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Reich N, Mannino M, Kotler S. Using caffeine as a chemical means to induce flow states. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 159:105577. [PMID: 38331128 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Flow is an intrinsically rewarding state characterised by positive affect and total task absorption. Because cognitive and physical performance are optimal in flow, chemical means to facilitate this state are appealing. Caffeine, a non-selective adenosine receptor antagonist, has been emphasized as a potential flow-inducer. Thus, we review the psychological and biological effects of caffeine that, conceptually, enhance flow. Caffeine may facilitate flow through various effects, including: i) upregulation of dopamine D1/D2 receptor affinity in reward-associated brain areas, leading to greater energetic arousal and 'wanting'; ii) protection of dopaminergic neurons; iii) increases in norepinephrine release and alertness, which offset sleep-deprivation and hypoarousal; iv) heightening of parasympathetic high frequency heart rate variability, resulting in improved cortical stress appraisal, v) modification of striatal endocannabinoid-CB1 receptor-signalling, leading to enhanced stress tolerance; and vi) changes in brain network activity in favour of executive function and flow. We also discuss the application of caffeine to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and caveats. We hope to inspire studies assessing the use of caffeine to induce flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Reich
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, Biomedical & Life Sciences Division, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK; The ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Island Research Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK.
| | - Michael Mannino
- Flow Research Collective, USA; Miami Dade College, Miami, FL, USA
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2
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Humble J, Kozloski JR. Cannabinoid signaling and risk in Huntington's disease. Front Comput Neurosci 2022; 16:903947. [PMID: 36118134 PMCID: PMC9479462 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2022.903947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated endocannabinoid (eCB) signaling and the loss of cannabinoid receptors (CB1Rs) are important phenotypes of Huntington's disease (HD) but the precise contribution that eCB signaling has at the circuit level is unknown. Using a computational model of spiking neurons, synapses, and eCB signaling, we demonstrate that eCB signaling functions as a homeostatic control mechanism, minimizing excess glutamate. Furthermore, our model demonstrates that metabolic risk, quantified by excess glutamate, increases with cortico-striatal long-term depression (LTD) and/or increased cortico-striatal activity, and replicates a progressive loss of cannabinoid receptors on inhibitory terminals as a function of the excitatory/inhibitory ratio.
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3
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Rigg N, Abu-Hijleh FA, Patel V, Mishra RK. Ketamine-induced neurotoxicity is mediated through endoplasmic reticulum stress in vitro in STHdh Q7/Q7 cells. Neurotoxicology 2022; 91:321-328. [PMID: 35728656 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ketamine has traditionally been used as a dissociative anesthetic agent and more recently as a treatment for treatment-resistant depression. However, there is growing concern over the increased use of ketamine in recreational and therapeutic settings due to the potential neurotoxic effects. Recent studies have demonstrated that ketamine is cytotoxic in several cell types, such as fibroblasts, hepatocytes, uroepithelial cells, and adult induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Ketamine has been shown to dysregulate calcium signalling, increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and impair mitochondrial function, ultimately leading to apoptosis. However, it is unclear whether endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays a role in ketamine associated neurotoxicity in striatal neurons. Disruption to ER homeostasis can initiate ER-mediated cell death, which has been implicated in several neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine whether ketamine's neurotoxic effects involve an ER stress-dependent pathway and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms involved in its neurotoxic effects. Mouse striatal cells were treated with various concentrations of ketamine (10 μM, 100 μM, 1 mM) or DMEM for 9-72 hrs. Cell viability was assessed using the MTT assay, and changes in gene expression of ER stress markers were evaluated using RT-qPCR. MTT results revealed that 1 mM ketamine decreased cell viability in striatal cells after 24 h of treatment. Gene expression studies complemented these findings such that ketamine upregulated pro-apoptotic ER stress markers, including X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1), activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) and downregulated pro-survival ER stress proteins such as GRP78, MANF and CDNF. Ketamine activated all three stress sensing pathways including PERK, IRE1, and ATF6. Taken together, our results show that ketamine-induced neurotoxicity is mediated through an ER stress-dependent apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolette Rigg
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| | - Fahed A Abu-Hijleh
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Vidhi Patel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Ram K Mishra
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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4
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Deng YM, Zhao C, Wu L, Qu Z, Wang XY. Cannabinoid Receptor-1 suppresses M2 macrophage polarization in colorectal cancer by downregulating EGFR. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:273. [PMID: 35641479 PMCID: PMC9156763 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-01064-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2, have been implicated as emerging targets for cancer therapy. Herein, we investigated the potential regulation mechanism of CB1 and its implications in colorectal cancer. CB1 and EGFR expression were examined in colorectal cancer cell lines. The effects of CB1 agonist ACEA and its antagonist AM251 on the proliferation, migration and invasion of colorectal cancer cells and the expression of M1 and M2 macrophage markers were examined. EGFR overexpression was performed with plasmids containing EGFR gene. Tumor xenografts were constructed to explore the effects of CB1 activation on tumorigenesis. We showed that CB1 was downregulated while EGFR was upregulated in colorectal cancer cells. The activation of CB1 suppressed the proliferation, migration and invasion of colorectal cancer cells and the differentiation of M2 macrophages, while CB1 inhibition had opposite effects. Moreover, the alterations in tumorigenesis and M2 macrophage activation induced by CB1 activation were counteracted by EGFR overexpression. Besides, CB1 silencing promoted tumor cell proliferation and M2 polarization which was counteracted by EGFR knockdown. In vivo, CB1 activation also repressed tumorigenesis and M2 macrophage activation. The present study demonstrated that CB1 activation suppressed M2 macrophage through EGFR downregulation in colorectal cancers. These findings first unveiled the potential avenue of CB1 as a targeted therapy for colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Ming Deng
- Department of Essential Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518037, Guangdong Province, P. R. China
| | - Lei Wu
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Zhan Qu
- Department of Essential Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, P. R. China.
