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Wang SJ, Zhao MY, Zhao PC, Zhang W, Rao GW. Research Status, Synthesis and Clinical Application of Antiepileptic Drugs. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:410-452. [PMID: 36650655 DOI: 10.2174/0929867330666230117160632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
According to the 2017 ILAE's official definition, epilepsy is a slow brain disease state characterized by recurrent episodes. Due to information released by ILAE in 2017, it can be divided into four types, including focal epilepsy, generalized epilepsy, combined generalized, and focal epilepsy, and unknown epilepsy. Since 1989, 24 new antiepileptic drugs have been approved to treat different types of epilepsy. Besides, there are a variety of antiepileptic medications under clinical monitoring. These novel antiepileptic drugs have plenty of advantages. Over the past 33 years, there have been many antiepileptic drugs on the mearket, but no one has been found that can completely cure epilepsy. In this paper, the mentioned drugs were classified according to their targets, and the essential information, and clinical studies of each drug were described. The structure-activity relationship of different chemical structures was summarized. This paper provides help for the follow-up research on epilepsy drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Jie Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Min-Yan Zhao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Peng-Cheng Zhao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Wen Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Wu Rao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
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2
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Che Has AT. The applications of the pilocarpine animal model of status epilepticus: 40 years of progress (1983-2023). Behav Brain Res 2023; 452:114551. [PMID: 37348654 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Status epilepticus is a neurological disorder that can result in various neuropathological conditions and presentations. Various studies involving animal models have been accomplished to understand and replicating its prominent manifestations including characteristics of related clinical cases. Up to these days, there are variety of methods and techniques to be utilized in inducing this disorder that can be chemically or electrically applied which depending on the experimental designs and targets of the studies. In particular, the chemically induced pilocarpine animal model of status epilepticus is a reliable choice which has evolved for 40 years from its initial discovery back in 1983. Although the development of the model can be considered as a remarkable breakthrough in understanding status epilepticus, several aspects of the model have been improved, throughout the years. Among the major issues in developing this model are the morbidity and mortality rates during induction process. Several modifications have been introduced in the process by different studies to tackle the related problems including application of dose fractionation, adaptation of pilocarpine to lithium-pilocarpine model and utilization of various drugs. Despite all challenges and drawbacks, this model has proven its pertinent and relevance with improvements that have been adapted since it was introduced 40 years ago. In this review, we emphasize on the evolution of this animal model from the beginning until now (1983 - 2023) and the related issues that have made this model still a popular choice in status epilepticus studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Tarmizi Che Has
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus Kubang Kerian, 16150, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia.
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3
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Tilelli CQ, Flôres LR, Cota VR, Castro OWD, Garcia-Cairasco N. Amygdaloid complex anatomopathological findings in animal models of status epilepticus. Epilepsy Behav 2021; 121:106831. [PMID: 31864944 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.106831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Temporal lobe epileptic seizures are one of the most common and well-characterized types of epilepsies. The current knowledge on the pathology of temporal lobe epilepsy relies strongly on studies of epileptogenesis caused by experimentally induced status epilepticus (SE). Although several temporal lobe structures have been implicated in the epileptogenic process, the hippocampal formation is the temporal lobe structure studied in the greatest amount and detail. However, studies in human patients and animal models of temporal lobe epilepsy indicate that the amygdaloid complex can be also an important seizure generator, and several pathological processes have been shown in the amygdala during epileptogenesis. Therefore, in the present review, we systematically selected, organized, described, and analyzed the current knowledge on anatomopathological data associated with the amygdaloid complex during SE-induced epileptogenesis. Amygdaloid complex participation in the epileptogenic process is evidenced, among others, by alterations in energy metabolism, circulatory, and fluid regulation, neurotransmission, immediate early genes expression, tissue damage, cell suffering, inflammation, and neuroprotection. We conclude that major efforts should be made in order to include the amygdaloid complex as an important target area for evaluation in future research on SE-induced epileptogenesis. This article is part of the Special Issue "NEWroscience 2018".
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Queixa Tilelli
- Laboratory of Physiology, Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Av. Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400, Bairro Belvedere, Divinópolis, MG 35.501-296, Brazil.
| | - Larissa Ribeiro Flôres
- Laboratory of Physiology, Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Av. Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400, Bairro Belvedere, Divinópolis, MG 35.501-296, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Rosa Cota
- Laboratory of Neuroengineering and Neuroscience (LINNce), Department of Electrical Engineering, Campus Santo Antônio, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Praça Frei Orlando, 170, Centro, São João Del Rei, MG 36307-352, Brazil
| | - Olagide Wagner de Castro
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Campus A. C. Simões, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Av. Lourival Melo Mota, s/n, Tabuleiro do Martins, Maceió, AL 57072-970, Brazil
| | - Norberto Garcia-Cairasco
- Neurophysiology and Experimental Neuroethology Laboratory (LNNE), Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil.
