1
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Frömer R, Nassar MR, Ehinger BV, Shenhav A. Common neural choice signals can emerge artefactually amid multiple distinct value signals. Nat Hum Behav 2024:10.1038/s41562-024-01971-z. [PMID: 39242928 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-024-01971-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Previous work has identified characteristic neural signatures of value-based decision-making, including neural dynamics that closely resemble the ramping evidence accumulation process believed to underpin choice. Here we test whether these signatures of the choice process can be temporally dissociated from additional, choice-'independent' value signals. Indeed, EEG activity during value-based choice revealed distinct spatiotemporal clusters, with a stimulus-locked cluster reflecting affective reactions to choice sets and a response-locked cluster reflecting choice difficulty. Surprisingly, 'neither' of these clusters met the criteria for an evidence accumulation signal. Instead, we found that stimulus-locked activity can 'mimic' an evidence accumulation process when aligned to the response. Re-analysing four previous studies, including three perceptual decision-making studies, we show that response-locked signatures of evidence accumulation disappear when stimulus-locked and response-locked activity are modelled jointly. Collectively, our findings show that neural signatures of value can reflect choice-independent processes and look deceptively like evidence accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romy Frömer
- Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
- Carney Institute for Brain Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
- Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Matthew R Nassar
- Carney Institute for Brain Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Benedikt V Ehinger
- Stuttgart Center for Simulation Science, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Amitai Shenhav
- Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Carney Institute for Brain Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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2
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Mitsuhashi M, Yamaguchi R, Kawasaki T, Ueno S, Sun Y, Isa K, Takahashi J, Kobayashi K, Onoe H, Takahashi R, Isa T. Stage-dependent role of interhemispheric pathway for motor recovery in primates. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6762. [PMID: 39174504 PMCID: PMC11341697 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51070-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Whether and how the non-lesional sensorimotor cortex is activated and contributes to post-injury motor recovery is controversial. Here, we investigated the role of interhemispheric pathway from the contralesional to ipsilesional premotor cortex in activating the ipsilesional sensorimotor cortex and promoting recovery after lesioning the lateral corticospinal tract at the cervical cord, by unidirectional chemogenetic blockade in macaques. The blockade impaired dexterous hand movements during the early recovery stage. Electrocorticographical recording showed that the low frequency band activity of the ipsilesional premotor cortex around movement onset was decreased by the blockade during the early recovery stage, while it was increased by blockade during the intact state and late recovery stage. These results demonstrate that action of the interhemispheric pathway changed from inhibition to facilitation, to involve the ipsilesional sensorimotor cortex in hand movements during the early recovery stage. The present study offers insights into the stage-dependent role of the interhemispheric pathway and a therapeutic target in the early recovery stage after lesioning of the corticospinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Mitsuhashi
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Reona Yamaguchi
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Toshinari Kawasaki
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Satoko Ueno
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yiping Sun
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kaoru Isa
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Jun Takahashi
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kenta Kobayashi
- Section of Viral Vector Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
- Graduate University of Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Hayama, 240-0193, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Onoe
- Human Brain Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8397, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Tadashi Isa
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
- Human Brain Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8397, Japan.
