective effect against brain ischemia. The effects of GPR68 on anesthesia-induced nerve damage and myelination were investigated in this study. First, 2-day old postnatal rats were exposed to 4.9% sevoflurane for 2 h. Data from hematoxylin and eosin staining and Nissl staining showed that sevoflurane induced pathological changes in the hippocampus with a reduced number of neurons. GPR68 was downregulated in the hippocampus of sevoflurane-induced rats. Second, sevoflurane-induced rats were injected with adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated overexpression of GPR68, and overexpression of GPR68 ameliorated sevoflurane-induced pathological changes, enhanced the number of neurons, and improved the learning and memory function. Moreover, overexpression of GPR68 increased the number of BrdU-positive and Olig2-positive cells and enhanced protein expression of Olig2 in sevoflurane-induced rats. Third, the number of myelin basic protein (MBP) positive cells and protein expression of MBP in sevoflurane-induced rats were also enhanced by injection with AAV-GPR68. Overexpression of GPR68 attenuated sevoflurane-induced neuronal apoptosis and oxidative stress in rats. Lastly, overexpression of GPR68 upregulated protein expression of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) by increasing cAMP and phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB). In conclusion, GPR68 alleviated sevoflurane-induced nerve damage and myelination through BDNF-mediated activation of the cAMP/CREB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610032, China
| | - Minli Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610032, China
| | - Lingling Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610032, China
| | - Mingquan Zeng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China
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23
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Zarneshan SN, Fakhri S, Khan H. Targeting Akt/CREB/BDNF signaling pathway by ginsenosides in neurodegenerative diseases: A mechanistic approach. Pharmacol Res 2022; 177:106099. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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24
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Campion TJ, Sheikh IS, Smit RD, Iffland PH, Chen J, Junker IP, Krynska B, Crino PB, Smith GM. Viral expression of constitutively active AKT3 induces CST axonal sprouting and regeneration, but also promotes seizures. Exp Neurol 2021; 349:113961. [PMID: 34953897 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Increasing the intrinsic growth potential of neurons after injury has repeatedly been shown to promote some level of axonal regeneration in rodent models. One of the most studied pathways involves the activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways, primarily by reducing the levels of PTEN, a negative regulator of PI3K. Likewise, activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) has previously been shown to boost axonal regeneration and sprouting within the injured nervous system. Here, we examined the regeneration of the corticospinal tract (CST) after cortical expression of constitutively active (ca) Akt3 and STAT3, both separately and in combination. Overexpression of caAkt3 induced regeneration of CST axons past the injury site independent of caSTAT3 overexpression. STAT3 demonstrated improved axon sprouting compared to controls and contributed to a synergistic improvement in effects when combined with Akt3 but failed to promote axonal regeneration as an individual therapy. Despite showing impressive axonal regeneration, animals expressing Akt3 failed to show any functional improvement and deteriorated with time. During this period, we observed progressive Akt3 dose-dependent increase in behavioral seizures. Histology revealed increased phosphorylation of ribosomal S6 protein within the unilateral cortex, increased neuronal size, microglia activation and hemispheric enlargement (hemimegalencephaly).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Campion
- Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States of America; Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States of America
| | - Imran S Sheikh
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States of America
| | - Rupert D Smit
- Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States of America; Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States of America
| | - Philip H Iffland
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States of America; Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States of America
| | - Ian P Junker
- Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States of America
| | - Barbara Krynska
- Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States of America; Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States of America
| | - Peter B Crino
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - George M Smith
- Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States of America; Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States of America.
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25
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Lowell JA, O’Neill N, Danzi MC, Al-Ali H, Bixby JL, Lemmon VP. Phenotypic Screening Following Transcriptomic Deconvolution to Identify Transcription Factors Mediating Axon Growth Induced by a Kinase Inhibitor. SLAS DISCOVERY : ADVANCING LIFE SCIENCES R & D 2021; 26:1337-1354. [PMID: 34218704 PMCID: PMC10509783 DOI: 10.1177/24725552211026270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
After injury to the central nervous system (CNS), both neuron-intrinsic limitations on regenerative responses and inhibitory factors in the injured CNS environment restrict regenerative axon growth. Instances of successful axon regrowth offer opportunities to identify features that differentiate these situations from that of the normal adult CNS. One such opportunity is provided by the kinase inhibitor RO48, which dramatically enhances neurite outgrowth of neurons in vitro and substantially increased contralateral sprouting of corticospinal tract neurons when infused intraventricularly following unilateral pyramidotomy. The authors present here a transcriptomic deconvolution of RO48-associated axon growth, with the goal of identifying transcriptional regulators associated with axon growth in the CNS. Through the use of RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and transcription factor binding site enrichment analysis, the authors identified a list of transcription factors putatively driving differential gene expression during RO48-induced neurite outgrowth of rat hippocampal neurons in vitro. The 82 transcription factor motifs identified in this way included some with known association to axon growth regulation, such as Jun, Klf4, Myc, Atf4, Stat3, and Nfatc2, and many with no known association to axon growth. A phenotypic loss-of-function screen was carried out to evaluate these transcription factors for their roles in neurite outgrowth; this screen identified several potential outgrowth regulators. Subsequent validation suggests that the Forkhead box (Fox) family transcription factor Foxp2 restricts neurite outgrowth, while FoxO subfamily members Foxo1 and Foxo3a promote neurite outgrowth. The authors' combined transcriptomic-phenotypic screening strategy therefore allowed identification of novel transcriptional regulators of neurite outgrowth downstream of a multitarget kinase inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A. Lowell
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis and University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Nicholas O’Neill
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis and University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Matt C. Danzi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Hassan Al-Ali
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis and University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Medicine and Peggy & Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - John L. Bixby
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis and University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Vance P. Lemmon
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis and University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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26
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Li HX, Feng J, Liu Q, Ou BQ, Lu SY, Ma Y. PACAP-derived mutant peptide MPAPO protects trigeminal ganglion cell and the retina from hypoxic injury through anti-oxidative stress, anti-apoptosis, and promoting axon regeneration. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2021; 1865:130018. [PMID: 34597723 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2021.130018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether the MPAPO, derived peptide of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), would protect trigeminal ganglion cells (TGCs) and the mice retinas from a hypoxic insult. The nerve endings of the ophthalmic nerve of the trigeminal nerve are widely distributed in eye tissues. In TGCs after hypoxia exposure, we discovered that reactive oxygen species level, the contents of cytosolic cytochrome c and cleaved-caspase-3 were significantly increased, in the meanwhile, m-Calpain was activated and cytoskeleton proteins (αII-spectrin and Synapsin) were degraded, neurites of TGCs disappeared, but these effects were reversed in TGCs treated with MPAPO. The structure of the mice retinas after hypoxic exposure was disordered. Increased lipid peroxidation (LPO), decreased glutathione (GSH) levels, and decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, positive cells of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL), the disintegration of nerve fibers was examined in the retinas following a hypoxic insult. Disordered retina was attenuated with MPAPO eye drops, as well as hypoxia-induced apoptosis in the developing retina, increase in LPO, and decrease in GSH levels and SOD activity of the retina. Moreover, the disintegrated retinal nerve fibers were reassembled after MPAPO treatment. These results suggest that hypoxia induces oxidative stress, apoptosis, and neurites disruption, while MPAPO is remarkably protective against these adverse effects of hypoxia in TGCs and the developing retinas by specifically activating PAC1 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Xian Li