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4
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Pawlik MJ, Obara-Michlewska M, Popek MP, Czarnecka AM, Czuczwar SJ, Łuszczki J, Kołodziej M, Acewicz A, Wierzba-Bobrowicz T, Albrecht J. Pretreatment with a glutamine synthetase inhibitor MSO delays the onset of initial seizures induced by pilocarpine in juvenile rats. Brain Res 2021; 1753:147253. [PMID: 33422530 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of glutamatergic transmission to generation of initial convulsive seizures (CS) is debated. We tested whether pretreatment with a glutamine synthetase (GS) inhibitor, methionine sulfoximine (MSO), affects the onset and progression of initial CS by cholinergic stimulus in juvenile rats. Male rats (24 days old, Sprague Dawley) sequentially received i.p. injections of lithium-carbonate, MSO, methyl-scopolamine, and pilocarpine (Pilo). Pilo was given 150 min after MSO. Animals were continuously monitored using the Racine scale, EEG/EMG and intrahippocampal glutamate (Glu) biosensors. GS activity as measured in hippocampal homogenates, was not altered by MSO at 150 min, showed initial, varied inhibition at 165 (15 min post-Pilo), and dropped down to 11% of control at 60 min post-Pilo, whereas GS protein expression remained unaltered throughout. Pilo did neither modulate the effect of MSO on GS activity nor affect GS activity itself, at any time point. MSO reduced from 32% to 4% the number of animals showing CS during the first 12 min post-Pilo, delayed by ~6 min the appearance of electrographic seizures, and tended to decrease EMG power during ~15 min post-Pilo. The results indicate that MSO impairs an aspect of glutamatergic transmission involved in the transition from the first cholinergic stimulus to the onset of seizures. A continuous rise of extracellular Glu lasting 60 min was insignificantly affected by MSO, leaving the nature of the Glu pool(s) involved in altered glutamatergic transmission undefined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek J Pawlik
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Marta Obara-Michlewska
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Mariusz P Popek
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Maria Czarnecka
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Stanisław J Czuczwar
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Jarogniew Łuszczki
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Marcin Kołodziej
- Institute of Theory of Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Information Systems, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Albert Acewicz
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Jana III Sobieskiego 9, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Teresa Wierzba-Bobrowicz
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Jana III Sobieskiego 9, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jan Albrecht
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
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Löscher W, Sills GJ, White HS. The ups and downs of alkyl-carbamates in epilepsy therapy: How does cenobamate differ? Epilepsia 2021; 62:596-614. [PMID: 33580520 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Since 1955, several alkyl-carbamates have been developed for the treatment of anxiety and epilepsy, including meprobamate, flupirtine, felbamate, retigabine, carisbamate, and cenobamate. They have each enjoyed varying levels of success as antiseizure drugs; however, they have all been plagued by the emergence of serious and sometimes life-threatening adverse events. In this review, we compare and contrast their predominant molecular mechanisms of action, their antiseizure profile, and where possible, their clinical efficacy. The preclinical, clinical, and mechanistic profile of the prototypical γ-aminobutyric acidergic (GABAergic) modulator phenobarbital is included for comparison. Like phenobarbital, all of the clinically approved alkyl-carbamates share an ability to enhance inhibitory neurotransmission through modulation of the GABAA receptor, although the specific mechanism of interaction differs among the different drugs discussed. In addition, several alkyl-carbamates have been shown to interact with voltage-gated ion channels. Flupirtine and retigabine share an ability to activate K+ currents mediated by KCNQ (Kv7) K+ channels, and felbamate, carisbamate, and cenobamate have been shown to block Na+ channels. In contrast to other alkyl-carbamates, cenobamate seems to be unique in its ability to preferentially attenuate the persistent rather than transient Na+ current. Results from recent randomized controlled clinical trials with cenobamate suggest that this newest antiseizure alkyl-carbamate possesses a degree of efficacy not witnessed since felbamate was approved in 1993. Given that ceno-bamate's mechanistic profile is unique among the alkyl-carbamates, it is not clear whether this impressive efficacy reflects an as yet undescribed mechanism of action or whether it possesses a unique synergy between its actions at the GABAA receptor and on persistent Na+ currents. The high efficacy of cenobamate is, however, tempered by the risk of serious rash and low tolerability at higher doses, meaning that further safety studies and clinical experience are needed to determine the true clinical value of cenobamate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Löscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Graeme J Sills
- School of Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - H Steve White
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Pharmacological upregulation of GLT-1 alleviates the cognitive impairments in the animal model of temporal lobe epilepsy. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246068. [PMID: 33507976 PMCID: PMC7842975 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is known that hippocampal epileptogenesis is accompanied by hyperexcitability, glutamate-related neuronal dysfunctions and consequently cognitive deficits. However, the neuroprotective role of astrocytic glutamate uptake through the Glutamate Transporter-1 (GLT-1) remains to be unknown in these processes. Therefore, to assess the effect of glutamate uptake, pharmacological upregulation of GLT-1 using ceftriaxone administration (200 mg/kg/day, i.p, 5 days) was utilized in Li-PIL animal models of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Glutamate concentration and glutamine synthetase activity were analyzed using biochemical assays. In addition, GLT-1 gene expression was assessed by RT-qPCR. Finally, cognitive function was studied using Morris water maze (MWM) test and novel object recognition task (NORT). Our results demonstrated that the acute phase of epileptogenesis (first 72 hours after Status Epilepticus) was accompanied by an increase in the hippocampal glutamate and downregulation of GLT-1 mRNA expression compared to controls. Ceftriaxone administration in epileptic animals led to a reduction of glutamate along with elevation of the level of glutamine synthetase activity and GLT-1 expression in the acute phase. In the chronic phase of epileptogenesis (4 weeks after Status Epilepticus), glutamate levels and GLT-1 expression were decreased compared to controls. Ceftriaxone treatment increased the levels of GLT-1 expression. Furthermore, impaired learning and memory ability in the chronic phase of epileptogenesis was rescued by Ceftriaxone administration. This study shows that astrocytic glutamate uptake can profoundly impact the processes of hippocampal epileptogenesis through the reduction of glutamate-induced excitotoxicity and consequently rescuing of cognitive deficits caused by epilepsy.
