1
|
Di Francesco V, Chua AJ, Davoudi E, Kim J, Bleier BS, Amiji MM. Minimally invasive nasal infusion (MINI) approach for CNS delivery of protein therapeutics: A case study with ovalbumin. J Control Release 2024; 372:674-681. [PMID: 38909700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
One of the primary obstacles in treating central nervous system (CNS) disorders lies in the limited ability of disease-modifying drugs to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Our previously described Minimally Invasive Nasal Depot (MIND) technique has proven successful in delivering various drugs to the brain in rat models via a trans-olfactory mucosal approach. In this study, we introduce a novel Minimally Invasive Nasal Infusion (MINI) delivery approach for administering ovalbumin, a model protein, utilizing a programmable infusion pump (iPRECIO SMP-310R) in a mouse model. This research highlights the significant role of olfactory mucosa in nose-to-brain delivery, with an efficacy of nearly 45% compared to intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration. This demonstrates its potential as an alternative procedure for treating CNS diseases, offering a greater safety profile relative to the highly invasive clinical routes traditionally adopted for CNS drug delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Di Francesco
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, 140 The Fenway Building, MA 02115., USA; Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114., USA
| | - Andy J Chua
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, 140 The Fenway Building, MA 02115., USA; Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114., USA; Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Sengkang General Hospital, 110, Sengkang, E Way, Singapore 544886
| | - Elham Davoudi
- Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Sciences, Zuckerberg College of Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts at Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Jonghan Kim
- Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Sciences, Zuckerberg College of Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts at Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin S Bleier
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114., USA.
| | - Mansoor M Amiji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, 140 The Fenway Building, MA 02115., USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, 140 The Fenway Building, Boston, MA 02115., USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li M, Gan J, Yang X, Liu S, Ji Y. Cerebrospinal fluid/serum albumin ratio in patients with Lewy body disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1390036. [PMID: 38756533 PMCID: PMC11096505 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1390036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Abnormal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)/serum albumin ratio (Qalb) levels have been observed in patients with cognitive impairment. Few studies have specifically focused on Lewy Body Disease (LBD), and the results were controversial. Thus, we conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate Qalb levels in patients with LBD by including data from different studies. Method We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases for a collection of studies containing studies comparing Qalb levels in patients with LBD and healthy controls (including healthy controls and other dementia subtypes). In the initial search, 86 relevant papers were retrieved. Standardized mean differences (SMD) in Qalb levels were calculated using a random effects model. Results A total of 13 eligible studies were included. Mean Qalb levels were significantly higher in patients with LBD compared to healthy older adults [standardized mean difference (SMD): 2.95, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.89-5.00, Z = 2.81, p = 0.005]; and were significantly higher in patients with LBD than in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) (SMD: 1.13, 95% CI: 0.42-1.83, Z = 3.15, p = 0.002);whereas mean Qalb levels were significantly higher in patients with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) compared to those with AD (SMD: 1.13, 95% CI,0.14-2.13, Z = 2.24, p = 0.03). Conclusion Qalb levels were significantly elevated in LBD patients compared with normal older adults and were higher than those in AD patients and FTLD patients, which helped in the differential diagnosis of LBD from other neurodegenerative diseases. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD42024496616.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moyu Li
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinghuan Gan
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Yang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tianjin Dementia Institute, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yong Ji
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tianjin Dementia Institute, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ceci C, Lacal PM, Barbaccia ML, Mercuri NB, Graziani G, Ledonne A. The VEGFs/VEGFRs system in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases: Pathophysiological roles and therapeutic implications. Pharmacol Res 2024; 201:107101. [PMID: 38336311 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) and their cognate receptors (VEGFRs), besides their well-known involvement in physiological angiogenesis/lymphangiogenesis and in diseases associated to pathological vessel formation, play multifaceted functions in the central nervous system (CNS). In addition to shaping brain development, by controlling cerebral vasculogenesis and regulating neurogenesis as well as astrocyte differentiation, the VEGFs/VEGFRs axis exerts essential functions in the adult brain both in physiological and pathological contexts. In this article, after describing the physiological VEGFs/VEGFRs functions in the CNS, we focus on the VEGFs/VEGFRs involvement in neurodegenerative diseases by reviewing the current literature on the rather complex VEGFs/VEGFRs contribution to the pathogenic mechanisms of Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's (PD) diseases. Thereafter, based on the outcome of VEGFs/VEGFRs targeting in animal models of AD and PD, we discuss the factual relevance of pharmacological VEGFs/VEGFRs modulation as a novel and potential disease-modifying approach for these neurodegenerative pathologies. Specific VEGFRs targeting, aimed at selective VEGFR-1 inhibition, while preserving VEGFR-2 signal transduction, appears as a promising strategy to hit the molecular mechanisms underlying AD pathology. Moreover, therapeutic VEGFs-based approaches can be proposed for PD treatment, with the aim of fine-tuning their brain levels to amplify neurotrophic/neuroprotective effects while limiting an excessive impact on vascular permeability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Ceci
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Maria Luisa Barbaccia
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Biagio Mercuri
- Neurology Section, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Department of Experimental Neuroscience, Rome, Italy; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Grazia Graziani
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
| | - Ada Ledonne
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Department of Experimental Neuroscience, Rome, Italy; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Davidson TL, Stevenson RJ. Vulnerability of the Hippocampus to Insults: Links to Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1991. [PMID: 38396670 PMCID: PMC10888241 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25041991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus is a critical brain substrate for learning and memory; events that harm the hippocampus can seriously impair mental and behavioral functioning. Hippocampal pathophysiologies have been identified as potential causes and effects of a remarkably diverse array of medical diseases, psychological disorders, and environmental sources of damage. It may be that the hippocampus is more vulnerable than other brain areas to insults that are related to these conditions. One purpose of this review is to assess the vulnerability of the hippocampus to the most prevalent types of insults in multiple biomedical domains (i.e., neuroactive pathogens, neurotoxins, neurological conditions, trauma, aging, neurodegenerative disease, acquired brain injury, mental health conditions, endocrine disorders, developmental disabilities, nutrition) and to evaluate whether these insults affect the hippocampus first and more prominently compared to other brain loci. A second purpose is to consider the role of hippocampal blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown in either causing or worsening the harmful effects of each insult. Recent research suggests that the hippocampal BBB is more fragile compared to other brain areas and may also be more prone to the disruption of the transport mechanisms that act to maintain the internal milieu. Moreover, a compromised BBB could be a factor that is common to many different types of insults. Our analysis indicates that the hippocampus is more vulnerable to insults compared to other parts of the brain, and that developing interventions that protect the hippocampal BBB may help to prevent or ameliorate the harmful effects of many insults on memory and cognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Terry L. Davidson
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, American University, 4400 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20016, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang W, Xu H, Li C, Han B, Zhang Y. Exploring Chinese herbal medicine for ischemic stroke: insights into microglia and signaling pathways. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1333006. [PMID: 38318134 PMCID: PMC10838993 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1333006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a prevalent clinical condition affecting the central nervous system, characterized by a high mortality and disability rate. Its incidence is progressively rising, particularly among younger individuals, posing a significant threat to human well-being. The activation and polarization of microglia, leading to pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses, are widely recognized as pivotal factors in the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury. Traditional Chinese herbal medicines (TCHMs) boasts a rich historical background, notable efficacy, and minimal adverse effects. It exerts its effects by modulating microglia activation and polarization, suppressing inflammatory responses, and ameliorating nerve injury through the mediation of microglia and various associated pathways (such as NF-κB signaling pathway, Toll-like signaling pathway, Notch signaling pathway, AMPK signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, among others). Consequently, this article focuses on microglia as a therapeutic target, reviewing relevant pathway of literature on TCHMs to mitigate neuroinflammation and mediate IS injury, while also exploring research on drug delivery of TCHMs. The ultimate goal is to provide new insights that can contribute to the clinical management of IS using TCHMs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bingbing Han
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yimin Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ren J, Xiao H. Exercise Intervention for Alzheimer's Disease: Unraveling Neurobiological Mechanisms and Assessing Effects. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2285. [PMID: 38137886 PMCID: PMC10744739 DOI: 10.3390/life13122285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease and a major cause of age-related dementia, characterized by cognitive dysfunction and memory impairment. The underlying causes include the accumulation of beta-amyloid protein (Aβ) in the brain, abnormal phosphorylation, and aggregation of tau protein within nerve cells, as well as neuronal damage and death. Currently, there is no cure for AD with drug therapy. Non-pharmacological interventions such as exercise have been widely used to treat AD, but the specific molecular and biological mechanisms are not well understood. In this narrative review, we integrate the biology of AD and summarize the knowledge of the molecular, neural, and physiological mechanisms underlying exercise-induced improvements in AD progression. We discuss various exercise interventions used in AD and show that exercise directly or indirectly affects the brain by regulating crosstalk mechanisms between peripheral organs and the brain, including "bone-brain crosstalk", "muscle-brain crosstalk", and "gut-brain crosstalk". We also summarize the potential role of artificial intelligence and neuroimaging technologies in exercise interventions for AD. We emphasize that moderate-intensity, regular, long-term exercise may improve the progression of Alzheimer's disease through various molecular and biological pathways, with multimodal exercise providing greater benefits. Through in-depth exploration of the molecular and biological mechanisms and effects of exercise interventions in improving AD progression, this review aims to contribute to the existing knowledge base and provide insights into new therapeutic strategies for managing AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianchang Ren
- Institute of Sport and Health, Guangdong Provincial Kay Laboratory of Development and Education for Special Needs Child, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524037, China
- Institute of Sport and Health, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Haili Xiao
- Institute of Sport and Health, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524037, China;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Schellhammer L, Beffinger M, Salazar U, Laman JD, Buch T, vom Berg J. Exit pathways of therapeutic antibodies from the brain and retention strategies. iScience 2023; 26:108132. [PMID: 37915602 PMCID: PMC10616392 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Treating brain diseases requires therapeutics to pass the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which is nearly impermeable for large biologics such as antibodies. Several methods now facilitate crossing or circumventing the BBB for antibody therapeutics. Some of these exploit receptor-mediated transcytosis, others use direct delivery bypassing the BBB. However, successful delivery into the brain does not preclude exit back to the systemic circulation. Various mechanisms are implicated in the active and passive export of antibodies from the central nervous system. Here we review findings on active export via transcytosis of therapeutic antibodies - in particular, the role of the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) - and discuss a possible contribution of passive efflux pathways such as lymphatic and perivascular drainage. We point out open questions and how to address these experimentally. In addition, we suggest how emerging findings could aid the design of the next generation of therapeutic antibodies for neurologic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Schellhammer
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Michal Beffinger
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
- InCephalo AG, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Ulisse Salazar
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Jon D. Laman
- Department of Pathology & Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713, the Netherlands
| | - Thorsten Buch
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Johannes vom Berg
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
- InCephalo AG, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhan R, Meng X, Tian D, Xu J, Cui H, Yang J, Xu Y, Shi M, Xue J, Yu W, Hu G, Li K, Ge X, Zhang Q, Zhao M, Du J, Guo X, Xu W, Gao Y, Yao C, Chen F, Chen Y, Shan W, Zhu Y, Ji L, Pan B, Yu Y, Li W, Zhao X, He Q, Liu X, Huang Y, Liao S, Zhou B, Chui D, Chen YE, Sun Z, Dong E, Wang Y, Zheng L. NAD + rescues aging-induced blood-brain barrier damage via the CX43-PARP1 axis. Neuron 2023; 111:3634-3649.e7. [PMID: 37683629 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) function deteriorates during aging, contributing to cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration. It is unclear what drives BBB leakage in aging and how it can be prevented. Using single-nucleus transcriptomics, we identified decreased connexin 43 (CX43) expression in cadherin-5+ (Cdh5+) cerebral vascular cells in naturally aging mice and confirmed it in human brain samples. Global or Cdh5+ cell-specific CX43 deletion in mice exacerbated BBB dysfunction during aging. The CX43-dependent effect was not due to its canonical gap junction function but was associated with reduced NAD+ levels and mitochondrial dysfunction through NAD+-dependent sirtuin 3 (SIRT3). CX43 interacts with and negatively regulates poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1). Pharmacologic inhibition of PARP1 by olaparib or nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation rescued NAD+ levels and alleviated aging-associated BBB leakage. These findings establish the endothelial CX43-PARP1-NAD+ pathway's role in vascular aging and identify a potential therapeutic strategy to combat aging-associated BBB leakage with neuroprotective implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhan
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Research Center for Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences Qingdao Hospital (Qingdao Municipal Hospital), School of Health and Life Sciences, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xia Meng
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, The Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongping Tian
- Department of Pathology, Medical College, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, The Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongtu Cui
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jialei Yang
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, The Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yangkai Xu
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Mingming Shi
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, The Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Xue
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, The Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Weiwei Yu
- Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Gaofei Hu
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ke Li
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, The Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Ge
- Beijing Institute Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Mingming Zhao
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jianyong Du
- Research Center for Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences Qingdao Hospital (Qingdao Municipal Hospital), School of Health and Life Sciences, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xin Guo
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenli Xu
- Research Center for Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences Qingdao Hospital (Qingdao Municipal Hospital), School of Health and Life Sciences, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Research Center for Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences Qingdao Hospital (Qingdao Municipal Hospital), School of Health and Life Sciences, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Changyu Yao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Chen
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wenxin Shan
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yujie Zhu
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Liang Ji
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Bing Pan
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Chinese Institute of Rehabilitation Science, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Wenguang Li
- Institute of Genetics and Development Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuyang Zhao
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qihua He
- Center of Medical and Health Analysis, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- National Protein Science Technology Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Huang
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, The Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shengyou Liao
- Department of Clinical Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease Precision Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Dehua Chui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Devices and Technology and Department of Neurology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Zheng Sun
- Department of Medicine and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Erdan Dong
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Research Center for Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences Qingdao Hospital (Qingdao Municipal Hospital), School of Health and Life Sciences, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Research Unit of Medical Science Research Management/Basic and Clinical Research of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Beijing, China.
