1
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Loreto JS, Ferreira SA, de Almeida P, da Rocha JBT, Barbosa NV. Screening for Differentially Expressed Memory Genes on a Diabetes Model Induced by High-Sugar Diet in Drosophila melanogaster: Potential Markers for Memory Deficits. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:1225-1236. [PMID: 37698834 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03598-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been shown to affect a series of cognitive processes including memory, increasing the risk for dementia, particularly Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although increasing evidence has supported that both diseases share common features, the pathophysiological mechanisms connecting these two disorders remain to be fully elucidated. Herein, we used Drosophila melanogaster fed on a high-sugar diet (HSD) to mimic T2DM, and investigate its effects on memory as well as identify potential molecular players associated with the memory deficits induced by HSD. Flies hatched from and reared on HSD for 7 days had a substantial decrease in short-term memory (STM). The screening for memory-related genes using transcriptome data revealed that HSD altered the expression of 33% of memory genes in relation to the control. Among the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with a fold change (FC) higher than two, we found five genes, related to synapse and memory trace formation, that could be considered strong candidates to underlie the STM deficits in HSD flies: Abl tyrosine kinase (Abl), bruchpilot (Brp), minibrain (Mnb), shaker (Sh), and gilgamesh (Gish). We also analyzed genes from the dopamine system, one of the most relevant signaling pathways for olfactory memory. Interestingly, the flies fed on HSD presented a decreased expression of the Tyrosine hydroxylase (Ple) and Dopa decarboxylase (Ddc) genes, signals of a possible dopamine deficiency. In this work, we present promising biomarkers to investigate molecular networks shared between T2DM and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Sepel Loreto
- Centro de Ciências Naturais E Exatas, Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, Santa Maria, RS, 1000, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Antunes Ferreira
- Centro de Ciências Naturais E Exatas, Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, Santa Maria, RS, 1000, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Pâmela de Almeida
- Centro de Ciências Naturais E Exatas, Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, Santa Maria, RS, 1000, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - João Batista Teixeira da Rocha
- Centro de Ciências Naturais E Exatas, Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, Santa Maria, RS, 1000, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Nilda Vargas Barbosa
- Centro de Ciências Naturais E Exatas, Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, Santa Maria, RS, 1000, 97105-900, Brazil.
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2
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Zha C, Sossin WS. The molecular diversity of plasticity mechanisms underlying memory: An evolutionary perspective. J Neurochem 2022; 163:444-460. [PMID: 36326567 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Experience triggers molecular cascades in organisms (learning) that lead to alterations (memory) to allow the organism to change its behavior based on experience. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying memory, particularly in the nervous system of animals, has been an exciting scientific challenge for neuroscience. We review what is known about forms of neuronal plasticity that underlie memory highlighting important issues in the field: (1) the importance of being able to measure how neurons are activated during learning to identify the form of plasticity that underlies memory, (2) the many distinct forms of plasticity important for memories that naturally decay both within and between organisms, and (3) unifying principles underlying the formation and maintenance of long-term memories. Overall, the diversity of molecular mechanisms underlying memories that naturally decay contrasts with more unified molecular mechanisms implicated in long-lasting changes. Despite many advances, important questions remain as to which mechanisms of neuronal plasticity underlie memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congyao Zha
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Wayne S Sossin
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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3
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Saitoe M, Naganos S, Miyashita T, Matsuno M, Ueno K. A non-canonical on-demand dopaminergic transmission underlying olfactory aversive learning. Neurosci Res 2021; 178:1-9. [PMID: 34973292 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2021.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is involved in various brain functions including associative learning. However, it is unclear how a small number of DA neurons appropriately regulates various brain functions. DA neurons have a large number of release sites and release DA non-specifically to a large number of target neurons in the projection area in response to the activity of DA neurons. In contrast to this "broad transmission", recent studies in Drosophila ex vivo functional imaging studies have identified "on-demand transmission" that occurs independent on activity of DA neurons and releases DA specifically onto the target neurons that have produced carbon monoxide (CO) as a retrograde signal for DA release. Whereas broad transmission modulates the global function of the target area, on-demand transmission is suitable for modulating the function of specific circuits, neurons, or synapses. In Drosophila olfactory aversive conditioning, odor and shock information are associated in the brain region called mushroom body (MB) to form olfactory aversive memory. It has been suggested that DA neurons projecting to the MB mediate the transmission of shock information and reinforcement simultaneously. However, the circuit model based on on-demand transmission proposes that transmission of shock information and reinforcement are mediated by distinct neural mechanisms; while shock transmission is glutamatergic, DA neurons mediates reinforcement. On-demand transmission provides mechanical insights into how DA neurons regulate various brain functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Saitoe
- Learning and Memory Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan.