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Tsegay E, Balasubramanian R, Tuem K, Gebre A. Beneficial effect of moringa stenopetala (bak.f) cuf. on lithium–pilocarpine-induced temporal lobe epilepsy in experimental animals. Pharmacogn Mag 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_276_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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8
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Velíšek L, Velíšková J. Modeling epileptic spasms during infancy: Are we heading for the treatment yet? Pharmacol Ther 2020; 212:107578. [PMID: 32417271 PMCID: PMC7299814 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Infantile spasms (IS or epileptic spasms during infancy) were first described by Dr. William James West (aka West syndrome) in his own son in 1841. While rare by definition (occurring in 1 per 3200-3400 live births), IS represent a major social and treatment burden. The etiology of IS varies - there are many (>200) different known pathologies resulting in IS and still in about one third of cases there is no obvious reason. With the advancement of genetic analysis, role of certain genes (such as ARX or CDKL5 and others) in IS appears to be important. Current treatment strategies with incomplete efficacy and serious potential adverse effects include adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), corticosteroids (prednisone, prednisolone) and vigabatrin, more recently also a combination of hormones and vigabatrin. Second line treatments include pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and ketogenic diet. Additional treatment approaches use rapamycin, cannabidiol, valproic acid and other anti-seizure medications. Efficacy of these second line medications is variable but usually inferior to hormonal treatments and vigabatrin. Thus, new and effective models of this devastating condition are required for the search of additional treatment options as well as for better understanding the mechanisms of IS. Currently, eight models of IS are reviewed along with the ideas and mechanisms behind these models, drugs tested using the models and their efficacy and usefulness. Etiological variety of IS is somewhat reflected in the variety of the models. However, it seems that for finding precise personalized approaches, this variety is necessary as there is no "one-size-fits-all" approach possible for both IS in particular and epilepsy in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libor Velíšek
- Departments of Cell Biology & Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA; Departments of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA; Departments of Neurology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA.
| | - Jana Velíšková
- Departments of Cell Biology & Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA; Departments of Neurology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA; Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
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9
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Löscher W. The holy grail of epilepsy prevention: Preclinical approaches to antiepileptogenic treatments. Neuropharmacology 2019; 167:107605. [PMID: 30980836 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A variety of acute brain insults can induce epileptogenesis, a complex process that results in acquired epilepsy. Despite advances in understanding mechanisms of epileptogenesis, there is currently no approved treatment that prevents the development or progression of epilepsy in patients at risk. The current concept of epileptogenesis assumes a window of opportunity following acute brain insults that allows intervention with preventive treatment. Recent results suggest that injury-induced epileptogenesis can be a much more rapid process than previously thought, suggesting that the 'therapeutic window' may only be open for a brief period, as in stroke therapy. However, experimental data also suggest a second, possibly delayed process ("secondary epileptogenesis") that influences the progression and refractoriness of the epileptic state over time, allowing interfering with this process even after onset of epilepsy. In this review, both methodological issues in preclinical drug development and novel targets for antiepileptogenesis will be discussed. Several promising drugs that either prevent epilepsy (antiepileptogenesis) or slow epilepsy progression and alleviate cognitive or behavioral comorbidities of epilepsy (disease modification) have been described in recent years, using diverse animal models of acquired epilepsy. Promising agents include TrkB inhibitors, losartan, statins, isoflurane, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative drugs, the SV2A modulator levetiracetam, and epigenetic interventions. Research on translational target validity and on prognostic biomarkers that can be used to stratify patients (or experimental animals) at high risk of developing epilepsy will hopefully soon lead to proof-of-concept clinical trials with the most promising drugs, which will be essential to make prevention of epilepsy a reality. This article is part of the special issue entitled 'New Epilepsy Therapies for the 21st Century - From Antiseizure Drugs to Prevention, Modification and Cure of Epilepsy'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Löscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa L. Mako
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, 140 Flagg Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Joan M. Racicot
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, 140 Flagg Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Mindy Levine
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, 140 Flagg Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
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Santana-Gómez CE, Valle-Dorado MG, Domínguez-Valentín AE, Hernández-Moreno A, Orozco-Suárez S, Rocha L. Neuroprotective effects of levetiracetam, both alone and combined with propylparaben, in the long-term consequences induced by lithium-pilocarpine status epilepticus. Neurochem Int 2018; 120:224-232. [PMID: 30213635 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) is a neurological condition that frequently induces severe neuronal injury in the hippocampus, subsequent epileptogenesis and pharmacoresistant spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS). The repeated administration of LEV (a broad-spectrum antiepileptic drug) during the post-SE period does not prevent the subsequent development of SRS. However, this treatment reduces SE-induced neurodegeneration in the hippocampus. Conversely, propylparaben (PPB) is a widely used antimicrobial that blocks voltage-dependent Na+ channels, induces neuroprotection and reduces epileptiform activity in vitro. The present study attempted to determine if the neuroprotective effects induced by LEV are augmented when combined with a sub-effective dose of PPB. Long-term SE-induced consequences (hyperexcitability, high glutamate release, neuronal injury and volume loss) were evaluated in the hippocampus of rats. LEV alone, as well as combined with PPB, did not prevent the occurrence of SRS. However, animals treated with LEV plus PPB showed high prevalence of low frequency oscillations (0.1-4 Hz and 8-90 bands, p < 0.001) and low prevalence of high frequency activity (90-250 bands, p < 0.001) during the interictal period. In addition, these animals presented lower extracellular levels of glutamate, decreased rate of neurodegeneration and a similar hippocampal volume compared to the control conditions. This study's results suggest that LEV associated with PPB could represent a new therapeutic strategy to reduce long-term consequences induced by SE that facilitate pharmacoresistant SRS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sandra Orozco-Suárez
- Unit for Medical Research in Neurological Diseases, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Center SXXI, Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luisa Rocha
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV), Mexico City, Mexico.