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Cellular Biology, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, The national Demonstration center for Experimental Education of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Ave West, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Feng
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Cellular Biology, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, The national Demonstration center for Experimental Education of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Ave West, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Liu
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Cellular Biology, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, The national Demonstration center for Experimental Education of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Ave West, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Bi-Qian Ou
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Cellular Biology, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, The national Demonstration center for Experimental Education of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Ave West, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Yin Lu
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Cellular Biology, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, The national Demonstration center for Experimental Education of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Ave West, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Ma
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Cellular Biology, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, The national Demonstration center for Experimental Education of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Ave West, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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27
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Nieuwenhuis B, Eva R. Promoting axon regeneration in the central nervous system by increasing PI3-kinase signaling. Neural Regen Res 2021; 17:1172-1182. [PMID: 34782551 PMCID: PMC8643051 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.327324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Much research has focused on the PI3-kinase and PTEN signaling pathway with the aim to stimulate repair of the injured central nervous system. Axons in the central nervous system fail to regenerate, meaning that injuries or diseases that cause loss of axonal connectivity have life-changing consequences. In 2008, genetic deletion of PTEN was identified as a means of stimulating robust regeneration in the optic nerve. PTEN is a phosphatase that opposes the actions of PI3-kinase, a family of enzymes that function to generate the membrane phospholipid PIP3 from PIP2 (phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate from phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate). Deletion of PTEN therefore allows elevated signaling downstream of PI3-kinase, and was initially demonstrated to promote axon regeneration by signaling through mTOR. More recently, additional mechanisms have been identified that contribute to the neuron-intrinsic control of regenerative ability. This review describes neuronal signaling pathways downstream of PI3-kinase and PIP3, and considers them in relation to both developmental and regenerative axon growth. We briefly discuss the key neuron-intrinsic mechanisms that govern regenerative ability, and describe how these are affected by signaling through PI3-kinase. We highlight the recent finding of a developmental decline in the generation of PIP3 as a key reason for regenerative failure, and summarize the studies that target an increase in signaling downstream of PI3-kinase to facilitate regeneration in the adult central nervous system. Finally, we discuss obstacles that remain to be overcome in order to generate a robust strategy for repairing the injured central nervous system through manipulation of PI3-kinase signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Nieuwenhuis
- John van Geest Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Richard Eva
- John van Geest Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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28
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Mason MRJ, Erp S, Wolzak K, Behrens A, Raivich G, Verhaagen J. The Jun-dependent axon regeneration gene program: Jun promotes regeneration over plasticity. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 31:1242-1262. [PMID: 34718572 PMCID: PMC9029231 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The regeneration-associated gene (RAG) expression program is activated in injured peripheral neurons after axotomy and enables long-distance axon re-growth. Over 1000 genes are regulated, and many transcription factors are upregulated or activated as part of this response. However, a detailed picture of how RAG expression is regulated is lacking. In particular, the transcriptional targets and specific functions of the various transcription factors are unclear. Jun was the first-regeneration-associated transcription factor identified and the first shown to be functionally important. Here we fully define the role of Jun in the RAG expression program in regenerating facial motor neurons. At 1, 4 and 14 days after axotomy, Jun upregulates 11, 23 and 44% of the RAG program, respectively. Jun functions relevant to regeneration include cytoskeleton production, metabolic functions and cell activation, and the downregulation of neurotransmission machinery. In silico analysis of promoter regions of Jun targets identifies stronger over-representation of AP1-like sites than CRE-like sites, although CRE sites were also over-represented in regions flanking AP1 sites. Strikingly, in motor neurons lacking Jun, an alternative SRF-dependent gene expression program is initiated after axotomy. The promoters of these newly expressed genes exhibit over-representation of CRE sites in regions near to SRF target sites. This alternative gene expression program includes plasticity-associated transcription factors and leads to an aberrant early increase in synapse density on motor neurons. Jun thus has the important function in the early phase after axotomy of pushing the injured neuron away from a plasticity response and towards a regenerative phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R J Mason
- Laboratory for Regeneration of Sensorimotor Systems, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Meibergdreef 47, 1105, BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Susan Erp
- Laboratory for Regeneration of Sensorimotor Systems, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Meibergdreef 47, 1105, BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kim Wolzak
- Laboratory for Regeneration of Sensorimotor Systems, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Meibergdreef 47, 1105, BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Axel Behrens
- Adult Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Gennadij Raivich
- UCL Institute for Women's Health, Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Perinatal Brain Repair Group, London, WC1E 6HX, United Kingdom
| | - Joost Verhaagen
- Laboratory for Regeneration of Sensorimotor Systems, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Meibergdreef 47, 1105, BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Center for Neurogenomics and Cognition Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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29
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Metzdorf K, Fricke S, Balia MT, Korte M, Zagrebelsky M. Nogo-A Modulates the Synaptic Excitation of Hippocampal Neurons in a Ca 2+-Dependent Manner. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092299. [PMID: 34571950 PMCID: PMC8467072 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A tight regulation of the balance between inhibitory and excitatory synaptic transmission is a prerequisite for synaptic plasticity in neuronal networks. In this context, the neurite growth inhibitor membrane protein Nogo-A modulates synaptic plasticity, strength, and neurotransmitter receptor dynamics. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these actions are unknown. We show that Nogo-A loss-of-function in primary mouse hippocampal cultures by application of a function-blocking antibody leads to higher excitation following a decrease in GABAARs at inhibitory and an increase in the GluA1, but not GluA2 AMPAR subunit at excitatory synapses. This unbalanced regulation of AMPAR subunits results in the incorporation of Ca2+-permeable GluA2-lacking AMPARs and increased intracellular Ca2+ levels due to a higher Ca2+ influx without affecting its release from the internal stores. Increased neuronal activation upon Nogo-A loss-of-function prompts the phosphorylation of the transcription factor CREB and the expression of c-Fos. These results contribute to the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of the excitation/inhibition balance and thereby of plasticity in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Metzdorf
- Division of Cellular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, TU Braunschweig, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (K.M.); (M.T.B.); (M.K.)