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3
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Vivar-Lazo M, Fetsch CR. Neural basis of concurrent deliberation toward a choice and degree of confidence. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.08.06.606833. [PMID: 39149300 PMCID: PMC11326179 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.06.606833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Decision confidence plays a key role in flexible behavior, but exactly how and when it arises in the brain remains unclear. Theoretical accounts suggest that confidence can be inferred from the same evidence accumulation process that governs choice and response time (RT), implying that a provisional confidence assessment could be updated in parallel with decision formation. We tested this using a novel RT task in nonhuman primates that measures choice and confidence with a single eye movement on every trial. Monkey behavior was well fit by a 2D bounded accumulator model instantiating parallel processing of evidence, rejecting a serial model in which choice is resolved first followed by post-decision accumulation for confidence. Neural activity in area LIP reflected concurrent accumulation, exhibiting within-trial dynamics consistent with parallel updating at near zero time lag, and significant covariation in choice and confidence signals across the population. The results demonstrate that monkeys concurrently process a single stream of evidence to arrive at a choice and level of confidence, and illuminate a candidate neural mechanism for this ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Vivar-Lazo
- Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christopher R Fetsch
- Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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4
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Yang Z, Inagaki M, Gerfen CR, Fontolan L, Inagaki HK. Integrator dynamics in the cortico-basal ganglia loop underlie flexible motor timing. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.29.601348. [PMID: 39005437 PMCID: PMC11244898 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.29.601348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Flexible control of motor timing is crucial for behavior. Before volitional movement begins, the frontal cortex and striatum exhibit ramping spiking activity, with variable ramp slopes anticipating movement onsets. This activity in the cortico-basal ganglia loop may function as an adjustable 'timer,' triggering actions at the desired timing. However, because the frontal cortex and striatum share similar ramping dynamics and are both necessary for timing behaviors, distinguishing their individual roles in this timer function remains challenging. To address this, we conducted perturbation experiments combined with multi-regional electrophysiology in mice performing a flexible lick-timing task. Following transient silencing of the frontal cortex, cortical and striatal activity swiftly returned to pre-silencing levels and resumed ramping, leading to a shift in lick timing close to the silencing duration. Conversely, briefly inhibiting the striatum caused a gradual decrease in ramping activity in both regions, with ramping resuming from post-inhibition levels, shifting lick timing beyond the inhibition duration. Thus, inhibiting the frontal cortex and striatum effectively paused and rewound the timer, respectively. These findings suggest the striatum is a part of the network that temporally integrates input from the frontal cortex and generates ramping activity that regulates motor timing.
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5
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Rogers K, Gold JI, Ding L. The subthalamic nucleus contributes causally to perceptual decision-making in monkeys. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.09.588715. [PMID: 38645039 PMCID: PMC11030388 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.09.588715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
The subthalamic nucleus (STN) plays critical roles in the motor and cognitive function of the basal ganglia (BG), but the exact nature of these roles is not fully understood, especially in the context of decision-making based on uncertain evidence. Guided by theoretical predictions of specific STN contributions, we used single-unit recording and electrical microstimulation in the STN of healthy monkeys to assess its causal, computational roles in visual-saccadic decisions based on noisy evidence. The recordings identified subpopulations of STN neurons with distinct task-related activity patterns that related to different theoretically predicted functions. Microstimulation caused changes in behavioral choices and response times that reflected multiple contributions to an "accumulate-to-bound"-like decision process, including modulation of decision bounds and evidence accumulation, and to non-perceptual processes. These results provide new insights into the multiple ways that the STN can support higher brain function.