| | - Shintaro Naganos
- Learning and Memory Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Miyashita
- Learning and Memory Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Motomi Matsuno
- Learning and Memory Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Kohei Ueno
- Learning and Memory Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
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4
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Gold NB, Li D, Chassevent A, Kaiser FJ, Parenti I, Strom TM, Ramos FJ, Puisac B, Pié J, McWalter K, Guillen Sacoto MJ, Cui H, Saadeh-Haddad R, Smith-Hicks C, Rodan L, Blair E, Bhoj E. Heterozygous de novo variants in CSNK1G1 are associated with syndromic developmental delay and autism spectrum disorder. Clin Genet 2020; 98:571-576. [PMID: 33009664 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The gamma-1 isoform of casein kinase 1, the protein encoded by CSNK1G1, is involved in the growth and morphogenesis of cells. This protein is expressed ubiquitously among many tissue types, including the brain, where it regulates the phosphorylation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and plays a role in synaptic transmission. One prior individual with a de novo variant in CSNK1G presenting with severe developmental delay and early-onset epilepsy has been reported. Here we report an updated clinical history of this previously published case, as well as four additional individuals with de novo variants in CSNK1G1 identified via microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization, exome, or genome sequencing. All individuals (n = 5) had developmental delay. At least three individuals had diagnoses of autism spectrum disorder. All participants were noted to have dysmorphic facial features, although the reported findings varied widely and therefore may not clearly be recognizable. None of the participants had additional major malformations. Taken together, our data suggest that CSNK1G1 may be a cause of syndromic developmental delay and possibly autism spectrum disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina B Gold
- Division of Medical Genetics and Metabolism, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dong Li
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anna Chassevent
- Department of Neurogenetics, The Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Frank J Kaiser
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ilaria Parenti
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Tim M Strom
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Feliciano J Ramos
- Unit of Clinical Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Pharmacology-Physiology and Department of Paediatrics, Hospital "Lozano Blesa", School of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, IIS-Aragón and CIBERER-GCV02, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Beatriz Puisac
- Unit of Clinical Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Pharmacology-Physiology and Department of Paediatrics, Hospital "Lozano Blesa", School of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, IIS-Aragón and CIBERER-GCV02, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juan Pié
- Unit of Clinical Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Pharmacology-Physiology and Department of Paediatrics, Hospital "Lozano Blesa", School of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, IIS-Aragón and CIBERER-GCV02, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | | | - Hong Cui
- GeneDx Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Reem Saadeh-Haddad
- Division of Genetics, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital Department of Pediatrics, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Constance Smith-Hicks
- Departments of Neurology and Neurogenetics, The Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lance Rodan
- Division of Genetics and Genomics and Division of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Edward Blair
- Oxford Centre for Genomic Medicine, ACE Building, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Elizabeth Bhoj
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Division of Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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5
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Li S, Tian A, Li S, Han Y, Wang B, Jiang J. Gilgamesh (Gish)/CK1γ regulates tissue homeostasis and aging in adult Drosophila midgut. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:133831. [PMID: 32328627 PMCID: PMC7147094 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201909103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult tissues and organs rely on resident stem cells to generate new cells that replenish damaged cells. To maintain homeostasis, stem cell activity needs to be tightly controlled throughout the adult life. Here, we show that the membrane-associated kinase Gilgamesh (Gish)/CK1γ maintains Drosophila adult midgut homeostasis by restricting JNK pathway activity and that Gish is essential for intestinal stem cell (ISC) maintenance under stress conditions. Inactivation of Gish resulted in aberrant JNK pathway activation and excessive production of multiple cytokines and growth factors that drive ISC overproliferation. Mechanistically, Gish restricts JNK activation by phosphorylating and destabilizing a small GTPase, Rho1. Interestingly, we find that Gish expression is down-regulated in aging guts and that increasing Gish activity in aging guts can restore tissue homeostasis. Hence, our study identifies Gish/CK1γ as a novel regulator of Rho1 and gatekeeper of tissue homeostasis whose activity is compromised in aging guts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangxi Li
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Aiguo Tian
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.,Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Shuang Li
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.,Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Yuhong Han
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.,Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.,Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Jin Jiang
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.,Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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6
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Boto T, Stahl A, Tomchik SM. Cellular and circuit mechanisms of olfactory associative learning in Drosophila. J Neurogenet 2020; 34:36-46. [PMID: 32043414 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2020.1715971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed significant progress in understanding how memories are encoded, from the molecular to the cellular and the circuit/systems levels. With a good compromise between brain complexity and behavioral sophistication, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is one of the preeminent animal models of learning and memory. Here we review how memories are encoded in Drosophila, with a focus on short-term memory and an eye toward future directions. Forward genetic screens have revealed a large number of genes and transcripts necessary for learning and memory, some acting cell-autonomously. Further, the relative numerical simplicity of the fly brain has enabled the reverse engineering of learning circuits with remarkable precision, in some cases ascribing behavioral phenotypes to single neurons. Functional imaging and physiological studies have localized and parsed the plasticity that occurs during learning at some of the major loci. Connectomics projects are significantly expanding anatomical knowledge of the nervous system, filling out the roadmap for ongoing functional/physiological and behavioral studies, which are being accelerated by simultaneous tool development. These developments have provided unprecedented insight into the fundamental neural principles of learning, and lay the groundwork for deep understanding in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Boto
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Aaron Stahl
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Seth M Tomchik
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
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7
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Aversive Training Induces Both Presynaptic and Postsynaptic Suppression in Drosophila. J Neurosci 2019; 39:9164-9172. [PMID: 31558620 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1420-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The α'β' subtype of Drosophila mushroom body neurons (MBn) is required for memory acquisition, consolidation and early memory retrieval after aversive olfactory conditioning. However, in vivo functional imaging studies have failed to detect an early forming memory trace in these neurons as reflected by an enhanced G-CaMP signal in response to presentation of the learned odor. Moreover, whether cellular memory traces form early after conditioning in the mushroom body output neurons (MBOn) downstream of the α'β' MBn remains unknown. Here, we show that aversive olfactory conditioning suppresses the calcium responses to the learned odor in both α'3 and α'2 axon segments of α'β' MBn and in the dendrites of α'3 MBOn immediately after conditioning using female flies. Notably, the cellular memory traces in both α'3 MBn and α'3 MBOn are short-lived and persist for <30 min. The suppressed response in α'3 MBn is accompanied by a reduction of acetylcholine (ACh) release, suggesting that the memory trace in postsynaptic α'3 MBOn may simply reflect the suppression in presynaptic α'3 MBn. Furthermore, we show that the α'3 MBn memory trace does not occur from the inhibition of GABAergic neurons via GABAA receptor activation. Because activation of the α'3 MBOn drives approach behavior of adult flies, our results demonstrate that aversive conditioning promotes avoidance behavior through suppression of the α'3 MBn-MBOn circuit.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Drosophila learn to avoid an odor if that odor is repeatedly paired with electric shock. Mushroom body neurons (MBns) are known to be major cell types that mediate this form of aversive conditioning. Here we show that aversive conditioning causes a reduced response to the conditioned odor in an axon branch of one subtype of the MBn for no more than 30 min after conditioning, and in the dendrites of postsynaptic, MB output neurons (MBOns). Because experimenter-induced activation of the MBOn induces approach behavior by the fly, our data support a model that aversive learning promotes avoidance by suppressing the MBn-MBOn synapses that normally promote attraction.