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, The Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Lemin Zheng
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Tiantan Hospital, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, The Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; The Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Matsuki H, Mandai S, Shiwaku H, Koide T, Takahashi N, Yanagi T, Inaba S, Ida S, Fujiki T, Mori Y, Ando F, Mori T, Susa K, Iimori S, Sohara E, Takahashi H, Uchida S. Chronic kidney disease causes blood-brain barrier breakdown via urea-activated matrix metalloproteinase-2 and insolubility of tau protein. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:10972-10995. [PMID: 37889501 PMCID: PMC10637825 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) causes cognitive impairment and contributes to the overall global burden of dementia. However, mechanisms through which the kidneys and brain communicate are not fully understood. We established a CKD mouse model through adenine-induced tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Novel object recognition tests indicated that CKD decreased recognition memory. Sarkosyl-insoluble-proteomic analyses of the CKD mouse hippocampus revealed an accumulation of insoluble MAPT (microtubule-associated protein tau) and RNA-binding proteins such as small nuclear ribonucleoprotein U1 subunit 70 (SNRNP70). Additionally, there was an accumulation of Immunoglobulin G (IgG), indicating blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown. We identified that expressions of essential tight-junction protein claudin-5 and adherens-junction protein platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1/CD31) were decreased in the brain endothelial cells of CKD mice. We determined urea as a major uremic solute that dose dependently decreased both claudin-5 and PECAM-1 expression in the mouse brain endothelial cell line bEnd.3 cells. Gelatin zymography indicated that the serum of CKD mice activated matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2), while marimastat ameliorated the reduction of claudin-5 expression by urea in bEnd.3 cells. This study established a brain proteomic signature of CKD indicating BBB breakdown and insolubility of tau protein, which are pathologically linked to Alzheimer's disease. Urea-mediated activation of MMP2 was partly responsible for BBB breakdown in CKD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hisazumi Matsuki
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo City, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Shintaro Mandai
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo City, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shiwaku
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo City, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Takaaki Koide
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo City, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Naohiro Takahashi
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo City, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Tomoki Yanagi
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo City, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Inaba
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo City, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Saaya Ida
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo City, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Tamami Fujiki
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo City, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Yutaro Mori
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo City, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Ando
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo City, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Takayasu Mori
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo City, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Koichiro Susa
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo City, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Soichiro Iimori
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo City, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Eisei Sohara
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo City, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Hidehiko Takahashi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo City, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
- Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo City, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Shinichi Uchida
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo City, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kim J, Jeon H, Yun Kim H, Kim Y. Failure, Success, and Future Direction of Alzheimer Drugs Targeting Amyloid-β Cascade: Pros and Cons of Chemical and Biological Modalities. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300328. [PMID: 37497809 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent cause of dementia and has become a health concern worldwide urging for an effective therapeutic. The amyloid hypothesis, currently the most pursued basis of AD drug discovery, points the cause of AD to abnormal production and ineffective removal of pathogenic aggregated amyloid-β (Aβ). AD therapeutic research has been focused on targeting different species of Aβ in the amyloidogenic process to control Aβ content and recover cognitive decline. Among the different processes targeted, the clearance mechanism has been found to be the most effective, supported by the recent clinical approval of an Aβ-targeting immunotherapeutic drug which significantly slowed cognitive decline. Although the current AD drug discovery field is extensively researching immunotherapeutic drugs, there are numerous properties of immunotherapy in need of improvements that could be overcome by an equally performing chemical drug. Here, we review chemical and immunotherapy drug candidates, based on their mechanism of modulating the amyloid cascade, selected from the AlzForum database. Through this review, we aim to summarize and evaluate the prospect of Aβ-targeting chemical drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- JiMin Kim
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - Hanna Jeon
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - Hye Yun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - YoungSoo Kim
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lu Y, Saibro-Girardi C, Fitz NF, McGuire MR, Ostach MA, Mamun-Or-Rashid ANM, Lefterov I, Koldamova R. Multi-transcriptomics reveals brain cellular responses to peripheral infection in Alzheimer's disease model mice. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112785. [PMID: 37436901 PMCID: PMC10530196 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral inflammation has been linked to various neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here we perform bulk, single-cell, and spatial transcriptomics in APP/PS1 mice intranasally exposed to Staphylococcus aureus to determine how low-grade peripheral infection affects brain transcriptomics and AD-like pathology. Chronic exposure led to increased amyloid plaque burden and plaque-associated microglia, significantly affecting the transcription of brain barrier-associated cells, which resulted in barrier leakage. We reveal cell-type- and spatial-specific transcriptional changes related to brain barrier function and neuroinflammation during the acute infection. Both acute and chronic exposure led to brain macrophage-associated responses and detrimental effects in neuronal transcriptomics. Finally, we identify unique transcriptional responses at the amyloid plaque niches following acute infection characterized by higher disease-associated microglia gene expression and a larger effect on astrocytic or macrophage-associated genes, which could facilitate amyloid and related pathologies. Our findings provide important insights into the mechanisms linking peripheral inflammation to AD pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Carolina Saibro-Girardi
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Nicholas Francis Fitz
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Mikayla Ranae McGuire
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Mary Ann Ostach
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - A N M Mamun-Or-Rashid
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Iliya Lefterov
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - Radosveta Koldamova
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Düchs M, Blazevic D, Rechtsteiner P, Kenny C, Lamla T, Low S, Savistchenko J, Neumann M, Melki R, Schönberger T, Stierstorfer B, Wyatt D, Igney F, Ciossek T. AAV-mediated expression of a new conformational anti-aggregated α-synuclein antibody prolongs survival in a genetic model of α-synucleinopathies. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:91. [PMID: 37322068 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00542-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion-like transmission of pathology in α-synucleinopathies like Parkinson's disease or multiple system atrophy is increasingly recognized as one potential mechanism to address disease progression. Active and passive immunotherapies targeting insoluble, aggregated α-synuclein are already being actively explored in the clinic with mixed outcomes so far. Here, we report the identification of 306C7B3, a highly selective, aggregate-specific α-synuclein antibody with picomolar affinity devoid of binding to the monomeric, physiologic protein. 306C7B3 binding is Ser129-phosphorylation independent and shows high affinity to several different aggregated α-synuclein polymorphs, increasing the likelihood that it can also bind to the pathological seeds assumed to drive disease progression in patients. In support of this, highly selective binding to pathological aggregates in postmortem brains of MSA patients was demonstrated, with no staining in samples from other human neurodegenerative diseases. To achieve CNS exposure of 306C7B3, an adeno-associated virus (AAV) based approach driving expression of the secreted antibody within the brain of (Thy-1)-[A30P]-hα-synuclein mice was used. Widespread central transduction after intrastriatal inoculation was ensured by using the AAV2HBKO serotype, with transduction being spread to areas far away from the inoculation site. Treatment of (Thy-1)-[A30P]-hα-synuclein mice at the age of 12 months demonstrated significantly increased survival, with 306C7B3 concentration reaching 3.9 nM in the cerebrospinal fluid. These results suggest that AAV-mediated expression of 306C7B3, targeting extracellular, presumably disease-propagating aggregates of α-synuclein, has great potential as a disease-modifying therapy for α-synucleinopathies as it ensures CNS exposure of the antibody, thereby mitigating the selective permeability of the blood-brain barrier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Düchs
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Dragica Blazevic
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | | | | | - Thorsten Lamla
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Sarah Low
- Boehringer Ingelheim USA, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | | | - Manuela Neumann
- Molecular Neuropathology of Neurodegenerative Diseases, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ronald Melki
- Institut Francois Jacob (MIRCen), CEA, CNRS, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Tanja Schönberger
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | | | - David Wyatt
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Frederik Igney
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Thomas Ciossek
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Albornoz EA, Gordon R, Kumar V, Robertson AAB, Schroder K, Woodruff TM. Response to Comment on "Inflammasome inhibition prevents α-synuclein pathology and dopaminergic neurodegeneration in mice". Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadh0604. [PMID: 37196062 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adh0604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We have replicated our original finding of elevated cleaved caspase-1 in mouse brains and neuroprotection by an NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor in two mouse models of Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo A Albornoz
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Richard Gordon
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, School of Biomedical Science, Centre for Microbiome Research, School of Biomedical Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Vinod Kumar
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Avril A B Robertson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Kate Schroder
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB) Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Trent M Woodruff
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Faresjö R, Sehlin D, Syvänen S. Age, dose, and binding to TfR on blood cells influence brain delivery of a TfR-transported antibody. Fluids Barriers CNS 2023; 20:34. [PMID: 37170266 PMCID: PMC10173660 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-023-00435-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) mediated brain delivery of antibodies could become important for increasing the efficacy of emerging immunotherapies in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, age, dose, binding to TfR1 on blood cells, and pathology could influence the TfR1-mediated transcytosis of TfR1-binders across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The aim of the study was, therefore, to investigate the impact of these factors on the brain delivery of a bispecific TfR1-transported Aβ-antibody, mAb3D6-scFv8D3, in comparison with the conventional antibody mAb3D6. METHODS Young (3-5 months) and aged (17-20 months) WT and tg-ArcSwe mice (AD model) were injected with 125I-labeled mAb3D6-scFv8D3 or mAb3D6. Three different doses were used in the study, 0.05 mg/kg (low dose), 1 mg/kg (high dose), and 10 mg/kg (therapeutic dose), with equimolar doses for mAb3D6. The dose-corrected antibody concentrations in whole blood, blood cells, plasma, spleen, and brain were evaluated at 2 h post-administration. Furthermore, isolated brains were studied by autoradiography, nuclear track emulsion, and capillary depletion to investigate the intrabrain distribution of the antibodies, while binding to blood cells was studied in vitro using blood isolated from young and aged mice. RESULTS The aged WT and tg-ArcSwe mice showed significantly lower brain concentrations of TfR-binding [125I]mAb3D6-scFv8D3 and higher concentrations in the blood cell fraction compared to young mice. For [125I]mAb3D6, no significant differences in blood or brain delivery were observed between young and aged mice or between genotypes. A low dose of [125I]mAb3D6-scFv8D3 was associated with increased relative parenchymal delivery, as well as increased blood cell distribution. Brain concentrations and relative parenchymal distribution of [125I]mAb3D6-scFv8D6 did not differ between tg-ArcSwe and WT mice at this early time point but were considerably increased compared to those observed for [125I]mAb3D6. CONCLUSION Age-dependent differences in blood and brain concentrations were observed for the bispecific antibody mAb3D6-scFv8D3 but not for the conventional Aβ antibody mAb3D6, indicating an age-related effect on TfR1-mediated brain delivery. The lowest dose of [125I]mAb3D6-scFv8D3 was associated with higher relative BBB penetration but, at the same time, a higher distribution to blood cells. Overall, Aβ-pathology did not influence the early brain distribution of the bispecific antibody. In summary, age and bispecific antibody dose were important factors determining brain delivery, while genotype was not.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Faresjö