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6
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Gupta D, Kopec CD, Bondy AG, Luo TZ, Elliott VA, Brody CD. A multi-region recurrent circuit for evidence accumulation in rats. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.08.602544. [PMID: 39026895 PMCID: PMC11257434 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.08.602544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Decision-making based on noisy evidence requires accumulating evidence and categorizing it to form a choice. Here we evaluate a proposed feedforward and modular mapping of this process in rats: evidence accumulated in anterodorsal striatum (ADS) is categorized in prefrontal cortex (frontal orienting fields, FOF). Contrary to this, we show that both regions appear to be indistinguishable in their encoding/decoding of accumulator value and communicate this information bidirectionally. Consistent with a role for FOF in accumulation, silencing FOF to ADS projections impacted behavior throughout the accumulation period, even while nonselective FOF silencing did not. We synthesize these findings into a multi-region recurrent neural network trained with a novel approach. In-silico experiments reveal that multiple scales of recurrence in the cortico-striatal circuit rescue computation upon nonselective FOF perturbations. These results suggest that ADS and FOF accumulate evidence in a recurrent and distributed manner, yielding redundant representations and robustness to certain perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Gupta
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton NJ, USA
- Present address: Sainsbury Wellcome Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - Charles D. Kopec
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton NJ, USA
| | - Adrian G. Bondy
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton NJ, USA
| | - Thomas Z. Luo
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton NJ, USA
| | - Verity A. Elliott
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton NJ, USA
| | - Carlos D. Brody
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton NJ, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Princeton University, Princeton NJ, USA
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7
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Ha LJ, Yeo HG, Kim YG, Baek I, Baeg E, Lee YH, Won J, Jung Y, Park J, Jeon CY, Kim K, Min J, Song Y, Park JH, Nam KR, Son S, Yoo SBM, Park SH, Choi WS, Lim KS, Choi JY, Cho JH, Lee Y, Choi HJ. Hypothalamic neuronal activation in non-human primates drives naturalistic goal-directed eating behavior. Neuron 2024; 112:2218-2230.e6. [PMID: 38663401 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2024.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Maladaptive feeding behavior is the primary cause of modern obesity. While the causal influence of the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) on eating behavior has been established in rodents, there is currently no primate-based evidence available on naturalistic eating behaviors. We investigated the role of LHA GABAergic (LHAGABA) neurons in eating using chemogenetics in three macaques. LHAGABA neuron activation significantly increased naturalistic goal-directed behaviors and food motivation, predominantly for palatable food. Positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance spectroscopy validated chemogenetic activation. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging revealed that the functional connectivity (FC) between the LHA and frontal areas was increased, while the FC between the frontal cortices was decreased after LHAGABA neuron activation. Thus, our study elucidates the role of LHAGABA neurons in eating and obesity therapeutics for primates and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Jaesun Ha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Research Institute, Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Gu Yeo
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Republic of Korea; KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea National University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Gyeong Kim
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Republic of Korea; KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea National University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Inhyeok Baek
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Research Institute, Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunha Baeg
- Department of Nano-bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea; Center for Brain-Machine Interface, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hee Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Research Institute, Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Won
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunkyo Jung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Research Institute, Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghyung Park
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Yeop Jeon
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Keonwoo Kim
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Republic of Korea; School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisun Min
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Research Institute, Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngkyu Song
- Center for Bio-imaging and Translational Research, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Heon Park
- Center for Bio-imaging and Translational Research, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Rok Nam
- Division of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangkyu Son
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seng Bum Michael Yoo
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hyun Park
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Seok Choi
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Seob Lim
- Futuristic Animal Resource and Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yong Choi
- Division of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Radiological and Medico-Oncological Sciences, Korea National University of Science and, Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jee-Hyun Cho
- Center for Bio-imaging and Translational Research, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.
| | - Youngjeon Lee
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Republic of Korea; KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea National University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyung Jin Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Research Institute, Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
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8