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8
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Tumkaya T, Ott S, Claridge-Chang A. A systematic review of Drosophila short-term-memory genetics: Meta-analysis reveals robust reproducibility. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 95:361-382. [PMID: 30077573 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Geneticists use olfactory conditioning in Drosophila to identify learning genes; however, little is known about how these genes are integrated into short-term memory (STM) pathways. Here, we investigated the hypothesis that the STM evidence base is weak. We performed systematic review and meta-analysis of the field. Using metrics to quantify variation between discovery articles and follow-up studies, we found that seven genes were both highly replicated, and highly reproducible. However, ∼80% of STM genes have never been replicated. While only a few studies investigated interactions, the reviewed genes could account for >1000% memory. This large summed effect size could indicate irreproducibility, many shared pathways, or that current assay protocols lack the specificity needed to identify core plasticity genes. Mechanistic theories of memory will require the convergence of evidence from system, circuit, cellular, molecular, and genetic experiments; systematic data synthesis is an essential tool for integrated neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayfun Tumkaya
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, A(⁎)STAR, Singapore; Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Stanislav Ott
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Adam Claridge-Chang
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, A(⁎)STAR, Singapore; Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.
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9
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Cyclic AMP-dependent plasticity underlies rapid changes in odor coding associated with reward learning. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 115:E448-E457. [PMID: 29284750 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1709037115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Learning and memory rely on dopamine and downstream cAMP-dependent plasticity across diverse organisms. Despite the central role of cAMP signaling, it is not known how cAMP-dependent plasticity drives coherent changes in neuronal physiology that encode the memory trace, or engram. In Drosophila, the mushroom body (MB) is critically involved in olfactory classical conditioning, and cAMP signaling molecules are necessary and sufficient for normal memory in intrinsic MB neurons. To evaluate the role of cAMP-dependent plasticity in learning, we examined how cAMP manipulations and olfactory classical conditioning modulate olfactory responses in the MB with in vivo imaging. Elevating cAMP pharmacologically or optogenetically produced plasticity in MB neurons, altering their responses to odorants. Odor-evoked Ca2+ responses showed net facilitation across anatomical regions. At the single-cell level, neurons exhibited heterogeneous responses to cAMP elevation, suggesting that cAMP drives plasticity to discrete subsets of MB neurons. Olfactory appetitive conditioning enhanced MB odor responses, mimicking the cAMP-dependent plasticity in directionality and magnitude. Elevating cAMP to equivalent levels as appetitive conditioning also produced plasticity, suggesting that the cAMP generated during conditioning affects odor-evoked responses in the MB. Finally, we found that this plasticity was dependent on the Rutabaga type I adenylyl cyclase, linking cAMP-dependent plasticity to behavioral modification. Overall, these data demonstrate that learning produces robust cAMP-dependent plasticity in intrinsic MB neurons, which is biased toward naturalistic reward learning. This suggests that cAMP signaling may serve to modulate intrinsic MB responses toward salient stimuli.
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10
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Chouhan NS, Mohan K, Ghose A. cAMP signaling mediates behavioral flexibility and consolidation of social status in Drosophila aggression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 220:4502-4514. [PMID: 28993465 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.165811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Social rituals, such as male-male aggression in Drosophila, are often stereotyped and the component behavioral patterns modular. The likelihood of transition from one behavioral pattern to another is malleable by experience and confers flexibility to the behavioral repertoire. Experience-dependent modification of innate aggressive behavior in flies alters fighting strategies during fights and establishes dominant-subordinate relationships. Dominance hierarchies resulting from agonistic encounters are consolidated to longer-lasting, social-status-dependent behavioral modifications, resulting in a robust loser effect. We showed that cAMP dynamics regulated by the calcium-calmodulin-dependent adenylyl cyclase, Rut, and the cAMP phosphodiesterase, Dnc, but not the Amn gene product, in specific neuronal groups of the mushroom body and central complex, mediate behavioral plasticity necessary to establish dominant-subordinate relationships. rut and dnc mutant flies were unable to alter fighting strategies and establish dominance relationships during agonistic interactions. This real-time flexibility during a fight was independent of changes in aggression levels. Longer-term consolidation of social status in the form of a loser effect, however, required additional Amn-dependent inputs to cAMP signaling and involved a circuit-level association between the α/β and γ neurons of the mushroom body. Our findings implicate cAMP signaling in mediating the plasticity of behavioral patterns in aggressive behavior and in the generation of a temporally stable memory trace that manifests as a loser effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Singh Chouhan
- Biology Division, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411 008, India
| | - Krithika Mohan
- Biology Division, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411 008, India
| | - Aurnab Ghose
- Biology Division, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411 008, India
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11
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Chen D, Zhu X, Zhou L, Wang J, Tao X, Wang S, Sun F, Kan X, Han Z, Gu Y. Gilgamesh is required for the maintenance of germline stem cells in Drosophila testis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5737. [PMID: 28720768 PMCID: PMC5515886 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05975-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence supports that stem cells are regulated by both intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms. However, factors that determine the fate of stem cells remain incompletely understood. The Drosophila testis provides an exclusive powerful model in searching for potential important regulatory factors and their underlying mechanisms for controlling the fate of germline stem cells (GSCs). In this study, we have found that Drosophila gilgamesh (gish), which encodes a homologue of human CK1-γ (casein kinase 1-gamma), is required intrinsically for GSC maintenance. Our genetic analyses indicate gish is not required for Dpp/Gbb signaling silencing of bam and is dispensable for Dpp/Gbb signaling-dependent Dad expression. Finally, we show that overexpression of gish fail to dramatically increase the number of GSCs. These findings demonstrate that gish controls the fate of GSCs in Drosophila testis by a novel Dpp/Gbb signaling-independent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Chen
- Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation Research of Biological Resources in Anhui, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China. .,The Institute of Bioinformatics, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China.