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dag Sehlin
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stina Syvänen
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhukov O, He C, Soylu-Kucharz R, Cai C, Lauritzen AD, Aldana BI, Björkqvist M, Lauritzen M, Kucharz K. Preserved blood-brain barrier and neurovascular coupling in female 5xFAD model of Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1089005. [PMID: 37261266 PMCID: PMC10228387 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1089005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Dysfunction of the cerebral vasculature is considered one of the key components of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the mechanisms affecting individual brain vessels are poorly understood. Methods Here, using in vivo two-photon microscopy in superficial cortical layers and ex vivo imaging across brain regions, we characterized blood-brain barrier (BBB) function and neurovascular coupling (NVC) at the level of individual brain vessels in adult female 5xFAD mice, an aggressive amyloid-β (Aβ) model of AD. Results We report a lack of abnormal increase in adsorptive-mediated transcytosis of albumin and preserved paracellular barrier for fibrinogen and small molecules despite an extensive load of Aβ. Likewise, the NVC responses to somatosensory stimulation were preserved at all regulatory segments of the microvasculature: penetrating arterioles, precapillary sphincters, and capillaries. Lastly, the Aβ plaques did not affect the density of capillary pericytes. Conclusion Our findings provide direct evidence of preserved microvascular function in the 5xFAD mice and highlight the critical dependence of the experimental outcomes on the choice of preclinical models of AD. We propose that the presence of parenchymal Aβ does not warrant BBB and NVC dysfunction and that the generalized view that microvascular impairment is inherent to Aβ aggregation may need to be revised.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Zhukov
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Chen He
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rana Soylu-Kucharz
- Biomarkers in Brain Disease, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Changsi Cai
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Blanca Irene Aldana
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Björkqvist
- Biomarkers in Brain Disease, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin Lauritzen
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Krzysztof Kucharz
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Schurman CA, Burton JB, Rose J, Ellerby LM, Alliston T, Schilling B. Molecular and Cellular Crosstalk between Bone and Brain: Accessing Bidirectional Neural and Musculoskeletal Signaling during Aging and Disease. J Bone Metab 2023; 30:1-29. [PMID: 36950837 PMCID: PMC10036181 DOI: 10.11005/jbm.2023.30.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular omics technologies, including proteomics, have enabled the elucidation of key signaling pathways that mediate bidirectional communication between the brain and bone tissues. Here we provide a brief summary of the clinical and molecular evidence of the need to study the bone-brain axis of cross-tissue cellular communication. Clear clinical and molecular evidence suggests biological interactions and similarities between bone and brain cells. Here we review the current mass spectrometric techniques for studying brain and bone diseases with an emphasis on neurodegenerative diseases and osteoarthritis/osteoporosis, respectively. Further study of the bone-brain axis on a molecular level and evaluation of the role of proteins, neuropeptides, osteokines, and hormones in molecular pathways linked to bone and brain diseases is critically needed. The use of mass spectrometry and other omics technologies to analyze these cross-tissue signaling events and interactions will help us better understand disease progression and comorbidities and potentially identify new pathways and targets for therapeutic interventions. Proteomic measurements are particularly favorable for investigating the role of signaling and secreted and circulating analytes and identifying molecular and metabolic pathways implicated in age-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jacob Rose
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA,
USA
| | | | - Tamara Alliston
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA,
USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gan J, Yang X, Zhang G, Li X, Liu S, Zhang W, Ji Y. Alzheimer's disease pathology: pathways between chronic vascular risk factors and blood-brain barrier dysfunction in a cohort of patients with different types of dementia. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1088140. [PMID: 37213537 PMCID: PMC10194826 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1088140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Blood brain barrier (BBB) breakdown is considered a potential mechanism of dementia. The Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers and vascular factors are also associated with BBB permeability. Objective In the present study, the combination effects of neuropathological biomarkers of AD and chronic vascular risk factors for BBB were investigated. Methods The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)/serum albumin ratio (Qalb), an indicator of BBB permeability, was measured in a total of 95 hospitalized dementia patients. The demographics, clinical information, and laboratory tests were collected from the inpatient records. The CSF neuropathological biomarkers of AD and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype were also collected. The mediation analysis model was used to calculate the associations among neuropathological biomarkers of AD (mediator), the Qalb, and chronic vascular risk factors. Results Three types of dementia, AD (n = 52), Lewy body dementia (LBD, n = 19), and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (n = 24), were included with a mean Qalb of 7.18 (± 4.36). The Qalb was significantly higher in dementia patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM, p = 0.004) but did not differ based on the presence of APOE ε4 allele, CMBs, or amyloid/tau/neurodegeneration (ATN) framework. The Qalb was negatively associated with the levels of Aβ1-42 (B = -20.775, p = 0.009) and Aβ1-40 (B = -305.417, p = 0.005) and positively associated with the presence of T2DM (B = 3.382, p < 0.001) and the levels of glycosylated hemoglobin (GHb, B = 1.163, p < 0.001) and fasting blood glucose (FBG, B = 1.443, p < 0.001). GHb is a direct chronic vascular risk factor for higher Qalb (total effect B = 1.135, 95% CI: 0.611-1.659, p < 0.001). Ratios of Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 or t-tau/Aβ1-42 were mediators of the association between the Qalb and GHb; the direct effect of GHb on the Qalb was 1.178 (95% CI: 0.662-1.694, p < 0.001). Conclusion Glucose exposure can directly or indirectly affect BBB integrity through Aβ and tau, indicating glucose affects BBB breakdown and glucose stability plays an important role in dementia protection and management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinghuan Gan
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Yang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guili Zhang
- Department of Cognitive Disorder, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xudong Li
- Department of Cognitive Disorder, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Dementia Institute, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Cognitive Disorder, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Ji
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Dementia Institute, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Yong Ji
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Liu J, Xie Y, Lu Y, Zhao Z, Zhuang Z, Yang L, Huang H, Li H, Mao Z, Pi S, Chen F, He Y. APP/PS1 Gene-Environmental Cadmium Interaction Aggravates the Progression of Alzheimer's Disease in Mice via the Blood-Brain Barrier, Amyloid-β, and Inflammation. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 94:115-136. [PMID: 37248897 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is limited information about gene-environment interaction on the occurrence and the progression of Alzheimer's disease. OBJECTIVE To explore the effect of environmental low-dose cadmium (Cd) exposure on the progress of Alzheimer's disease and the underlining mechanism. METHODS We administered 1 mg/L, 10 mg/L cadmium chloride (treated groups), and water (control group) to C57BL/6J and APP/PS1 mice through drinking water, from one week before mating, until the offspring were sacrificed at 6 months of age. The behaviors, Cd level, blood-brain barrier (BBB) leakage, Aβ1-42 deposition, and inflammation expression were evaluated in these mice. RESULTS Mice of both genotypes had similar blood Cd levels after exposure to the same dose of Cd. The toxic effects of Cd on the two genotypes differed little in terms of neuronal histomorphology and BBB permeability. Cd caused a series of pathological morphological changes in the mouse brains and more fluorescent dye leakage at higher doses. Furthermore, the APP/PS1 mice had more severe damage than the C57BL/6J mice, based on the following five criteria. They were increasing anxiety-like behavior and chaos movement, spatial reference memory damage, Aβ plaque deposition in mouse brains, increasing microglia expression in the brain, and IL-6 higher expression in the cortex and in the serum. CONCLUSION Low-dose Cd exposure for 6 months increases Aβ plaque deposition and BBB permeability, exacerbates inflammatory responses, and activates microglia, in APP/PS1 mice. APP/PS1 gene-environmental Cd interaction aggravates the progression of Alzheimer's disease in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jieyi Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yirong Xie
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yao Lu
- Office of Academic Affairs, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhao
- Department of Toxicology, Guangdong Province Hospital for Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhixiong Zhuang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Linqing Yang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haiyan Huang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongya Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiyi Mao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shurong Pi
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Fubin Chen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yun He
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhao P, Zhang N, An Z. Engineering antibody and protein therapeutics to cross the blood-brain barrier. Antib Ther 2022; 5:311-331. [PMID: 36540309 PMCID: PMC9759110 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbac028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Diseases in the central nervous system (CNS) are often difficult to treat. Antibody- and protein-based therapeutics hold huge promises in CNS disease treatment. However, proteins are restricted from entering the CNS by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). To achieve enhanced BBB crossing, antibody-based carriers have been developed by utilizing the endogenous macromolecule transportation pathway, known as receptor-mediated transcytosis. In this report, we first provided an overall review on key CNS diseases and the most promising antibody- or protein-based therapeutics approved or in clinical trials. We then reviewed the platforms that are being explored to increase the macromolecule brain entry to combat CNS diseases. Finally, we have analyzed the lessons learned from past experiences and have provided a perspective on the future engineering of novel delivery vehicles for antibody- and protein-based therapies for CNS diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhao
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1825 Pressler Street, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ningyan Zhang
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1825 Pressler Street, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1825 Pressler Street, Houston, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Mucopolysaccharidoses and the blood-brain barrier. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:76. [PMID: 36117162 PMCID: PMC9484072 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00373-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidoses comprise a set of genetic diseases marked by an enzymatic dysfunction in the degradation of glycosaminoglycans in lysosomes. There are eight clinically distinct types of mucopolysaccharidosis, some with various subtypes, based on which lysosomal enzyme is deficient and symptom severity. Patients with mucopolysaccharidosis can present with a variety of symptoms, including cognitive dysfunction, hepatosplenomegaly, skeletal abnormalities, and cardiopulmonary issues. Additionally, the onset and severity of symptoms can vary depending on the specific disorder, with symptoms typically arising during early childhood. While there is currently no cure for mucopolysaccharidosis, there are clinically approved therapies for the management of clinical symptoms, such as enzyme replacement therapy. Enzyme replacement therapy is typically administered intravenously, which allows for the systemic delivery of the deficient enzymes to peripheral organ sites. However, crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to ameliorate the neurological symptoms of mucopolysaccharidosis continues to remain a challenge for these large macromolecules. In this review, we discuss the transport mechanisms for the delivery of lysosomal enzymes across the BBB. Additionally, we discuss the several therapeutic approaches, both preclinical and clinical, for the treatment of mucopolysaccharidoses.