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Bredenberg C, Savin C, Kiani R. Recurrent Neural Circuits Overcome Partial Inactivation by Compensation and Re-learning. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1635232024. [PMID: 38413233 PMCID: PMC11026338 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1635-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Technical advances in artificial manipulation of neural activity have precipitated a surge in studying the causal contribution of brain circuits to cognition and behavior. However, complexities of neural circuits challenge interpretation of experimental results, necessitating new theoretical frameworks for reasoning about causal effects. Here, we take a step in this direction, through the lens of recurrent neural networks trained to perform perceptual decisions. We show that understanding the dynamical system structure that underlies network solutions provides a precise account for the magnitude of behavioral effects due to perturbations. Our framework explains past empirical observations by clarifying the most sensitive features of behavior, and how complex circuits compensate and adapt to perturbations. In the process, we also identify strategies that can improve the interpretability of inactivation experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Bredenberg
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003
| | - Cristina Savin
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003
- Center for Data Science, New York University, New York, NY 10011
| | - Roozbeh Kiani
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003
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9
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Marshall TR, Ruesseler M, Hunt LT, O’Reilly JX. The representation of priors and decisions in the human parietal cortex. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002383. [PMID: 38285671 PMCID: PMC10824454 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Animals actively sample their environment through orienting actions such as saccadic eye movements. Saccadic targets are selected based both on sensory evidence immediately preceding the saccade, and a "salience map" or prior built-up over multiple saccades. In the primate cortex, the selection of each individual saccade depends on competition between target-selective cells that ramp up their firing rate to saccade release. However, it is less clear how a cross-saccade prior might be implemented, either in neural firing or through an activity-silent mechanism such as modification of synaptic weights on sensory inputs. Here, we present evidence from magnetoencephalography for 2 distinct processes underlying the selection of the current saccade, and the representation of the prior, in human parietal cortex. While the classic ramping decision process for each saccade was reflected in neural firing rates (measured in the event-related field), a prior built-up over multiple saccades was implemented via modulation of the gain on sensory inputs from the preferred target, as evidenced by rapid frequency tagging. A cascade of computations over time (initial representation of the prior, followed by evidence accumulation and then an integration of prior and evidence) provides a mechanism by which a salience map may be built up across saccades in parietal cortex. It also provides insight into the apparent contradiction that inactivation of parietal cortex has been shown not to affect performance on single-trials, despite the presence of clear evidence accumulation signals in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom R. Marshall
- Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Experimental Psychology, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Ruesseler
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Laurence T. Hunt
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jill X. O’Reilly
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Experimental Psychology, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Nuffield Department for Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
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10
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Bao C, Zhu X, Mōller-Mara J, Li J, Dubroqua S, Erlich JC. The rat frontal orienting field dynamically encodes value for economic decisions under risk. Nat Neurosci 2023; 26:1942-1952. [PMID: 37857772 PMCID: PMC10620098 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01461-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Frontal and parietal cortex are implicated in economic decision-making, but their causal roles are untested. Here we silenced the frontal orienting field (FOF) and posterior parietal cortex (PPC) while rats chose between a cued lottery and a small stable surebet. PPC inactivations produced minimal short-lived effects. FOF inactivations reliably reduced lottery choices. A mixed-agent model of choice indicated that silencing the FOF caused a change in the curvature of the rats' utility function (U = Vρ). Consistent with this finding, single-neuron and population analyses of neural activity confirmed that the FOF encodes the lottery value on each trial. A dynamical model, which accounts for electrophysiological and silencing results, suggests that the FOF represents the current lottery value to compare against the remembered surebet value. These results demonstrate that the FOF is a critical node in the neural circuit for the dynamic representation of action values for choice under risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaofei Bao
- NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science at NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
- NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - Xiaoyue Zhu
- NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science at NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
- NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Joshua Mōller-Mara
- NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science at NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
- NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjie Li
- NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science at NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
- NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sylvain Dubroqua
- NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science at NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
- NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jeffrey C Erlich
- NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science at NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China.
- NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre, University College London, London, UK.