| | - Xiangxiang Zhu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation Research of Biological Resources in Anhui, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Lijuan Zhou
- Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation Research of Biological Resources in Anhui, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation Research of Biological Resources in Anhui, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Xiaoqian Tao
- Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation Research of Biological Resources in Anhui, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation Research of Biological Resources in Anhui, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Fuling Sun
- Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation Research of Biological Resources in Anhui, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Xianzhao Kan
- Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation Research of Biological Resources in Anhui, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China.,The Institute of Bioinformatics, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Zhengqi Han
- Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation Research of Biological Resources in Anhui, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Yuelin Gu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation Research of Biological Resources in Anhui, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China
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12
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Bivi MSHR, Paiko AS, Khairulmazmi A, Akhtar MS, Idris AS. Control of Basal Stem Rot Disease in Oil Palm by Supplementation of Calcium, Copper, and Salicylic Acid. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 32:396-406. [PMID: 27721689 PMCID: PMC5051558 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.03.2016.0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Continuous supplementation of mineral nutrients and salicylic acid (SA) as foliar application could improve efficacy in controlling basal stem rot (BSR) disease in oil palm seedling. It is revealed from the results that the highest disease severity index (58.3%) was recorded in T8 treatments at 9 months after inoculation. The best disease control was achieved by T7 treatments (calcium/copper/SA [Ca/Cu/SA]) (5.0%) followed by T1 (5.5%), T5 (5.8%), T3 (8.3%), T6 (8.3%), T4 (13.3%), and T2 (15.8%) treatments. Continuous supplementation of Ca/Cu/SA was found to be the most effective in controlling the disease and the high performance liquid chromatography results showed the detection of ergosterol at very low concentration in the treated samples. Moreover, the transmission electron microscopy analysis results clearly indicated that T7 treatment was also enhancing lignification, which was responsible for the thickness of the secondary cell walls and middle lamella compared to untreated samples. It was therefore, concluded that continuous supplementation of minerals nutrients and SA could effectively suppress disease severity by reducing ergosterol activity and also improve the process of lignification in the treated plants. Furthermore, this treatment also managed to delay the onset of BSR symptoms and promote the growth of the seedlings and eventually suppress the BSR disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adamu Saidu Paiko
- Pest Management Technology, Niger State College of Agriculture, Mokwa,
Nigeria
| | - Ahmad Khairulmazmi
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400,
Malaysia
- Corresponding author. Phone) +60-389474850, FAX) +60-389381014 E-mail)
| | - M. S. Akhtar
- Department of Botany, Gandhi Faiz-E-Aam College, Shahajahanpur 242001,
India
| | - Abu Seman Idris
- Ganoderma and Disease Research Unit, Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB) Bangi, Bandar Baru Bangi 43000,
Malaysia
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13
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Li S, Li S, Han Y, Tong C, Wang B, Chen Y, Jiang J. Regulation of Smoothened Phosphorylation and High-Level Hedgehog Signaling Activity by a Plasma Membrane Associated Kinase. PLoS Biol 2016; 14:e1002481. [PMID: 27280464 PMCID: PMC4900676 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling controls embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis through the G protein coupled receptor (GPCR)-family protein Smoothened (Smo). Upon stimulation, Smo accumulates on the cell surface in Drosophila or primary cilia in vertebrates, which is thought to be essential for its activation and function, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here we show that Hh stimulates the binding of Smo to a plasma membrane-associated kinase Gilgamesh (Gish)/CK1γ and that Gish fine-tunes Hh pathway activity by phosphorylating a Ser/Thr cluster (CL-II) in the juxtamembrane region of Smo carboxyl-terminal intracellular tail (C-tail). We find that CL-II phosphorylation is promoted by protein kinase A (PKA)-mediated phosphorylation of Smo C-tail and depends on cell surface localization of both Gish and Smo. Consistent with CL-II being critical for high-threshold Hh target gene expression, its phosphorylation appears to require higher levels of Hh or longer exposure to the same level of Hh than PKA-site phosphorylation on Smo. Furthermore, we find that vertebrate CK1γ is localized at the primary cilium to promote Smo phosphorylation and Sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway activation. Our study reveals a conserved mechanism whereby Hh induces a change in Smo subcellular localization to promote its association with and activation by a plasma membrane localized kinase, and provides new insight into how Hh morphogen progressively activates Smo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangxi Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shuang Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yuhong Han
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Chao Tong
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yongbin Chen
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jin Jiang
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Montersino A, Thomas GM. Slippery signaling: Palmitoylation-dependent control of neuronal kinase localization and activity. Mol Membr Biol 2016; 32:179-88. [PMID: 27241460 DOI: 10.1080/09687688.2016.1182652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Modification of proteins with the lipid palmitate, a process called palmitoylation, is important for the normal function of neuronal cells. However, most attention has focused on how palmitoylation regulates the targeting and trafficking of neurotransmitter receptors and non-enzymatic scaffold proteins. In this review we discuss recent studies that suggest that palmitoylation also plays additional roles in neurons by controlling the localization, interactions and perhaps even the activity of protein kinases that play key roles in physiological neuronal regulation and in neuropathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Montersino
- a Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center (Center for Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair) and
| | - Gareth M Thomas
- a Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center (Center for Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair) and.,b Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology , Temple University School of Medicine , Philadelphia , PA , USA
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15