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, AG NIND, Inhoffenstr. 7, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Steffen Fricke
- Division of Cell Physiology, Zoological Institute, TU Braunschweig, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany;
| | - Maria Teresa Balia
- Division of Cellular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, TU Braunschweig, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (K.M.); (M.T.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Martin Korte
- Division of Cellular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, TU Braunschweig, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (K.M.); (M.T.B.); (M.K.)
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, AG NIND, Inhoffenstr. 7, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marta Zagrebelsky
- Division of Cellular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, TU Braunschweig, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (K.M.); (M.T.B.); (M.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)-531-3913225
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30
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Pita-Thomas W, Gonçalves TM, Kumar A, Zhao G, Cavalli V. Genome-wide chromatin accessibility analyses provide a map for enhancing optic nerve regeneration. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14924. [PMID: 34290335 PMCID: PMC8295311 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94341-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal Ganglion Cells (RGCs) lose their ability to grow axons during development. Adult RGCs thus fail to regenerate their axons after injury, leading to vision loss. To uncover mechanisms that promote regeneration of RGC axons, we identified transcription factors (TF) and open chromatin regions that are enriched in rat embryonic RGCs (high axon growth capacity) compared to postnatal RGCs (low axon growth capacity). We found that developmental stage-specific gene expression changes correlated with changes in promoter chromatin accessibility. Binding motifs for TFs such as CREB, CTCF, JUN and YY1 were enriched in the regions of the chromatin that were more accessible in embryonic RGCs. Proteomic analysis of purified rat RGC nuclei confirmed the expression of TFs with potential role in axon growth such as CREB, CTCF, YY1, and JUND. The CREB/ATF binding motif was widespread at the open chromatin region of known pro-regenerative TFs, supporting a role of CREB in regulating axon regeneration. Consistently, overexpression of CREB fused to the VP64 transactivation domain in mouse RGCs promoted axon regeneration after optic nerve injury. Our study provides a map of the chromatin accessibility during RGC development and highlights that TF associated with developmental axon growth can stimulate axon regeneration in mature RGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Pita-Thomas
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | | | - Ajeet Kumar
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Guoyan Zhao
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA. .,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Valeria Cavalli
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA. .,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA. .,Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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31
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Zhang L, Hao D, Ma P, Ma B, Qin J, Tian G, Liu Z, Zhou X. Epitranscriptomic Analysis of m6A Methylome After Peripheral Nerve Injury. Front Genet 2021; 12:686000. [PMID: 34306026 PMCID: PMC8301379 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.686000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is one of the most plentiful internal RNA modifications, especially in eukaryotic messenger RNA (mRNA), which plays pivotal roles in the regulation of mRNA life cycle and nerve development. However, the mRNA m6A methylation pattern in peripheral nervous injury (PNI) has not been investigated. In this study, sciatic nerve samples were collected from 7 days after sciatic nerve injury (SNI) and control rats. Quantitative real-time PCR demonstrated that m6A-related methyltransferase/demethylase genes were remarkably upregulated in SNI group compared with control group. Methylated RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (MeRIP-seq) was performed to reveal the m6A methylation landscape. The results showed that 4,014 m6A peaks were significantly altered, including 2,144 upregulated and 1,870 downregulated m6A peaks, which were corresponded to 1,858 genes. Moreover, 919 differentially expressed genes were identified by the conjoint analysis of MeRIP-seq and RNA-seq. GO and KEGG pathway analyses were performed to determine the biological functions and signaling pathways of the m6A-modified genes. Notably, these genes were mainly related to the immune system process, cell activation, and nervous system development in GO analysis. KEGG pathway analysis revealed that these genes were involved in the cell cycle, B cell receptor signaling pathway, axon guidance pathway, and calcium signaling pathway. Furthermore, the m6A methylation and protein expression levels of autophagy-related gene (Atg7) were increased, together with the activation of autophagy. These findings shed some light on the epigenetic regulation of gene expression, which may provide a new opinion to promote functional recovery after PNI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Dingyu Hao
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Pengyi Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Boyuan Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jia Qin
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Guangyuan Tian
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zihao Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xianhu Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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32
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Bhowmick S, Abdul-Muneer PM. PTEN Blocking Stimulates Corticospinal and Raphespinal Axonal Regeneration and Promotes Functional Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2021; 80:169-181. [PMID: 33367790 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlaa147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-term disabilities associated with spinal cord injury (SCI) are primarily due to the absence of robust neuronal regeneration and functional plasticity. The inability of the axon to regenerate after SCI is contributed by several intrinsic factors that trigger a cascade of molecular growth program and modulates axonal sprouting. Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is one of the intrinsic factors contributing to growth failure after SCI, however, the underlying mechanism is not well known. Here, we developed a novel therapeutic approach for treating SCI by suppressing the action of PTEN in a mouse model of hemisection SCI. We have used a novel peptide, PTEN antagonistic peptide (PAP) to block the critical domains of PTEN to demonstrate its ability to potentially promote axon growth. PAP treatment not only enhanced regeneration of corticospinal axons into the caudal spinal cord but also promoted the regrowth of descending serotonergic axons in SCI mice. Furthermore, expression levels of p-mTOR, p-S6, p-Akt, p-Erk, p-GSK, p-PI3K downstream of PTEN signaling pathway were increased significantly in the spinal cord of SCI mice systemically treated with PAP than control TAT peptide-treated mice. Our novel strategy of administering deliverable compounds postinjury may facilitate translational feasibility for central nervous system injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurav Bhowmick
- From the Laboratory of CNS Injury and Molecular Therapy, JFK Neuroscience Institute, Hackensack Meridian Health JFK University Medical Center, Edison, New Jersey
| | - P M Abdul-Muneer
- Department of Neurology, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, New Jersey
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33
