1
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Seo SY, Yang JH, Kim S, Sohn S, Oh JH, Mao L, Wang JQ, Choe ES. Interaction of JNK and mGluR5 in the regulation of psychomotor behaviours after repeated cocaine administration. Addict Biol 2022; 27:e13127. [PMID: 35229936 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Activation of protein kinases after cocaine administration controls psychomotor behaviours by interacting with metabotropic receptors in the brain. This study identified how c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) interacts with metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) in vitro and in the caudate and putamen (CPu). The potential role of this interaction in the regulation of psychomotor behaviour was also evaluated after administration of cocaine. Active JNK phosphorylates a threonine residue at position 1055 in the carboxyl terminus (CT) of mGluR5 in vitro. The binding of active JNK to the D-motif within CT2 is necessary for that phosphorylation. Interaction of phosphorylated JNK and mGluR5 occurs in the CPu. Unilateral interference of the interaction decreases the repeated cocaine-induced increases in locomotor activity and conditioned place preference. These findings suggest that activation of JNK has the capability to interact with mGluR5 in the CPu. Phosphorylation of mGluR5 following the JNK-mGluR5 interaction may be responsible for the potentiation of behavioural sensitisation and cocaine-wanting behaviour in response to cocaine administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Yeon Seo
- Department of Biological Sciences Pusan National University Busan South Korea
| | - Ju Hwan Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences Pusan National University Busan South Korea
| | - Sunghyun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences Pusan National University Busan South Korea
| | - Sumin Sohn
- Department of Biological Sciences Pusan National University Busan South Korea
| | - Jeong Hwan Oh
- Department of Biological Sciences Pusan National University Busan South Korea
| | - Li‐Min Mao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Basic Medical Science University of Missouri–Kansas City Kansas City Missouri USA
| | - John Q. Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Basic Medical Science University of Missouri–Kansas City Kansas City Missouri USA
| | - Eun Sang Choe
- Department of Biological Sciences Pusan National University Busan South Korea
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2
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Ruiz-Calvo A, Maroto IB, Bajo-Grañeras R, Chiarlone A, Gaudioso Á, Ferrero JJ, Resel E, Sánchez-Prieto J, Rodríguez-Navarro JA, Marsicano G, Galve-Roperh I, Bellocchio L, Guzmán M. Pathway-Specific Control of Striatal Neuron Vulnerability by Corticostriatal Cannabinoid CB1 Receptors. Cereb Cortex 2018; 28:307-322. [PMID: 29121220 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of neurons within the striatum are GABAergic medium spiny neurons (MSNs), which receive glutamatergic input from the cortex and thalamus, and form two major efferent pathways: the direct pathway, expressing dopamine D1 receptor (D1R-MSNs), and the indirect pathway, expressing dopamine D2 receptor (D2R-MSNs). While molecular mechanisms of MSN degeneration have been identified in animal models of striatal damage, the molecular factors that dictate a selective vulnerability of D1R-MSNs or D2R-MSNs remain unknown. Here, we combined genetic, chemogenetic, and pharmacological strategies with behavioral and neurochemical analyses, and show that the pool of cannabinoid CB1 receptor (CB1R) located on corticostriatal terminals efficiently safeguards D1R-MSNs, but not D2R-MSNs, from different insults. This cell-specific response relies on the regulation of glutamatergic signaling, and is independent from the CB1R-dependent control of astroglial activity in the striatum. These findings define cortical CB1R as a pivotal synaptic player in dictating a differential vulnerability of D1R-MSNs versus D2R-MSNs, and increase our understanding of the role of coordinated cannabinergic-glutamatergic signaling in establishing corticostriatal circuits and its dysregulation in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ruiz-Calvo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene B Maroto
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Bajo-Grañeras
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Chiarlone
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Gaudioso
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - José J Ferrero
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Resel
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Sánchez-Prieto
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Giovanni Marsicano
- INSERM and University of Bordeaux, NeuroCentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Ismael Galve-Roperh
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luigi Bellocchio
- INSERM and University of Bordeaux, NeuroCentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Manuel Guzmán
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