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Sunouchi K, Koganezawa M, Yamamoto D. REQUIREMENT OF THE TEC FAMILY TYROSINE KINASE BTK29A FOR COURTSHIP MEMORY IN Drosophila MALES. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 91:165-174. [PMID: 26782301 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A male Drosophila that is not successful in courtship will reduce his courtship efforts in the next encounter with a female. This courtship suppression persists for more than 1 h in wild-type males. The Btk29A(ficP) mutant males null for the Btk29A type 2 isoform, a fly homolog of the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase Btk, show no courtship suppression, while Btk29A hypomorphic males exhibit a rapid decline in courtship suppression, leading to its complete loss within 30 min. The males of a revertant stock or Btk29A(ficP) males that are also mutant for parkas, a gene encoding the presumptive negative regulator of Btk29A, exhibit normal courtship suppression. Since another behavioral assay has shown that Btk29A(ficP) mutants are sensitization-defective, we hypothesize that the mutant flies are unable to maintain the neural excitation state acquired by experience, resulting in the rapid loss of courtship suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Sunouchi
- Division of Neurogenetics, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masayuki Koganezawa
- Division of Neurogenetics, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yamamoto
- Division of Neurogenetics, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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16
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unfulfilled interacting genes display branch-specific roles in the development of mushroom body axons in Drosophila melanogaster. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2014; 4:693-706. [PMID: 24558265 PMCID: PMC4577660 DOI: 10.1534/g3.113.009829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The mushroom body (MB) of Drosophila melanogaster is an organized collection of interneurons that is required for learning and memory. Each of the three subtypes of MB neurons, γ, α´/β´, and α/β, branch at some point during their development, providing an excellent model in which to study the genetic regulation of axon branching. Given the sequential birth order and the unique patterning of MB neurons, it is likely that specific gene cascades are required for the different guidance events that form the characteristic lobes of the MB. The nuclear receptor UNFULFILLED (UNF), a transcription factor, is required for the differentiation of all MB neurons. We have developed and used a classical genetic suppressor screen that takes advantage of the fact that ectopic expression of unf causes lethality to identify candidate genes that act downstream of UNF. We hypothesized that reducing the copy number of unf-interacting genes will suppress the unf-induced lethality. We have identified 19 candidate genes that when mutated suppress the unf-induced lethality. To test whether candidate genes impact MB development, we performed a secondary phenotypic screen in which the morphologies of the MBs in animals heterozygous for unf and a specific candidate gene were analyzed. Medial MB lobes were thin, missing, or misguided dorsally in five double heterozygote combinations (;unf/+;axin/+, unf/+;Fps85D/+, ;unf/+;Tsc1/+, ;unf/+;Rheb/+, ;unf/+;msn/+). Dorsal MB lobes were missing in ;unf/+;DopR2/+ or misprojecting beyond the termination point in ;unf/+;Sytβ double heterozygotes. These data suggest that unf and unf-interacting genes play specific roles in axon development in a branch-specific manner.
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17
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Han N, Chen C, Shi Z, Cheng D. Structure of the kinase domain of Gilgamesh from Drosophila melanogaster. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2014; 70:438-43. [PMID: 24699734 PMCID: PMC3976058 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x14004774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The CK1 family kinases regulate multiple cellular aspects and play important roles in Wnt/Wingless and Hedgehog signalling. The kinase domain of Drosophila Gilgamesh isoform I (Gilgamesh-I), a homologue of human CK1-γ, was purified and crystallized. Crystals of methylated Gilgamesh-I kinase domain with a D210A mutation diffracted to 2.85 Å resolution and belonged to space group P43212, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 52.025, c = 291.727 Å. The structure of Gilgamesh-I kinase domain, which was determined by molecular replacement, has conserved catalytic elements and an active conformation. Structural comparison indicates that an extended loop between the α1 helix and the β4 strand exists in the Gilgamesh-I kinase domain. This extended loop may regulate the activity and function of Gilgamesh-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Han
- Department of Biology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266021, People’s Republic of China
| | - CuiCui Chen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhubing Shi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, People’s Republic of China
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dianlin Cheng
- Department of Biology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266021, People’s Republic of China
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18
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Tan Y, Yu D, Busto GU, Wilson C, Davis RL. Wnt signaling is required for long-term memory formation. Cell Rep 2013; 4:1082-9. [PMID: 24035392 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling regulates synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis in the adult nervous system, suggesting a potential role in behavioral processes. Here, we probed the requirement for Wnt signaling during olfactory memory formation in Drosophila using an inducible RNAi approach. Interfering with β-catenin expression in adult mushroom body neurons specifically impaired long-term memory (LTM) without altering short-term memory. The impairment was reversible, being rescued by expression of a wild-type β-catenin transgene, and correlated with disruption of a cellular LTM trace. Inhibition of wingless, a Wnt ligand, and arrow, a Wnt coreceptor, also impaired LTM. Wingless expression in wild-type flies was transiently elevated in the brain after LTM conditioning. Thus, inhibiting three key components of the Wnt signaling pathway in adult mushroom bodies impairs LTM, indicating that this pathway mechanistically underlies this specific form of memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Tan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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19
