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Forbes E, Hassien A, Tan RJ, Wang D, Lega B. Modulation of hippocampal theta oscillations via deep brain stimulation of the parietal cortex depends on cognitive state. Cortex 2024; 175:28-40. [PMID: 38691923 PMCID: PMC11221570 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2024.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
The angular gyrus (AG) and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) demonstrate extensive structural and functional connectivity with the hippocampus and other core recollection network regions. Consequently, recent studies have explored neuromodulation targeting these and other regions as a potential strategy for restoring function in memory disorders such as Alzheimer's Disease. However, determining the optimal approach for neuromodulatory devices requires understanding how parameters like selected stimulation site, cognitive state during modulation, and stimulation duration influence the effects of deep brain stimulation (DBS) on electrophysiological features relevant to episodic memory. We report experimental data examining the effects of high-frequency stimulation delivered to the AG or PCC on hippocampal theta oscillations during the memory encoding (study) or retrieval (test) phases of an episodic memory task. Results showed selective enhancement of anterior hippocampal slow theta oscillations with stimulation of the AG preferentially during memory retrieval. Conversely, stimulation of the PCC attenuated slow theta oscillations. We did not observe significant behavioral effects in this (open-loop) stimulation experiment, suggesting that neuromodulation strategies targeting episodic memory performance may require more temporally precise stimulation approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Forbes
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.
| | - Alexa Hassien
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.
| | - Ryan Joseph Tan
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.
| | - David Wang
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.
| | - Bradley Lega
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.
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2
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Kienitz R, Kouroupaki K, Schmid MC. Microstimulation of visual area V4 improves visual stimulus detection. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111392. [PMID: 36130494 PMCID: PMC9513802 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal activity in visual area V4 is well known to be modulated by selective attention, and there are reports on V4 lesions leading to attentional deficits. However, it remains unclear whether V4 microstimulation can elicit attentional benefits. To test this hypothesis, we performed local microstimulation in area V4 and explored its spatial and time dynamics in two macaque monkeys performing a visual detection task. Microstimulation was delivered via chronically implanted multi-electrode arrays. We found that microstimulation increases average performance by 35% and reduces luminance detection thresholds by −30%. This benefit critically depends on the onset of microstimulation relative to the stimulus, consistent with known dynamics of endogenous attention. These results show that local microstimulation of V4 can improve behavior and highlight the critical role of V4 for attention. Microstimulation of visual area V4 improves visual stimulus detection Effects of V4 microstimulation extend to the other hemifield Microstimulation effects are time dependent and consistent with attention dynamics
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Kienitz
- Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Center of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Goethe University, Schleusenweg 2-16, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Deutschordenstrasse 46, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Kleopatra Kouroupaki
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Deutschordenstrasse 46, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Michael C Schmid
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Deutschordenstrasse 46, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; Department of Neuroscience and Movement Science, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
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3
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State-dependent effects of neural stimulation on brain function and cognition. Nat Rev Neurosci 2022; 23:459-475. [PMID: 35577959 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-022-00598-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Invasive and non-invasive brain stimulation methods are widely used in neuroscience to establish causal relationships between distinct brain regions and the sensory, cognitive and motor functions they subserve. When combined with concurrent brain imaging, such stimulation methods can reveal patterns of neuronal activity responsible for regulating simple and complex behaviours at the level of local circuits and across widespread networks. Understanding how fluctuations in physiological states and task demands might influence the effects of brain stimulation on neural activity and behaviour is at the heart of how we use these tools to understand cognition. Here we review the concept of such 'state-dependent' changes in brain activity in response to neural stimulation, and consider examples from research on altered states of consciousness (for example, sleep and anaesthesia) and from task-based manipulations of selective attention and working memory. We relate relevant findings from non-invasive methods used in humans to those obtained from direct electrical and optogenetic stimulation of neuronal ensembles in animal models. Given the widespread use of brain stimulation as a research tool in the laboratory and as a means of augmenting or restoring brain function, consideration of the influence of changing physiological and cognitive states is crucial for increasing the reliability of these interventions.