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11
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Stine GM, Trautmann EM, Jeurissen D, Shadlen MN. A neural mechanism for terminating decisions. Neuron 2023; 111:2601-2613.e5. [PMID: 37352857 PMCID: PMC10565788 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
The brain makes decisions by accumulating evidence until there is enough to stop and choose. Neural mechanisms of evidence accumulation are established in association cortex, but the site and mechanism of termination are unknown. Here, we show that the superior colliculus (SC) plays a causal role in terminating decisions, and we provide evidence for a mechanism by which this occurs. We recorded simultaneously from neurons in the lateral intraparietal area (LIP) and SC while monkeys made perceptual decisions. Despite similar trial-averaged activity, we found distinct single-trial dynamics in the two areas: LIP displayed drift-diffusion dynamics and SC displayed bursting dynamics. We hypothesized that the bursts manifest a threshold mechanism applied to signals represented in LIP to terminate the decision. Consistent with this hypothesis, SC inactivation produced behavioral effects diagnostic of an impaired threshold sensor and prolonged the buildup of activity in LIP. The results reveal the transformation from deliberation to commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel M Stine
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Eric M Trautmann
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Grossman Center for the Statistics of Mind, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Danique Jeurissen
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Michael N Shadlen
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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12
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Kleinman M, Wang T, Xiao D, Feghhi E, Lee K, Carr N, Li Y, Hadidi N, Chandrasekaran C, Kao JC. A cortical information bottleneck during decision-making. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.12.548742. [PMID: 37502862 PMCID: PMC10369960 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.12.548742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Decision-making emerges from distributed computations across multiple brain areas, but it is unclear why the brain distributes the computation. In deep learning, artificial neural networks use multiple areas (or layers) to form optimal representations of task inputs. These optimal representations are sufficient to perform the task well, but minimal so they are invariant to other irrelevant variables. We recorded single neurons and multiunits in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) in monkeys during a perceptual decision-making task. We found that while DLPFC represents task-related inputs required to compute the choice, the downstream PMd contains a minimal sufficient, or optimal, representation of the choice. To identify a mechanism for how cortex may form these optimal representations, we trained a multi-area recurrent neural network (RNN) to perform the task. Remarkably, DLPFC and PMd resembling representations emerged in the early and late areas of the multi-area RNN, respectively. The DLPFC-resembling area partially orthogonalized choice information and task inputs and this choice information was preferentially propagated to downstream areas through selective alignment with inter-area connections, while remaining task information was not. Our results suggest that cortex uses multi-area computation to form minimal sufficient representations by preferential propagation of relevant information between areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kleinman
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Derek Xiao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ebrahim Feghhi
- Neurosciences Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kenji Lee
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicole Carr
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yuke Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nima Hadidi
- Neurosciences Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chandramouli Chandrasekaran
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan C. Kao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Neurosciences Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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13
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Fu Z, Sajad A, Errington SP, Schall JD, Rutishauser U. Neurophysiological mechanisms of error monitoring in human and non-human primates. Nat Rev Neurosci 2023; 24:153-172. [PMID: 36707544 PMCID: PMC10231843 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-022-00670-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Performance monitoring is an important executive function that allows us to gain insight into our own behaviour. This remarkable ability relies on the frontal cortex, and its impairment is an aspect of many psychiatric diseases. In recent years, recordings from the macaque and human medial frontal cortex have offered a detailed understanding of the neurophysiological substrate that underlies performance monitoring. Here we review the discovery of single-neuron correlates of error monitoring, a key aspect of performance monitoring, in both species. These neurons are the generators of the error-related negativity, which is a non-invasive biomarker that indexes error detection. We evaluate a set of tasks that allows the synergistic elucidation of the mechanisms of cognitive control across the two species, consider differences in brain anatomy and testing conditions across species, and describe the clinical relevance of these findings for understanding psychopathology. Last, we integrate the body of experimental facts into a theoretical framework that offers a new perspective on how error signals are computed in both species and makes novel, testable predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongzheng Fu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
| | - Amirsaman Sajad
- Center for Integrative & Cognitive Neuroscience, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Steven P Errington
- Center for Integrative & Cognitive Neuroscience, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Schall
- Center for Integrative & Cognitive Neuroscience, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Vision: Science to Applications (VISTA), York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Ueli Rutishauser
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
- Center for Neural Science and Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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14