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Neurochemical Changes and c-Fos Mapping in the Brain after Carisbamate Treatment of Rats Subjected to Lithium-Pilocarpine-Induced Status Epilepticus. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2017; 10:ph10040085. [PMID: 29104261 PMCID: PMC5748642 DOI: 10.3390/ph10040085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The administration of lithium–pilocarpine (LiPilo) in adult rats is a validated model reproducing the main clinical and neuropathological features of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Previous studies have shown that carisbamate (CRS) has the property of modifying epileptogenesis in this model. When treated with CRS, about 50% of rats undergoing LiPilo status epilepticus (SE) develop non-convulsive seizures (NCS) instead of convulsive ones (commonly observed in TLE). The goal of this work was to determine some of the early changes that occur after CRS administration, as they could be involved in the insult- and epileptogenesis-modifying effects of CRS. Thus, we performed high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to quantify levels of amino acids and monoamines, and c-Fos immunohistochemical labeling to map cerebral activation during seizures. Comparing rats treated one hour after SE onset with saline (CT), CRS, or diazepam (DZP), HPLC showed that 4 h after SE onset, dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), and GABA levels were normal, whereas serotonin levels were increased. Using c-Fos labeling, we demonstrated increased activity in thalamic mediodorsal (MD) and laterodorsal (LD) nuclei in rats treated with CRS. In summary, at early times, CRS seems to modulate excitability by acting on some monoamine levels and increasing activity of MD and LD thalamic nuclei, suggesting a possible involvement of these nuclei in insult- and/or epileptogenesis-modifying effects of CRS.
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Marques-Carneiro JE, Persike DS, Litzahn JJ, Cassel JC, Nehlig A, Fernandes MJDS. Hippocampal Proteome of Rats Subjected to the Li-Pilocarpine Epilepsy Model and the Effect of Carisbamate Treatment. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2017; 10:ph10030067. [PMID: 28758946 PMCID: PMC5620611 DOI: 10.3390/ph10030067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In adult rats, the administration of lithium–pilocarpine (LiPilo) reproduces most clinical and neuropathological features of human temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Carisbamate (CRS) possesses the property of modifying epileptogenesis in this model. Indeed, about 50% of rats subjected to LiPilo status epilepticus (SE) develop non-convulsive seizures (NCS) instead of motor seizures when treated with CRS. However, the mechanisms underlying these effects remain unknown. The aim of this study was to perform a proteomic analysis in the hippocampus of rats receiving LiPilo and developing motor seizures or NCS following CRS treatment. Fifteen adult male Sprague–Dawley rats were used. SE was induced by LiPilo injection. CRS treatment was initiated at 1 h and 9 h after SE onset and maintained for 7 days, twice daily. Four groups were studied after video-EEG control of the occurrence of motor seizures: a control group receiving saline (CT n = 3) and three groups that underwent SE: rats treated with diazepam (DZP n = 4), rats treated with CRS displaying NCS (CRS-NCS n = 4) or motor seizures (CRS-TLE n = 4). Proteomic analysis was conducted by 2D-SDS-PAGE. Twenty-four proteins were found altered. In the CRS-NCS group, proteins related to glycolysis and ATP synthesis were down-regulated while proteins associated with pyruvate catabolism were up-regulated. Moreover, among the other proteins differentially expressed, we found proteins related to inflammatory processes, protein folding, tissue regeneration, response to oxidative stress, gene expression, biogenesis of synaptic vesicles, signal transduction, axonal transport, microtubule formation, cell survival, and neuronal plasticity. Our results suggest a global reduction of glycolysis and cellular energy production that might affect brain excitability. In addition, CRS seems to modulate proteins related to many other pathways that could significantly participate in the epileptogenesis-modifying effect observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Eduardo Marques-Carneiro
- Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Disciplina Neurociência, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, SP 04039-032 São Paulo, Brazil.
- Unistra, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), Faculté de Psychologie, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
- CNRS, UMR 7364, LNCA, 12 rue Goethe, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Daniele Suzete Persike
- Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Disciplina Neurociência, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, SP 04039-032 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Julia Julie Litzahn
- Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Disciplina Neurociência, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, SP 04039-032 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Jean-Christophe Cassel
- Unistra, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), Faculté de Psychologie, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
- CNRS, UMR 7364, LNCA, 12 rue Goethe, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Astrid Nehlig
- INSERM U 1129 "Infantile Epilepsies and Brain Plasticity", 75015 Paris, France.
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CEA, 91990 Gif sur Yvette, France.
| | - Maria José da Silva Fernandes
- Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Disciplina Neurociência, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, SP 04039-032 São Paulo, Brazil.