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Papasavvas C, Taylor PN, Wang Y. Long-term changes in functional connectivity improve prediction of responses to intracranial stimulation of the human brain. J Neural Eng 2022; 19. [PMID: 35168208 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac5568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Targeted electrical stimulation of the brain perturbs neural networks and modulates their rhythmic activity both at the site of stimulation and at remote brain regions. Understanding, or even predicting, this neuromodulatory effect is crucial for any therapeutic use of brain stimulation. The objective of this study was to investigate if brain network properties prior to stimulation sessions hold associative and predictive value in understanding the neuromodulatory effect of electrical stimulation in a clinical context. APPROACH We analysed the stimulation responses in 131 stimulation sessions across 66 patients with focal epilepsy recorded through intracranial electroencephalogram (iEEG). We considered functional and structural connectivity features as predictors of the response at every iEEG contact. Taking advantage of multiple recordings over days, we also investigated how slow changes in interictal functional connectivity (FC) ahead of the stimulation, representing the long-term variability of FC, relate to stimulation responses. MAIN RESULTS The long-term variability of FC exhibits strong association with the stimulation-induced increases in delta and theta band power. Furthermore, we show through cross-validation that long-term variability of FC improves prediction of responses above the performance of spatial predictors alone. SIGNIFICANCE This study highlights the importance of the slow dynamics of functional connectivity in the prediction of brain stimulation responses. Furthermore, these findings can enhance the patient-specific design of effective neuromodulatory protocols for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoforos Papasavvas
- School of Computing, Newcastle University, Science Square, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - Peter Neal Taylor
- School of Computing, Newcastle University, Science Square, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - Yujiang Wang
- School of Computing, Newcastle University, Science Square, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
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5
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Wang Y, Wang S, Xu M. Landscape Perception Identification and Classification Based on Electroencephalogram (EEG) Features. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:629. [PMID: 35055457 PMCID: PMC8776197 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19020629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper puts forward a new method of landscape recognition and evaluation by using aerial video and EEG technology. In this study, seven typical landscape types (forest, wetland, grassland, desert, water, farmland, and city) were selected. Different electroencephalogram (EEG) signals were generated through different inner experiences and feelings felt by people watching video stimuli of the different landscape types. The electroencephalogram (EEG) features were extracted to obtain the mean amplitude spectrum (MAS), power spectrum density (PSD), differential entropy (DE), differential asymmetry (DASM), rational asymmetry (RASM), and differential caudality (DCAU) in the five frequency bands of delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma. According to electroencephalogram (EEG) features, four classifiers including the back propagation (BP) neural network, k-nearest neighbor classification (KNN), random forest (RF), and support vector machine (SVM) were used to classify the landscape types. The results showed that the support vector machine (SVM) classifier and the random forest (RF) classifier had the highest accuracy of landscape recognition, which reached 98.24% and 96.72%, respectively. Among the six classification features selected, the classification accuracy of MAS, PSD, and DE with frequency domain features were higher than those of the spatial domain features of DASM, RASM and DCAU. In different wave bands, the average classification accuracy of all subjects was 98.24% in the gamma band, 94.62% in the beta band, and 97.29% in the total band. This study identifies and classifies landscape perception based on multi-channel EEG signals, which provides a new idea and method for the quantification of human perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Earth System Observation and Modeling, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Shujian Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Earth System Observation and Modeling, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Ming Xu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Earth System Observation and Modeling, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- BNU-HKUST Laboratory for Green Innovation, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai 519087, China
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6
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Kumaravelu K, Sombeck J, Miller LE, Bensmaia SJ, Grill WM. Stoney vs. Histed: Quantifying the spatial effects of intracortical microstimulation. Brain Stimul 2022; 15:141-151. [PMID: 34861412 PMCID: PMC8816873 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2021.