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Tomassi S, Tosato S, Mondelli V, Faravelli C, Lasalvia A, Fioravanti G, Bonetto C, Fioritti A, Cremonese C, Lo Parrino R, De Santi K, Meneghelli A, Torresani S, De Girolamo G, Semrov E, Pratelli M, Cristofalo D, Ruggeri M. Influence of childhood trauma on diagnosis and substance use in first-episode psychosis. Br J Psychiatry 2017; 211:151-156. [PMID: 28729356 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.116.194019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundChildhood trauma has been significantly associated with first-episode psychosis, affective dysfunction and substance use.AimsTo test whether people with first-episode psychosis who had experienced childhood trauma, when compared with those who had not, showed a higher rate of affective psychosis and an increased lifetime rate of substance use.MethodThe sample comprised 345 participants with first-episode psychosis (58% male, mean age 29.8 years, s.d. = 9.7).ResultsSevere sexual abuse was significantly associated with a diagnosis of affective psychosis (χ2 = 4.9, P = 0.04) and with higher rates of lifetime use of cannabis (68% v 41%; P = 0.02) and heroin (20% v 5%; P = 0.02). Severe physical abuse was associated with increased lifetime use of heroin (15% v 5%; P = 0.03) and cocaine (32% v 17%; P = 0.05).ConclusionsPatients with first-episode psychosis exposed to childhood trauma appear to constitute a distinctive subgroup in terms of diagnosis and lifetime substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tomassi
- Simona Tomassi, MD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, University of Verona; Sarah Tosato, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona (AOUI), Verona; Valeria Mondelli, MD PhD, Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK; Carlo Faravelli, MD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Antonio Lasalvia, MD PhD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Giulia Fioravanti, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Chiara Bonetto, PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Angelo Fioritti, MD, Department of Mental Health, Azienda Unità Sanitario Locale (AUSL) Bologna, Bologna; Carla Cremonese, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Padova, Padua; Riccardo Lo Parrino, MD, Department of Mental Health, Florence; Katia De Santi, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Anna Meneghelli, Ospedale Niguarda Ca' Granda Milano, MHD Programma 2000, Milan; Stefano Torresani, MD, Department of Mental Health, Bolzano; Giovanni De Girolamo, MD, St John of God Clinical Research Centre of Brescia, Brescia; Enrico Semrov, MD, Department of Mental Health, Reggio Emilia; Michela Pratelli, MD, Department of Mental Health, Riccione; Doriana Cristofalo, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Mirella Ruggeri, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona, Italy; the GET UP Group
| | - S Tosato
- Simona Tomassi, MD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, University of Verona; Sarah Tosato, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona (AOUI), Verona; Valeria Mondelli, MD PhD, Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK; Carlo Faravelli, MD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Antonio Lasalvia, MD PhD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Giulia Fioravanti, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Chiara Bonetto, PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Angelo Fioritti, MD, Department of Mental Health, Azienda Unità Sanitario Locale (AUSL) Bologna, Bologna; Carla Cremonese, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Padova, Padua; Riccardo Lo Parrino, MD, Department of Mental Health, Florence; Katia De Santi, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Anna Meneghelli, Ospedale Niguarda Ca' Granda Milano, MHD Programma 2000, Milan; Stefano Torresani, MD, Department of Mental Health, Bolzano; Giovanni De Girolamo, MD, St John of God Clinical Research Centre of Brescia, Brescia; Enrico Semrov, MD, Department of Mental Health, Reggio Emilia; Michela Pratelli, MD, Department of Mental Health, Riccione; Doriana Cristofalo, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Mirella Ruggeri, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona, Italy; the GET UP Group
| | - V Mondelli
- Simona Tomassi, MD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, University of Verona; Sarah Tosato, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona (AOUI), Verona; Valeria Mondelli, MD PhD, Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK; Carlo Faravelli, MD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Antonio Lasalvia, MD PhD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Giulia Fioravanti, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Chiara Bonetto, PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Angelo Fioritti, MD, Department of Mental Health, Azienda Unità Sanitario Locale (AUSL) Bologna, Bologna; Carla Cremonese, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Padova, Padua; Riccardo Lo Parrino, MD, Department of Mental Health, Florence; Katia De Santi, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Anna Meneghelli, Ospedale Niguarda Ca' Granda Milano, MHD Programma 2000, Milan; Stefano Torresani, MD, Department of Mental Health, Bolzano; Giovanni De Girolamo, MD, St John of God Clinical Research Centre of Brescia, Brescia; Enrico Semrov, MD, Department of Mental Health, Reggio Emilia; Michela Pratelli, MD, Department of Mental Health, Riccione; Doriana Cristofalo, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Mirella Ruggeri, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona, Italy; the GET UP Group