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Abstract
Neural mechanisms of perceptual decision making have been extensively studied in experimental settings that mimic stable environments with repeating stimuli, fixed rules, and payoffs. In contrast, we live in an ever-changing environment and have varying goals and behavioral demands. To accommodate variability, our brain flexibly adjusts decision-making processes depending on context. Here, we review a growing body of research that explores the neural mechanisms underlying this flexibility. We highlight diverse forms of context dependency in decision making implemented through a variety of neural computations. Context-dependent neural activity is observed in a distributed network of brain structures, including posterior parietal, sensory, motor, and subcortical regions, as well as the prefrontal areas classically implicated in cognitive control. We propose that investigating the distributed network underlying flexible decisions is key to advancing our understanding and discuss a path forward for experimental and theoretical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gouki Okazawa
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA;
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Roozbeh Kiani
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA;
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
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15
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Oguchi M, Sakagami M. Dissecting the Prefrontal Network With Pathway-Selective Manipulation in the Macaque Brain-A Review. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:917407. [PMID: 35677354 PMCID: PMC9168219 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.917407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macaque monkeys are prime animal models for studying the neural mechanisms of decision-making because of their close kinship with humans. Manipulation of neural activity during decision-making tasks is essential for approaching the causal relationship between the brain and its functions. Conventional manipulation methods used in macaque studies are coarse-grained, and have worked indiscriminately on mutually intertwined neural pathways. To systematically dissect neural circuits responsible for a variety of functions, it is essential to analyze changes in behavior and neural activity through interventions in specific neural pathways. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have applied optogenetics and chemogenetics to achieve fine-grained pathway-selective manipulation in the macaque brain. Here, we review the developments in macaque studies involving pathway-selective operations, with a particular focus on applications to the prefrontal network. Pathway selectivity can be achieved using single viral vector transduction combined with local light stimulation or ligand administration directly into the brain or double-viral vector transduction combined with systemic drug administration. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of these methods. We also highlight recent technological developments in viral vectors that can effectively infect the macaque brain, as well as the development of methods to deliver photostimulation or ligand drugs to a wide area to effectively manipulate behavior. The development and dissemination of such pathway-selective manipulations of macaque prefrontal networks will enable us to efficiently dissect the neural mechanisms of decision-making and innovate novel treatments for decision-related psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mineki Oguchi
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Tokyo, Japan
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Pandey A, Neupane S, Adhikary S, Vaidya K, Pack CC. Cortical visual impairment at birth can be improved rapidly by vision training in adulthood: A case study. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2022; 40:261-270. [PMID: 37038774 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-221294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cortical visual impairment (CVI) is a severe loss of visual function caused by damage to the visual cortex or its afferents, often as a consequence of hypoxic insults during birth. It is one of the leading causes of vision loss in children, and it is most often permanent. OBJECTIVE Several studies have demonstrated limited vision restoration in adults who trained on well-controlled psychophysical tasks, after acquiring CVI late in life. Other studies have shown improvements in children who underwent vision training. However, little is known about the prospects for the large number of patients who acquired CVI at birth but received no formal therapy as children. METHODS We, therefore, conducted a proof-of-principle study in one CVI patient long after the onset of cortical damage (age 18), to test the training speed, efficacy and generalizability of vision rehabilitation using protocols that had previously proven successful in adults. The patient trained at home and in the laboratory, on a psychophysical task that required discrimination of complex motion stimuli presented in the blind field. Visual function was assessed before and after training, using perimetric measures, as well as a battery of psychophysical tests. RESULTS The patient showed remarkably rapid improvements on the training task, with performance going from chance to 80% correct over the span of 11 sessions. With further training, improved vision was found for untrained stimuli and for perimetric measures of visual sensitivity. Some, but not all, of these performance gains were retained upon retesting after one year. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that existing vision rehabilitation programs can be highly effective in adult patients who acquired CVI at a young age. Validation with a large sample size is critical, and future work should also focus on improving the usability and accessibility of these programs for younger patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashim Pandey
- Department of Neuro-ophthalmology, Tilganga Institute of Ophthalmology, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Sujaya Neupane
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, USA
| | - Srijana Adhikary
- Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, Tilganga Institute of Ophthalmology, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Keepa Vaidya
- Department of Neuro-ophthalmology, Tilganga Institute of Ophthalmology, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Christopher C Pack
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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