1
|
Moore CF, Davis CM, Sempio C, Klawitter J, Christians U, Weerts EM. Effects of oral Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol combinations on a sustained attention task in rats. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2023; 31:881-887. [PMID: 36634015 PMCID: PMC10938257 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A well-documented side effect of cannabis and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) acute administration is deficits in cognition and attention. Cannabidiol (CBD), a nonintoxicating constituent of cannabis, may modulate THC's impairing effects. A goal of this study was to determine the effects of THC and CBD, alone and in combination, on performance in the rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test (rPVT), a translational paradigm used to quantify sustained attention. Outcome measures in the rPVT include motor speed, premature responding, and lapses in attention. Sprague Dawley rats were trained to perform the rPVT to the acquisition criteria and then received oral doses (mg/kg) of THC (1-17.6), CBD (1-100), and combinations of THC + CBD in sesame oil prior to rPVT sessions, administered in a within-subject randomized design. Blood was collected from rats receiving selected doses of THC alone or THC + CBD for analysis of THC and its metabolites. THC alone produced significant decreases in accuracy and increases in lapses in attention at higher doses (10 mg/kg; ps < .05). The coadministration of CBD (10 mg/kg) with THC (3 or 10 mg/kg) caused greater impairments to sustained attention compared with administration of THC alone (ps < .05). The rPVT is a translational platform sensitive to detect impairments in attention associated with THC and other cannabis constituents. Further work is necessary to determine the mechanism of THC and CBD interactions on impairments in sustained attention. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine F. Moore
- Division of Behavioral Biology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Catherine M. Davis
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD
| | - Cristina Sempio
- iC42 Clinical Research and Development, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Jost Klawitter
- iC42 Clinical Research and Development, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Uwe Christians
- iC42 Clinical Research and Development, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Elise M. Weerts
- Division of Behavioral Biology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zheljazkov VD, Sikora V, Dincheva I, Kačániová M, Astatkie T, Semerdjieva IB, Latkovic D. Industrial, CBD, and Wild Hemp: How Different Are Their Essential Oil Profile and Antimicrobial Activity? Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25204631. [PMID: 33053634 PMCID: PMC7587197 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is currently one of the most controversial and promising crops. This study compared nine wild hemp (C. sativa spp. spontanea V.) accessions with 13 registered cultivars, eight breeding lines, and one cannabidiol (CBD) hemp strain belonging to C. sativa L. The first three groups had similar main essential oil (EO) constituents, but in different concentrations; the CBD hemp had a different EO profile. The concentration of the four major constituents in the industrial hemp lines and wild hemp accessions varied as follows: β-caryophyllene 11-22% and 15.4-29.6%; α-humulene 4.4-7.6% and 5.3-11.9%; caryophyllene oxide 8.6-13.7% and 0.2-31.2%; and humulene epoxide 2, 2.3-5.6% and 1.2-9.5%, respectively. The concentration of CBD in the EO of wild hemp varied from 6.9 to 52.4% of the total oil while CBD in the EO of the registered cultivars varied from 7.1 to 25%; CBD in the EO of the breeding lines and in the CBD strain varied from 6.4 to 25% and 7.4 to 8.8%, respectively. The concentrations of δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in the EO of the three groups of hemp were significantly different, with the highest concentration being 3.5%. The EO of wild hemp had greater antimicrobial activity compared with the EO of registered cultivars. This is the first report to show that significant amounts of CBD could be accumulated in the EO of wild and registered cultivars of hemp following hydro-distillation. The amount of CBD in the EO can be greater than that in the EO of the USA strain used for commercial production of CBD. Furthermore, this is among the first reports that show greater antimicrobial activity of the EO of wild hemp vs. the EO of registered cultivars. The results suggest that wild hemp may offer an excellent opportunity for future breeding and the selection of cultivars with a desirable composition of the EO and possibly CBD-rich EO production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valtcho D. Zheljazkov
- Crop and Soil Science Department, 3050 SW Campus Way, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-541-737-5877
| | - Vladimir Sikora
- Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Alternative Crops and Organic Production Department, Maksima Gorkog 30, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | - Ivayla Dincheva
- Plant Genetic Research Group, Agrobioinstitute, Agricultural Academy, 8 “Dragan Tsankov” Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Miroslava Kačániová
- Department of Fruit Science, Viticulture and Enology, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia;
- Department of Bioenergetics and Food Analysis, Institution of Food Technology and Nutrition, University of Rzeszow, Cwiklinskiej 1, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Tess Astatkie
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada;
| | - Ivanka B. Semerdjieva
- Department of Botany and Agrometeorology, Faculty of Agronomy, Agricultural University, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria;
| | - Dragana Latkovic
- Department of Field and Vegetable Crops, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zheljazkov VD, Sikora V, Semerdjieva IB, Kačániová M, Astatkie T, Dincheva I. Grinding and Fractionation during Distillation Alter Hemp Essential Oil Profile and Its Antimicrobial Activity. Molecules 2020; 25:E3943. [PMID: 32872359 PMCID: PMC7504750 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothesis of this study was that we can modify the essential oil (EO) profile of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) and obtain fractions with differential composition and antimicrobial activity. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the effects of grinding of hemp biomass before EO extraction and fractionation during distillation on EO profile and antimicrobial activity. The study generated a several EO fractions with a diversity of chemical profile and antimicrobial activity. The highest concentrations of β-pinene and myrcene in the EO can be obtained in the 5-10 min distillation time (DT) of ground material or in the 80-120 min DT of nonground material. High δ-3-carene and limonene EO can be obtained from 0-5 min DT fraction of nonground material. High eucalyptol EO can be sampled either in the 0-5 min DT of the ground material or in the 80-120 min of nonground material. Overall, the highest concentrations of β-caryophyllene, α-(E)-bergamotene, (Z)-β-farnesene, α-humulene, caryophyllenyl alcohol, germacrene D-4-ol, spathulenol, caryophyllene oxide, humulene epoxide 2, β-bisabolol, α-bisabolol, sesquiterpenes, and cannabidiol (CBD) can be obtained when EO is sampled in the 80-120 min DT and the material is nonground. Monoterpenes in the hemp EO can be increased twofold to 85% by grinding the material prior to distillation and collecting the EO in the first 10 min. However, grinding resulted in a slight but significant decrease in the CBD concentration of the EO. CBD-rich oil can be produced by collecting at 120-180 min DT. Different EO fractions had differential antimicrobial activity. The highest antimicrobial activity of EO fraction was found against Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus. THC-free EO can be obtained if the EO distillation is limited to 120 min. The results can be utilized by the hemp processing industry and by companies developing new hemp EO-infused products, including perfumery, cosmetics, dietary supplements, food, and pharmaceutical industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valtcho D. Zheljazkov
- Crop and Soil Science Department, 3050 SW Campus Way, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Vladimir Sikora
- Institute for Field and Vegetable Crops, Alternative Crops and Organic Production Department, Maksima Gorkog 30, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | - Ivanka B. Semerdjieva
- Department of Botany and Agrometeorology, Faculty of Agronomy, Agricultural University, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria;
| | - Miroslava Kačániová
- Department of Fruit Science, Viticulture and Enology, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, 949 76 Nitra, Slovak Republic;
- Department of Bioenergetics and Food Analysis, Institution of Food Technology and Nutrition, University of Rzeszow, Cwiklinskiej 1, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Tess Astatkie
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada;
| | - Ivayla Dincheva
- Plant Genetic Research Group, Agrobioinstitute, Agricultural Academy, 8 “Dragan Tsankov” Blvd, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Almogi-Hazan O, Khuja I, Ritter S, Or R. The Highs and Lows of Cannabis in Cancer Treatment and Bone Marrow Transplantation. Rambam Maimonides Med J 2020; 11:RMMJ.10391. [PMID: 32017682 PMCID: PMC7000158 DOI: 10.5041/rmmj.10391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, we have observed an increased public and scientific interest in the clinical applications of medical cannabis. Currently, the application of cannabinoids in cancer patients is mainly due to their analgesic and anti-emetic effects. The direct effects of phyto-cannabinoids on cancer cells are under intensive research, and the data remain