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Sakai Y, Tsunekawa M, Ohta K, Shimizu T, Pastuhov S, Hanafusa H, Hisamoto N, Matsumoto K. The Integrin Signaling Network Promotes Axon Regeneration via the Src-Ephexin-RhoA GTPase Signaling Axis. J Neurosci 2021; 41:4754-4767. [PMID: 33963050 PMCID: PMC8260174 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2456-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Axon regeneration is an evolutionarily conserved process essential for restoring the function of damaged neurons. In Caenorhabditis elegans hermaphrodites, initiation of axon regeneration is regulated by the RhoA GTPase-ROCK (Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase)-regulatory nonmuscle myosin light-chain phosphorylation signaling pathway. However, the upstream mechanism that activates the RhoA pathway remains unknown. Here, we show that axon injury activates TLN-1/talin via the cAMP-Epac (exchange protein directly activated by cAMP)-Rap GTPase cascade and that TLN-1 induces multiple downstream events, one of which is integrin inside-out activation, leading to the activation of the RhoA-ROCK signaling pathway. We found that the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase Src, a key mediator of integrin signaling, activates the Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor EPHX-1/ephexin by phosphorylating the Tyr-568 residue in the autoinhibitory domain. Our results suggest that the C. elegans integrin signaling network regulates axon regeneration via the Src-RhoGEF-RhoA axis.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The ability of axons to regenerate after injury is governed by cell-intrinsic regeneration pathways. We have previously demonstrated that the Caenorhabditis elegans RhoA GTPase-ROCK (Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase) pathway promotes axon regeneration by inducing MLC-4 phosphorylation. In this study, we found that axon injury activates TLN-1/talin through the cAMP-Epac (exchange protein directly activated by cAMP)-Rap GTPase cascade, leading to integrin inside-out activation, which promotes axonal regeneration by activating the RhoA signaling pathway. In this pathway, SRC-1/Src acts downstream of integrin activation and subsequently activates EPHX-1/ephexin RhoGEF by phosphorylating the Tyr-568 residue in the autoinhibitory domain. Our results suggest that the C. elegans integrin signaling network regulates axon regeneration via the Src-RhoGEF-RhoA axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Sakai
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Mayuka Tsunekawa
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Kohei Ohta
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Shimizu
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Strahil Pastuhov
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hanafusa
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Naoki Hisamoto
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Matsumoto
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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34
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Stepankova K, Jendelova P, Machova Urdzikova L. Planet of the AAVs: The Spinal Cord Injury Episode. Biomedicines 2021; 9:613. [PMID: 34071245 PMCID: PMC8228984 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9060613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The spinal cord injury (SCI) is a medical and life-disrupting condition with devastating consequences for the physical, social, and professional welfare of patients, and there is no adequate treatment for it. At the same time, gene therapy has been studied as a promising approach for the treatment of neurological and neurodegenerative disorders by delivering remedial genes to the central nervous system (CNS), of which the spinal cord is a part. For gene therapy, multiple vectors have been introduced, including integrating lentiviral vectors and non-integrating adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors. AAV vectors are a promising system for transgene delivery into the CNS due to their safety profile as well as long-term gene expression. Gene therapy mediated by AAV vectors shows potential for treating SCI by delivering certain genetic information to specific cell types. This review has focused on a potential treatment of SCI by gene therapy using AAV vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Stepankova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14200 Prague, Czech Republic;
- Department of Neuroscience, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 15006 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Jendelova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14200 Prague, Czech Republic;
- Department of Neuroscience, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 15006 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Machova Urdzikova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14200 Prague, Czech Republic;
- Department of Neuroscience, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 15006 Prague, Czech Republic
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35
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Abstract
Stroke is a debilitating disease. Current effective therapies for stroke recovery are limited to neurorehabilitation. Most stroke recovery occurs in a limited and early time window. Many of the mechanisms of spontaneous recovery after stroke parallel mechanisms of normal learning and memory. While various efforts are in place to identify potential drug targets, an emerging approach is to understand biological correlates between learning and stroke recovery. This review assesses parallels between biological changes at the molecular, structural, and functional levels during learning and recovery after stroke, with a focus on drug and cellular targets for therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Teena Joy
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - S. Thomas Carmichael
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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BRCA1-BARD1 Regulates Axon Regeneration in Concert with the Gqα-DAG Signaling Network. J Neurosci 2021; 41:2842-2853. [PMID: 33593852 PMCID: PMC8018897 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1806-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The breast cancer susceptibility protein BRCA1 and its partner BRCA1-associated RING domain protein 1 (BARD1) form an E3-ubiquitin (Ub) ligase complex that acts as a tumor suppressor in mitotic cells. However, the roles of BRCA1–BARD1 in postmitotic cells, such as neurons, remain poorly defined. Here, we report that BRC-1 and BRD-1, the Caenorhabditis elegans orthologs of BRCA1 and BARD1, are required for adult-specific axon regeneration, which is positively regulated by the EGL-30 Gqα–diacylglycerol (DAG) signaling pathway. This pathway is downregulated by DAG kinase (DGK), which converts DAG to phosphatidic acid (PA). We demonstrate that inactivation of DGK-3 suppresses the brc-1 brd-1 defect in axon regeneration, suggesting that BRC-1–BRD-1 inhibits DGK-3 function. Indeed, we show that BRC-1–BRD-1 poly-ubiquitylates DGK-3 in a manner dependent on its E3 ligase activity, causing DGK-3 degradation. Furthermore, we find that axon injury causes the translocation of BRC-1 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where DGK-3 is localized. These results suggest that the BRC-1–BRD-1 complex regulates axon regeneration in concert with the Gqα–DAG signaling network. Thus, this study describes a new role for breast cancer proteins in fully differentiated neurons and the molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of axon regeneration in response to nerve injury. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT BRCA1–BRCA1-associated RING domain protein 1 (BARD1) is an E3-ubiquitin (Ub) ligase complex acting as a tumor suppressor in mitotic cells. The roles of BRCA1–BARD1 in postmitotic cells, such as neurons, remain poorly defined. We show here that Caenorhabditis elegans BRC-1/BRCA1 and BRD-1/BARD1 are required for adult-specific axon regeneration, a process that requires high diacylglycerol (DAG) levels in injured neurons. The DAG kinase (DGK)-3 inhibits axon regeneration by reducing DAG levels. We find that BRC-1–BRD-1 poly-ubiquitylates and degrades DGK-3, thereby keeping DAG levels elevated and promoting axon regeneration. Furthermore, we demonstrate that axon injury causes the translocation of BRC-1 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where DGK-3 is localized. Thus, this study describes a new role for BRCA1–BARD1 in fully-differentiated neurons.