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) is used to map neural circuits and restore lost sensory modalities such as vision, hearing, and somatosensation. The spatial effects of ICMS remain controversial: Stoney and colleagues proposed that the volume of somatic activation increased with stimulation intensity, while Histed et al., suggested activation density, but not somatic activation volume, increases with stimulation intensity. OBJECTIVE We used computational modeling to quantify the spatial effects of ICMS intensity and unify the apparently paradoxical findings of Histed and Stoney. METHODS We implemented a biophysically-based computational model of a cortical column comprising neurons with realistic morphology and representative synapses. We quantified the spatial effects of single pulses and short trains of ICMS, including the volume of activated neurons and the density of activated neurons as a function of stimulation intensity. RESULTS At all amplitudes, the dominant mode of somatic activation was by antidromic propagation to the soma following axonal activation, rather than via transsynaptic activation. There were no occurrences of direct activation of somata or dendrites. The volume over which antidromic action potentials were initiated grew with stimulation amplitude, while the volume of somatic activation increased marginally. However, the density of somatic activation within the activated volume increased with stimulation amplitude. CONCLUSIONS The results resolve the apparent paradox between Stoney and Histed's results by demonstrating that the volume over which action potentials are initiated grows with ICMS amplitude, consistent with Stoney. However, the volume occupied by the activated somata remains approximately constant, while the density of activated neurons within that volume increase, consistent with Histed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph Sombeck
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Lee E. Miller
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Sliman J. Bensmaia
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL,Committee on Computational Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL,Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Warren M. Grill
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC,Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC,Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, NC,Correspondence: Warren M. Grill, Ph.D., Duke University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rm. 1427, Fitzpatrick CIEMAS, 101 Science Drive, Campus Box 90281, Durham, NC, 27708, USA, , 919 660-5276 Phone, 919 684-4488 FAX
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7
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Klink PC, Aubry JF, Ferrera VP, Fox AS, Froudist-Walsh S, Jarraya B, Konofagou EE, Krauzlis RJ, Messinger A, Mitchell AS, Ortiz-Rios M, Oya H, Roberts AC, Roe AW, Rushworth MFS, Sallet J, Schmid MC, Schroeder CE, Tasserie J, Tsao DY, Uhrig L, Vanduffel W, Wilke M, Kagan I, Petkov CI. Combining brain perturbation and neuroimaging in non-human primates. Neuroimage 2021; 235:118017. [PMID: 33794355 PMCID: PMC11178240 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain perturbation studies allow detailed causal inferences of behavioral and neural processes. Because the combination of brain perturbation methods and neural measurement techniques is inherently challenging, research in humans has predominantly focused on non-invasive, indirect brain perturbations, or neurological lesion studies. Non-human primates have been indispensable as a neurobiological system that is highly similar to humans while simultaneously being more experimentally tractable, allowing visualization of the functional and structural impact of systematic brain perturbation. This review considers the state of the art in non-human primate brain perturbation with a focus on approaches that can be combined with neuroimaging. We consider both non-reversible (lesions) and reversible or temporary perturbations such as electrical, pharmacological, optical, optogenetic, chemogenetic, pathway-selective, and ultrasound based interference methods. Method-specific considerations from the research and development community are offered to facilitate research in this field and support further innovations. We conclude by identifying novel avenues for further research and innovation and by highlighting the clinical translational potential of the methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Christiaan Klink
- Department of Vision & Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Jean-François Aubry
- Physics for Medicine Paris, Inserm U1273, CNRS UMR 8063, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Paris, France
| | - Vincent P Ferrera
- Department of Neuroscience & Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew S Fox
- Department of Psychology & California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Béchir Jarraya
- NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, Université Paris-Saclay, France; Foch Hospital, UVSQ, Suresnes, France
| | - Elisa E Konofagou
- Ultrasound and Elasticity Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Radiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard J Krauzlis
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Adam Messinger
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anna S Mitchell
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Ortiz-Rios
- Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom; German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hiroyuki Oya
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa, Iowa city, IA, USA
| | - Angela C Roberts
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Wang Roe
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | | | - Jérôme Sallet
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom; Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, U1208 Bron, France; Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Christoph Schmid
- Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom; Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Charles E Schroeder
- Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jordy Tasserie
- NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, Université Paris-Saclay, France
| | - Doris Y Tsao
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Neuroscience; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Computation and Neural Systems, Caltech, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Lynn Uhrig
- NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, Université Paris-Saclay, France
| | - Wim Vanduffel
- Laboratory for Neuro- and Psychophysiology, Neurosciences Department, KU Leuven Medical School, Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven Belgium; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital, Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Melanie Wilke
- German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neurology, University Medicine Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Igor Kagan
- German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Christopher I Petkov
- Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom.