Collapse
|
21
|
PBPK model for antibody disposition in mouse brain: validation using large-pore microdialysis data. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2022; 49:579-592. [DOI: 10.1007/s10928-022-09823-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
22
|
Britton R, Liu AT, Rege SV, Adams JM, Akrapongpisak L, Le D, Alcantara-Lee R, Estrada RA, Ray R, Ahadi S, Gallager I, Yang CF, Minami SS, Braithwaite SP, Czirr E, Campbell MK. Molecular and histological correlates of cognitive decline across age in male C57BL/6J mice. Brain Behav 2022; 12:e2736. [PMID: 35971662 PMCID: PMC9480918 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Increasing age is the number one risk factor for developing cognitive decline and neurodegenerative disease. Aged humans and mice exhibit numerous molecular changes that contribute to a decline in cognitive function and increased risk of developing age-associated diseases. Here, we characterize multiple age-associated changes in male C57BL/6J mice to understand the translational utility of mouse aging. METHODS Male C57BL/6J mice from various ages between 2 and 24 months of age were used to assess behavioral, as well as, histological and molecular changes across three modalities: neuronal, microgliosis/neuroinflammation, and the neurovascular unit (NVU). Additionally, a cohort of 4- and 22-month-old mice was used to assess blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown. Mice in this cohort were treated with a high, acute dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 10 mg/kg) or saline control 6 h prior to sacrifice followed by tail vein injection of 0.4 kDa sodium fluorescein (100 mg/kg) 2 h later. RESULTS Aged mice showed a decline in cognitive and motor abilities alongside decreased neurogenesis, proliferation, and synapse density. Further, neuroinflammation and circulating proinflammatory cytokines were increased in aged mice. Additionally, we found changes at the BBB, including increased T cell infiltration in multiple brain regions and an exacerbation in BBB leakiness following chemical insult with age. There were also a number of readouts that were unchanged with age and have limited utility as markers of aging in male C57BL/6J mice. CONCLUSIONS Here we propose that these changes may be used as molecular and histological readouts that correspond to aging-related behavioral decline. These comprehensive findings, in the context of the published literature, are an important resource toward deepening our understanding of normal aging and provide an important tool for studying aging in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Angela T Liu
- Alkahest, Inc., San Carlos, California, USA.,Coda Biotherapeutics, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | - Lily Akrapongpisak
- Alkahest, Inc., San Carlos, California, USA.,University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - David Le
- Alkahest, Inc., San Carlos, California, USA.,Fountain Therapeutics, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | - Rebecca Ray
- Alkahest, Inc., San Carlos, California, USA.,202 Chives Way, Walnut Creek, California, USA
| | - Sara Ahadi
- Alkahest, Inc., San Carlos, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Eva Czirr
- Alkahest, Inc., San Carlos, California, USA.,Confluence Therapeutics, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Blood-brain barrier leakage in Alzheimer's disease: From discovery to clinical relevance. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 234:108119. [PMID: 35108575 PMCID: PMC9107516 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. AD brain pathology starts decades before the onset of clinical symptoms. One early pathological hallmark is blood-brain barrier dysfunction characterized by barrier leakage and associated with cognitive decline. In this review, we summarize the existing literature on the extent and clinical relevance of barrier leakage in AD. First, we focus on AD animal models and their susceptibility to barrier leakage based on age and genetic background. Second, we re-examine barrier dysfunction in clinical and postmortem studies, summarize changes that lead to barrier leakage in patients and highlight the clinical relevance of barrier leakage in AD. Third, we summarize signaling mechanisms that link barrier leakage to neurodegeneration and cognitive decline in AD. Finally, we discuss clinical relevance and potential therapeutic strategies and provide future perspectives on investigating barrier leakage in AD. Identifying mechanistic steps underlying barrier leakage has the potential to unravel new targets that can be used to develop novel therapeutic strategies to repair barrier leakage and slow cognitive decline in AD and AD-related dementias.
Collapse
|
24
|
The amyloid peptide β disrupts intercellular junctions and increases endothelial permeability in a NADPH oxidase 1-dependent manner. Redox Biol 2022; 52:102287. [PMID: 35358850 PMCID: PMC8966210 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia and is associated with the accumulation of amyloid peptide β in the brain parenchyma. Vascular damage and microvascular thrombosis contribute to the neuronal degeneration and the loss of brain function typical of this disease. In this study, we utilised a murine model of Alzheimer's disease to evaluate the neurovascular effects of this disease. Upon detection of an increase in the phosphorylation of the endothelial surface receptor VE-cadherin, we focused our attention on endothelial cells and utilised two types of human endothelial cells cultured in vitro: 1) human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and 2) human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMECs). Using an electrical current impedance system (ECIS) and FITC-albumin permeability assays, we discovered that the treatment of human endothelial cells with amyloid peptide β causes a loss in their barrier function, which is oxidative stress-dependent and similarly to our observation in mouse brain associates with VE-cadherin phosphorylation. The activation of the superoxide anion-generating enzyme NADPH oxidase 1 is responsible for the oxidative stress that leads to the disruption of barrier function in human endothelial cells in vitro. In summary, we have identified a novel molecular mechanism explaining how the accumulation of amyloid peptide β in the brain parenchyma may induce the loss of neurovascular barrier function, which has been observed in patients. Neurovascular leakiness plays an important role in brain inflammation and neuronal degeneration driving the progression of the Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, this study provides a novel and promising target for the development of a pharmacological treatment to protect neurovascular function and reduce the progression of the neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's patients. Amyloid peptide β induces oxidative changes in mouse hippocampus. The endothelial barrier function is impaired by amyloid peptide β. Oxidative stress is critical for the increase in endothelial monolayer permeability. NADPH oxidase 1 mediates the endothelial barrier damage caused by amyloid peptide β.
Collapse
|
25
|
Marino M, Holt MG. AAV Vector-Mediated Antibody Delivery (A-MAD) in the Central Nervous System. Front Neurol 2022; 13:870799. [PMID: 35493843 PMCID: PMC9039256 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.870799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last four decades, monoclonal antibodies and their derivatives have emerged as a powerful class of therapeutics, largely due to their exquisite targeting specificity. Several clinical areas, most notably oncology and autoimmune disorders, have seen the successful introduction of monoclonal-based therapeutics. However, their adoption for treatment of Central Nervous System diseases has been comparatively slow, largely due to issues of efficient delivery resulting from limited permeability of the Blood Brain Barrier. Nevertheless, CNS diseases are becoming increasingly prevalent as societies age, accounting for ~6.5 million fatalities worldwide per year. Therefore, harnessing the full therapeutic potential of monoclonal antibodies (and their derivatives) in this clinical area has become a priority. Adeno-associated virus-based vectors (AAVs) are a potential solution to this problem. Preclinical studies have shown that AAV vector-mediated antibody delivery provides protection against a broad range of peripheral diseases, such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza and malaria. The parallel identification and optimization of AAV vector platforms which cross the Blood Brain Barrier with high efficiency, widely transducing the Central Nervous System and allowing high levels of local transgene production, has now opened a number of interesting scenarios for the development of AAV vector-mediated antibody delivery strategies to target Central Nervous System proteinopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marika Marino
- Laboratory of Glia Biology, VIB-KU Leuven, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matthew G. Holt
- Laboratory of Glia Biology, VIB-KU Leuven, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
- Synapse Biology Group, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Matthew G. Holt
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Keifer J. Regulation of AMPAR trafficking in synaptic plasticity by BDNF and the impact of neurodegenerative disease. J Neurosci Res 2022; 100:979-991. [PMID: 35128708 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Research demonstrates that the neural mechanisms underlying synaptic plasticity and learning and memory involve mobilization of AMPA-type neurotransmitter receptors at glutamatergic synaptic contacts, and that these mechanisms are targeted during neurodegenerative disease. Strengthening neural transmission occurs with insertion of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (AMPARs) into synapses while weakening results from receptor withdrawal. A key player in the trafficking of AMPARs during plasticity and learning is the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling system. BDNF is a neurotrophic factor that supports neuronal growth and is required for learning and memory. Significantly, a primary feature of many neurodegenerative diseases is a reduction in BDNF protein as well as disrupted neuronal surface expression of synaptic AMPARs. The resulting weakening of synaptic contacts leads to synapse loss and neuronal degeneration that underlies the cognitive impairment and dementia observed in patients with progressive neurodegenerative disease such as Alzheimer's. In the face of these data, one therapeutic approach is to increase BDNF bioavailability in brain. While this has been met with significant challenges, the results of the research have been promising. In spite of this, there are currently no clinical trials to test many of these findings on patients. Here, research showing that BDNF drives AMPARs to synapses, AMPAR trafficking is essential for synaptic plasticity and learning, and that neurodegenerative disease results in a significant decline in BDNF will be reviewed. The aim is to draw attention to the need for increasing patient-directed clinical studies to test the possible benefits of increasing levels of neurotrophins, specifically BDNF, to treat brain disorders. Much is known about the cellular mechanisms that underlie learning and memory in brain. It can be concluded that signaling by neurotrophins like BDNF and AMPA-type glutamate receptor synaptic trafficking are fundamental to these processes. Data from animal models and patients reveal that these mechanisms are adversely targeted during neurodegenerative disease and results in memory loss and cognitive decline. A brief summary of our understanding of these mechanisms indicates that it is time to apply this knowledge base directly to development of therapeutic treatments that enhance neurotrophins for brain disorders in patient populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Keifer