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37
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Kwon H, Kevala K, Xin H, Patnaik S, Marugan J, Kim HY. Ligand-Induced GPR110 Activation Facilitates Axon Growth after Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073386. [PMID: 33806166 PMCID: PMC8037074 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recovery from axonal injury is extremely difficult, especially for adult neurons. Here, we demonstrate that the activation of G-protein coupled receptor 110 (GPR110, ADGRF1) is a mechanism to stimulate axon growth after injury. N-docosahexaenoylethanolamine (synaptamide), an endogenous ligand of GPR110 that promotes neurite outgrowth and synaptogenesis in developing neurons, and a synthetic GPR110 ligand stimulated neurite growth in axotomized cortical neurons and in retinal explant cultures. Intravitreal injection of GPR110 ligands following optic nerve crush injury promoted axon extension in adult wild-type, but not in gpr110 knockout, mice. In vitro axotomy or in vivo optic nerve injury rapidly induced the neuronal expression of gpr110. Activating the developmental mechanism of neurite outgrowth by specifically targeting GPR110 that is upregulated upon injury may provide a novel strategy for stimulating axon growth after nerve injury in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heungsun Kwon
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, NIAAA, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane Room 3S-02, Rockville, MD 20892, USA; (H.K.); (K.K.)
| | - Karl Kevala
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, NIAAA, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane Room 3S-02, Rockville, MD 20892, USA; (H.K.); (K.K.)
| | - Hu Xin
- Division of Pre-Clinical Innovation, NCATS, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA; (H.X.); (S.P.); (J.M.)
| | - Samarjit Patnaik
- Division of Pre-Clinical Innovation, NCATS, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA; (H.X.); (S.P.); (J.M.)
| | - Juan Marugan
- Division of Pre-Clinical Innovation, NCATS, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA; (H.X.); (S.P.); (J.M.)
| | - Hee-Yong Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, NIAAA, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane Room 3S-02, Rockville, MD 20892, USA; (H.K.); (K.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-301-402-8746; Fax: +1-301-594-0035
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38
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Lee N, Lee SH, Lee J, Lee MY, Lim J, Kim S, Kim S. Hepatocyte growth factor is necessary for efficient outgrowth of injured peripheral axons in in vitro culture system and in vivo nerve crush mouse model. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 26:100973. [PMID: 33718632 PMCID: PMC7933716 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.100973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a neurotrophic factor and its role in peripheral nerves has been relatively unknown. In this study, biological functions of HGF and its receptor c-met have been investigated in the context of regeneration of damaged peripheral nerves. Axotomy of the peripheral branch of sensory neurons from embryonic dorsal root ganglia (DRG) resulted in the increased protein levels of HGF and phosphorylated c-met. When the neuronal cultures were treated with a pharmacological inhibitor of c-met, PHA665752, the length of axotomy-induced outgrowth of neurite was significantly reduced. On the other hand, the addition of recombinant HGF proteins to the neuronal culture facilitated axon outgrowth. In the nerve crush mouse model, the protein level of HGF was increased around the injury site by almost 5.5-fold at 24 h post injury compared to control mice and was maintained at elevated levels for another 6 days. The amount of phosphorylated c-met receptor in sciatic nerve was also observed to be higher than control mice. When PHA665752 was locally applied to the injury site of sciatic nerve, axon outgrowth and injury mediated induction of cJun protein were effectively inhibited, indicating the functional involvement of HGF/c-met pathway in the nerve regeneration process. When extra HGF was exogenously provided by intramuscular injection of plasmid DNA expressing HGF, axon outgrowth from damaged sciatic nerve and cJun expression level were enhanced. Taken together, these results suggested that HGF/c-met pathway plays important roles in axon outgrowth by directly interacting with sensory neurons and thus HGF might be a useful tool for developing therapeutics for peripheral neuropathy. In in vitro primary eDRGs, axotomy-induced HGF/c-met pathway enhanced the neurite outgrowth process. Nerve injury induced the expression of HGF, consequently leading to the activation of c-met in peripheral axons. HGF/c-met pathway played an important role in the regeneration process of injured peripheral nerves. Additional supply of HGF, in the form of plasmid DNA, enhanced the regeneration of damaged peripheral nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayeon Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.,Division of Gene Therapy, Helixmith Co Ltd, Seoul, 07794, South Korea
| | - Sang Hwan Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Junghun Lee
- Division of Gene Therapy, Helixmith Co Ltd, Seoul, 07794, South Korea
| | - Mi-Young Lee
- Division of Gene Therapy, Helixmith Co Ltd, Seoul, 07794, South Korea
| | - Jaegook Lim
- Division of Gene Therapy, Helixmith Co Ltd, Seoul, 07794, South Korea
| | - Subin Kim
- Division of Gene Therapy, Helixmith Co Ltd, Seoul, 07794, South Korea
| | - Sunyoung Kim
- Division of Gene Therapy, Helixmith Co Ltd, Seoul, 07794, South Korea
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39
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Role of extracellular vesicles in neurodegenerative diseases. Prog Neurobiol 2021; 201:102022. [PMID: 33617919 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogeneous cell-derived membranous structures that arise from the endosome system or directly detach from the plasma membrane. In recent years, many advances have been made in the understanding of the clinical definition and pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, but translation into effective treatments is hampered by several factors. Current research indicates that EVs are involved in the pathology of diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Huntington's disease (HD). Besides, EVs are also involved in the process of myelin formation, and can also cross the blood-brain barrier to reach the sites of CNS injury. It is suggested that EVs have great potential as a novel therapy for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we reviewed the advances in understanding the role of EVs in neurodegenerative diseases and addressed the critical function of EVs in the CNS. We have also outlined the physiological mechanisms of EVs in myelin regeneration and highlighted the therapeutic potential of EVs in neurodegenerative diseases.