| | - C Faravelli
- Simona Tomassi, MD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, University of Verona; Sarah Tosato, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona (AOUI), Verona; Valeria Mondelli, MD PhD, Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK; Carlo Faravelli, MD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Antonio Lasalvia, MD PhD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Giulia Fioravanti, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Chiara Bonetto, PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Angelo Fioritti, MD, Department of Mental Health, Azienda Unità Sanitario Locale (AUSL) Bologna, Bologna; Carla Cremonese, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Padova, Padua; Riccardo Lo Parrino, MD, Department of Mental Health, Florence; Katia De Santi, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Anna Meneghelli, Ospedale Niguarda Ca' Granda Milano, MHD Programma 2000, Milan; Stefano Torresani, MD, Department of Mental Health, Bolzano; Giovanni De Girolamo, MD, St John of God Clinical Research Centre of Brescia, Brescia; Enrico Semrov, MD, Department of Mental Health, Reggio Emilia; Michela Pratelli, MD, Department of Mental Health, Riccione; Doriana Cristofalo, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Mirella Ruggeri, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona, Italy; the GET UP Group
| | - A Lasalvia
- Simona Tomassi, MD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, University of Verona; Sarah Tosato, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona (AOUI), Verona; Valeria Mondelli, MD PhD, Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK; Carlo Faravelli, MD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Antonio Lasalvia, MD PhD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Giulia Fioravanti, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Chiara Bonetto, PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Angelo Fioritti, MD, Department of Mental Health, Azienda Unità Sanitario Locale (AUSL) Bologna, Bologna; Carla Cremonese, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Padova, Padua; Riccardo Lo Parrino, MD, Department of Mental Health, Florence; Katia De Santi, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Anna Meneghelli, Ospedale Niguarda Ca' Granda Milano, MHD Programma 2000, Milan; Stefano Torresani, MD, Department of Mental Health, Bolzano; Giovanni De Girolamo, MD, St John of God Clinical Research Centre of Brescia, Brescia; Enrico Semrov, MD, Department of Mental Health, Reggio Emilia; Michela Pratelli, MD, Department of Mental Health, Riccione; Doriana Cristofalo, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Mirella Ruggeri, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona, Italy; the GET UP Group
| | - G Fioravanti
- Simona Tomassi, MD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, University of Verona; Sarah Tosato, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona (AOUI), Verona; Valeria Mondelli, MD PhD, Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK; Carlo Faravelli, MD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Antonio Lasalvia, MD PhD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Giulia Fioravanti, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Chiara Bonetto, PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Angelo Fioritti, MD, Department of Mental Health, Azienda Unità Sanitario Locale (AUSL) Bologna, Bologna; Carla Cremonese, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Padova, Padua; Riccardo Lo Parrino, MD, Department of Mental Health, Florence; Katia De Santi, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Anna Meneghelli, Ospedale Niguarda Ca' Granda Milano, MHD Programma 2000, Milan; Stefano Torresani, MD, Department of Mental Health, Bolzano; Giovanni De Girolamo, MD, St John of God Clinical Research Centre of Brescia, Brescia; Enrico Semrov, MD, Department of Mental Health, Reggio Emilia; Michela Pratelli, MD, Department of Mental Health, Riccione; Doriana Cristofalo, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Mirella Ruggeri, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona, Italy; the GET UP Group
| | - C Bonetto
- Simona Tomassi, MD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, University of Verona; Sarah Tosato, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona (AOUI), Verona; Valeria Mondelli, MD PhD, Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK; Carlo Faravelli, MD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Antonio Lasalvia, MD PhD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Giulia Fioravanti, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Chiara Bonetto, PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Angelo Fioritti, MD, Department of Mental Health, Azienda Unità Sanitario Locale (AUSL) Bologna, Bologna; Carla Cremonese, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Padova, Padua; Riccardo Lo Parrino, MD, Department of Mental Health, Florence; Katia De Santi, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Anna Meneghelli, Ospedale Niguarda Ca' Granda Milano, MHD Programma 2000, Milan; Stefano Torresani, MD, Department of Mental Health, Bolzano; Giovanni De Girolamo, MD, St John of God Clinical Research Centre of Brescia, Brescia; Enrico Semrov, MD, Department of Mental Health, Reggio Emilia; Michela Pratelli, MD, Department of Mental Health, Riccione; Doriana Cristofalo, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Mirella Ruggeri, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona, Italy; the GET UP Group