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Dylla KV, Galili DS, Szyszka P, Lüdke A. Trace conditioning in insects-keep the trace! Front Physiol 2013; 4:67. [PMID: 23986710 PMCID: PMC3750952 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Trace conditioning is a form of associative learning that can be induced by presenting a conditioned stimulus (CS) and an unconditioned stimulus (US) following each other, but separated by a temporal gap. This gap distinguishes trace conditioning from classical delay conditioning, where the CS and US overlap. To bridge the temporal gap between both stimuli and to form an association between CS and US in trace conditioning, the brain must keep a neural representation of the CS after its termination-a stimulus trace. Behavioral and physiological studies on trace and delay conditioning revealed similarities between the two forms of learning, like similar memory decay and similar odor identity perception in invertebrates. On the other hand differences were reported also, like the requirement of distinct brain structures in vertebrates or disparities in molecular mechanisms in both vertebrates and invertebrates. For example, in commonly used vertebrate conditioning paradigms the hippocampus is necessary for trace but not for delay conditioning, and Drosophila delay conditioning requires the Rutabaga adenylyl cyclase (Rut-AC), which is dispensable in trace conditioning. It is still unknown how the brain encodes CS traces and how they are associated with a US in trace conditioning. Insects serve as powerful models to address the mechanisms underlying trace conditioning, due to their simple brain anatomy, behavioral accessibility and established methods of genetic interference. In this review we summarize the recent progress in insect trace conditioning on the behavioral and physiological level and emphasize similarities and differences compared to delay conditioning. Moreover, we examine proposed molecular and computational models and reassess different experimental approaches used for trace conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina V. Dylla
- Department of Biology, Neurobiology, University of KonstanzKonstanz, Germany
| | - Dana S. Galili
- Behavioral Genetics, Max-Planck Institute for NeurobiologyMartinsried, Germany
| | - Paul Szyszka
- Department of Biology, Neurobiology, University of KonstanzKonstanz, Germany
| | - Alja Lüdke
- Department of Biology, Neurobiology, University of KonstanzKonstanz, Germany
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20
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Drosophila as a model for intractable epilepsy: gilgamesh suppresses seizures in para(bss1) heterozygote flies. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2013; 3:1399-407. [PMID: 23797108 PMCID: PMC3737179 DOI: 10.1534/g3.113.006130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Intractable epilepsies, that is, seizure disorders that do not respond to currently available therapies, are difficult, often tragic, neurological disorders. Na+ channelopathies have been implicated in some intractable epilepsies, including Dravet syndrome (Dravet 1978), but little progress has been forthcoming in therapeutics. Here we examine a Drosophila model for intractable epilepsy, the Na+ channel gain-of-function mutant parabss1 that resembles Dravet syndrome in some aspects (parker et al. 2011a). In particular, we identify second-site mutations that interact with parabss1, seizure enhancers, and seizure suppressors. We describe one seizure-enhancer mutation named charlatan (chn). The chn gene normally encodes an Neuron-Restrictive Silencer Factor/RE1-Silencing Transcription factor transcriptional repressor of neuronal-specific genes. We identify a second-site seizure-suppressor mutation, gilgamesh (gish), that reduces the severity of several seizure-like phenotypes of parabss1/+ heterozygotes. The gish gene normally encodes the Drosophila ortholog of casein kinase CK1g3, a member of the CK1 family of serine-threonine kinases. We suggest that CK1g3 is an unexpected but promising new target for seizure therapeutics.
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21
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Zhang X, Ren Q, Guo A. Parallel pathways for cross-modal memory retrieval in Drosophila. J Neurosci 2013; 33:8784-93. [PMID: 23678121 PMCID: PMC6618838 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4631-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory-retrieval processing of cross-modal sensory preconditioning is vital for understanding the plasticity underlying the interactions between modalities. As part of the sensory preconditioning paradigm, it has been hypothesized that the conditioned response to an unreinforced cue depends on the memory of the reinforced cue via a sensory link between the two cues. To test this hypothesis, we studied cross-modal memory-retrieval processing in a genetically tractable model organism, Drosophila melanogaster. By expressing the dominant temperature-sensitive shibire(ts1) (shi(ts1)) transgene, which blocks synaptic vesicle recycling of specific neural subsets with the Gal4/UAS system at the restrictive temperature, we specifically blocked visual and olfactory memory retrieval, either alone or in combination; memory acquisition remained intact for these modalities. Blocking the memory retrieval of the reinforced olfactory cues did not impair the conditioned response to the unreinforced visual cues or vice versa, in contrast to the canonical memory-retrieval processing of sensory preconditioning. In addition, these conditioned responses can be abolished by blocking the memory retrieval of the two modalities simultaneously. In sum, our results indicated that a conditioned response to an unreinforced cue in cross-modal sensory preconditioning can be recalled through parallel pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
- University of CAS, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingzhong Ren
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, CAS, Shanghai 200031, China, and
| | - Aike Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, CAS, Shanghai 200031, China, and
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22
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Perrat PN, DasGupta S, Wang J, Theurkauf W, Weng Z, Rosbash M, Waddell S. Transposition-driven genomic heterogeneity in the Drosophila brain. Science 2013; 340:91-5. [PMID: 23559253 PMCID: PMC3887341 DOI: 10.1126/science.1231965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies in mammals have documented the neural expression and mobility of retrotransposons and have suggested that neural genomes are diverse mosaics. We found that transposition occurs among memory-relevant neurons in the Drosophila brain. Cell type-specific gene expression profiling revealed that transposon expression is more abundant in mushroom body (MB) αβ neurons than in neighboring MB neurons. The Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) proteins Aubergine and Argonaute 3, known to suppress transposons in the fly germline, are expressed in the brain and appear less abundant in αβ MB neurons. Loss of piRNA proteins correlates with elevated transposon expression in the brain. Paired-end deep sequencing identified more than 200 de novo transposon insertions in αβ neurons, including insertions into memory-relevant loci. Our observations indicate that genomic heterogeneity is a conserved feature of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola N. Perrat
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Shamik DasGupta
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Center for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Jie Wang
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - William Theurkauf
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Zhiping Weng
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Michael Rosbash
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and National Center for Behavioral Genomics, Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Scott Waddell
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Center for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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23