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3
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Lee CT, Boeshore KL, Wu C, Becker KG, Errico SL, Mash DC, Freed WJ. Cocaine promotes primary human astrocyte proliferation via JNK-dependent up-regulation of cyclin A2. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2018; 34:965-976. [PMID: 27834787 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-160676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Astrocytes perform a plethora of important functions in the central nervous system (CNS) and are involved in cocaine-evoked synaptic plasticity. Previously, we showed that while cocaine decreased cyclin A2 expression in primary human neural progenitor cells, it increased cyclin A2 expression in human astrocytes. Since cyclin A2 is an essential regulator of the cell cycle, the aim of the present study is to clarify the effect of cocaine on proliferation of human astrocytes and elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. METHODS Primary human astrocytes were treated with either 1, 10, or 100 μM cocaine for 48 hr, and cell proliferation was measured using the CyQUANT cell proliferation assay. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms through which cocaine affects the proliferation of astrocytes, we analyzed gene expression profiles in cocaine-treated primary human astrocytes using a human focused cDNA array. Gene ontology/pathway enrichment analysis, STRING protein-protein interaction analysis, RT-qPCR, and western blotting were used to identify signal transduction pathways that are involved in cocaine-induced astrocyte dysfunction. RESULTS Cocaine at 10 and 100 μM significantly increased human astrocyte proliferation. Gene expression profiling revealed the JNK MAP kinase pathway as a driver of cell proliferation affected by cocaine in human astrocytes. Further experiments showed that cocaine-induced JNK activation induced up-regulation of cyclin A2, leading to enhanced proliferation of human astrocytes. CONCLUSION Cocaine-induced abnormal increases in the number of astrocytes may cause disruption in neuron-glia signaling and contribute to synaptic impairment in the CNS. Understanding the mechanisms of cocaine's effects on human astrocytes may help to reveal the involvement of glial cells in addictive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ting Lee
- Section on Development and Plasticity, Cellular Neurobiology Research Branch, Intramural Research Program (IRP), National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Chun Wu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Kevin G Becker
- Gene Expression and Genomics Unit, Research Resources Branch, IRP, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stacie L Errico
- Section on Development and Plasticity, Cellular Neurobiology Research Branch, Intramural Research Program (IRP), National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Deborah C Mash
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - William J Freed
- Section on Development and Plasticity, Cellular Neurobiology Research Branch, Intramural Research Program (IRP), National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Biology, Lebanon Valley College, Annville, PA, USA
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4
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Spigolon G, Cavaccini A, Trusel M, Tonini R, Fisone G. cJun N-terminal kinase (JNK) mediates cortico-striatal signaling in a model of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 110:37-46. [PMID: 29107639 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cJun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway has been extensively studied with regard to its involvement in neurodegenerative processes, but little is known about its functions in neurotransmission. In a mouse model of Parkinson's disease (PD), we show that the pharmacological activation of dopamine D1 receptors (D1R) produces a large increase in JNK phosphorylation. This effect is secondary to dopamine depletion, and is restricted to the striatal projection neurons that innervate directly the output structures of the basal ganglia (dSPN). Activation of JNK in dSPN relies on cAMP-induced phosphorylation of the dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein of 32kDa (DARPP-32), but does not require N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor transmission. Electrophysiological experiments on acute brain slices from PD mice show that inhibition of JNK signaling in dSPN prevents the increase in synaptic strength caused by activation of D1Rs. Together, our findings show that dopamine depletion confers to JNK the ability to mediate dopamine transmission, informing the future development of therapies for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Spigolon
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Cavaccini
- Neuroscience and Brain Technologies Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Massimo Trusel
- Neuroscience and Brain Technologies Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Raffaella Tonini
- Neuroscience and Brain Technologies Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy.