- Neuroscience Group, Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Kovalenko E, Makhnovich E, Osinovskaya N, Bogolepova A. Focused ultrasound as a non-invasive method with therapeutic potential in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2022; 122:38-45. [DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202212210138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
28
|
Tao QQ, Lin RR, Chen YH, Wu ZY. Discerning the Role of Blood Brain Barrier Dysfunction in Alzheimer’s Disease. Aging Dis 2022; 13:1391-1404. [PMID: 36186141 PMCID: PMC9466977 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.0130-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of neurodegenerative disease. The predominant characteristics of AD are the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau in the brain. Blood brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction as one of the causative factors of cognitive impairment is increasingly recognized in the last decades. However, the role of BBB dysfunction in AD pathogenesis is still not fully understood. It remains elusive whether BBB dysfunction is a consequence or causative fact of Aβ pathology, tau pathology, neuroinflammation, or other conditions. In this review, we summarized the major findings of BBB dysfunction in AD and the reciprocal relationships between BBB dysfunction, Aβ pathology, tau pathology, and neuroinflammation. In addition, the implications of BBB dysfunction in AD for delivering therapeutic drugs were presented. Finally, we discussed how to better determine the underlying mechanisms between BBB dysfunction and AD, as well as how to explore new therapies for BBB regulation to treat AD in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zhi-Ying Wu
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Zhi-Ying Wu, the Department of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Frank CJ, McNay EC. Breakdown of the blood-brain barrier: A mediator of increased Alzheimer's risk in patients with metabolic disorders? J Neuroendocrinol 2022; 34:e13074. [PMID: 34904299 PMCID: PMC8791015 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic disorders (MDs), including type 1 and 2 diabetes and chronic obesity, are among the faster growing diseases globally and are a primary risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). The term "type-3 diabetes" has been proposed for AD due to the interrelated cellular, metabolic, and immune features shared by diabetes, insulin resistance (IR), and the cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration found in AD. Patients with MDs and/or AD commonly exhibit altered glucose homeostasis and IR; systemic chronic inflammation encompassing all of the periphery, blood-brain barrier (BBB), and central nervous system; pathological vascular remodeling; and increased BBB permeability that allows transfusion of neurotoxic molecules from the blood to the brain. This review summarizes the components of the BBB, mechanisms through which MDs alter BBB permeability via immune and metabolic pathways, the contribution of BBB dysfunction to the manifestation and progression of AD, and current avenues of therapeutic research that address BBB permeability. In addition, issues with the translational applicability of current animal models of AD regarding BBB dysfunction and proposals for future directions of research that address the relationship between MDs, BBB dysfunction, and AD are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corey J Frank
- Behavioral Neuroscience, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Ewan C McNay
- Behavioral Neuroscience, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ou W, Yang J, Simanauskaite J, Choi M, Castellanos DM, Chang R, Sun J, Jagadeesan N, Parfitt KD, Cribbs DH, Sumbria RK. Biologic TNF-α inhibitors reduce microgliosis, neuronal loss, and tau phosphorylation in a transgenic mouse model of tauopathy. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:312. [PMID: 34972522 PMCID: PMC8719395 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02332-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) plays a central role in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology, making biologic TNF-α inhibitors (TNFIs), including etanercept, viable therapeutics for AD. The protective effects of biologic TNFIs on AD hallmark pathology (Aβ deposition and tau pathology) have been demonstrated. However, the effects of biologic TNFIs on Aβ-independent tau pathology have not been reported. Existing biologic TNFIs do not cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB), therefore we engineered a BBB-penetrating biologic TNFI by fusing the extracellular domain of the type-II human TNF-α receptor (TNFR) to a transferrin receptor antibody (TfRMAb) that ferries the TNFR into the brain via receptor-mediated transcytosis. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of TfRMAb-TNFR (BBB-penetrating TNFI) and etanercept (non-BBB-penetrating TNFI) in the PS19 transgenic mouse model of tauopathy. Methods Six-month-old male and female PS19 mice were injected intraperitoneally with saline (n = 12), TfRMAb-TNFR (1.75 mg/kg, n = 10) or etanercept (0.875 mg/kg, equimolar dose of TNFR, n = 10) 3 days/week for 8 weeks. Age-matched littermate wild-type mice served as additional controls. Blood was collected at baseline and 8 weeks for a complete blood count. Locomotion hyperactivity was assessed by the open-field paradigm. Brains were examined for phosphorylated tau lesions (Ser202, Thr205), microgliosis, and neuronal health. The plasma pharmacokinetics were evaluated following a single intraperitoneal injection of 0.875 mg/kg etanercept or 1.75 mg/kg TfRMAb-TNFR or 1.75 mg/kg chronic TfRMAb-TNFR dosing for 4 weeks. Results Etanercept significantly reduced phosphorylated tau and microgliosis in the PS19 mouse brains of both sexes, while TfRMAb-TNFR significantly reduced these parameters in the female PS19 mice. Both TfRMAb-TNFR and etanercept treatment improved neuronal health by significantly increasing PSD95 expression and attenuating hippocampal neuron loss in the PS19 mice. The locomotion hyperactivity in the male PS19 mice was suppressed by chronic etanercept treatment. Equimolar dosing resulted in eightfold lower plasma exposure of the TfRMAb-TNFR compared with etanercept. The hematological profiles remained largely stable following chronic biologic TNFI dosing except for a significant increase in platelets with etanercept. Conclusion Both TfRMAb-TNFR (BBB-penetrating) and non-BBB-penetrating (etanercept) biologic TNFIs showed therapeutic effects in the PS19 mouse model of tauopathy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02332-7.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Ou
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, 92618, USA
| | - Joshua Yang
- Henry E. Riggs School of Applied Life Sciences, Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA
| | | | - Matthew Choi
- Keck Science Department, Claremont McKenna College, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA
| | - Demi M Castellanos
- Henry E. Riggs School of Applied Life Sciences, Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA
| | - Rudy Chang
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, 92618, USA
| | - Jiahong Sun
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, 92618, USA
| | - Nataraj Jagadeesan
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, 92618, USA
| | - Karen D Parfitt
- Department of Neuroscience, Pomona College, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA
| | - David H Cribbs
- MIND Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Rachita K Sumbria
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, 92618, USA. .,Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92868, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Patel K, Srivastava S, Kushwah S, Mani A. Perspectives on the Role of APOE4 as a Therapeutic Target for Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2021; 5:899-910. [PMID: 35088039 PMCID: PMC8764632 DOI: 10.3233/adr-210027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that is coupled with chronic cognitive dysfunction. AD cases are mostly late onset, and genetic risk factors like the Apolipoprotein E (APOE) play a key role in this process. APOE ɛ2, APOE ɛ3, and APOE ɛ4 are three key alleles in the human APOE gene. For late onset, APOE ɛ4 has the most potent risk factor while APOE ɛ2 plays a defensive role. Several studies suggests that APOE ɛ4 causes AD via different processes like neurofibrillary tangle formation by amyloid-β accumulation, exacerbated neuroinflammation, cerebrovascular disease, and synaptic loss. But the pathway is still unclear that which actions of APOE ɛ4 lead to AD development. Since APOE was found to contribute to many AD pathways, targeting APOE ɛ4 can lead to a hopeful plan of action in development of new drugs to target AD. In this review, we focus on recent studies and perspectives, focusing on APOE ɛ4 as a key molecule in therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Patel
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Siwangi Srivastava
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Shikha Kushwah
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Ashutosh Mani
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Lorenzo MF, Campelo SN, Arroyo JP, Aycock KN, Hinckley J, Arena CB, Rossmeisl JH, Davalos RV. An Investigation for Large Volume, Focal Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption with High-Frequency Pulsed Electric Fields. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:1333. [PMID: 34959733 PMCID: PMC8715747 DOI: 10.3390/ph14121333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The treatment of CNS disorders suffers from the inability to deliver large therapeutic agents to the brain parenchyma due to protection from the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Herein, we investigated high-frequency pulsed electric field (HF-PEF) therapy of various pulse widths and interphase delays for BBB disruption while selectively minimizing cell ablation. Eighteen male Fisher rats underwent craniectomy procedures and two blunt-tipped electrodes were advanced into the brain for pulsing. BBB disruption was verified with contrast T1W MRI and pathologically with Evans blue dye. High-frequency irreversible electroporation cell death of healthy rodent astrocytes was investigated in vitro using a collagen hydrogel tissue mimic. Numerical analysis was conducted to determine the electric fields in which BBB disruption and cell ablation occur. Differences between the BBB disruption and ablation thresholds for each waveform are as follows: 2-2-2 μs (1028 V/cm), 5-2-5 μs (721 V/cm), 10-1-10 μs (547 V/cm), 2-5-2 μs (1043 V/cm), and 5-5-5 μs (751 V/cm). These data suggest that HF-PEFs can be fine-tuned to modulate the extent of cell death while maximizing peri-ablative BBB disruption. Furthermore, numerical modeling elucidated the diffuse field gradients of a single-needle grounding pad configuration to favor large-volume BBB disruption, while the monopolar probe configuration is more amenable to ablation and reversible electroporation effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melvin F. Lorenzo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (S.N.C.); (J.P.A.); (K.N.A.); (C.B.A.); (R.V.D.)
| | - Sabrina N. Campelo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (S.N.C.); (J.P.A.); (K.N.A.); (C.B.A.); (R.V.D.)
| | - Julio P. Arroyo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (S.N.C.); (J.P.A.); (K.N.A.); (C.B.A.); (R.V.D.)
| | - Kenneth N. Aycock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (S.N.C.); (J.P.A.); (K.N.A.); (C.B.A.); (R.V.D.)
| | - Jonathan Hinckley
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (J.H.); (J.H.R.J.)
| | - Christopher B. Arena
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (S.N.C.); (J.P.A.); (K.N.A.); (C.B.A.); (R.V.D.)
| | - John H. Rossmeisl
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (J.H.); (J.H.R.J.)