| | - Xin-Yu Wang
- Department of Essential Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, P. R. China
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Young AP, Denovan-Wright EM. The Dynamic Role of Microglia and the Endocannabinoid System in Neuroinflammation. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:806417. [PMID: 35185547 PMCID: PMC8854262 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.806417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, can take on a range of pro- or anti-inflammatory phenotypes to maintain homeostasis. However, the sustained activation of pro-inflammatory microglia can lead to a state of chronic neuroinflammation characterized by high concentrations of neurotoxic soluble factors throughout the brain. In healthy brains, the inflammatory processes cease and microglia transition to an anti-inflammatory phenotype, but failure to halt the pro-inflammatory processes is a characteristic of many neurological disorders. The endocannabinoid system has been identified as a promising therapeutic target for chronic neuroinflammation as there is evidence that synthetic and endogenously produced cannabinoids temper the pro-inflammatory response of microglia and may encourage a switch to an anti-inflammatory phenotype. Activation of cannabinoid type 2 (CB2) receptors has been proposed as the mechanism of action responsible for these effects. The abundance of components of the endocannabinoid system in microglia also change dynamically in response to several brain pathologies. This can impact the ability of microglia to synthesize and degrade endocannabinoids or react to endogenous and exogenous cannabinoids. Cannabinoid receptors also participate in the formation of receptor heteromers which influences their function specifically in cells that express both receptors, such as microglia. This creates opportunities for drug-drug interactions between CB2 receptor-targeted therapies and other classes of drugs. In this article, we review the roles of pro- and anti-inflammatory microglia in the development and resolution of neuroinflammation. We also discuss the fluctuations observed in the components of the endocannabinoid in microglia and examine the potential of CB2 receptors as a therapeutic target in this context.
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Bagher AM, Young AP, Laprairie RB, Toguri JT, Kelly MEM, Denovan-Wright EM. Heteromer formation between cannabinoid type 1 and dopamine type 2 receptors is altered by combination cannabinoid and antipsychotic treatments. J Neurosci Res 2020; 98:2496-2509. [PMID: 32881145 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The cannabinoid type 1 (CB1 ) receptor and the dopamine type 2 (D2 ) receptor are co-localized on medium spiny neuron terminals in the globus pallidus where they modulate neural circuits involved in voluntary movement. Physical interactions between the two receptors have been shown to alter receptor signaling in cell culture. The objectives of the current study were to identify the presence of CB1 /D2 heteromers in the globus pallidus of C57BL/6J male mice, define how CB1 /D2 heteromer levels are altered following treatment with cannabinoids and/or antipsychotics, and determine if fluctuating levels of CB1 /D2 heteromers have functional consequences. Using in situ proximity ligation assays, we observed CB1 /D2 heteromers in the globus pallidus of C57BL/6J mice. The abundance of the heteromers increased following treatment with the nonselective cannabinoid receptor agonist, CP55,940. In contrast, treatment with the typical antipsychotic haloperidol reduced the number of CB1 /D2 heteromers, whereas the atypical antipsychotic olanzapine treatment had no effect. Co-treatment with CP55,940 and haloperidol had similar effects to haloperidol alone, whereas co-treatment with CP55,940 and olanzapine had similar effects to CP55,940. The observed changes were found to have functional consequences as the differential effects of haloperidol and olanzapine also applied to γ-aminobutyric acid release in STHdhQ7/Q7 cells and motor function in C57BL/6J male mice. This work highlights the clinical relevance of co-exposure to cannabinoids and different antipsychotics over acute and prolonged time periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina M Bagher
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Alexander P Young
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Robert B Laprairie
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - James T Toguri
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Melanie E M Kelly
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Wouters E, Walraed J, Banister SD, Stove CP. Insights into biased signaling at cannabinoid receptors: synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 169:113623. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Philippot G, Forsberg E, Tahan C, Viberg H, Fredriksson R. A Single δ 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Dose During Brain Development Affects Markers of Neurotrophy, Oxidative Stress, and Apoptosis. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1156. [PMID: 31636565 PMCID: PMC6787269 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is one of the most used drugs during pregnancy and lactation and efficiently crosses the placental and blood–brain barriers. Despite the recent legalization initiatives worldwide, the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) of THC following exposure during brain development is incompletely understood. We have previously reported that a single injection of THC on postnatal day (PND) 10 altered adult spontaneous behavior and habituation rates in adult mice. Similar behavioral alterations have been reported following PND 10 exposure to the commonly used over-the-counter analgesic acetaminophen (AAP; also known as paracetamol); as both THC and AAP interact with the endocannabinoid system, we hypothesize that this system might be involved in the AOP of both these pharmaceuticals/drugs. Here, we report that a single THC dose on PND 10 decreased transcript levels of tropomyosin receptor kinase b (Trkb) 24 h after exposure in both the frontal and parietal cortex, and in the hippocampus in mice. An increase in the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2)/Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) ratio were also found in both the parietal cortex and hippocampus following neonatal exposure to THC. In addition, THC exposure increased transcript levels of cannabinoid receptor type 1 (Cb1r) in the parietal cortex and increased the apoptosis regulator BAX in the frontal cortex. This study is important for mainly 3 reasons: 1) we are starting to get information on the developmental neurotoxic AOP of PND 10 exposure to THC, where we suggest that transcriptional changes of the neurotrophic receptor Trkb are central, 2) our PND 10 exposure model provides information relevant to human exposure and 3) since PND 10 exposure to AAP also decreased Trkb transcript levels, we suggest THC and AAP may share key events in their respective AOP through endocannabinoid-mediated alterations of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-TRKB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëtan Philippot
- Department of Organismal Biology, Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erica Forsberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Molecular Neuropharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Caroline Tahan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Molecular Neuropharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Henrik Viberg
- Department of Organismal Biology, Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robert Fredriksson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Molecular Neuropharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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9
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Somatostatin and cannabinoid receptors crosstalk in protection of huntingtin knock-in striatal neuronal cells in response to quinolinic acid. Neurochem Int 2019; 129:104518. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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10
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Al-Zoubi R, Morales P, Reggio PH. Structural Insights into CB1 Receptor Biased Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1837. [PMID: 31013934 PMCID: PMC6515405 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system has emerged as a promising target for the treatment of numerous diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and metabolic syndromes. Thus far, two cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2, have been discovered, which are found predominantly in the central nervous system (CB1) or the immune system (CB2), among other organs and tissues. CB1 receptor ligands have been shown to induce a complex pattern of intracellular effects. The binding of a ligand induces distinct conformational changes in the receptor, which will eventually translate into distinct intracellular signaling pathways through coupling to specific intracellular effector proteins. These proteins can mediate receptor desensitization, trafficking, or signaling. Ligand specificity and selectivity, complex cellular components, and the concomitant expression of other proteins (which either regulate the CB1 receptor or are regulated by the CB1 receptor) will affect the therapeutic outcome of its targeting. With an increased interest in G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) research, in-depth studies using mutations, biological assays, and spectroscopic techniques (such as NMR, EPR, MS, FRET, and X-ray crystallography), as well as computational modelling, have begun to reveal a set of concerted structural features in Class A GPCRs which relate to signaling pathways and the mechanisms of ligand-induced activation, deactivation, or activity modulation. This review will focus on the structural features of the CB1 receptor, mutations known to bias its signaling, and reported studies of CB1 receptor ligands to control its specific signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rufaida Al-Zoubi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science & Technology, P.O.BOX 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
| | - Paula Morales
- Departamento de Química-Física Biológica, Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano (IQFR-CSIC), Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Patricia H Reggio
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, UNC Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA.