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14
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Propylparaben applied after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus modifies hippocampal excitability and glutamate release in rats. Neurotoxicology 2017; 59:110-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Kim DY, Zhang FX, Nakanishi ST, Mettler T, Cho IH, Ahn Y, Hiess F, Chen L, Sullivan PG, Chen SRW, Zamponi GW, Rho JM. Carisbamate blockade of T-type voltage-gated calcium channels. Epilepsia 2017; 58:617-626. [PMID: 28230232 DOI: 10.1111/epi.13710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Carisbamate (CRS) is a novel monocarbamate compound that possesses antiseizure and neuroprotective properties. However, the mechanisms underlying these actions remain unclear. Here, we tested both direct and indirect effects of CRS on several cellular systems that regulate intracellular calcium concentration [Ca2+ ]i . METHODS We used a combination of cellular electrophysiologic techniques, as well as cell viability, Store Overload-Induced Calcium Release (SOICR), and mitochondrial functional assays to determine whether CRS might affect [Ca2+ ]i levels through actions on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), mitochondria, and/or T-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. RESULTS In CA3 pyramidal neurons, kainic acid induced significant elevations in [Ca2+ ]i and long-lasting neuronal hyperexcitability, both of which were reversed in a dose-dependent manner by CRS. Similarly, CRS suppressed spontaneous rhythmic epileptiform activity in hippocampal slices exposed to zero-Mg2+ or 4-aminopyridine. Treatment with CRS also protected murine hippocampal HT-22 cells against excitotoxic injury with glutamate, and this was accompanied by a reduction in [Ca2+ ]i . Neither kainic acid nor CRS alone altered the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ) in intact, acutely isolated mitochondria. In addition, CRS did not affect mitochondrial respiratory chain activity, Ca2+ -induced mitochondrial permeability transition, and Ca2+ release from the ER. However, CRS significantly decreased Ca2+ flux in human embryonic kidney tsA-201 cells transfected with Cav 3.1 (voltage-dependent T-type Ca2+ ) channels. SIGNIFICANCE Our data indicate that the neuroprotective and antiseizure activity of CRS likely results in part from decreased [Ca2+ ]i accumulation through blockade of T-type Ca2+ channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Young Kim
- Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital & Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, U.S.A
| | - Fang-Xiong Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Stan T Nakanishi
- Department of Biology, University of Hawaii at Hilo, Hilo, Hawaii, U.S.A
| | - Timothy Mettler
- Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital & Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, U.S.A
| | - Ik-Hyun Cho
- Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital & Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, U.S.A
| | - Younghee Ahn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Florian Hiess
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lina Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Patrick G Sullivan
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, U.S.A
| | - S R Wayne Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gerald W Zamponi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jong M Rho
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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16
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Galanopoulou AS, Mowrey WB. Not all that glitters is gold: A guide to critical appraisal of animal drug trials in epilepsy. Epilepsia Open 2016; 1:86-101. [PMID: 28497130 PMCID: PMC5421644 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical studies have produced numerous drugs with antiseizure properties that currently are the standard of care. One third of the human population with epilepsy still continues to have seizures despite the ongoing discoveries. The recognized clinical gaps of care that need to be addressed are the identification of antiepileptogenic and disease‐modifying treatments, and treatments for refractory seizures or for seizures and epilepsies with limited or unsatisfactory treatments, such as early life epileptic encephalopathies. In this invited review, we provide a historical summary of the international efforts to reevaluate the strategies adopted in preclinical epilepsy therapy discovery studies. We discuss issues that may affect the quality, interpretation, and validation of preclinical studies and their translation to successful therapies for humans affected with epilepsy. These include the selection of animal models and the study design; research practices that affect rigor (such as appropriate use of statistics and reporting of study methods and results, their validation across models, labs, and preclinical‐clinical studies); the need to harmonize research methods and outcome assessment; and the importance of improving translation to clinically appropriate situations. The epilepsy research community is incrementally adopting collaborative research, including consortia or multicenter studies to meet these needs. Improving the infrastructure that can support these efforts will be instrumental in future success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristea S Galanopoulou
- Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy, Montefiore / Einstein Epilepsy Center, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY USA
| | - Wenzhu B Mowrey
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY USA
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17
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The cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN55.212 reduces consequences of status epilepticus in rats. Neuroscience 2016; 334:191-200. [PMID: 27520083 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
An acute brain insult can cause a spectrum of primary and secondary pathologies including increased risk for epilepsy, mortality and neurodegeneration. The endocannabinoid system, involved in protecting the brain against network hyperexcitability and excitotoxicity, is profoundly dysregulated by acute brain insults. We hypothesize that post-insult dysregulation of the endocannabinoid signaling may contribute to deleterious effects of an acute brain injury and potentiation of endocannabinoid transmission soon after an insult may reduce its pathological outcomes. Effects of an acute post-insult administration of the endocannabinoid receptor agonist WIN55,212-2 on early seizure occurrence, animal mortality and hippocampal cell loss were studied in the lithium-pilocarpine status model. A single dose of WIN55,212-2 (5mg/kg) administered four hours after the end of status epilepticus (SE) reduced the incidence of early seizures during the first two post-SE days though did not change their duration and latency. Brief 4-6-Hz spike-wave discharges appeared de novo in the latent post-SE period and the acute administration of WIN55,212-2 also reduced the incidence of the epileptiform events. A single dose of WIN55,212-2 administered soon after SE improved survival of animals and reduced cell loss in the dentate hilus but did not prevent appearance of spontaneous recurrent seizures in the chronic period. Thus, a brief pharmacological stimulation of the endocannabinoid system soon after a brain insult exerts beneficial effects on its pathological outcome though does not prevent epileptogenesis.