| | - Rafael V. Davalos
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (S.N.C.); (J.P.A.); (K.N.A.); (C.B.A.); (R.V.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Ni R. Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Animal Models of Alzheimer's Disease Amyloidosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12768. [PMID: 34884573 PMCID: PMC8657987 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-beta (Aβ) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Aberrant Aβ accumulation induces neuroinflammation, cerebrovascular alterations, and synaptic deficits, leading to cognitive impairment. Animal models recapitulating the Aβ pathology, such as transgenic, knock-in mouse and rat models, have facilitated the understanding of disease mechanisms and the development of therapeutics targeting Aβ. There is a rapid advance in high-field MRI in small animals. Versatile high-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences, such as diffusion tensor imaging, arterial spin labeling, resting-state functional MRI, anatomical MRI, and MR spectroscopy, as well as contrast agents, have been developed for preclinical imaging in animal models. These tools have enabled high-resolution in vivo structural, functional, and molecular readouts with a whole-brain field of view. MRI has been used to visualize non-invasively the Aβ deposits, synaptic deficits, regional brain atrophy, impairment in white matter integrity, functional connectivity, and cerebrovascular and glymphatic system in animal models of Alzheimer's disease amyloidosis. Many of the readouts are translational toward clinical MRI applications in patients with Alzheimer's disease. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in MRI for visualizing the pathophysiology in amyloidosis animal models. We discuss the outstanding challenges in brain imaging using MRI in small animals and propose future outlook in visualizing Aβ-related alterations in the brains of animal models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqing Ni
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich & University of Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, 8952 Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ni R. Positron Emission Tomography in Animal Models of Alzheimer's Disease Amyloidosis: Translational Implications. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:1179. [PMID: 34832961 PMCID: PMC8623863 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models of Alzheimer's disease amyloidosis that recapitulate cerebral amyloid-beta pathology have been widely used in preclinical research and have greatly enabled the mechanistic understanding of Alzheimer's disease and the development of therapeutics. Comprehensive deep phenotyping of the pathophysiological and biochemical features in these animal models is essential. Recent advances in positron emission tomography have allowed the non-invasive visualization of the alterations in the brain of animal models and in patients with Alzheimer's disease. These tools have facilitated our understanding of disease mechanisms and provided longitudinal monitoring of treatment effects in animal models of Alzheimer's disease amyloidosis. In this review, we focus on recent positron emission tomography studies of cerebral amyloid-beta accumulation, hypoglucose metabolism, synaptic and neurotransmitter receptor deficits (cholinergic and glutamatergic system), blood-brain barrier impairment, and neuroinflammation (microgliosis and astrocytosis) in animal models of Alzheimer's disease amyloidosis. We further propose the emerging targets and tracers for reflecting the pathophysiological changes and discuss outstanding challenges in disease animal models and future outlook in the on-chip characterization of imaging biomarkers towards clinical translation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqing Ni
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH & University of Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, 8952 Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Zhao Y, Suo Y, Yang Z, Hao Y, Li W, Su Y, Shi Y, Gao Y, Song L, Yin X, Shi H. Inspiration for the prevention and treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders: New insight from the bone-brain-axis. Brain Res Bull 2021; 177:263-272. [PMID: 34678443 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bone is the main supporting structure of the body and the main organ involved in body movement and calcium and phosphorus metabolism. Recent studies have shown that bone is also a potential new endocrine organ that participates in the physiological and pathophysiological processes of the cardiovascular, digestive, and endocrine systems through various bioactive cytokines secreted by bone cells and bone marrow. Bone-derived active cytokines can also directly act on the central nervous system and regulate brain function and individual behavior. The bidirectional regulation of the bone-brain axis has gradually attracted attention in the field of neuroscience. This paper reviews the regulatory effects of bone-derived active cytokines and bone-derived cells on individual brain function and brain diseases, as well as the occurrence and development of related neuropsychiatric diseases. The central regulatory mechanism function is briefly introduced, which will broaden the scope for mechanistic research and help establish prevention and treatment strategies for neuropsychiatric diseases based on the bone-brain axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zhao
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Medical and Health Science of HeBMU, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China; Hebei Key laboratory of Neurophysiology, Hebei Medicinal University, 050017, China
| | - Yining Suo
- Child Health Department, Hebei Children's Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050031, China
| | - Zhenbang Yang
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Medical and Health Science of HeBMU, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China; Hebei Key laboratory of Neurophysiology, Hebei Medicinal University, 050017, China
| | - Ying Hao
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Medical and Health Science of HeBMU, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China; Hebei Key laboratory of Neurophysiology, Hebei Medicinal University, 050017, China
| | - Wenshuya Li
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Medical and Health Science of HeBMU, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China; Hebei Key laboratory of Neurophysiology, Hebei Medicinal University, 050017, China
| | - Yujiao Su
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Medical and Health Science of HeBMU, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China; Hebei Key laboratory of Neurophysiology, Hebei Medicinal University, 050017, China
| | - Yun Shi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Medical and Health Science of HeBMU, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medicinal University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Medical and Health Science of HeBMU, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China; Hebei Key laboratory of Neurophysiology, Hebei Medicinal University, 050017, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medicinal University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Li Song
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Medical and Health Science of HeBMU, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China; Hebei Key laboratory of Neurophysiology, Hebei Medicinal University, 050017, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medicinal University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Xi Yin
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Medical and Health Science of HeBMU, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China; Department of Functional Region of Diagnosis, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050011, China.
| | - Haishui Shi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Medical and Health Science of HeBMU, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China; Hebei Key laboratory of Neurophysiology, Hebei Medicinal University, 050017, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medicinal University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Al Ojaimi Y, Blin T, Lamamy J, Gracia M, Pitiot A, Denevault-Sabourin C, Joubert N, Pouget JP, Gouilleux-Gruart V, Heuzé-Vourc'h N, Lanznaster D, Poty S, Sécher T. Therapeutic antibodies - natural and pathological barriers and strategies to overcome them. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 233:108022. [PMID: 34687769 PMCID: PMC8527648 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-based therapeutics have become a major class of therapeutics with over 120 recombinant antibodies approved or under review in the EU or US. This therapeutic class has experienced a remarkable expansion with an expected acceleration in 2021-2022 due to the extraordinary global response to SARS-CoV2 pandemic and the public disclosure of over a hundred anti-SARS-CoV2 antibodies. Mainly delivered intravenously, alternative delivery routes have emerged to improve antibody therapeutic index and patient comfort. A major hurdle for antibody delivery and efficacy as well as the development of alternative administration routes, is to understand the different natural and pathological barriers that antibodies face as soon as they enter the body up to the moment they bind to their target antigen. In this review, we discuss the well-known and more under-investigated extracellular and cellular barriers faced by antibodies. We also discuss some of the strategies developed in the recent years to overcome these barriers and increase antibody delivery to its site of action. A better understanding of the biological barriers that antibodies have to face will allow the optimization of antibody delivery near its target. This opens the way to the development of improved therapy with less systemic side effects and increased patients' adherence to the treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yara Al Ojaimi
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Inserm, 37000 Tours, France; University of Tours, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Timothée Blin
- University of Tours, 37000 Tours, France; UMR 1100, CEPR, Inserm, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Juliette Lamamy
- University of Tours, 37000 Tours, France; GICC, EA7501, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Matthieu Gracia
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), Inserm U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), Montpellier F-34298, France
| | - Aubin Pitiot
- University of Tours, 37000 Tours, France; UMR 1100, CEPR, Inserm, 37000 Tours, France
| | | | - Nicolas Joubert
- University of Tours, 37000 Tours, France; GICC, EA7501, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Pouget
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), Inserm U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), Montpellier F-34298, France
| | | | | | - Débora Lanznaster
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Inserm, 37000 Tours, France; University of Tours, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Sophie Poty
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), Inserm U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), Montpellier F-34298, France
| | - Thomas Sécher
- University of Tours, 37000 Tours, France; UMR 1100, CEPR, Inserm, 37000 Tours, France
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Chowdhury EA, Noorani B, Alqahtani F, Bhalerao A, Raut S, Sivandzade F, Cucullo L. Understanding the brain uptake and permeability of small molecules through the BBB: A technical overview. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:1797-1820. [PMID: 33444097 PMCID: PMC8327119 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x20985946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The brain is the most important organ in our body requiring its unique microenvironment. By the virtue of its function, the blood-brain barrier poses a significant hurdle in drug delivery for the treatment of neurological diseases. There are also different theories regarding how molecules are typically effluxed from the brain. In this review, we comprehensively discuss how the different pharmacokinetic techniques used for measuring brain uptake/permeability of small molecules have evolved with time. We also discuss the advantages and disadvantages associated with these different techniques as well as the importance to utilize the right method to properly assess CNS exposure to drug molecules. Even though very strong advances have been made we still have a long way to go to ensure a reduction in failures in central nervous system drug development programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ekram Ahmed Chowdhury
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, USA
| | - Behnam Noorani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, USA
| | - Faleh Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aditya Bhalerao
- Department of Foundational Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, USA
| | - Snehal Raut
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, USA
| | - Farzane Sivandzade
- Department of Foundational Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, USA
| | - Luca Cucullo
- Department of Foundational Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Zhang L, Sun H, Zhao J, Lee J, Ee Low L, Gong L, Chen Y, Wang N, Zhu C, Lin P, Liang Z, Wei M, Ling D, Li F. Dynamic nanoassemblies for imaging and therapy of neurological disorders. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 175:113832. [PMID: 34146626 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The past decades have witnessed an increased incidence of neurological disorders (NDs) such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, ischemic stroke, and epilepsy, which significantly lower patients' life quality and increase the economic and social burden. Recently, nanomedicines composed of imaging and/or therapeutic agents have been explored to diagnose and/or treat NDs due to their enhanced bioavailability, blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, and targeting capacity. Intriguingly, dynamic nanoassemblies self-assembled from functional nanoparticles to simultaneously interfere with multiple pathogenic substances and pathological changes, have been regarded as one of the foremost candidates to improve the diagnostic and therapeutic efficacy of NDs. To help readers better understand this emerging field, in this review, the pathogenic mechanism of different types of NDs is briefly introduced, then the functional nanoparticles used as building blocks in the construction of dynamic nanoassemblies for NDs theranostics are summarized. Furthermore, dynamic nanoassemblies that can actively cross the BBB to target brain lesions, sensitively and efficiently diagnose or treat NDs, and effectively promote neuroregeneration are highlighted. Finally, we conclude with our perspectives on the future development in this field.