somewhat inconsistent. Although anti-proliferative properties were observed in vitro, conclusive data from animal models and clinical trials are lacking. Since immunotherapy of malignant diseases and bone marrow transplantation are integral approaches in hemato-oncology, the immuno-modulatory characteristic of cannabinoids is a fundamental aspect for consideration. The effect of cannabinoids on the immune system is presently under investigation, and some evidence for its immuno-regulatory properties has been shown. In addition, the interaction of cannabinoids and classical cytotoxic agents is a subject for further investigation. Here we discuss the current knowledge of cannabinoid-based treatments in preclinical models and the limited data in oncological patients. Particularly, we address the possible contradiction between the direct anti-tumor and the immune-modulatory effects of cannabinoids. Better understanding of the mechanism of cannabinoids influence is essential to design therapies that will allow cannabinoids to be incorporated into the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Osnat Almogi-Hazan
- Laboratory of Immunotherapy and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Iman Khuja
- Laboratory of Immunotherapy and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Reuven Or
- Laboratory of Immunotherapy and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Philippot G, Forsberg E, Tahan C, Viberg H, Fredriksson R. A Single δ 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Dose During Brain Development Affects Markers of Neurotrophy, Oxidative Stress, and Apoptosis. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1156. [PMID: 31636565 PMCID: PMC6787269 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is one of the most used drugs during pregnancy and lactation and efficiently crosses the placental and blood–brain barriers. Despite the recent legalization initiatives worldwide, the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) of THC following exposure during brain development is incompletely understood. We have previously reported that a single injection of THC on postnatal day (PND) 10 altered adult spontaneous behavior and habituation rates in adult mice. Similar behavioral alterations have been reported following PND 10 exposure to the commonly used over-the-counter analgesic acetaminophen (AAP; also known as paracetamol); as both THC and AAP interact with the endocannabinoid system, we hypothesize that this system might be involved in the AOP of both these pharmaceuticals/drugs. Here, we report that a single THC dose on PND 10 decreased transcript levels of tropomyosin receptor kinase b (Trkb) 24 h after exposure in both the frontal and parietal cortex, and in the hippocampus in mice. An increase in the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2)/Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) ratio were also found in both the parietal cortex and hippocampus following neonatal exposure to THC. In addition, THC exposure increased transcript levels of cannabinoid receptor type 1 (Cb1r) in the parietal cortex and increased the apoptosis regulator BAX in the frontal cortex. This study is important for mainly 3 reasons: 1) we are starting to get information on the developmental neurotoxic AOP of PND 10 exposure to THC, where we suggest that transcriptional changes of the neurotrophic receptor Trkb are central, 2) our PND 10 exposure model provides information relevant to human exposure and 3) since PND 10 exposure to AAP also decreased Trkb transcript levels, we suggest THC and AAP may share key events in their respective AOP through endocannabinoid-mediated alterations of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-TRKB signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaëtan Philippot
- Department of Organismal Biology, Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erica Forsberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Molecular Neuropharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Caroline Tahan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Molecular Neuropharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Henrik Viberg
- Department of Organismal Biology, Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robert Fredriksson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Molecular Neuropharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ghozland S, Matthes HWD, Simonin F, Filliol D, Kieffer BL, Maldonado R. Motivational effects of cannabinoids are mediated by mu-opioid and kappa-opioid receptors. J Neurosci 2002; 22:1146-54. [PMID: 11826143 PMCID: PMC6758535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Repeated THC administration produces motivational and somatic adaptive changes leading to dependence in rodents. To investigate the molecular basis for cannabinoid dependence and its possible relationship with the endogenous opioid system, we explored delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) activity in mice lacking mu-, delta- or kappa-opioid receptor genes. Acute THC-induced hypothermia, antinociception, and hypolocomotion remained unaffected in these mice, whereas THC tolerance and withdrawal were minimally modified in mutant animals. In contrast, profound phenotypic changes are observed in several place conditioning protocols that reveal both THC rewarding and aversive properties. Absence of microreceptors abolishes THC place preference. Deletion of kappa receptors ablates THC place aversion and furthermore unmasks THC place preference. Thus, an opposing activity of mu- and kappa-opioid receptors in modulating reward pathways forms the basis for the dual euphoric-dysphoric activity of THC.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Analysis of Variance