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18
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Hadera MG, Faure JB, Berggaard N, Tefera TW, Nehlig A, Sonnewald U. The anticonvulsant actions of carisbamate associate with alterations in astrocyte glutamine metabolism in the lithium-pilocarpine epilepsy model. J Neurochem 2014; 132:532-545. [PMID: 25345404 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
As reported previously, in the lithium-pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), carisbamate (CRS) produces strong neuroprotection, leads to milder absence-like seizures, and prevents behavioral impairments in a subpopulation of rats. To understand the metabolic basis of these effects, here we injected 90 mg/kg CRS or vehicle twice daily for 7 days starting 1 h after status epilepticus (SE) induction in rats. Two months later, we injected [1-13 C]glucose and [1,2-13 C]acetate followed by head microwave fixation after 15 min. 13 C incorporation into metabolites was analyzed using 13 C magnetic resonance spectroscopy. We found that SE reduced neuronal mitochondrial metabolism in the absence but not in the presence of CRS. Reduction in glutamate level was prevented by CRS and aspartate levels were similar to controls only in rats displaying absence-like seizures after treatment [CRS-absence-like epilepsy (ALE)]. Glutamine levels in CRS-ALE rats were higher compared to controls in hippocampal formation and limbic structures while unchanged in rats displaying motor spontaneous recurrent seizures after treatment (CRS-TLE). Astrocytic mitochondrial metabolism was reduced in CRS-TLE, and either enhanced or unaffected in CRS-ALE rats, which did not affect the transfer of glutamine from astrocytes to neurons. In conclusion, CRS prevents reduction in neuronal mitochondrial metabolism but its effect on astrocytes is likely key in determining outcome of treatment in this model. To understand the metabolic basis of the strong neuroprotection and reduction in seizure severity caused by carisbamate (CRS) in the lithium-pilocarpine (Li-Pilo) model of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), we injected CRS for 7 days starting 1 h after status epilepticus and 2 months later [1-13 C]glucose and [1,2-13 C]acetate. 13 C Magnetic resonance spectroscopy analysis was performed on brain extracts and we found that CRS prevented reduction in neuronal mitochondrial metabolism but its effect on astrocytes was likely key in determining outcome of treatment in this model. ALE = absence like epilepsy; acetyl CoA = acetyl coenzyme A; GS = glutamine synthetase; PAG = phosphate activated glutaminase; PC = pyruvate carboxylase; OAA = oxaloacetate; TCA cycle = tricarboxylic acid cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mussie Ghezu Hadera
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jean-Baptiste Faure
- Faculty of Medicine, INSERM U 666, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Laboratory of Cognitive and Adaptive Neuroscience (LNCA), Faculty of Psychology, UMR 7364, University of Strasbourg-CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nina Berggaard
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tesfaye Wolde Tefera
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Astrid Nehlig
- Faculty of Medicine, INSERM U 666, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Ursula Sonnewald
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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19
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Faure JB, Marques-Carneiro JE, Akimana G, Cosquer B, Ferrandon A, Herbeaux K, Koning E, Barbelivien A, Nehlig A, Cassel JC. Attention and executive functions in a rat model of chronic epilepsy. Epilepsia 2014; 55:644-653. [PMID: 24621352 DOI: 10.1111/epi.12549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Temporal lobe epilepsy is a relatively frequent, invalidating, and often refractory neurologic disorder. It is associated with cognitive impairments that affect memory and executive functions. In the rat lithium-pilocarpine temporal lobe epilepsy model, memory impairment and anxiety disorder are classically reported. Here we evaluated sustained visual attention in this model of epilepsy, a function not frequently explored. METHODS Thirty-five Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to lithium-pilocarpine status epilepticus. Twenty of them received a carisbamate treatment for 7 days, starting 1 h after status epilepticus onset. Twelve controls received lithium and saline. Five months later, attention was assessed in the five-choice serial reaction time task, a task that tests visual attention and inhibitory control (impulsivity/compulsivity). Neuronal counting was performed in brain regions of interest to the functions studied (hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, nucleus basalis magnocellularis, and pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus). RESULTS Lithium-pilocarpine rats developed motor seizures. When they were able to learn the task, they exhibited attention impairment and a tendency toward impulsivity and compulsivity. These disturbances occurred in the absence of neuronal loss in structures classically related to attentional performance, although they seemed to better correlate with neuronal loss in hippocampus. Globally, rats that received carisbamate and developed motor seizures were as impaired as untreated rats, whereas those that did not develop overt motor seizures performed like controls, despite evidence for hippocampal damage. SIGNIFICANCE This study shows that attention deficits reported by patients with temporal lobe epilepsy can be observed in the lithium-pilocarpine model. Carisbamate prevents the occurrence of motor seizures, attention impairment, impulsivity, and compulsivity in a subpopulation of neuroprotected rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Faure
- Laboratory of Cognitive and Adaptive Neuroscience (LNCA), Faculty of Psychology, UMR 7364 University of Strasbourg - CNRS, Strasbourg, France; Faculty of Medicine, INSERM U 666, Strasbourg, France
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20
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Shim S, El Mansari M, Blier P. Modulation of the Antidepressant-Like Effects of Sustained Administration of Carisbamate and Lamotrigine on Monoaminergic Systems: Electrophysiological Studies in the Rat Brain. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 347:487-96. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.203315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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21
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Scholl EA, Dudek FE, Ekstrand JJ. Neuronal degeneration is observed in multiple regions outside the hippocampus after lithium pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus in the immature rat. Neuroscience 2013; 252:45-59. [PMID: 23896573 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Although hippocampal sclerosis is frequently identified as a possible epileptic focus in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy, neuronal loss has also been observed in additional structures, including areas outside the temporal lobe. The claim from several researchers using animal models of acquired epilepsy that the immature brain can develop epilepsy without evidence of hippocampal neuronal death raises the possibility that neuronal death in some of these other regions may also be important for epileptogenesis. The present study used the lithium pilocarpine model of acquired epilepsy in immature animals to assess which structures outside the hippocampus are injured acutely after status epilepticus. Sprague-Dawley rat pups were implanted with surface EEG electrodes, and status epilepticus was induced at 20 days of age with lithium pilocarpine. After 72 h, brain tissue from 12 animals was examined with Fluoro-Jade B, a histochemical marker for degenerating neurons. All animals that had confirmed status epilepticus demonstrated Fluoro-Jade B staining in areas outside the hippocampus. The most prominent staining was seen in the thalamus (mediodorsal, paratenial, reuniens, and ventral lateral geniculate nuclei), amygdala (ventral lateral, posteromedial, and basomedial nuclei), ventral premammillary nuclei of hypothalamus, and paralimbic cortices (perirhinal, entorhinal, and piriform) as well as parasubiculum and dorsal endopiriform nuclei. These results demonstrate that lithium pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus in the immature rat brain consistently results in neuronal injury in several distinct areas outside of the hippocampus. Many of these regions are similar to areas damaged in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy, thus suggesting a possible role in epileptogenesis.