| | - Gilberto Fisone
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
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5
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Sustained Gq-Protein Signaling Disrupts Striatal Circuits via JNK. J Neurosci 2017; 36:10611-10624. [PMID: 27733612 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1192-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The dorsal striatum is a major input structure of the basal ganglia and plays a key role in the control of vital processes such as motor behavior, cognition, and motivation. The functionality of striatal neurons is tightly controlled by various metabotropic receptors. Whereas the Gs/Gi-protein-dependent tuning of striatal neurons is fairly well known, the precise impact and underlying mechanism of Gq-protein-dependent signals remain poorly understood. Here, using different experimental approaches, especially designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drug (DREADD) chemogenetic technology, we found that sustained activation of Gq-protein signaling impairs the functionality of striatal neurons and we unveil the precise molecular mechanism underlying this process: a phospholipase C/Ca2+/proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2/cJun N-terminal kinase pathway. Moreover, engagement of this intracellular signaling route was functionally active in the mouse dorsal striatum in vivo, as proven by the disruption of neuronal integrity and behavioral tasks. To analyze this effect anatomically, we manipulated Gq-protein-dependent signaling selectively in neurons belonging to the direct or indirect striatal pathway. Acute Gq-protein activation in direct-pathway or indirect-pathway neurons produced an enhancement or a decrease, respectively, of activity-dependent parameters. In contrast, sustained Gq-protein activation impaired the functionality of direct-pathway and indirect-pathway neurons and disrupted the behavioral performance and electroencephalography-related activity tasks controlled by either anatomical framework. Collectively, these findings define the molecular mechanism and functional relevance of Gq-protein-driven signals in striatal circuits under normal and overactivated states. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The dorsal striatum is a major input structure of the basal ganglia and plays a key role in the control of vital processes such as motor behavior, cognition, and motivation. Whereas the Gs/Gi-protein-dependent tuning of striatal neurons is fairly well known, the precise impact and underlying mechanism of Gq-protein-dependent signals remain unclear. Here, we show that striatal circuits can be "turned on" by acute Gq-protein signaling or "turned off" by sustained Gq-protein signaling. Specifically, sustained Gq-protein signaling inactivates striatal neurons by an intracellular pathway that relies on cJun N-terminal kinase. Overall, this study sheds new light onto the molecular mechanism and functional relevance of Gq-protein-driven signals in striatal circuits under normal and overactivated states.
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6
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Brain-derived neurotrophic factor downregulates immunoglobulin heavy chain binding protein expression after repeated cocaine administration in the rat dorsal striatum. Neurosci Lett 2017; 644:107-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.02.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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7
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The Alterations in Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number and Nuclear-Encoded Mitochondrial Genes in Rat Brain Structures after Cocaine Self-Administration. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:7460-7470. [PMID: 27819115 PMCID: PMC5622911 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0153-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The repeated intake of cocaine evokes oxidative stress that is present even during drug withdrawal. Recent studies demonstrate that cocaine-induced oxidative and/or endoplasmic reticulum stress can affect mitochondrial function and dynamics as well as the expression of mitochondrial and nuclear genes. These alterations in mitochondrial function may determine synaptic and behavioral plasticity. Mitochondria and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) seem to play an important role in the initiation of drug addiction. We used a microarray approach to investigate the expression patterns of nuclear-encoded genes relevant for mitochondrial functions and quantitative real-time PCR assays to determine the numbers of copies of mtDNA and of mRNAs corresponding to two mitochondrial proteins in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of rats during early cocaine abstinence. We found a significant elevation in the copy number of mtDNA and concomitant increased expression of mitochondrial genes. Moreover, microarray analysis revealed changes in the transcription of nuclear genes engaged in mtDNA replication, nucleoid formation, the oxidative phosphorylation pathway, and mitochondrial fission and fusion. Finally, we observed the upregulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced genes. Cocaine self-administration influences the expression of both nuclear and mitochondrial genes as well as mtDNA replication. To determine whether these alterations serve as compensatory mechanisms to help maintain normal level of ATP production, further studies are necessary.
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8
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Go BS, Kim J, Yang JH, Choe ES. Psychostimulant-Induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Neurodegeneration. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:4041-4048. [PMID: 27314686 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9969-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a subcellular organelle that ensures proper protein folding process. The ER stress is defined as cellular conditions that disturb the ER homeostasis, resulting in accumulation of unfolded and/or misfolded proteins in the lumen of the ER. The presence of these proteins within the ER activates the ER stress response, known as unfolded protein response (UPR), to restore normal functions of the ER. However, under the severe and/or prolonged ER stress, UPR initiates apoptotic cell death. Psychostimulants such as cocaine, amphetamine, and methamphetamine cause the ER stress and/or apoptotic cell death in regions of the brain related to drug addiction. Recent studies have shown that the ER stress in response to psychostimulants is linked to behavioral sensitization and that the psychostimulant-induced ER stress signaling cascades are closely associated with the pathogenesis of the neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, this review was conducted to improve understanding of the functional role of the ER stress in the addiction as well as neurodegenerative diseases. This would be helpful to facilitate development of new therapeutic strategies for the drug addiction and/or neurodegenerative diseases caused or exacerbated by exposure to psychostimulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bok Soon Go
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, 63-2 Pusandaehak-ro, Kumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Korea.,Department of Psychology, Washington State University, 100 Dairy Road, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Jieun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, 63-2 Pusandaehak-ro, Kumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Korea
| | - Ju Hwan Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, 63-2 Pusandaehak-ro, Kumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Korea
| | - Eun Sang Choe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, 63-2 Pusandaehak-ro, Kumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Korea.