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Cannabinoids/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cannabinoids/pharmacology
- Crosses, Genetic
- Dronabinol/antagonists & inhibitors
- Dronabinol/pharmacology
- Drug Tolerance/genetics
- Hypothermia/chemically induced
- Marijuana Abuse/physiopathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mice, Knockout
- Motivation
- Motor Activity/drug effects
- Piperidines/pharmacology
- Psychotropic Drugs/antagonists & inhibitors
- Psychotropic Drugs/pharmacology
- Pyrazoles/pharmacology
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/deficiency
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/deficiency
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/deficiency
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
- Reward
- Rimonabant
- Spatial Behavior/drug effects
- Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/physiopathology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandy Ghozland
- Laboratori de Neurofarmacologia, Facultat de Ciéncies de la Salut i de la Vida, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Valjent E, Mitchell JM, Besson MJ, Caboche J, Maldonado R. Behavioural and biochemical evidence for interactions between Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and nicotine. Br J Pharmacol 2002; 135:564-78. [PMID: 11815392 PMCID: PMC1573143 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioural and pharmacological effects of Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and nicotine are well known. However, the possible interactions between these two drugs of abuse remain unclear in spite of the current association of cannabis and tobacco in humans. The present study was designed to analyse the consequences of nicotine administration on THC-induced acute behavioural and biochemical responses, tolerance and physical dependence. Nicotine strongly facilitated hypothermia, antinociception and hypolocomotion induced by the acute administration of THC. Furthermore, the co-administration of sub-threshold doses of THC and nicotine produced an anxiolytic-like response in the light - dark box and in the open-field test as well as a significant conditioned place preference. Animals co-treated with nicotine and THC displayed an attenuation in THC tolerance and an enhancement in the somatic expression of cannabinoid antagonist-precipitated THC withdrawal. THC and nicotine administration induced c-Fos expression in several brain structures. Co-administration of both compounds enhanced c-Fos expression in the shell of the nucleus accumbens, central and basolateral nucleus of the amygdala, dorso-lateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, cingular and piriform cortex, and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. These results clearly demonstrate the existence of a functional interaction between THC and nicotine. The facilitation of THC-induced acute pharmacological and biochemical responses, tolerance and physical dependence by nicotine could play an important role in the development of addictive processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Valjent
- Laboratori de Neurofarmacologia, Facultat de Ciènces de la Salut i de la Vida, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/Dr Aiguader 80, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Laboratoire de Neurochimie-Anatomie, Institut des Neurosciences, CNRS UMR 7624, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jennifer M Mitchell
- Laboratori de Neurofarmacologia, Facultat de Ciènces de la Salut i de la Vida, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/Dr Aiguader 80, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marie-Jo Besson
- Laboratoire de Neurochimie-Anatomie, Institut des Neurosciences, CNRS UMR 7624, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jocelyne Caboche
- Laboratoire de Neurochimie-Anatomie, Institut des Neurosciences, CNRS UMR 7624, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Rafael Maldonado
- Laboratori de Neurofarmacologia, Facultat de Ciènces de la Salut i de la Vida, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/Dr Aiguader 80, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Author for correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|