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Laprairie RB, Bagher AM, Rourke JL, Zrein A, Cairns EA, Kelly MEM, Sinal CJ, Kulkarni PM, Thakur GA, Denovan-Wright EM. Positive allosteric modulation of the type 1 cannabinoid receptor reduces the signs and symptoms of Huntington's disease in the R6/2 mouse model. Neuropharmacology 2019; 151:1-12. [PMID: 30940536 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by motor, cognitive, and behavioural changes. One of the earliest changes to occur in HD is a reduction in cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1) levels in the striatum, which is strongly correlated with HD pathogenesis. CB1 positive allosteric modulators (PAM) enhance receptor affinity for, and efficacy of activation by, orthosteric ligands, including the endocannabinoids anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol. The goal of this study was to determine whether the recently characterized CB1 allosteric modulators GAT211 (racemic), GAT228 (R-enantiomer), and GAT229 (S-enantiomer), affected the signs and symptoms of HD. GAT211, GAT228, and GAT229 were evaluated in normal and HD cell models, and in a transgenic mouse model of HD (7-week-old male R6/2 mice, 10 mg/kg/d, 21 d, i.p.). GAT229 was a CB1 PAM that improved cell viability in HD cells and improved motor coordination, delayed symptom onset, and normalized gene expression in R6/2 HD mice. GAT228 was an allosteric agonist that did not enhance endocannabinoid signaling or change symptom progression in R6/2 mice. GAT211 displayed intermediate effects between its enantiomers. The compounds used here are not drugs, but probe compounds used to determine the potential utility of CB1 PAMs in HD. Changes in gene expression, and not protein, were quantified in R6/2 HD mice because HD pathogenesis is associated with dysregulation of mRNA levels. The data presented here provide the first proof of principle for the use of CB1 PAMs to treat the signs and symptoms of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Laprairie
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Canada
| | - Amina M Bagher
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King AbdulAziz University,Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Canada
| | - Jillian L Rourke
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Canada; Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Canada
| | - Adel Zrein
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Canada
| | | | - Melanie E M Kelly
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Canada
| | | | - Pushkar M Kulkarni
- Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, USA
| | - Ganesh A Thakur
- Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, USA
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Paloczi J, Varga ZV, Hasko G, Pacher P. Neuroprotection in Oxidative Stress-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases: Role of Endocannabinoid System Modulation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:75-108. [PMID: 28497982 PMCID: PMC5984569 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Redox imbalance may lead to overproduction of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) and subsequent oxidative tissue damage, which is a critical event in the course of neurodegenerative diseases. It is still not fully elucidated, however, whether oxidative stress is the primary trigger or a consequence in the process of neurodegeneration. Recent Advances: Increasing evidence suggests that oxidative stress is involved in the propagation of neuronal injury and consequent inflammatory response, which in concert promote development of pathological alterations characteristic of most common neurodegenerative diseases. CRITICAL ISSUES Accumulating recent evidence also suggests that there is an important interplay between the lipid endocannabinoid system [ECS; comprising the main cannabinoid 1 and 2 receptors (CB1 and CB2), endocannabinoids, and their synthetic and metabolizing enzymes] and various key inflammatory and redox-dependent processes. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Targeting the ECS to modulate redox state-dependent cell death and to decrease consequent or preceding inflammatory response holds therapeutic potential in a multitude of oxidative stress-related acute or chronic neurodegenerative disorders from stroke and traumatic brain injury to Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases and multiple sclerosis, just to name a few, which will be discussed in this overview. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 29, 75-108.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janos Paloczi
- 1 Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury (LCPTI), National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Zoltan V Varga
- 1 Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury (LCPTI), National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - George Hasko
- 2 Department of Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School , Newark, New Jersey
| | - Pal Pacher
- 1 Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury (LCPTI), National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda, Maryland
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Bagher AM, Laprairie RB, Kelly MEM, Denovan-Wright EM. Methods to Quantify Cell Signaling and GPCR Receptor Ligand Bias: Characterization of Drugs that Target the Endocannabinoid Receptors in Huntington's Disease. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1780:549-571. [PMID: 29856035 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7825-0_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) interact with multiple intracellular effector proteins such that different ligands may preferentially activate one signal pathway over others, a phenomenon known as signaling bias. Signaling bias can be quantified to optimize drug selection for preclinical research. Here, we describe moderate-throughput methods to quantify signaling bias of known and novel compounds. In the example provided, we describe a method to define cannabinoid-signaling bias in a cell culture model of Huntington's disease (HD). Decreasing type 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1) levels is correlated with chorea and cognitive deficits in HD. There is evidence that elevating CB1 levels and/or signaling may be beneficial for HD patients while decreasing CB1 levels and/or signaling may be detrimental. Recent studies have found that Gαi/o-biased CB1 agonists activate extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), increase CB1 protein levels, and improve viability of cells expressing mutant huntingtin. In contrast, CB1 agonists that are β-arrestin1-biased were found to reduce CB1 protein levels and cell viability. Measuring agonist bias of known and novel CB1 agonists will provide important data that predict CB1-specific agonists that might be beneficial in animal models of HD and, following animal testing, in HD patients. This method can also be applied to study signaling bias for other GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina M Bagher
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA, Saudi Arabia
| | - Robert B Laprairie
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Melanie E M Kelly
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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14