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40
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Liu WZ, Ma ZJ, Li JR, Kang XW. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes: therapeutic opportunities and challenges for spinal cord injury. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:102. [PMID: 33536064 PMCID: PMC7860030 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02153-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) often leads to serious motor and sensory dysfunction of the limbs below the injured segment. SCI not only results in physical and psychological harm to patients but can also cause a huge economic burden on their families and society. As there is no effective treatment method, the prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation of patients with SCI have become urgent problems to be solved. In recent years, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have attracted more attention in the treatment of SCI. Although MSC therapy can reduce injured volume and promote axonal regeneration, its application is limited by tumorigenicity, a low survival rate, and immune rejection. Accumulating literature shows that exosomes have great potential in the treatment of SCI. In this review, we summarize the existing MSC-derived exosome studies on SCI and discuss the advantages and challenges of treating SCI based on exosomes derived from MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Zhao Liu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, No.82 Cuiyingmen Street, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Zhan-Jun Ma
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, No.82 Cuiyingmen Street, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China
| | - Jie-Ru Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Xue-Wen Kang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China.
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, No.82 Cuiyingmen Street, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, China.
- The International Cooperation Base of Gansu Province for the Pain Research in Spinal Disorders, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China.
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41
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Ewan EE, Avraham O, Carlin D, Gonçalves TM, Zhao G, Cavalli V. Ascending dorsal column sensory neurons respond to spinal cord injury and downregulate genes related to lipid metabolism. Sci Rep 2021; 11:374. [PMID: 33431991 PMCID: PMC7801468 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79624-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Regeneration failure after spinal cord injury (SCI) results in part from the lack of a pro-regenerative response in injured neurons, but the response to SCI has not been examined specifically in injured sensory neurons. Using RNA sequencing of dorsal root ganglion, we determined that thoracic SCI elicits a transcriptional response distinct from sciatic nerve injury (SNI). Both SNI and SCI induced upregulation of ATF3 and Jun, yet this response failed to promote growth in sensory neurons after SCI. RNA sequencing of purified sensory neurons one and three days after injury revealed that unlike SNI, the SCI response is not sustained. Both SCI and SNI elicited the expression of ATF3 target genes, with very little overlap between conditions. Pathway analysis of differentially expressed ATF3 target genes revealed that fatty acid biosynthesis and terpenoid backbone synthesis were downregulated after SCI but not SNI. Pharmacologic inhibition of fatty acid synthase, the enzyme generating palmitic acid, decreased axon growth and regeneration in vitro. These results support the notion that decreased expression of lipid metabolism-related genes after SCI, including fatty acid synthase, may restrict axon regenerative capacity after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric E Ewan
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8108, St. Louis, MO, 63110-1093, USA
| | - Oshri Avraham
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8108, St. Louis, MO, 63110-1093, USA
| | - Dan Carlin
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8108, St. Louis, MO, 63110-1093, USA
| | - Tassia Mangetti Gonçalves
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8108, St. Louis, MO, 63110-1093, USA
| | - Guoyan Zhao
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8108, St. Louis, MO, 63110-1093, USA
| | - Valeria Cavalli
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8108, St. Louis, MO, 63110-1093, USA. .,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA. .,Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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42
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The Mechanisms of Peripheral Nerve Preconditioning Injury on Promoting Axonal Regeneration. Neural Plast 2021; 2021:6648004. [PMID: 33505458 PMCID: PMC7806370 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6648004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Two major factors contribute to the failure of axonal regrowth in the central nervous system (CNS), namely, the neuronal intrinsic regenerative capacity and the extrinsic local inhibitory microenvironments. However, a preconditioning peripheral nerve lesion could substantially enhance the regeneration of central axons following a subsequent spinal cord injury. In the present review, we summarize the molecular mechanisms of the preconditioning injury effect on promoting axonal regeneration. The injury signal transduction resulting from preconditioning peripheral nerve injury regulates the RAG expression to enhance axonal regeneration. Importantly, preconditioning peripheral nerve injury triggers interactions between neurons and nonneuronal cells to amplify and maintain their effects. Additionally, the preconditioning injury impacts mitochondria, protein, and lipid synthesis. All these coordinated changes endow axonal regeneration.