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Key Words
- AA
- ACH
- ACo
- AD
- AHC
- AI
- AM
- AO
- APir
- AStr
- AV
- Acb
- AcbSh
- BAOT
- BLA
- BLP
- BLV
- BMA
- BMP
- BSTIA
- BSTM
- CA
- CL
- CM
- CPu
- CeL
- CeM
- Cg1-3
- DEn
- DG
- DI
- DLG
- DP
- EEG
- Ent
- Fluoro-jade B
- Fr1-3
- GABA
- GI
- GP
- HC
- Hil
- I
- IL
- LDDM
- LDVL
- LHb
- LM
- LO
- LOT
- LPLR
- LPMR
- LSD
- LSI
- LSV
- LaD
- LaV
- MD
- MGD
- MGM
- MGP
- MGV
- MHb
- MO
- MS
- MTu
- MeA
- MePD
- MePV
- NAc
- Oc2L
- P
- PC
- PF
- PLCo
- PMCo
- PMD
- PMV
- PRh
- PT
- PVA
- PVP
- PaS
- Par1
- Pir
- Po
- PrS
- RSA
- RSG
- Re
- Rh
- Rt
- S
- SG
- SI
- SNR
- STh
- TLE
- Te1,3
- VL
- VLG
- VLO
- VM
- VP
- VPL
- VPM
- VTR
- ZI
- accumbens
- accumbens shell
- agranular insular cortex
- amygdalopiriform transition area
- amygdalostriatal transition area
- anterior amygdaloid area
- anterior cingulate
- anterior cortical nucleus
- anterior hypothalamic area
- anterior hypothalamic area, central
- anterior olfactory nucleus
- anterodorsal nucleus
- anteromedial
- anteroventral nucleus
- basolateral nucleus, anterior
- basolateral nucleus, posterior
- basolateral nucleus, ventral
- basomedial nucleus, anterior
- basomedial nucleus, posterior
- bed nucleus accessory olfactory tract
- bed nucleus stria terminalis, intraamygdaloid division
- bed stria terminalis nuclei
- caudate putamen
- central nucleus, lateral
- central nucleus, medial
- centrolateral nucleus
- centromedial nucleus
- cornu ammonis
- dentate gyrus
- dorsal endopiriform nucleus
- dorsal peduncular
- dorsolateral geniculate nucleus
- dysgranular insular cortex
- electroencephalogram
- entorhinal cortex
- frontal cortex
- globus pallidus
- granular insular cortex
- hilus
- hippocampus
- immature brain
- infralimbic
- intercalated masses
- lateral habenula
- lateral mammillary
- lateral nucleus, dorsal
- lateral nucleus, ventral
- lateral orbital cortex
- lateral septal, dorsal
- lateral septal, intermediate
- lateral septal, ventral
- laterodorsal nucleus, dorsomedial
- laterodorsal nucleus, ventrolateral
- lateroposterior nucleus, lateral rostral
- lateroposterior nucleus, medial rostral
- lithium pilocarpine
- medial geniculate nucleus, dorsal
- medial geniculate nucleus, medial
- medial geniculate nucleus, ventral
- medial globus pallidus
- medial habenula
- medial nucleus, anterior
- medial nucleus, posterodorsal
- medial nucleus, posteroventral
- medial orbital cortex
- medial septal
- medial tuberal
- mediodorsal nucleus
- nucleus accumbens
- nucleus lateral olfactory tract
- occipital cortex
- paracentral
- parafasicular
- parasubiculum
- paratenial
- paraventricular nucleus, anterior
- paraventricular nucleus, posterior
- parietal cortex
- perirhinal cortex
- piriform cortex
- post-natal day
- posterior nucleus
- posterolateral cortical nucleus
- posteromedial cortical nucleus
- premammillary nucleus, dorsal
- premammillary nucleus, ventral
- presubiculum
- reticular nucleus
- retrosplenial agranular cortex
- retrosplenial granular cortex
- reuniens nucleus
- rhomboid nucleus
- status epilepticus
- subiculum
- substantia innominate
- substantia nigra pars reticulate
- subthalamic nucleus
- suprageniculate nucleus
- temporal cortex
- temporal lobe epilepsy
- vRe
- ventral pallidum
- ventral posterolateral nucleus
- ventral posteromedial nucleus
- ventral reuniens nucleus
- ventral tegmental area
- ventrolateral geniculate nucleus
- ventrolateral nucleus
- ventrolateral orbital cortex
- ventromedial nucleus
- zona incerta
- γ-aminobutyric acid
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Scholl
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
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22
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Faure JB, Akimana G, Carneiro JEM, Cosquer B, Ferrandon A, Geiger K, Koning E, Penazzi L, Cassel JC, Nehlig A. A comprehensive behavioral evaluation in the lithium-pilocarpine model in rats: Effects of carisbamate administration during status epilepticus. Epilepsia 2013; 54:1203-13. [DOI: 10.1111/epi.12219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Faure
- Faculty of Medicine; INSERM U 666; Strasbourg France
- Laboratory of Cognitive and Adaptive Neuroscience; CNRS-UDS UMR 7364; Strasbourg France
| | - Gladys Akimana
- Faculty of Medicine; INSERM U 666; Strasbourg France
- Laboratory of Cognitive and Adaptive Neuroscience; CNRS-UDS UMR 7364; Strasbourg France
| | - José E. M. Carneiro
- Faculty of Medicine; INSERM U 666; Strasbourg France
- Laboratory of Cognitive and Adaptive Neuroscience; CNRS-UDS UMR 7364; Strasbourg France
| | - Brigitte Cosquer