| | - A Fioritti
- Simona Tomassi, MD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, University of Verona; Sarah Tosato, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona (AOUI), Verona; Valeria Mondelli, MD PhD, Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK; Carlo Faravelli, MD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Antonio Lasalvia, MD PhD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Giulia Fioravanti, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Chiara Bonetto, PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Angelo Fioritti, MD, Department of Mental Health, Azienda Unità Sanitario Locale (AUSL) Bologna, Bologna; Carla Cremonese, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Padova, Padua; Riccardo Lo Parrino, MD, Department of Mental Health, Florence; Katia De Santi, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Anna Meneghelli, Ospedale Niguarda Ca' Granda Milano, MHD Programma 2000, Milan; Stefano Torresani, MD, Department of Mental Health, Bolzano; Giovanni De Girolamo, MD, St John of God Clinical Research Centre of Brescia, Brescia; Enrico Semrov, MD, Department of Mental Health, Reggio Emilia; Michela Pratelli, MD, Department of Mental Health, Riccione; Doriana Cristofalo, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Mirella Ruggeri, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona, Italy; the GET UP Group
| | - C Cremonese
- Simona Tomassi, MD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, University of Verona; Sarah Tosato, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona (AOUI), Verona; Valeria Mondelli, MD PhD, Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK; Carlo Faravelli, MD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Antonio Lasalvia, MD PhD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Giulia Fioravanti, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Chiara Bonetto, PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Angelo Fioritti, MD, Department of Mental Health, Azienda Unità Sanitario Locale (AUSL) Bologna, Bologna; Carla Cremonese, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Padova, Padua; Riccardo Lo Parrino, MD, Department of Mental Health, Florence; Katia De Santi, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Anna Meneghelli, Ospedale Niguarda Ca' Granda Milano, MHD Programma 2000, Milan; Stefano Torresani, MD, Department of Mental Health, Bolzano; Giovanni De Girolamo, MD, St John of God Clinical Research Centre of Brescia, Brescia; Enrico Semrov, MD, Department of Mental Health, Reggio Emilia; Michela Pratelli, MD, Department of Mental Health, Riccione; Doriana Cristofalo, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Mirella Ruggeri, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona, Italy; the GET UP Group
| | - R Lo Parrino
- Simona Tomassi, MD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, University of Verona; Sarah Tosato, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona (AOUI), Verona; Valeria Mondelli, MD PhD, Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK; Carlo Faravelli, MD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Antonio Lasalvia, MD PhD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Giulia Fioravanti, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Chiara Bonetto, PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Angelo Fioritti, MD, Department of Mental Health, Azienda Unità Sanitario Locale (AUSL) Bologna, Bologna; Carla Cremonese, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Padova, Padua; Riccardo Lo Parrino, MD, Department of Mental Health, Florence; Katia De Santi, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Anna Meneghelli, Ospedale Niguarda Ca' Granda Milano, MHD Programma 2000, Milan; Stefano Torresani, MD, Department of Mental Health, Bolzano; Giovanni De Girolamo, MD, St John of God Clinical Research Centre of Brescia, Brescia; Enrico Semrov, MD, Department of Mental Health, Reggio Emilia; Michela Pratelli, MD, Department of Mental Health, Riccione; Doriana Cristofalo, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Mirella Ruggeri, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona, Italy; the GET UP Group
| | - K De Santi