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Bidirectional allosteric interactions between cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB 1) and dopamine receptor 2 long (D 2L) heterotetramers. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 813:66-83. [PMID: 28734930 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 cannabinoid (CB1) and dopamine 2 long form (D2L) receptors can physically interact to form heteromers that display unique pharmacology in vitro compared to homomeric complexes. Co-expression of CB1 and D2L and co-application of CB1 and D2 agonists increases cAMP levels while administration of either agonist alone decreases cAMP levels. To understand the observed co-agonist response, our first goal of the current study was to define the stoichiometry of CB1/D2L/Gα protein complexes. Using bioluminescence resonance energy transfer 2 (BRET2), we confirmed that, CB1 homodimers, D2L homodimers, and CB1/D2L heteromers are formed. By using sequential resonance energy transfer 2 (SRET2) combined with bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC), we were able to demonstrate that CB1/D2L form heterotetramers consisting of CB1 and D2L homodimers. We demonstrated that CB1/D2L heterotetramers are coupled to at least two Gα proteins. The second aim of the study was to investigate allosteric effects of a D2L agonist (quinpirole) on CB1 receptor function and to investigate the effects of a CB1 agonist [arachidonyl-2-chloroethylamide (ACEA)] on D2L receptor function within CB1/D2L heterotetramers. Treating cells co-expressing CB1 and D2L with both ACEA and quinpirole switched CB1 and D2L receptor coupling and signaling from Gαi to Gαs proteins, enhanced β-arrestin1 recruitment and receptor co-internalization. The concept of bidirectional allosteric interaction within CB1/D2 heterotetramers has important implications for understanding the activity of receptor complexes in native tissues and under pathological conditions.
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Kelly MEM, Lehmann C, Zhou J. The Endocannabinoid System in Local and Systemic Inflammation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.4199/c00151ed1v01y201702isp074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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16
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Abstract
Cannabis sativa has long been used for medicinal purposes. To improve safety and efficacy, compounds from C. sativa were purified or synthesized and named under an umbrella group as cannabinoids. Currently, several cannabinoids may be prescribed in Canada for a variety of indications such as nausea and pain. More recently, an increasing number of reports suggest other salutary effects associated with endogenous cannabinoid signaling including cardioprotection. The therapeutic potential of cannabinoids is therefore extended; however, evidence is limited and mechanisms remain unclear. In addition, the use of cannabinoids clinically has been hindered due to pronounced psychoactive side effects. This review provides an overview on the endocannabinoid system, including known physiological roles, and conditions in which cannabinoid receptor signaling has been implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lu
- a College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada.,b Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, 351 Taché Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Hope D Anderson
- a College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada.,b Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, 351 Taché Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada.,c Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, 753 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T6, Canada
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Soundara Rajan T, Giacoppo S, Scionti D, Diomede F, Grassi G, Pollastro F, Piattelli A, Bramanti P, Mazzon E, Trubiani O. Cannabidiol Activates Neuronal Precursor Genes in Human Gingival Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. J Cell Biochem 2016; 118:1531-1546. [PMID: 27918106 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In the last years, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) from oral tissues have received considerable interest in regenerative medicine since they can be obtained with minimal invasive procedure and exhibit immunomodulatory properties. This study was aimed to investigate whether in vitro pre-treatment of MSCs obtained from human gingiva (hGMSCs) with Cannabidiol (CBD), a cannabinoid component produced by the plant Cannabis sativa, may promote human gingiva derived MSCs to differentiate toward neuronal precursor cells. Specifically, we have treated the hGMSCs with CBD (5 µM) for 24 h in order to evaluate the expression of genes involved in cannabidiol signaling, cell proliferation, self-renewal and multipotency, and neural progenitor cells differentiation. Next generation sequencing (NGS) demonstrated that CBD activates genes associated with G protein coupled receptor signaling in hGMSCs. Genes involved in DNA replication, cell cycle, proliferation, and apoptosis were regulated. Moreover, genes associated with the biological process of neuronal progenitor cells (NCPs) proliferation, neuron differentiation, neurogenesis, and nervous system development were significantly modulated. From our results, we hypothesize that human gingiva-derived MSCs conditioned with CBD could represent a valid method for improving the hGMSCs phenotype and thus might be a potential therapeutic tool in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 1531-1546, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Francesca Diomede
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti 66100, Italy
| | - Gianpaolo Grassi
- Council for Research and Experimentation in Agriculture-Research Centre for Industrial Crops (CRA-CIN), Rovigo, Italy
| | - Federica Pollastro
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara 28100, Italy
| | - Adriano Piattelli
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti 66100, Italy
| | | | - Emanuela Mazzon
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Messina 98124, Italy
| | - Oriana Trubiani
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti 66100, Italy
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18
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Libro R, Scionti D, Diomede F, Marchisio M, Grassi G, Pollastro F, Piattelli A, Bramanti P, Mazzon E, Trubiani O. Cannabidiol Modulates the Immunophenotype and Inhibits the Activation of the Inflammasome in Human Gingival Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Front Physiol 2016; 7:559. [PMID: 27932991 PMCID: PMC5121123 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Gingival Mesenchymal Stem Cells (hGMSCs) are multipotential cells that can expand and differentiate in culture under specific and standardized conditions. In the present study, we have investigated whether in vitro pre-treatment of hGMSCs with Cannabidiol (CBD) can influence their expression profile, improving the therapeutic potential of this cell culture. Following CBD treatment (5 μM) for 24 h, gene expression analysis through Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) has revealed several genes differentially expressed between CBD-treated hGMSCs (CBD-hGMSCs) and control cells (CTR-hGMSCs) that were linked to inflammation and apoptosis. In particular, we have demonstrated that CBD treatment in hGMSCs prevented the activation of the NALP3-inflammasome pathway by suppressing the levels of NALP3, CASP1, and IL18, and in parallel, inhibited apoptosis, as demonstrated by the suppression of Bax. CBD treatment was also able to modulate the expression of the well-known mesenchymal stem cell markers (CD13, CD29, CD73, CD44, CD90, and CD166), and other surface antigens. Specifically, CBD led to the downregulation of genes codifying for antigens involved in the activation of the immune system (CD109, CD151, CD40, CD46, CD59, CD68, CD81, CD82, CD99), while it led to the upregulation of those implicated in the inhibition of the immune responses (CD47, CD55, CD276). In conclusion, the present study will provide a new simple and reproducible method for preconditioning hGMSCs with CBD, before transplantation, as an interesting strategy for improving the hGMSCs molecular phenotype, reducing the risk of immune or inflammatory reactions in the host, and in parallel, for increasing their survival and thus, their long-term therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaliana Libro