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Drosophila Memory Research through Four Eras. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415823-8.00027-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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24
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Ueno K, Naganos S, Hirano Y, Horiuchi J, Saitoe M. Long-term enhancement of synaptic transmission between antennal lobe and mushroom body in cultured Drosophila brain. J Physiol 2012; 591:287-302. [PMID: 23027817 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2012.242909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In Drosophila, the mushroom body (MB) is a critical brain structure for olfactory associative learning. During aversive conditioning, the MBs are thought to associate odour signals, conveyed by projection neurons (PNs) from the antennal lobe (AL), with shock signals conveyed through ascending fibres of the ventral nerve cord (AFV). Although synaptic transmission between AL and MB might play a crucial role for olfactory associative learning, its physiological properties have not been examined directly. Using a cultured Drosophila brain expressing a Ca(2+) indicator in the MBs, we investigated synaptic transmission and plasticity at the AL-MB synapse. Following stimulation with a glass micro-electrode, AL-induced Ca(2+) responses in the MBs were mediated through Drosophila nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (dnAChRs), while AFV-induced Ca(2+) responses were mediated through Drosophila NMDA receptors (dNRs). AL-MB synaptic transmission was enhanced more than 2 h after the simultaneous 'associative-stimulation' of AL and AFV, and such long-term enhancement (LTE) was specifically formed at the AL-MB synapses but not at the AFV-MB synapses. AL-MB LTE was not induced by intense stimulation of the AL alone, and the LTE decays within 60 min after subsequent repetitive AL stimulation. These phenotypes of associativity, input specificity and persistence of AL-MB LTE are highly reminiscent of olfactory memory. Furthermore, similar to olfactory aversive memory, AL-MB LTE formation required activation of the Drosophila D1 dopamine receptor, DopR, along with dnAChR and dNR during associative stimulations. These physiological and genetic analogies indicate that AL-MB LTE might be a relevant cellular model for olfactory memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Ueno
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 1568506, Japan.
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25
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Moraru MM, Egger B, Bao DB, Sprecher SG. Analysis of cell identity, morphology, apoptosis and mitotic activity in a primary neural cell culture system in Drosophila. Neural Dev 2012; 7:14. [PMID: 22554060 PMCID: PMC3379951 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8104-7-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In Drosophila, most neurogenetic research is carried out in vivo. Mammalian research demonstrates that primary cell culture techniques provide a powerful model to address cell autonomous and non-autonomous processes outside their endogenous environment. We developed a cell culture system in Drosophila using wildtype and genetically manipulated primary neural tissue for long-term observations. We assessed the molecular identity of distinct neural cell types by immunolabeling and genetically expressed fluorescent cell markers. We monitored mitotic activity of cell cultures derived from wildtype and tumorous larval brains. Our system provides a powerful approach to unveil developmental processes in the nervous system and to complement studies in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela M Moraru
- Institute of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland
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26
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Gault WJ, Olguin P, Weber U, Mlodzik M. Drosophila CK1-γ, gilgamesh, controls PCP-mediated morphogenesis through regulation of vesicle trafficking. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 196:605-21. [PMID: 22391037 PMCID: PMC3307696 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201107137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
CK1-γ/gilgamesh spatially limits the planar cell polarity–regulated process of trichome formation in Drosophila through its effect on polarized vesicle recycling. Cellular morphogenesis, including polarized outgrowth, promotes tissue shape and function. Polarized vesicle trafficking has emerged as a fundamental mechanism by which protein and membrane can be targeted to discrete subcellular domains to promote localized protrusions. Frizzled (Fz)/planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling orchestrates cytoskeletal polarization and drives morphogenetic changes in such contexts as the vertebrate body axis and external Drosophila melanogaster tissues. Although regulation of Fz/PCP signaling via vesicle trafficking has been identified, the interplay between the vesicle trafficking machinery and downstream terminal PCP-directed processes is less established. In this paper, we show that Drosophila CK1-γ/gilgamesh (gish) regulates the PCP-associated process of trichome formation through effects on Rab11-mediated vesicle recycling. Although the core Fz/PCP proteins dictate prehair formation broadly, CK1-γ/gish restricts nucleation to a single site. Moreover, CK1-γ/gish works in parallel with the Fz/PCP effector multiple wing hairs, which restricts prehair formation along the perpendicular axis to Gish. Our findings suggest that polarized Rab11-mediated vesicle trafficking regulated by CK1-γ is required for PCP-directed processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Gault
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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27
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Qin H, Cressy M, Li W, Coravos JS, Izzi SA, Dubnau J. Gamma neurons mediate dopaminergic input during aversive olfactory memory formation in Drosophila. Curr Biol 2012; 22:608-14. [PMID: 22425153 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2012.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mushroom body (MB)-dependent olfactory learning in Drosophila provides a powerful model to investigate memory mechanisms. MBs integrate olfactory conditioned stimulus (CS) inputs with neuromodulatory reinforcement (unconditioned stimuli, US), which for aversive learning is thought to rely on dopaminergic (DA) signaling to DopR, a D1-like dopamine receptor expressed in MBs. A wealth of evidence suggests the conclusion that parallel and independent signaling occurs downstream of DopR within two MB neuron cell types, with each supporting half of memory performance. For instance, expression of the Rutabaga (Rut) adenylyl cyclase in γ neurons is sufficient to restore normal learning to rut mutants, whereas expression of Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) in α/β neurons is sufficient to rescue NF1 mutants. DopR mutations are the only case where memory performance is fully eliminated, consistent with the hypothesis that DopR receives the US inputs for both γ and α/β lobe traces. We demonstrate, however, that DopR expression in γ neurons is sufficient to fully support short- and long-term memory. We argue that DA-mediated CS-US association is formed in γ neurons followed by communication between γ and α/β neurons to drive consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Qin
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