Collapse
|
39
|
Szu JI, Obenaus A. Cerebrovascular phenotypes in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:1821-1841. [PMID: 33557692 PMCID: PMC8327123 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x21992462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurological degenerative disorder and is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly. Clinically, AD manifests with memory and cognitive decline associated with deposition of hallmark amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Although the mechanisms underlying AD remains unclear, two hypotheses have been proposed. The established amyloid hypothesis states that Aβ accumulation is the basis of AD and leads to formation of NFTs. In contrast, the two-hit vascular hypothesis suggests that early vascular damage leads to increased accumulation of Aβ deposits in the brain. Multiple studies have reported significant morphological changes of the cerebrovasculature which can result in severe functional deficits. In this review, we delve into known structural and functional vascular alterations in various mouse models of AD and the cellular and molecular constituents that influence these changes to further disease progression. Many studies shed light on the direct impact of Aβ on the cerebrovasculature and how it is disrupted during the progression of AD. However, more research directed towards an improved understanding of how the cerebrovasculature is modified over the time course of AD is needed prior to developing future interventional strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny I Szu
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - André Obenaus
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Dickie BR, Boutin H, Parker GJM, Parkes LM. Alzheimer's disease pathology is associated with earlier alterations to blood-brain barrier water permeability compared with healthy ageing in TgF344-AD rats. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2021; 34:e4510. [PMID: 33723901 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The effects of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and ageing on blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown are investigated in TgF344-AD and wild-type rats aged 13, 18 and 21 months. Permeability surface area products of the BBB to water (PSw ) and gadolinium-based contrast agent (PSg ) were measured in grey matter using multiflip angle multiecho dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI. At 13 months of age, there was no significant difference in PSw between TgF344-AD and wild-types (p = 0.82). Between 13 and 18 months, PSw increased in TgF344-AD rats (p = 0.027), but not in wild-types (p = 0.99), leading to significantly higher PSw in TgF344-AD rats at 18 months, as previously reported (p = 0.012). Between 18 and 21 months, PSw values increased in wild-types (p = 0.050), but not in TgF344-AD rats (p = 0.50). These results indicate that BBB water permeability is affected by both AD pathology and ageing, but that changes occur earlier in the presence of AD pathology. There were no significant genotype or ageing effects on PSg (p > 0.05). In conclusion, we detected increases in BBB water permeability with age in TgF344-AD and wild-type rats, and found that changes occurred at an earlier age in rats with AD pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben R Dickie
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, Stopford Building, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Hervé Boutin
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, Stopford Building, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Geoff J M Parker
- Bioxydyn Ltd, Manchester, UK
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Computer Science and Department of Neuroinflammation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Laura M Parkes
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, Stopford Building, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Scalise AA, Kakogiannos N, Zanardi F, Iannelli F, Giannotta M. The blood-brain and gut-vascular barriers: from the perspective of claudins. Tissue Barriers 2021; 9:1926190. [PMID: 34152937 PMCID: PMC8489939 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2021.1926190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In some organs, such as the brain, endothelial cells form a robust and highly selective blood-to-tissue barrier. However, in other organs, such as the intestine, endothelial cells provide less stringent permeability, to allow rapid exchange of solutes and nutrients where needed. To maintain the structural and functional integrity of the highly dynamic blood–brain and gut–vascular barriers, endothelial cells form highly specialized cell-cell junctions, known as adherens junctions and tight junctions. Claudins are a family of four-membrane-spanning proteins at tight junctions and they have both barrier-forming and pore-forming properties. Tissue-specific expression of claudins has been linked to different diseases that are characterized by barrier impairment. In this review, we summarize the more recent progress in the field of the claudins, with particular attention to their expression and function in the blood–brain barrier and the recently described gut–vascular barrier, under physiological and pathological conditions. Abbreviations: 22q11DS 22q11 deletion syndrome; ACKR1 atypical chemokine receptor 1; AD Alzheimer disease; AQP aquaporin; ATP adenosine triphosphate; Aβ amyloid β; BAC bacterial artificial chromosome; BBB blood-brain barrier; C/EBP-α CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α; cAMP cyclic adenosine monophosphate (or 3ʹ,5ʹ-cyclic adenosine monophosphate); CD cluster of differentiation; CNS central nervous system; DSRED discosoma red; EAE experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; ECV304 immortalized endothelial cell line established from the vein of an apparently normal human umbilical cord; EGFP enhanced green fluorescent protein; ESAM endothelial cell-selective adhesion molecule; GLUT-1 glucose transporter 1; GVB gut-vascular barrier; H2B histone H2B; HAPP human amyloid precursor protein; HEK human embryonic kidney; JACOP junction-associated coiled coil protein; JAM junctional adhesion molecules; LYVE1 lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1; MADCAM1 mucosal vascular addressin cell adhesion molecule 1; MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase; MCAO middle cerebral artery occlusion; MMP metalloprotease; MS multiple sclerosis; MUPP multi-PDZ domain protein; PATJ PALS-1-associated tight junction protein; PDGFR-α platelet-derived growth factor receptor α polypeptide; PDGFR-β platelet-derived growth factor receptor β polypeptide; RHO rho-associated protein kinase; ROCK rho-associated, coiled-coil-containing protein kinase; RT-qPCR real time quantitative polymerase chain reactions; PDGFR-β soluble platelet-derived growth factor receptor, β polypeptide; T24 human urinary bladder carcinoma cells; TG2576 transgenic mice expressing the human amyloid precursor protein; TNF-α tumor necrosis factor α; WTwild-type; ZO zonula occludens.
Collapse
|
42
|
Fieux M, Le Quellec S, Bartier S, Coste A, Louis B, Giroudon C, Nourredine M, Bequignon E. FcRn as a Transporter for Nasal Delivery of Biologics: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126475. [PMID: 34204226 PMCID: PMC8234196 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
FcRn plays a major role in regulating immune homeostasis, but it is also able to transport biologics across cellular barriers. The question of whether FcRn could be an efficient transporter of biologics across the nasal epithelial barrier is of particular interest, as it would allow a less invasive strategy for the administration of biologics in comparison to subcutaneous, intramuscular or intravenous administrations, which are often used in clinical practice. A focused systematic review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. It was registered on the international prospective register of systematic reviews PROSPERO, which helped in identifying articles that met the inclusion criteria. Clinical and preclinical studies involving FcRn and the nasal delivery of biologics were screened, and the risk of bias was assessed across studies using the Oral Health Assessment Tool (OHAT). Among the 12 studies finally included in this systematic review (out of the 758 studies screened), 11 demonstrated efficient transcytosis of biologics through the nasal epithelium. Only three studies evaluated the potential toxicity of biologics’ intranasal delivery, and they all showed that it was safe. This systematic review confirmed that FcRn is expressed in the nasal airway and the olfactory epithelium, and that FcRn may play a role in IgG and/or IgG-derived molecule-transcytosis across the airway epithelium. However, additional research is needed to better characterize the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of biologics after their intranasal delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Fieux
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Service d’ORL, D’otoneurochirurgie et de Chirurgie Cervico-Faciale, Pierre Bénite, CEDEX, F-69495 Lyon, France
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, F-69003 Lyon, France; (S.L.Q.); (M.N.)
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Créteil, France; (S.B.); (A.C.); (B.L.); (E.B.)
- CNRS ERL 7000, F-94010 Créteil, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-4-7266-6415
| | - Sandra Le Quellec
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, F-69003 Lyon, France; (S.L.Q.); (M.N.)
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Cardiologique Louis Pradel, Unité D’hémostase Clinique, CEDEX, F-69500 Bron, France
- EA 4609 Hémostase et Cancer, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69372 Lyon, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre de Biologie et de Pathologie Est, Service D’hématologie Biologique, CEDEX, F-69500 Bron, France
| | - Sophie Bartier
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Créteil, France; (S.B.); (A.C.); (B.L.); (E.B.)
- CNRS ERL 7000, F-94010 Créteil, France
- Service d’ORL, de Chirurgie Cervico Faciale, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, F-94000 Créteil, France
| | - André Coste
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Créteil, France; (S.B.); (A.C.); (B.L.); (E.B.)
- CNRS ERL 7000, F-94010 Créteil, France
- Service d’ORL, de Chirurgie Cervico Faciale, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - Bruno Louis
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Créteil, France; (S.B.); (A.C.); (B.L.); (E.B.)
- CNRS ERL 7000, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - Caroline Giroudon
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service de la Documentation Centrale, CEDEX, F-69424 Lyon, France;
| | - Mikail Nourredine
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, F-69003 Lyon, France; (S.L.Q.); (M.N.)
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service de Biostatistique et Bioinformatique, F-69003 Lyon, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive UMR 5558, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Emilie Bequignon
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Créteil, France; (S.B.); (A.C.); (B.L.); (E.B.)
- CNRS ERL 7000, F-94010 Créteil, France
- Service d’ORL, de Chirurgie Cervico Faciale, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil, F-94010 Créteil, France
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Kouhi A, Pachipulusu V, Kapenstein T, Hu P, Epstein AL, Khawli LA. Brain Disposition of Antibody-Based Therapeutics: Dogma, Approaches and Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126442. [PMID: 34208575 PMCID: PMC8235515 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their high specificity, monoclonal antibodies have been widely investigated for their application in drug delivery to the central nervous system (CNS) for the treatment of neurological diseases such as stroke, Alzheimer’s, and Parkinson’s disease. Research in the past few decades has revealed that one of the biggest challenges in the development of antibodies for drug delivery to the CNS is the presence of blood–brain barrier (BBB), which acts to restrict drug delivery and contributes to the limited uptake (0.1–0.2% of injected dose) of circulating antibodies into the brain. This article reviews the various methods currently used for antibody delivery to the CNS at the preclinical stage of development and the underlying mechanisms of BBB penetration. It also describes efforts to improve or modulate the physicochemical and biochemical properties of antibodies (e.g., charge, Fc receptor binding affinity, and target affinity), to adapt their pharmacokinetics (PK), and to influence their distribution and disposition into the brain. Finally, a distinction is made between approaches that seek to modify BBB permeability and those that use a physiological approach or antibody engineering to increase uptake in the CNS. Although there are currently inherent difficulties in developing safe and efficacious antibodies that will cross the BBB, the future prospects of brain-targeted delivery of antibody-based agents are believed to be excellent.