- Simona Tomassi, MD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, University of Verona; Sarah Tosato, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona (AOUI), Verona; Valeria Mondelli, MD PhD, Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK; Carlo Faravelli, MD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Antonio Lasalvia, MD PhD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Giulia Fioravanti, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Chiara Bonetto, PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Angelo Fioritti, MD, Department of Mental Health, Azienda Unità Sanitario Locale (AUSL) Bologna, Bologna; Carla Cremonese, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Padova, Padua; Riccardo Lo Parrino, MD, Department of Mental Health, Florence; Katia De Santi, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Anna Meneghelli, Ospedale Niguarda Ca' Granda Milano, MHD Programma 2000, Milan; Stefano Torresani, MD, Department of Mental Health, Bolzano; Giovanni De Girolamo, MD, St John of God Clinical Research Centre of Brescia, Brescia; Enrico Semrov, MD, Department of Mental Health, Reggio Emilia; Michela Pratelli, MD, Department of Mental Health, Riccione; Doriana Cristofalo, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Mirella Ruggeri, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona, Italy; the GET UP Group
| | - A Meneghelli
- Simona Tomassi, MD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, University of Verona; Sarah Tosato, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona (AOUI), Verona; Valeria Mondelli, MD PhD, Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK; Carlo Faravelli, MD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Antonio Lasalvia, MD PhD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Giulia Fioravanti, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Chiara Bonetto, PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Angelo Fioritti, MD, Department of Mental Health, Azienda Unità Sanitario Locale (AUSL) Bologna, Bologna; Carla Cremonese, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Padova, Padua; Riccardo Lo Parrino, MD, Department of Mental Health, Florence; Katia De Santi, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Anna Meneghelli, Ospedale Niguarda Ca' Granda Milano, MHD Programma 2000, Milan; Stefano Torresani, MD, Department of Mental Health, Bolzano; Giovanni De Girolamo, MD, St John of God Clinical Research Centre of Brescia, Brescia; Enrico Semrov, MD, Department of Mental Health, Reggio Emilia; Michela Pratelli, MD, Department of Mental Health, Riccione; Doriana Cristofalo, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Mirella Ruggeri, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona, Italy; the GET UP Group
| | - S Torresani
- Simona Tomassi, MD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, University of Verona; Sarah Tosato, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona (AOUI), Verona; Valeria Mondelli, MD PhD, Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK; Carlo Faravelli, MD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Antonio Lasalvia, MD PhD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Giulia Fioravanti, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Chiara Bonetto, PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Angelo Fioritti, MD, Department of Mental Health, Azienda Unità Sanitario Locale (AUSL) Bologna, Bologna; Carla Cremonese, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Padova, Padua; Riccardo Lo Parrino, MD, Department of Mental Health, Florence; Katia De Santi, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Anna Meneghelli, Ospedale Niguarda Ca' Granda Milano, MHD Programma 2000, Milan; Stefano Torresani, MD, Department of Mental Health, Bolzano; Giovanni De Girolamo, MD, St John of God Clinical Research Centre of Brescia, Brescia; Enrico Semrov, MD, Department of Mental Health, Reggio Emilia; Michela Pratelli, MD, Department of Mental Health, Riccione; Doriana Cristofalo, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Mirella Ruggeri, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona, Italy; the GET UP Group
| | - G De Girolamo
- Simona Tomassi, MD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, University of Verona; Sarah Tosato, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona (AOUI), Verona; Valeria Mondelli, MD PhD, Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK; Carlo Faravelli, MD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Antonio Lasalvia, MD PhD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Giulia Fioravanti, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Chiara Bonetto, PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Angelo Fioritti, MD, Department of Mental Health, Azienda Unità Sanitario Locale (AUSL) Bologna, Bologna; Carla Cremonese, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Padova, Padua; Riccardo Lo Parrino, MD, Department of Mental Health, Florence; Katia De Santi, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Anna Meneghelli, Ospedale Niguarda Ca' Granda Milano, MHD Programma 2000, Milan; Stefano Torresani, MD, Department of Mental Health, Bolzano; Giovanni De Girolamo, MD, St John of God Clinical Research Centre of Brescia, Brescia; Enrico Semrov, MD, Department of Mental Health, Reggio Emilia; Michela Pratelli, MD, Department of Mental Health, Riccione; Doriana Cristofalo, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Mirella Ruggeri, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona, Italy; the GET UP Group
| | - E Semrov