- Laboratory of Cognitive and Adaptive Neuroscience; CNRS-UDS UMR 7364; Strasbourg France
| | | | - Karin Geiger
- Laboratory of Cognitive and Adaptive Neuroscience; CNRS-UDS UMR 7364; Strasbourg France
| | | | - Lorène Penazzi
- Laboratory of Cognitive and Adaptive Neuroscience; CNRS-UDS UMR 7364; Strasbourg France
| | | | - Astrid Nehlig
- Faculty of Medicine; INSERM U 666; Strasbourg France
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23
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The involvement of limbic structures in typical and atypical absence epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2013; 103:111-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Nehlig A. Hippocampal MRI and other structural biomarkers: experimental approach to epileptogenesis. Biomark Med 2012; 5:585-97. [PMID: 22003907 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.11.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present review is devoted to application of MRI techniques to the epileptic brain and the search for potential biomarkers of epileptogenicity and/or epileptogenesis in rodents that could be translated to the clinic. Diffusion-weighted imaging reveals very early changes in water movements. T(2)-weighted hypersignal indicates edema or gliosis within brain regions and is most often used along with histological assessment of neuronal loss. (31)P magnetic resonance spectroscopy measures the energy reserve of the tissue while (1)H spectroscopy assesses neuronal loss and mitochondrial dysfunction. (13)C spectroscopy analyzes, separately, neuronal and astrocytic metabolism and interactions between the two cell types. Finally, diffusion tensor imaging and tractography have been applied to the study of plasticity and show a good coherence with circuit changes assessed by Timm staining. The potential of these techniques as reliable biomarkers of epileptogenesis is still disputed. At the moment, one study has provided a reliable temporal evolution of the T(2) signal, predicting epileptogenesis in 100% of the cases, and further imaging approaches based on the techniques described here are still needed to identify potential early imaging biomarkers of epileptogenicity and/or epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Nehlig
- INSERM U 666, Faculty of Medicine, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg Cedex, France.
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25
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Lee CY, Lee ML, Shih CC, Liou HH. Carisbamate (RWJ-333369) inhibits glutamate transmission in the granule cell of the dentate gyrus. Neuropharmacology 2011; 61:1239-47. [PMID: 21824485 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Carisbamate (CRS, RWJ-333369) is a novel antiepileptic drug awaiting approval for use in the treatment of partial and generalized seizures. Our aim was to determine whether CRS modulates synaptic transmission in the dentate gyrus (DG) and the underlying mechanism. The whole-cell patch-clamp method was used to record AMPA receptor- and NMDA receptor-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSC(AMPA) and EPSC(NMDA)) and GABA(A) receptor-mediated inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) in granule cells of the DG in brain slices prepared from 3- to 5-week-old male Wistar rats. CRS (30-300 μM) inhibited the evoked EPSC(AMPA) and EPSC(NMDA) by the same extent (20%) with significantly altered CV(-2), suggesting presynaptic modulation. It did not significantly change the inward currents induced by AMPA application. The inhibitory effect of CRS on the evoked EPSC(AMPA) was not occluded by selective voltage-gated Ca(2+) channel blockers, ruling out the involvement of presynaptic Ca(2+) channels. The frequency, but not the amplitude, of spontaneous EPSC(AMPA) was significantly reduced by CRS. However, CRS did not alter either the frequency or the amplitude of TTX-insensitive miniature EPSC(AMPA), indicating an action potential-dependent mechanism was involved. In addition, CRS (100 or 300 μM) did not significantly change the amplitude of the evoked IPSCs. To summarize, our results suggest that CRS reduces glutamatergic transmission by an action potential-dependent presynaptic mechanism and consequently inhibits excitatory synaptic strength in the DG without affecting GABAergic transmission. This effect may contribute to the antiepileptic action observed clinically at therapeutic concentrations of CRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yao Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
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