- Experimental Neurology Laboratory, IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”Messina, Italy
| | - Domenico Scionti
- Experimental Neurology Laboratory, IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”Messina, Italy
| | - Francesca Diomede
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University “G. d'Annunzio”Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marco Marchisio
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University “G. d'Annunzio”Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Gianpaolo Grassi
- Council for Research and Experimentation in Agriculture - Research Centre for Industrial Crops (CRA-CIN)Rovigo, Italy
| | - Federica Pollastro
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte OrientaleNovara, Italy
| | - Adriano Piattelli
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University “G. d'Annunzio”Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Placido Bramanti
- Experimental Neurology Laboratory, IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”Messina, Italy
| | - Emanuela Mazzon
- Experimental Neurology Laboratory, IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”Messina, Italy
| | - Oriana Trubiani
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University “G. d'Annunzio”Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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19
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Haspula D, Clark MA. Heterologous regulation of the cannabinoid type 1 receptor by angiotensin II in astrocytes of spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Neurochem 2016; 139:523-536. [PMID: 27529509 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Brainstem and cerebellar astrocytes have critical roles to play in hypertension and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, respectively. Angiotensin (Ang) II, via the astroglial Ang type 1 receptor (AT1R), has been demonstrated to elevate pro-inflammatory mediators in the brainstem and the cerebellum. The activation of astroglial cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1R), a master regulator of homeostasis, has been shown to neutralize inflammatory states. Factors that drive disease progression are known to alter the expression of CB1Rs. In this study, we investigated the role of Ang II in regulating CB1R protein and mRNA expression in astrocytes isolated from the brainstem and the cerebellum of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). The results were then compared with their normotensive counterpart, Wistar rats. Not only was the basal expression of CB1R protein and mRNA significantly lower in SHR brainstem astrocytes, but treatment with Ang II resulted in lowering it further in the initial 12 h. In the case of cerebellum, Ang II up-regulated the CB1R protein and mRNA in SHR astrocytes. While the effect of Ang II on CB1R protein was predominantly mediated via the AT1R in SHR brainstem; both AT1R- and AT2R-mediated Ang II's effect in the SHR cerebellum. These data are strongly indicative of a potential new mode of cross-talk between components of the renin angiotensin system and the endocannabinoid system in astrocytes. The consequence of such a cross-talk could be a potential reduced endocannabinoid tone in brainstem in hypertensive states, but not in the cerebellum under the same conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanush Haspula
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
| | - Michelle A Clark
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
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20
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Coccurello R, Bisogno T. The bright side of psychoactive substances: cannabinoid-based drugs in motor diseases. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2016; 9:1351-1362. [DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2016.1209111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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21
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Bagher AM, Laprairie RB, Kelly MEM, Denovan-Wright EM. Antagonism of Dopamine Receptor 2 Long Affects Cannabinoid Receptor 1 Signaling in a Cell Culture Model of Striatal Medium Spiny Projection Neurons. Mol Pharmacol 2016; 89:652-66. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.103465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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22
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Feng B, Tang Y, Chen B, Xu C, Wang Y, Dai Y, Wu D, Zhu J, Wang S, Zhou Y, Shi L, Hu W, Zhang X, Chen Z. Transient increase of interleukin-1β after prolonged febrile seizures promotes adult epileptogenesis through long-lasting upregulating endocannabinoid signaling. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21931. [PMID: 26902320 PMCID: PMC4763292 DOI: 10.1038/srep21931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
It remains unclear how infantile febrile seizures (FS) enhance adult seizure susceptibility. Here we showed that the transient increase of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) after prolonged FS promoted adult seizure susceptibility, which was blocked by interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) within a critical time window. Postnatal administered IL-1β alone mimicked the effect of FS on adult seizure susceptibility. IL-1R1 knockout mice were not susceptible to adult seizure after prolonged FS or IL-1β treatment. Prolonged FS or early-life IL-1β treatment increased the expression of cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1R) for over 50 days, which was blocked by IL-1Ra or was absent in IL-1R1 knockout mice. CB1R antagonist, knockdown and endocannabinoid synthesis inhibitor abolished FS or IL-1β-enhanced seizure susceptibility. Thus, this work identifies a pathogenic role of postnatal IL-1β/IL-1R1 pathway and subsequent prolonged prominent increase of endocannabinoid signaling in adult seizure susceptibility following prolonged FS, and highlights IL-1R1 as a potential therapeutic target for preventing the development of epilepsy after infantile FS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Feng
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310058, China
| | - Yangshun Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310058, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310058, China
| | - Cenglin Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310058, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310058, China
| | - Yunjian Dai