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9
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García-Pardo MP, Roger-Sanchez C, Rodríguez-Arias M, Miñarro J, Aguilar MA. Pharmacological modulation of protein kinases as a new approach to treat addiction to cocaine and opiates. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 781:10-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.03.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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10
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Lycium chinensis Mill attenuates glutamate induced oxidative toxicity in PC12 cells by increasing antioxidant defense enzymes and down regulating ROS and Ca2+ generation. Neurosci Lett 2016; 616:111-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.10.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Revised: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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11
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Kim J, Ryu IS, Seo SY, Choe ES. Activation of Protein Kinases and Phosphatases Coupled to Glutamate Receptors Regulates the Phosphorylation State of DARPP32 at Threonine 75 After Repeated Exposure to Cocaine in the Rat Dorsal Striatum in a Ca2+-Dependent Manner. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 18:pyv075. [PMID: 26142455 PMCID: PMC4675983 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyv075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phosphorylation state of dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein, molecular weight 32 kDa (DARPP32) is crucial to understand drug-mediated synaptic plasticity. In this study, mechanisms underlying repeated cocaine-stimulated phosphorylation of DARPP32 at threonine 75 (pDARPP32-Thr75) were determined by investigating the hypothesis that activation of protein kinases and phosphatases coupled to glutamate signaling is necessary for the regulation of pDARPP32-Thr75 after repeated cocaine administration. METHODS Intracaudate drug infusions into the rat dorsal striatum followed by Western immunoblot analysis were mainly performed to test this hypothesis. RESULTS The results demonstrated that 7 repeated daily intraperitoneal injections of cocaine (20mg/kg) upregulated the expression of pDARPP32-Thr75. Increases in the cytosolic Ca(2+) concentrations followed by Ca(2+)-dependent protein kinase activation through stimulation of Ca(2+) channels in striatal neurons were necessary for the phosphorylation. Activation of protein phosphatases further regulated the phosphorylation state by deactivating pDARPP32-Thr75 and upstream protein kinases. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that activation of protein kinases and phosphatases coupled to glutamate receptors controls the phosphorylation state of DARPP32-Thr75 after repeated exposure to cocaine in the dorsal striatum in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eun Sang Choe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan, Korea.
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12
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Ryu IS, Choe ES. Cocaine challenge increases the expression of immunoglobulin heavy chain binding protein in the rat nucleus accumbens. Neurosci Lett 2014; 577:117-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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13
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Jin ML, Park SY, Kim YH, Oh JI, Lee SJ, Park G. The neuroprotective effects of cordycepin inhibit glutamate-induced oxidative and ER stress-associated apoptosis in hippocampal HT22 cells. Neurotoxicology 2014; 41:102-11. [PMID: 24486958 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate toxicity increases the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and intracellular calcium levels, resulting in neuronal dysfunction, neurodegenerative disorders, and death. Cordycepin is a derivative of the nucleoside adenosine, and is believed to exert neuroprotective effects against glutamate-induced oxidative toxicity in HT22 neuronal cells. Excessive glutamate induces oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, gradually increasing ER-related pro-apoptotic transcription factor C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) expression, and eventually up-regulating expression of the pro-apoptotic factor Bax. Cordycepin inhibits CHOP and Bax expressions, as well as p-ERK, p-JNK, and p-p38, all of which are involved in oxidative or ER stress-induced apoptosis. In addition, the increased production of ROS from excessive glutamate leads to elevation of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), a hallmark of mitochondrial dysfunction. Cordycepin retains MMP and reduces the elevated levels of ROS and Ca(2+) induced by glutamate. Caspases are crucial mediators involved in mitochondrial apoptosis, and while glutamate disrupts mitochondrial function, it does not change expression levels of caspase 3 and caspase 9. Similarly, cordycepin has no effect on caspase 3 and caspase 9 expressions; however, it decreases the expression of ER stress-specific caspase 12, which plays a key role in the initiation of ER stress-induced apoptosis. Finally, we found that the anti-apoptotic effects of cordycepin are partially dependent on activation of the adenosine A1 receptor, whereas an antagonist selectively attenuated the neuroprotective effects of cordycepin. Collectively, these results suggest that cordycepin could be a potential future therapeutic agent for neuronal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Ling Jin
- Department of Microbiology, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Young Park
- Bio-IT Fusion Technology Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hun Kim