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8
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Chen ZS, Pesaran B. Improving scalability in systems neuroscience. Neuron 2021; 109:1776-1790. [PMID: 33831347 PMCID: PMC8178195 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Emerging technologies to acquire data at increasingly greater scales promise to transform discovery in systems neuroscience. However, current exponential growth in the scale of data acquisition is a double-edged sword. Scaling up data acquisition can speed up the cycle of discovery but can also misinterpret the results or possibly slow down the cycle because of challenges presented by the curse of high-dimensional data. Active, adaptive, closed-loop experimental paradigms use hardware and algorithms optimized to enable time-critical computation to provide feedback that interprets the observations and tests hypotheses to actively update the stimulus or stimulation parameters. In this perspective, we review important concepts of active and adaptive experiments and discuss how selectively constraining the dimensionality and optimizing strategies at different stages of discovery loop can help mitigate the curse of high-dimensional data. Active and adaptive closed-loop experimental paradigms can speed up discovery despite an exponentially increasing data scale, offering a road map to timely and iterative hypothesis revision and discovery in an era of exponential growth in neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Sage Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Neuroscience Institute, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Bijan Pesaran
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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9
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Multiregional communication and the channel modulation hypothesis. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2020; 66:250-257. [PMID: 33358629 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2020.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Multiregional communication is important to understanding the brain mechanisms supporting complex behaviors. Work in animals and human subjects shows that multiregional communication plays significant roles in cognitive function and is associated with neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders of brain function. Recent experimental advances enable empirical tests of the mechanisms of multiregional communication. Recent mechanistic insights into brain network function also suggest new therapies to treat disordered brain networks. Here, we discuss how to use the concept of communication channel modulation can help define and constrain what we mean by multiregional communication. We discuss behavioral and neurophysiological evidence for multiregional channels modulation. We then consider the role of causal manipulations and their implications for developing novel therapies based on multiregional communication.
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10
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Ezzyat Y. Probing Network Mechanisms of Brain Stimulation in the Mood Circuit. Neuron 2020; 107:770-771. [PMID: 32910890 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Direct brain stimulation has diverse effects on network activity. In this issue of Neuron, Qiao et al. (2020) demonstrate a novel approach for using stimulation to characterize and modulate interactions between areas of the mood processing network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Ezzyat
- Department of Psychology, Wesleyan University, 207 High Street, Middletown, CT 06459, USA.
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11
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Abstract
Brains are composed of networks of neurons that are highly interconnected. A central question in neuroscience is how such neuronal networks operate in tandem to make a functioning brain. To understand this, we need to study how neurons interact with each other in action, such as when viewing a visual scene or performing a motor task. One way to approach this question is by perturbing the activity of functioning neurons and measuring the resulting influence on other neurons. By using computational models of neuronal networks, we studied how this influence in visual networks depends on connectivity. Our results help to interpret contradictory results from previous experimental studies and explain how different connectivity patterns can enhance information processing during natural vision. To unravel the functional properties of the brain, we need to untangle how neurons interact with each other and coordinate in large-scale recurrent networks. One way to address this question is to measure the functional influence of individual neurons on each other by perturbing them in vivo. Application of such single-neuron perturbations in mouse visual cortex has recently revealed feature-specific suppression between excitatory neurons, despite the presence of highly specific excitatory connectivity, which was deemed to underlie feature-specific amplification. Here, we studied which connectivity profiles are consistent with these seemingly contradictory observations, by modeling the effect of single-neuron perturbations in large-scale neuronal networks. Our numerical simulations and mathematical analysis revealed that, contrary to the prima facie assumption, neither inhibition dominance nor broad inhibition alone were sufficient to explain the experimental findings; instead, strong and functionally specific excitatory–inhibitory connectivity was necessary, consistent with recent findings in the primary visual cortex of rodents. Such networks had a higher capacity to encode and decode natural images, and this was accompanied by the emergence of response gain nonlinearities at the population level. Our study provides a general computational framework to investigate how single-neuron perturbations are linked to cortical connectivity and sensory coding and paves the road to map the perturbome of neuronal networks in future studies.
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