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310058, China
| | - Dengchang Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310058, China.,Department of Neurology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Junmin Zhu
- Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Yudong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310058, China
| | - Liyun Shi
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310058, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research at the Royal, Department of Psychiatry, and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Ottawa K1Z 7K4, Canada
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310058, China.,Department of Neurology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, China.,Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, China
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23
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Arachidonyl-2-Chloroethylamide Alleviates Cerebral Ischemia Injury Through Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β-Mediated Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Functional Improvement. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:1240-1253. [PMID: 26820679 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9731-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Arachidonyl-2-chloroethylamide (ACEA), a highly selective agonist of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R), has been reported to protect neurons in ischemic injury. We sought to investigate whether mitochondrial biogenesis was involved in the therapeutic effect of ACEA in cerebral ischemia. Focal cerebral ischemic injury was induced in adult male Sprague Dawley rats. Intraperitoneal injection of 1 mg/kg ACEA improved neurological behavior, reduced infarct volume, and inhibited apoptosis. The volume and numbers of mitochondria were significantly increased after ACEA administration. Expression of mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam), nuclear transcription factor-1 (Nrf-1), and cytochrome C oxidase subunit IV (COX IV) were also significantly up-regulated in animals administered ACEA. One thousand nanomoles of ACEA inhibited mitochondrial dysfunction in primary rat cortical neurons exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). Furthermore, ACEA administration increased phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) after reperfusion. Phosphorylation of GSK-3β induced mitochondrial biogenesis and preserved mitochondrial function whereas inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) dampened phosphorylation of GSK-3β and reversed induction of mitochondrial biogenesis and function following ACEA administration. In conclusion, ACEA could induce mitochondrial biogenesis and improve mitochondrial function at the beginning of cerebral ischemia, thus alleviating cerebral ischemia injury. Phosphorylation of GSK-3β might be involved in the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis induced by ACEA.
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24
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Laprairie RB, Bagher AM, Kelly MEM, Denovan-Wright EM. Biased Type 1 Cannabinoid Receptor Signaling Influences Neuronal Viability in a Cell Culture Model of Huntington Disease. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 89:364-75. [PMID: 26700564 DOI: 10.1124/mol.115.101980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington disease (HD) is an inherited, autosomal dominant, neurodegenerative disorder with limited treatment options. Prior to motor symptom onset or neuronal cell loss in HD, levels of the type 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1) decrease in the basal ganglia. Decreasing CB1 levels are strongly correlated with chorea and cognitive deficit. CB1 agonists are functionally selective (biased) for divergent signaling pathways. In this study, six cannabinoids were tested for signaling bias in in vitro models of medium spiny projection neurons expressing wild-type (STHdh(Q7/Q7)) or mutant huntingtin protein (STHdh(Q111/Q111)). Signaling bias was assessed using the Black and Leff operational model. Relative activity [ΔlogR (τ/KA)] and system bias (ΔΔlogR) were calculated relative to the reference compound WIN55,212-2 for Gαi/o, Gαs, Gαq, Gβγ, and β-arrestin1 signaling following treatment with 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), anandamide (AEA), CP55,940, Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), and THC+CBD (1:1), and compared between wild-type and HD cells. The Emax of Gαi/o-dependent extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling was 50% lower in HD cells compared with wild-type cells. 2-AG and AEA displayed Gαi/o/Gβγ bias and normalized CB1 protein levels and improved cell viability, whereas CP55,940 and THC displayed β-arrestin1 bias and reduced CB1 protein levels and cell viability in HD cells. CBD was not a CB1 agonist but inhibited THC-dependent signaling (THC+CBD). Therefore, enhancing Gαi/o-biased endocannabinoid signaling may be therapeutically beneficial in HD. In contrast, cannabinoids that are β-arrestin-biased--such as THC found at high levels in modern varieties of marijuana--may be detrimental to CB1 signaling, particularly in HD where CB1 levels are already reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Laprairie
- Departments of Pharmacology and Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Amina M Bagher
- Departments of Pharmacology and Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Melanie E M Kelly
- Departments of Pharmacology and Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Eileen M Denovan-Wright
- Departments of Pharmacology and Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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25
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Laprairie RB, Bagher AM, Kelly MEM, Denovan-Wright EM. Cannabidiol is a negative allosteric modulator of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor. Br J Pharmacol 2015. [PMID: 26218440 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 692] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cannabidiol has been reported to act as an antagonist at cannabinoid CB1 receptors. We hypothesized that cannabidiol would inhibit cannabinoid agonist activity through negative allosteric modulation of CB1 receptors. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Internalization of CB1 receptors, arrestin2 recruitment, and PLCβ3 and ERK1/2 phosphorylation, were quantified in HEK 293A cells heterologously expressing CB1 receptors and in the STHdh(Q7/Q7) cell model of striatal neurons endogenously expressing CB1 receptors. Cells were treated with 2-arachidonylglycerol or Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol alone and in combination with different concentrations of cannabidiol. KEY RESULTS Cannabidiol reduced the efficacy and potency of 2-arachidonylglycerol and Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol on PLCβ3- and ERK1/2-dependent signalling in cells heterologously (HEK 293A) or endogenously (STHdh(Q7/Q7)) expressing CB1 receptors. By reducing arrestin2 recruitment to CB1 receptors, cannabidiol treatment prevented internalization of these receptors. The allosteric activity of cannabidiol depended upon polar residues being present at positions 98 and 107 in the extracellular amino terminus of the CB1 receptor. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Cannabidiol behaved as a non-competitive negative allosteric modulator of CB1 receptors. Allosteric modulation, in conjunction with effects not mediated by CB1 receptors, may explain the in vivo effects of cannabidiol. Allosteric modulators of CB1 receptors have the potential to treat CNS and peripheral disorders while avoiding the adverse effects associated with orthosteric agonism or antagonism of these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Laprairie