Collapse
|
44
|
Süß P, Schlachetzki JCM. Microglia in Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2021; 17:29-43. [PMID: 32048973 DOI: 10.2174/1567205017666200212155234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the most frequent neurodegenerative disorder. Although proteinaceous aggregates of extracellular Amyloid-β (Aβ) and intracellular hyperphosphorylated microtubule- associated tau have long been identified as characteristic neuropathological hallmarks of AD, a disease- modifying therapy against these targets has not been successful. An emerging concept is that microglia, the innate immune cells of the brain, are major players in AD pathogenesis. Microglia are longlived tissue-resident professional phagocytes that survey and rapidly respond to changes in their microenvironment. Subpopulations of microglia cluster around Aβ plaques and adopt a transcriptomic signature specifically linked to neurodegeneration. A plethora of molecules and pathways associated with microglia function and dysfunction has been identified as important players in mediating neurodegeneration. However, whether microglia exert either beneficial or detrimental effects in AD pathology may depend on the disease stage. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the stage-dependent role of microglia in AD, including recent insights from genetic and gene expression profiling studies as well as novel imaging techniques focusing on microglia in human AD pathology and AD mouse models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Süß
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat, Erlangen- Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Johannes C M Schlachetzki
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0651, United States
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Sun M, Ma K, Wen J, Wang G, Zhang C, Li Q, Bao X, Wang H. A Review of the Brain-Gut-Microbiome Axis and the Potential Role of Microbiota in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 73:849-865. [PMID: 31884474 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative process characterized by loss of neurons in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, leading to progressive cognitive decline. Pathologically, the hallmark of AD is accumulation of "senile" plaques composed of amyloid-β (Aβ) protein surrounding neurons in affected regions. Despite extensive research into AD pathogenesis and therapeutic targets, there remains no breakthroughs in its management. In recent years, there has been a spark of interest in the connection between the brain and gastrointestinal tract, referred to as the brain-gut axis, and its potential implications for both metabolic and neurologic disease. Moreover, the gastrointestinal flora, referred to as the microbiome, appears to exert significant influence over the brain-gut axis. With the need for expanded horizons in understanding and treating AD, many have turned to the brain-gut-microbiome axis for answers. Here we provide a review of the brain-gut-microbiome axis and discuss the evidence supporting alterations of the axis in the pathogenesis of AD. Specifically, we highlight the role for the microbiome in disruption of Aβ metabolism/clearance, increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier and modulation of the neuroinflammatory response, and inhibition of hippocampal neurogenesis. The majority of the above described findings are the result of excellent, albeit basic and pre-clinical studies. Therefore, we conclude with a brief description of documented clinical support for brain-gut-microbiome axis alteration in AD, including potential microbiome-based therapeutics for AD. Collectively, these findings suggest that the brain-gut-microbiome axis may be a "lost link" in understanding and treating AD and call for future work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miao Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kai Ma
- Probiotics Australia, Ormeau, QLD, Australia
| | - Jie Wen
- Beijing Allwegene Health, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Qi Li
- Beijing Allwegene Health, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Bao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target of Jiangsu Province, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Taccola C, Barneoud P, Cartot-Cotton S, Valente D, Schussler N, Saubaméa B, Chasseigneaux S, Cochois V, Mignon V, Curis E, Lochus M, Nicolic S, Dodacki A, Cisternino S, Declèves X, Bourasset F. Modifications of physical and functional integrity of the blood-brain barrier in an inducible mouse model of neurodegeneration. Neuropharmacology 2021; 191:108588. [PMID: 33940010 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The inducible p25 overexpression mouse model recapitulate many hallmark features of Alzheimer's disase including progressive neuronal loss, elevated Aβ, tau pathology, cognitive dysfunction, and impaired synaptic plasticity. We chose p25 mice to evaluate the physical and functional integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in a context of Tau pathology (pTau) and severe neurodegeneration, at an early (3 weeks ON) and a late (6 weeks ON) stage of the pathology. Using in situ brain perfusion and confocal imaging, we found that the brain vascular surface area and the physical integrity of the BBB were unaltered in p25 mice. However, there was a significant 14% decrease in cerebrovascular volume in 6 weeks ON mice, possibly explained by a significant 27% increase of collagen IV in the basement membrane of brain capillaries. The function of the BBB transporters GLUT1 and LAT1 was evaluated by measuring brain uptake of d-glucose and phenylalanine, respectively. In 6 weeks ON p25 mice, d-glucose brain uptake was significantly reduced by about 17% compared with WT, without any change in the levels of GLUT1 protein or mRNA in brain capillaries. The brain uptake of phenylalanine was not significantly reduced in p25 mice compared with WT. Lack of BBB integrity, impaired BBB d-glucose transport have been observed in several mouse models of AD. In contrast, reduced cerebrovascular volume and an increased basement membrane thickness may be more specifically associated with pTau in mouse models of neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camille Taccola
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Translational Medicine & Early Development, Sanofi, 3 Digue d'Alfortville, 94140, Alfortville, France; INSERM UMR-S 1144, UFR de Pharmacie, Faculté de Santé, Université de Paris, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Barneoud
- Rare and Neurologic Diseases Research Therapeutic Area, Sanofi, 1 Avenue Pierre Brossolette, 91380, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Sylvaine Cartot-Cotton
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Translational Medicine & Early Development, Sanofi, 3 Digue d'Alfortville, 94140, Alfortville, France
| | - Delphine Valente
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, Research platform, Sanofi, 3 Digue d'Alfortville, 94140, Alfortville, France
| | - Nathalie Schussler
- Rare and Neurologic Diseases Research Therapeutic Area, Sanofi, 1 Avenue Pierre Brossolette, 91380, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Bruno Saubaméa
- INSERM UMR-S 1144, UFR de Pharmacie, Faculté de Santé, Université de Paris, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Chasseigneaux
- INSERM UMR-S 1144, UFR de Pharmacie, Faculté de Santé, Université de Paris, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Cochois
- INSERM UMR-S 1144, UFR de Pharmacie, Faculté de Santé, Université de Paris, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Mignon
- INSERM UMR-S 1144, UFR de Pharmacie, Faculté de Santé, Université de Paris, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Curis
- Laboratoire de biomathématiques, plateau iB(2), EA 7537 « BioSTM », UFR de Pharmacie, Faculté de Santé, Université de Paris, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006, Paris, France; Service de bioinformatique et statistique médicale, hôpital Saint-Louis, APHP, 1, avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Murielle Lochus
- INSERM UMR-S 1144, UFR de Pharmacie, Faculté de Santé, Université de Paris, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Nicolic
- INSERM UMR-S 1144, UFR de Pharmacie, Faculté de Santé, Université de Paris, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Agnès Dodacki
- INSERM UMR-S 1144, UFR de Pharmacie, Faculté de Santé, Université de Paris, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Salvatore Cisternino
- INSERM UMR-S 1144, UFR de Pharmacie, Faculté de Santé, Université de Paris, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Declèves
- INSERM UMR-S 1144, UFR de Pharmacie, Faculté de Santé, Université de Paris, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Fanchon Bourasset
- Laboratoire de Recherches Intégratives en Neurosciences et Psychologie Cognitive, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 19 rue Ambroise Paré, 25000, Besançon, France.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Nagaraj S, Want A, Laskowska-Kaszub K, Fesiuk A, Vaz S, Logarinho E, Wojda U. Candidate Alzheimer's Disease Biomarker miR-483-5p Lowers TAU Phosphorylation by Direct ERK1/2 Repression. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073653. [PMID: 33915734 PMCID: PMC8037306 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs have been demonstrated as key regulators of gene expression in the etiology of a range of diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recently, we identified miR-483-5p as the most upregulated miRNA amongst a panel of miRNAs in blood plasma specific to prodromal, early-stage Alzheimer's disease patients. Here, we investigated the functional role of miR-483-5p in AD pathology. Using TargetScan and miRTarBase, we identified the microtubule-associated protein MAPT, often referred to as TAU, and the extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1 and ERK2), known to phosphorylate TAU, as predicted direct targets of miR-483-5p. Employing several functional assays, we found that miR-483-5p regulates ERK1 and ERK2 at both mRNA and protein levels, resulting in lower levels of phosphorylated forms of both kinases. Moreover, miR-483-5p-mediated repression of ERK1/2 resulted in reduced phosphorylation of TAU protein at epitopes associated with TAU neurofibrillary pathology in AD. These results indicate that upregulation of miR-483-5p can decrease phosphorylation of TAU via ERK pathway, representing a compensatory neuroprotective mechanism in AD pathology. This miR-483-5p/ERK1/TAU axis thus represents a novel target for intervention in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siranjeevi Nagaraj
- Laboratory of Preclinical Testing of Higher Standard, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteur 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (S.N.); (A.W.); (K.L.-K.); (A.F.)
| | - Andrew Want
- Laboratory of Preclinical Testing of Higher Standard, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteur 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (S.N.); (A.W.); (K.L.-K.); (A.F.)
| | - Katarzyna Laskowska-Kaszub
- Laboratory of Preclinical Testing of Higher Standard, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteur 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (S.N.); (A.W.); (K.L.-K.); (A.F.)
| | - Aleksandra Fesiuk
- Laboratory of Preclinical Testing of Higher Standard, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteur 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (S.N.); (A.W.); (K.L.-K.); (A.F.)
- i3S, Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (S.V.); (E.L.)
| | - Sara Vaz
- i3S, Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (S.V.); (E.L.)
| | - Elsa Logarinho
- i3S, Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (S.V.); (E.L.)
- Aging and Aneuploidy Laboratory, IBMC, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Urszula Wojda
- Laboratory of Preclinical Testing of Higher Standard, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteur 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (S.N.); (A.W.); (K.L.-K.); (A.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-5892578
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Franke M, Bieber M, Stoll G, Schuhmann MK. Validity and Efficacy of Methods to Define Blood Brain Barrier Integrity in Experimental Ischemic Strokes: A Comparison of Albumin Western Blot, IgG Western Blot and Albumin Immunofluorescence. Methods Protoc 2021; 4:mps4010023. [PMID: 33806760 PMCID: PMC8005953 DOI: 10.3390/mps4010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical and preclinical research of ischemic strokes (IS) is becoming increasingly comprehensive, especially with the emerging evidence of complex thrombotic and inflammatory interactions. Within these, the blood brain barrier (BBB) plays an important role in regulating the cellular interactions at the vascular interface and is therefore the object of many IS-related questions. Consequently, valid, economic and responsible methods to define BBB integrity are necessary. Therefore, we compared the three ex-vivo setups albumin Western blot (WB), IgG WB and albumin intensity measurement (AIM) with regard to validity as well as temporal and economic efficacy. While the informative value of the three methods correlated significantly, the efficacy of the IgG WB dominated.
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) protects the central nervous system (CNS) from unregulated exposure to the blood and its contents. The BBB also controls the blood-to-brain and brain-to-blood permeation of many substances, resulting in nourishment of the CNS, its homeostatic regulation and communication between the CNS and peripheral tissues. The cells forming the BBB communicate with cells of the brain and in the periphery. This highly regulated interface changes with healthy aging. Here, we review those changes, starting with morphology and disruption. Transporter changes include those for amyloid beta peptide, glucose and drugs. Brain fluid dynamics, pericyte health and basement membrane and glycocalyx compositions are all altered with healthy aging. Carrying the ApoE4 allele leads to an acceleration of most of the BBB's age-related changes. We discuss how alterations in the BBB that occur with healthy aging reflect adaptation to the postreproductive phase of life and may affect vulnerability to age-associated diseases.
Collapse
|
50
|
Rodrigues-Neves AC, Carecho R, Correia SC, Carvalho C, Campos EJ, Baptista FI, Moreira PI, Ambrósio AF. Retina and Brain Display Early and Differential Molecular and Cellular Changes in the 3xTg-AD Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:3043-3060. [PMID: 33606195 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02316-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The concept 'the retina as a window to the brain' has been increasingly explored in Alzheimer´s disease (AD) in recent years, since some patients present visual alterations before the first symptoms of dementia. The retina is an extension of the brain and can be assessed by noninvasive methods. However, assessing the retina for AD diagnosis is still a matter of debate. Using the triple transgenic mouse model of AD (3xTg-AD; males), this study was undertaken to investigate whether the retina and brain (hippocampus and cortex) undergo similar molecular and cellular changes during the early stages (4 and 8 months) of the pathology, and if the retina can anticipate the alterations occurring in the brain. We assessed amyloid-beta (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau) levels, barrier integrity, cell death, neurotransmitter levels, and glial changes. Overall, the retina, hippocampus, and cortex of 3xTg-AD are not significantly affected at these early stages. However, we detected a few differential changes in the retina and brain regions, and particularly a different profile in microglia branching in the retina and hippocampus, only at 4 months, where the number and length of the processes decreased in the retina and increased in the hippocampus. In summary, at the early stages of pathology, the retina, hippocampus, and cortex are not significantly affected but already present some molecular and cellular alterations. The retina did not mirror the changes detected in the brain, and these observations should be taking into account when using the retina as a potential diagnostic tool for AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Catarina Rodrigues-Neves
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rafael Carecho
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sónia Catarina Correia
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cristina Carvalho
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Elisa Julião Campos
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal.,Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Filipa Isabel Baptista
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula Isabel Moreira
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António Francisco Ambrósio
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal. .,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal. .,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal. .,Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), Coimbra, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|