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43
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Tsujioka H, Yamashita T. Neural circuit repair after central nervous system injury. Int Immunol 2020; 33:301-309. [PMID: 33270108 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxaa077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system injury often causes lifelong impairment of neural function, because the regenerative ability of axons is limited, making a sharp contrast to the successful regeneration that is seen in the peripheral nervous system. Nevertheless, partial functional recovery is observed, because axonal branches of damaged or undamaged neurons sprout and form novel relaying circuits. Using a lot of animal models such as the spinal cord injury model or the optic nerve injury model, previous studies have identified many factors that promote or inhibit axonal regeneration or sprouting. Molecules in the myelin such as myelin-associated glycoprotein, Nogo-A or oligodendrocyte-myelin glycoprotein, or molecules found in the glial scar such as chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, activate Ras homolog A (RhoA) signaling, which leads to the collapse of the growth cone and inhibit axonal regeneration. By contrast, axonal regeneration programs can be activated by many molecules such as regeneration-associated transcription factors, cyclic AMP, neurotrophic factors, growth factors, mechanistic target of rapamycin or immune-related molecules. Axonal sprouting and axonal regeneration largely share these mechanisms. For functional recovery, appropriate pruning or suppressing of aberrant sprouting are also important. In contrast to adults, neonates show much higher sprouting ability. Specific cell types, various mouse strains and different species show higher regenerative ability. Studies focusing on these models also identified a lot of molecules that affect the regenerative ability. A deeper understanding of the mechanisms of neural circuit repair will lead to the development of better therapeutic approaches for central nervous system injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Tsujioka
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshihide Yamashita
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Graduate School of Frontier Bioscience, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Neuro-Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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44
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Liu F, Cheng X, Zhong S, Liu C, Jolkkonen J, Zhang X, Liang Y, Liu Z, Zhao C. Communications Between Peripheral and the Brain-Resident Immune System in Neuronal Regeneration After Stroke. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1931. [PMID: 33042113 PMCID: PMC7530165 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia may cause irreversible neural network damage and result in functional deficits. Targeting neuronal repair after stroke potentiates the formation of new connections, which can be translated into a better functional outcome. Innate and adaptive immune responses in the brain and the periphery triggered by ischemic damage participate in regulating neural repair after a stroke. Immune cells in the blood circulation and gut lymphatic tissues that have been shaped by immune components including gut microbiota and metabolites can infiltrate the ischemic brain and, once there, influence neuronal regeneration either directly or by modulating the properties of brain-resident immune cells. Immune-related signalings and metabolites from the gut microbiota can also directly alter the phenotypes of resident immune cells to promote neuronal regeneration. In this review, we discuss several potential mechanisms through which peripheral and brain-resident immune components can cooperate to promote first the resolution of neuroinflammation and subsequently to improved neural regeneration and a better functional recovery. We propose that new insights into discovery of regulators targeting pro-regenerative process in this complex neuro-immune network may lead to novel strategies for neuronal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangxi Liu
- Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shanshan Zhong
- Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jukka Jolkkonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute and Institute of Clinical Medicine/Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Xiuchun Zhang
- Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yifan Liang
- Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhouyang Liu
- Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chuansheng Zhao
- Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Stroke Center, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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45
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Kong G, Zhou L, Serger E, Palmisano I, De Virgiliis F, Hutson TH, Mclachlan E, Freiwald A, La Montanara P, Shkura K, Puttagunta R, Di Giovanni S. AMPK controls the axonal regenerative ability of dorsal root ganglia sensory neurons after spinal cord injury. Nat Metab 2020; 2:918-933. [PMID: 32778834 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-0252-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration after injury occurs in axons that lie in the peripheral nervous system but fails in the central nervous system, thereby limiting functional recovery. Differences in axonal signalling in response to injury that might underpin this differential regenerative ability are poorly characterized. Combining axoplasmic proteomics from peripheral sciatic or central projecting dorsal root ganglion (DRG) axons with cell body RNA-seq, we uncover injury-dependent signalling pathways that are uniquely represented in peripheral versus central projecting sciatic DRG axons. We identify AMPK as a crucial regulator of axonal regenerative signalling that is specifically downregulated in injured peripheral, but not central, axons. We find that AMPK in DRG interacts with the 26S proteasome and its CaMKIIα-dependent regulatory subunit PSMC5 to promote AMPKα proteasomal degradation following sciatic axotomy. Conditional deletion of AMPKα1 promotes multiple regenerative signalling pathways after central axonal injury and stimulates robust axonal growth across the spinal cord injury site, suggesting inhibition of AMPK as a therapeutic strategy to enhance regeneration following spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiping Kong
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Graduate School for Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Luming Zhou
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Graduate School for Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Serger
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ilaria Palmisano
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Francesco De Virgiliis
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas H Hutson
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Eilidh Mclachlan
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Anja Freiwald
- Proteomics Core Facility, Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, Germany
| | - Paolo La Montanara
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Kirill Shkura
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Radhika Puttagunta
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simone Di Giovanni
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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46
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Jara JS, Agger S, Hollis ER. Functional Electrical Stimulation and the Modulation of the Axon Regeneration Program. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:736. [PMID: 33015031 PMCID: PMC7462022 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural injury in mammals often leads to persistent functional deficits as spontaneous repair in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is often incomplete, while endogenous repair mechanisms in the central nervous system (CNS) are negligible. Peripheral axotomy elicits growth-associated gene programs in sensory and motor neurons that can support reinnervation of peripheral targets given sufficient levels of debris clearance and proximity to nerve targets. In contrast, while damaged CNS circuitry can undergo a limited amount of sprouting and reorganization, this innate plasticity does not re-establish the original connectivity. The utility of novel CNS circuitry will depend on effective connectivity and appropriate training to strengthen these circuits. One method of enhancing novel circuit connectivity is through the use of electrical stimulation, which supports axon growth in both central and peripheral neurons. This review will focus on the effects of CNS and PNS electrical stimulation in activating axon growth-associated gene programs and supporting the recovery of motor and sensory circuits. Electrical stimulation-mediated neuroplasticity represents a therapeutically viable approach to support neural repair and recovery. Development of appropriate clinical strategies employing electrical stimulation will depend upon determining the underlying mechanisms of activity-dependent axon regeneration and the heterogeneity of neuronal subtype responses to stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sydney Agger
- Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, NY, United States
| | - Edmund R Hollis
- Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, NY, United States.,Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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Dominant-Negative Attenuation of cAMP-Selective Phosphodiesterase PDE4D Action Affects Learning and Behavior. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165704. [PMID: 32784895 PMCID: PMC7460819 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PDE4 cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases reduce 3′, 5′ cAMP levels in the CNS and thereby regulate PKA activity and the phosphorylation of CREB, fundamental to depression, cognition, and learning and memory. The PDE4 isoform PDE4D5 interacts with the signaling proteins β-arrestin2 and RACK1, regulators of β2-adrenergic and other signal transduction pathways. Mutations in PDE4D in humans predispose to acrodysostosis, associated with cognitive and behavioral deficits. To target PDE4D5, we developed mice that express a PDE4D5-D556A dominant-negative transgene in the brain. Male transgenic mice demonstrated significant deficits in hippocampus-dependent spatial learning, as assayed in the Morris water maze. In contrast, associative learning, as assayed in a fear conditioning assay, appeared to be unaffected. Male transgenic mice showed augmented activity in prolonged (2 h) open field testing, while female transgenic mice showed reduced activity in the same assay. Transgenic mice showed no demonstrable abnormalities in prepulse inhibition. There was also no detectable difference in anxiety-like behavior, as measured in the elevated plus-maze. These data support the use of a dominant-negative approach to the study of PDE4D5 function in the CNS and specifically in learning and memory.