- Departments of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - A M Bagher
- Departments of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - M E M Kelly
- Departments of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Opthamology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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26
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Mitochondrial CB1 receptor is involved in ACEA-induced protective effects on neurons and mitochondrial functions. Sci Rep 2015. [PMID: 26215450 PMCID: PMC4516969 DOI: 10.1038/srep12440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to cell death after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Cannabinoid CB1 receptor is expressed in neuronal mitochondrial membranes (mtCB1R) and involved in regulating mitochondrial functions under physiological conditions. However, whether mtCB1R affords neuroprotection against I/R injury remains unknown. We used mouse models of cerebral I/R, primary cultured hippocampal neurons exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) and Ca(2+)-induced injury in purified neuronal mitochondria to investigate the role of mtCB1R in neuroprotection. Our results showed selective cell-permeant CB1 receptor agonist, arachidonyl-2-chloroethylamide (ACEA), significantly up-regulated the expression of mtCB1R protein in hippocampal neurons and tissue. In vitro, ACEA restored cell viability, inhibited generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), decreased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and reduced apoptosis, improved mitochondrial function. In vivo, ACEA ameliorated neurological scores, diminished the number of TUNEL-positive neurons and decreased the expression of cleaved caspase-3. However, ACEA-induced benefits were blocked by the selective cell-permeant CB1 receptor antagonist AM251, but just partially by the selective cell-impermeant CB1 receptor antagonist hemopressin. In purified neuronal mitochondria, mtCB1R activation attenuated Ca(2+)-induced mitochondrial injury. In conclusion, mtCB1R is involved in ACEA-induced protective effects on neurons and mitochondrial functions, suggesting mtCB1R may be a potential novel target for the treatment of brain ischemic injury.
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27
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Laprairie RB, Bagher AM, Precious SV, Denovan-Wright EM. Components of the endocannabinoid and dopamine systems are dysregulated in Huntington's disease: analysis of publicly available microarray datasets. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2015; 3:e00104. [PMID: 25692022 PMCID: PMC4317235 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) and the dopaminergic system (DAS) are two major regulators of basal ganglia function. During Huntington's disease (HD) pathogenesis, the expression of genes in both the ECS and DAS is dysregulated. The purpose of this study was to determine the changes that were consistently observed in the ECS and DAS during HD progression in the central nervous system (CNS) and in the periphery in different models of HD and human HD tissue. To do this, we conducted a meta-analysis of differential gene expression in the ECS and DAS using publicly available microarray data. The consolidated data were summarized as observed changes in gene expression (OCGE) using a weighted sum for each gene. In addition, consolidated data were compared to previously published studies that were not available in the gene expression omnibus (GEO) database. The resulting data confirm gene expression changes observed using different approaches and provide novel insights into the consistency between changes observed in human tissue and various models, as well as disease stage- and tissue-specific transcriptional dysregulation in HD. The major implication of the systems-wide data presented here is that therapeutic strategies targeting the ECS or DAS must consider the dynamic changes in gene expression over time and in different body areas, which occur during HD progression and the interconnectedness of the two systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Laprairie
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie UniversityHalifax, NS, Canada, B3H 4R2
| | - Amina M Bagher
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie UniversityHalifax, NS, Canada, B3H 4R2
| | - Sophie V Precious
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie UniversityHalifax, NS, Canada, B3H 4R2
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McClurg UL, Danjo K, King HO, Scott GB, Robinson PA, Crabtree JE. Epithelial cell ADAM17 activation by Helicobacter pylori: role of ADAM17 C-terminus and Threonine-735 phosphorylation. Microbes Infect 2014; 17:205-14. [PMID: 25499189 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2014.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori transactivates the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) on gastric epithelial cells via a signalling cascade involving a disintegrin and metalloprotease 17 (ADAM17) cleavage of membrane bound heparin binding-epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF). The effects of H. pylori on ADAM17 C-terminus in epithelial cells have been examined. Total cellular ADAM17 and surface expression of ADAM17 were significantly increased by H. pylori in AGS gastric epithelial cells. These changes were associated with ADAM17 C-terminal phosphorylation at T375 and S791. AGS cells lacking the ADAM17 C-terminal domain induced significantly attenuated cleavage of HB-EGF and were also unable to upregulate HB-EGF and EGFR transcripts to the same extent as cells expressing full length ADAM17. In mitotic unstimulated AGS and ADAM17 over-expressing AGS cells, ADAM17 was highly T735 phosphorylated indicating ADAM17 T735 phosphorylation is modified during the cell cycle. In conclusion, H. pylori induced ADAM17 C-terminal T735 and/or S791 phosphorylation in gastric epithelial cells are likely to be an important trigger inducing ADAM17 activation and shedding of HB-EGF leading to EGFR transactivation. ADAM17 over-expression in gastric cancer represents a potential target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula L McClurg
- Leeds Institute, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, St. James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Kazuma Danjo
- Leeds Institute, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, St. James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Harry O King
- Leeds Institute, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, St. James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Gina B Scott
- Leeds Institute, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, St. James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Philip A Robinson
- Leeds Institute, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, St. James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Jean E Crabtree
- Leeds Institute, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, St. James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK.