- Simona Tomassi, MD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, University of Verona; Sarah Tosato, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona (AOUI), Verona; Valeria Mondelli, MD PhD, Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK; Carlo Faravelli, MD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Antonio Lasalvia, MD PhD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Giulia Fioravanti, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Chiara Bonetto, PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Angelo Fioritti, MD, Department of Mental Health, Azienda Unità Sanitario Locale (AUSL) Bologna, Bologna; Carla Cremonese, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Padova, Padua; Riccardo Lo Parrino, MD, Department of Mental Health, Florence; Katia De Santi, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Anna Meneghelli, Ospedale Niguarda Ca' Granda Milano, MHD Programma 2000, Milan; Stefano Torresani, MD, Department of Mental Health, Bolzano; Giovanni De Girolamo, MD, St John of God Clinical Research Centre of Brescia, Brescia; Enrico Semrov, MD, Department of Mental Health, Reggio Emilia; Michela Pratelli, MD, Department of Mental Health, Riccione; Doriana Cristofalo, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Mirella Ruggeri, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona, Italy; the GET UP Group
| | - M Pratelli
- Simona Tomassi, MD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, University of Verona; Sarah Tosato, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona (AOUI), Verona; Valeria Mondelli, MD PhD, Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK; Carlo Faravelli, MD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Antonio Lasalvia, MD PhD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Giulia Fioravanti, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Chiara Bonetto, PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Angelo Fioritti, MD, Department of Mental Health, Azienda Unità Sanitario Locale (AUSL) Bologna, Bologna; Carla Cremonese, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Padova, Padua; Riccardo Lo Parrino, MD, Department of Mental Health, Florence; Katia De Santi, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Anna Meneghelli, Ospedale Niguarda Ca' Granda Milano, MHD Programma 2000, Milan; Stefano Torresani, MD, Department of Mental Health, Bolzano; Giovanni De Girolamo, MD, St John of God Clinical Research Centre of Brescia, Brescia; Enrico Semrov, MD, Department of Mental Health, Reggio Emilia; Michela Pratelli, MD, Department of Mental Health, Riccione; Doriana Cristofalo, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Mirella Ruggeri, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona, Italy; the GET UP Group
| | - D Cristofalo
- Simona Tomassi, MD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, University of Verona; Sarah Tosato, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona (AOUI), Verona; Valeria Mondelli, MD PhD, Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK; Carlo Faravelli, MD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Antonio Lasalvia, MD PhD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Giulia Fioravanti, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Chiara Bonetto, PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Angelo Fioritti, MD, Department of Mental Health, Azienda Unità Sanitario Locale (AUSL) Bologna, Bologna; Carla Cremonese, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Padova, Padua; Riccardo Lo Parrino, MD, Department of Mental Health, Florence; Katia De Santi, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Anna Meneghelli, Ospedale Niguarda Ca' Granda Milano, MHD Programma 2000, Milan; Stefano Torresani, MD, Department of Mental Health, Bolzano; Giovanni De Girolamo, MD, St John of God Clinical Research Centre of Brescia, Brescia; Enrico Semrov, MD, Department of Mental Health, Reggio Emilia; Michela Pratelli, MD, Department of Mental Health, Riccione; Doriana Cristofalo, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Mirella Ruggeri, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona, Italy; the GET UP Group
| | - M Ruggeri
- Simona Tomassi, MD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, University of Verona; Sarah Tosato, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona (AOUI), Verona; Valeria Mondelli, MD PhD, Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK; Carlo Faravelli, MD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Antonio Lasalvia, MD PhD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Giulia Fioravanti, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Firenze, Florence; Chiara Bonetto, PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Angelo Fioritti, MD, Department of Mental Health, Azienda Unità Sanitario Locale (AUSL) Bologna, Bologna; Carla Cremonese, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliera Padova, Padua; Riccardo Lo Parrino, MD, Department of Mental Health, Florence; Katia De Santi, MD, Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona; Anna Meneghelli, Ospedale Niguarda Ca' Granda Milano, MHD Programma 2000, Milan; Stefano Torresani, MD, Department of Mental Health, Bolzano; Giovanni De Girolamo, MD, St John of God Clinical Research Centre of Brescia, Brescia; Enrico Semrov, MD, Department of Mental Health, Reggio Emilia; Michela Pratelli, MD, Department of Mental Health, Riccione; Doriana Cristofalo, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona; Mirella Ruggeri, MD PhD, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, and Unit of Psychiatry, AOUI, Verona, Italy; the GET UP Group
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