- Bio-IT Fusion Technology Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Il Oh
- Department of Microbiology, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Joon Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Geuntae Park
- Bio-IT Fusion Technology Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea; Institute for Research & Industry Cooperation, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Costa BM, Yao H, Yang L, Buch S. Role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in cocaine-induced microglial cell death. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2013; 8:705-14. [PMID: 23404095 PMCID: PMC3663878 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-013-9438-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
While it has been well-documented that drugs of abuse such as cocaine can enhance progression of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neuropathological disorders, the underlying mechanisms mediating these effects remain poorly understood. The present study was undertaken to examine the effects of cocaine on microglial viability. Herein we demonstrate that exposure of microglial cell line-BV2 or rat primary microglia to exogenous cocaine resulted in decreased cell viability as determined by MTS and TUNEL assays. Microglial toxicity of cocaine was accompanied by an increase in the expression of cleaved caspase-3 as demonstrated by western blot assays. Furthermore, increased microglial toxicity was also associated with a concomitant increase in the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species, an effect that was ameliorated in cells pretreated with NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin, thus emphasizing the role of oxidative stress in this process. A novel finding of this study was the involvement of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) signaling mediators such as PERK, Elf2α, and CHOP, which were up regulated in cells exposed to cocaine. Reciprocally, blocking CHOP expression using siRNA ameliorated cocaine-mediated cell death. In conclusion these findings underscore the importance of ER stress in modulating cocaine induced microglial toxicity. Understanding the link between ER stress, oxidative stress and apoptosis could lead to the development of therapeutic strategies targeting cocaine-mediated microglial death/dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaise Mathias Costa
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA
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15
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Lee DK, Ahn SM, Shim YB, Koh WCA, Shim I, Choe ES. Interactions of Dopamine D1 and N-methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors are Required for Acute Cocaine-Evoked Nitric Oxide Efflux in the Dorsal Striatum. Exp Neurobiol 2011; 20:116-22. [PMID: 22110369 PMCID: PMC3213699 DOI: 10.5607/en.2011.20.2.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in nitric oxide (NO) release in response to psychostimulants in the striatum cause a plastic change contributing to the development and expression of addiction. In this study, regulation of NO efflux evoked by acute cocaine in the dorsal striatum was investigated using real-time detection of NO in vivo. We found that acute systemic injection of cocaine (20 mg/kg) increased NO efflux, which was reduced by the intrastriatal infusion of the dopamine D1 receptor antagonist, SCH23390 (7.5 nmol), and the dopamine D2 receptor agonist, quinpirole (5 nmol). Increased levels of NO efflux by acute cocaine were also reduced by the intrastriatal infusion of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists, MK801 (2 nmol) and AP5 (2 nmol). These findings suggest that interactions of dopamine D1 receptors and NMDA receptors after acute exposure to cocaine participate in the upregulation of NO efflux in the dorsal striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Kun Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea
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Choe ES, Ahn SM, Yang JH, Go BS, Wang JQ. Linking cocaine to endoplasmic reticulum in striatal neurons: role of glutamate receptors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 1:59-63. [PMID: 21808746 DOI: 10.1016/j.baga.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) controls protein folding. Accumulation of unfolded and misfolded proteins in the ER triggers an ER stress response to accelerate normal protein folding or if failed to cause apoptosis. The ER stress response is a conserved cellular response in mammalian cells and is sensitive to various physiological or pathophysiological stimuli. Recent studies unravel that this response in striatal neurons is subject to the tight modulation by psychostimulants. Cocaine and amphetamines markedly increased expression of multiple ER stress reporter proteins in the dorsal striatum (caudate putamen) and other basal ganglia sites. This evoked ER stress response is mediated by activation of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Converging Ca(2+) signals derived from activation of these receptors activate the c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway to evoke ER stress responses. The discovery of robust ER stress responses to stimulant exposure establishes a previously unrecognized stimulant-ER coupling. This inducible coupling seems to contribute to neurotoxicity of stimulants related to various neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative illnesses. Elucidating cellular mechanisms linking cocaine and other stimulants to ER is therefore important for the development of therapeutic agents for treating neurological disorders resulted from stimulant toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Sang Choe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan 609-735, Korea
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