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29
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Francelle L, Galvan L, Brouillet E. Possible involvement of self-defense mechanisms in the preferential vulnerability of the striatum in Huntington's disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:295. [PMID: 25309327 PMCID: PMC4176035 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
HD is caused by a mutation in the huntingtin gene that consists in a CAG repeat expansion translated into an abnormal poly-glutamine (polyQ) tract in the huntingtin (Htt) protein. The most striking neuropathological finding in HD is the atrophy of the striatum. The regional expression of mutant Htt (mHtt) is ubiquitous in the brain and cannot explain by itself the preferential vulnerability of the striatum in HD. mHtt has been shown to produce an early defect in transcription, through direct alteration of the function of key regulators of transcription and in addition, more indirectly, as a result of compensatory responses to cellular stress. In this review, we focus on gene products that are preferentially expressed in the striatum and have down- or up-regulated expression in HD and, as such, may play a crucial role in the susceptibility of the striatum to mHtt. Many of these striatal gene products are for a vast majority down-regulated and more rarely increased in HD. Recent research shows that some of these striatal markers have a pro-survival/neuroprotective role in neurons (e.g., MSK1, A2A, and CB1 receptors) whereas others enhance the susceptibility of striatal neurons to mHtt (e.g., Rhes, RGS2, D2 receptors). The down-regulation of these latter proteins may be considered as a potential self-defense mechanism to slow degeneration. For a majority of the striatal gene products that have been identified so far, their function in the striatum is unknown and their modifying effects on mHtt toxicity remain to be experimentally addressed. Focusing on these striatal markers may contribute to a better understanding of HD pathogenesis, and possibly the identification of novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Francelle
- Neurodegenerative Disease Laboratory, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Institut d'Imagerie BioMédicale, Molecular Imaging Research Center Fontenay-aux-Roses, France ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives Unité de Recherche Associée 2210 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Laurie Galvan
- Neurodegenerative Disease Laboratory, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Institut d'Imagerie BioMédicale, Molecular Imaging Research Center Fontenay-aux-Roses, France ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives Unité de Recherche Associée 2210 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France ; Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Emmanuel Brouillet
- Neurodegenerative Disease Laboratory, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Institut d'Imagerie BioMédicale, Molecular Imaging Research Center Fontenay-aux-Roses, France ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives Unité de Recherche Associée 2210 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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30
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Laprairie RB, Bagher AM, Kelly MEM, Dupré DJ, Denovan-Wright EM. Type 1 cannabinoid receptor ligands display functional selectivity in a cell culture model of striatal medium spiny projection neurons. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:24845-62. [PMID: 25037227 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.557025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Modulation of type 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1) activity has been touted as a potential means of treating addiction, anxiety, depression, and neurodegeneration. Different agonists of CB1 are known to evoke varied responses in vivo. Functional selectivity is the ligand-specific activation of certain signal transduction pathways at a receptor that can signal through multiple pathways. To understand cannabinoid-specific functional selectivity, different groups have examined the effect of individual cannabinoids on various signaling pathways in heterologous expression systems. In the current study, we compared the functional selectivity of six cannabinoids, including two endocannabinoids (2-arachidonyl glycerol (2-AG) and anandamide (AEA)), two synthetic cannabinoids (WIN55,212-2 and CP55,940), and two phytocannabinoids (cannabidiol (CBD) and Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)) on arrestin2-, Gα(i/o)-, Gβγ-, Gα(s)-, and Gα(q)-mediated intracellular signaling in the mouse STHdh(Q7/Q7) cell culture model of striatal medium spiny projection neurons that endogenously express CB1. In this system, 2-AG, THC, and CP55,940 were more potent mediators of arrestin2 recruitment than other cannabinoids tested. 2-AG, AEA, and WIN55,212-2, enhanced Gα(i/o) and Gβγ signaling, with 2-AG and AEA treatment leading to increased total CB1 levels. 2-AG, AEA, THC, and WIN55,212-2 also activated Gα(q)-dependent pathways. CP55,940 and CBD both signaled through Gα(s). CP55,940, but not CBD, activated downstream Gα(s) pathways via CB1 targets. THC and CP55,940 promoted CB1 internalization and decreased CB1 protein levels over an 18-h period. These data demonstrate that individual cannabinoids display functional selectivity at CB1 leading to activation of distinct signaling pathways. To effectively match cannabinoids with therapeutic goals, these compounds must be screened for their signaling bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Laprairie
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Amina M Bagher
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Melanie E M Kelly
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Denis J Dupré
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Eileen M Denovan-Wright
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
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31
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Keimpema E, Hökfelt T, Harkany T, Doherty P. The molecular interplay between endocannabinoid and neurotrophin signals in the nervous system and beyond. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 39:334-43. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Keimpema
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics; Karolinska Institutet; Scheeles väg 1:A1 SE-17177 Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience; Center for Brain Research; Medical University of Vienna; Spitalgasse 4 A-1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Tomas Hökfelt
- Department of Neuroscience; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Tibor Harkany
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics; Karolinska Institutet; Scheeles väg 1:A1 SE-17177 Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience; Center for Brain Research; Medical University of Vienna; Spitalgasse 4 A-1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Patrick Doherty
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases; King's College London; London SE1 9RT UK
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32
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The cytokine and endocannabinoid systems are co-regulated by NF-κB p65/RelA in cell culture and transgenic mouse models of Huntington's disease and in striatal tissue from Huntington's disease patients. J Neuroimmunol 2013; 267:61-72. [PMID: 24360910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 11/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptional dysregulation is a major pathological feature of Huntington's disease (HD). The goal of this study was to understand how p65/RelA co-regulated genes, specifically those of the cytokine and endocannabinoid systems, were affected in HD. p65/RelA levels were lower in human HD tissue and R6/2 HD mice, as were the levels of the type 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1), IL-1β, IL-8, CCL5, GM-CSF, MIP-1β, and TNFα, all of which may be regulated by p65/RelA. Activation of p65/RelA restored CB1 and CCL5 expression in STHdh cell models of HD. Therefore, p65/RelA activation may normalize the expression of some genes in HD.
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