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28
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Shuai Y, Hu Y, Qin H, Campbell RAA, Zhong Y. Distinct molecular underpinnings of Drosophila olfactory trace conditioning. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:20201-6. [PMID: 22123966 PMCID: PMC3250181 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1107489109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Trace conditioning is valued as a simple experimental model to assess how the brain associates events that are discrete in time. Here, we adapted an olfactory trace conditioning procedure in Drosophila melanogaster by training fruit flies to avoid an odor that is followed by foot shock many seconds later. The molecular underpinnings of the learning are distinct from the well-characterized simultaneous conditioning, where odor and punishment temporally overlap. First, Rutabaga adenylyl cyclase (Rut-AC), a putative molecular coincidence detector vital for simultaneous conditioning, is dispensable in trace conditioning. Second, dominant-negative Rac expression, thought to sustain early labile memory, significantly enhances learning of trace conditioning, but leaves simultaneous conditioning unaffected. We further show that targeting Rac inhibition to the mushroom body (MB) but not the antennal lobe (AL) suffices to achieve the enhancement effect. Moreover, the absence of trace conditioning learning in D1 dopamine receptor mutants is rescued by restoration of expression specifically in the adult MB. These results suggest the MB as a crucial neuroanatomical locus for trace conditioning, which may harbor a Rac activity-sensitive olfactory "sensory buffer" that later converges with the punishment signal carried by dopamine signaling. The distinct molecular signature of trace conditioning revealed here shall contribute to the understanding of how the brain overcomes a temporal gap in potentially related events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichun Shuai
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724; and
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongtao Qin
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724; and
| | | | - Yi Zhong
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724; and
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
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29
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Abstract
Studies using functional cellular imaging of living flies have identified six memory traces that form in the olfactory nervous system after conditioning with odors. These traces occur in distinct nodes of the olfactory nervous system, form and disappear across different windows of time, and are detected in the imaged neurons as increased calcium influx or synaptic release in response to the conditioned odor. Three traces form at or near acquisition and coexist with short-term behavioral memory. One trace forms with a delay after learning and coexists with intermediate-term behavioral memory. Two traces form many hours after acquisition and coexist with long-term behavioral memory. The transient memory traces may support behavior across the time windows of their existence. The experimental approaches for dissecting memory formation in the fly, ranging from the molecular to the systems, make it an ideal system for elucidating the logic by which the nervous system organizes and stores different temporal forms of memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald L Davis
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute Florida, Jupiter, FL 33410, USA.
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30
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Chatterjee N, Rollins J, Mahowald AP, Bazinet C. Neurotransmitter Transporter-Like: a male germline-specific SLC6 transporter required for Drosophila spermiogenesis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16275. [PMID: 21298005 PMCID: PMC3029318 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The SLC6 class of membrane transporters, known primarily as neurotransmitter transporters, is increasingly appreciated for its roles in nutritional uptake of amino acids and other developmentally specific functions. A Drosophila SLC6 gene, Neurotransmitter transporter-like (Ntl), is expressed only in the male germline. Mobilization of a transposon inserted near the 3' end of the Ntl coding region yields male-sterile mutants defining a single complementation group. Germline transformation with Ntl cDNAs under control of male germline-specific control elements restores Ntl/Ntl homozygotes to normal fertility, indicating that Ntl is required only in the germ cells. In mutant males, sperm morphogenesis appears normal, with elongated, individualized and coiled spermiogenic cysts accumulating at the base of the testes. However, no sperm are transferred to the seminal vesicle. The level of polyglycylation of Ntl mutant sperm tubulin appears to be significantly lower than that of wild type controls. Glycine transporters are the most closely related SLC6 transporters to Ntl, suggesting that Ntl functions as a glycine transporter in developing sperm, where augmentation of the cytosolic pool of glycine may be required for the polyglycylation of the massive amounts of tubulin in the fly's giant sperm. The male-sterile phenotype of Ntl mutants may provide a powerful genetic system for studying the function of an SLC6 transporter family in a model organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabanita Chatterjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, Jamaica, New York, United States of America
| | - Janet Rollins
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, Jamaica, New York, United States of America
| | - Anthony P. Mahowald
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Christopher Bazinet
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, Jamaica, New York, United States of America
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31
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Kahsai L, Zars T. Learning and memory in Drosophila: behavior, genetics, and neural systems. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2011; 99:139-67. [PMID: 21906539 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-387003-2.00006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The rich behavioral repertoire that Drosophila use to navigate in their natural environment suggests that flies can use memories to inform decisions. Development of paradigms to examine memories that restrict behavioral choice was essential in furthering our understanding of the genetics and neural systems of memory formation in the fly. Olfactory, visual, and place memory paradigms have proven influential in determining principles for the mechanisms of memory formation. Several parts of the nervous system have been shown to be important for different types of memories, including the mushroom bodies and the central complex. Thus far, about 40 genes have been linked to normal olfactory short-term memory. A subset of these genes have also been tested for a role in visual and place memory. Some genes have a common function in memory formation, specificity of action comes from where in the nervous system these genes act. Alternatively, some genes have a more restricted role in different types of memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Kahsai
- University of Missouri, Division of Biological Sciences, 114 Lefevre Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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