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Khalid SI, Nunna RS, Maasarani S, Kelly BSR, Sroussi H, Mehta AI, Adogwa O. Pharmacologic and cellular therapies in the treatment of traumatic spinal cord injuries: A systematic review. J Clin Neurosci 2020; 79:12-20. [PMID: 33070879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2020.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this review is to synthesize and consolidate the existing literature on the treatment of SCI, focusing on drugs in development and cellular therapeutics, including stem-cell treatments. METHODS Studies were identified through a systemic search of PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, Embase and the Cochrane database from their respective inceptions through January 1, 2020. We used the keywords "spinal cord injuries", "therapeutics", "stem cells", and "pharmacology." STUDY SELECTION Studies that assessed treatment strategies for SCI were included. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Data on SCIs were processed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. FINDINGS In total, 62 articles were found in the literature search and 13 clinical trials were identified and included in this study. This review article discusses the management and treatment of SCI with an emphasis on the pharmacology, molecular approaches, and the use of stem cells. Presently, none of the treatments examined has shown to be clearly effective. CONCLUSIONS Present management strategies of SCI are focused on improving spinal cord perfusion and decreasing secondary injuries such as hypoxia, inflammation, edema, excitotoxicity and disturbances of ion homeostasis. This review hopes to demonstrate the significant advances made in the field of SCI and the new methodologies and practices being employed by researchers to improve our knowledge of the pathology. Our hope is that by consolidating the past and current research, improvements can be made in the management, treatment, and outcomes for these patients and other who suffer from spinal pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed I Khalid
- Department of Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ravi S Nunna
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Samantha Maasarani
- Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - B S Ryan Kelly
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Hannah Sroussi
- Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ankit I Mehta
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Owoicho Adogwa
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, USA.
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Abe K, Kuroda M, Narumi Y, Kobayashi Y, Itohara S, Furuichi T, Sano Y. Cortico-amygdala interaction determines the insular cortical neurons involved in taste memory retrieval. Mol Brain 2020; 13:107. [PMID: 32723372 PMCID: PMC7385890 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-020-00646-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The insular cortex (IC) is the primary gustatory cortex, and it is a critical structure for encoding and retrieving the conditioned taste aversion (CTA) memory. In the CTA, consumption of an appetitive tastant is associated with aversive experience such as visceral malaise, which results in avoidance of consuming a learned tastant. Previously, we showed that levels of the cyclic-AMP-response-element-binding protein (CREB) determine the insular cortical neurons that proceed to encode a conditioned taste memory. In the amygdala and hippocampus, it is shown that CREB and neuronal activity regulate memory allocation and the neuronal mechanism that determines the specific neurons in a neural network that will store a given memory. However, cellular mechanism of memory allocation in the insular cortex is not fully understood. In the current study, we manipulated the neuronal activity in a subset of insular cortical and/or basolateral amygdala (BLA) neurons in mice, at the time of learning; for this purpose, we used an hM3Dq designer receptor exclusively activated by a designer drug system (DREADD). Subsequently, we examined whether the neuronal population whose activity is increased during learning, is reactivated by memory retrieval, using the expression of immediate early gene c-fos. When an hM3Dq receptor was activated only in a subset of IC neurons, c-fos expression following memory retrieval was not significantly observed in hM3Dq-positive neurons. Interestingly, the probability of c-fos expression in hM3Dq-positive IC neurons after retrieval was significantly increased when the IC and BLA were co-activated during conditioning. Our findings suggest that functional interactions between the IC and BLA regulates CTA memory allocation in the insular cortex, which shed light on understanding the mechanism of memory allocation regulated by interaction between relevant brain areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konami Abe
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510 Japan
| | - Marin Kuroda
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510 Japan
| | - Yosuke Narumi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510 Japan
| | - Yuki Kobayashi
- Laboratory for Behavioral Genetics, Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
- Present Address: Brain/MINDS, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Shigeyoshi Itohara
- Laboratory for Behavioral Genetics, Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
- Present Address: Brain/MINDS, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Teiichi Furuichi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510 Japan
| | - Yoshitake Sano
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510 Japan
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Bhat A, Ray B, Mahalakshmi AM, Tuladhar S, Nandakumar DN, Srinivasan M, Essa MM, Chidambaram SB, Guillemin GJ, Sakharkar MK. Phosphodiesterase-4 enzyme as a therapeutic target in neurological disorders. Pharmacol Res 2020; 160:105078. [PMID: 32673703 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterases (PDE) are a diverse family of enzymes (11 isoforms so far identified) responsible for the degradation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) which are involved in several cellular and biochemical functions. Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) is the major isoform within this group and is highly expressed in the mammalian brain. An inverse association between PDE4 and cAMP levels is the key mechanism in various pathophysiological conditions like airway inflammatory diseases-chronic obstruction pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, and neurological disorders etc. In 2011, roflumilast, a PDE4 inhibitor (PDE4I) was approved for the treatment of COPD. Subsequently, other PDE4 inhibitors (PDE4Is) like apremilast and crisaborole were approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for psoriasis, atopic dermatitis etc. Due to the adverse effects like unbearable nausea and vomiting, dose intolerance and diarrhoea, PDE4 inhibitors have very less clinical compliance. Efforts are being made to develop allosteric modulation with high specificity to PDE4 isoforms having better efficacy and lesser adverse effects. Interestingly, repositioning PDE4Is towards neurological disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), multiple sclerosis (MS) and sleep disorders, is gaining attention. This review is an attempt to summarize the data on the effects of PDE4 overexpression in neurological disorders and the use of PDE4Is and newer allosteric modulators as therapeutic options. We have also compiled a list of on-going clinical trials on PDE4 inhibitors in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abid Bhat
- Dept. of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Bipul Ray
- Dept. of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
| | | | - Sunanda Tuladhar
- Dept. of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
| | - D N Nandakumar
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, 560029, India
| | - Malathi Srinivasan
- Department of Lipid Science, CSIR - Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), CFTRI Campus, Mysuru, 570020, India
| | - Musthafa Mohamed Essa
- Ageing and Dementia Research Group, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, CAMS, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman.
| | - Saravana Babu Chidambaram
- Dept. of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India; Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Central Animal Facility, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India.
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Neuroinflammation group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW, 2109, Australia.
| | - Meena Kishore Sakharkar
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107, Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5C9, Canada
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