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Semerdjieva I, Zheljazkov VD, Dincheva I, Radoukova T, Astatkie T, Maneva V, Atanasova D, Fidan H, Stankov S, Stoyanova A. Chemical profile of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb. essential oil within and between populations and its weed seed suppression effect. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0294126. [PMID: 38330006 PMCID: PMC10852245 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to (1) establish the intrapopulation and seasonal variation of Juniperus excelsа essential oil (EO); (2) compare the J. excelsa concrete and resinoid composition with its EO composition; and (3) investigate the potential herbicidal activity of J. excelsa EO against seeds of Papaver rhoeas L., Consolida orientalis (J.Gay) Schrödinger, Anthemis arvensis L., Avena fatua L., and Agrostemma githago L. Four independent studies were performed to meet these objectives. Twenty-eight individual trees were analyzed from two populations to establish intrapopulation and interpopulation variability of EOs yield and composition. In the seasonal dynamic study of leaf EO, samples from the same three trees and in the same population were collected in January, March, May, July, October, and December and their EO yield and composition determined. The EOs (intrapopulation and seasonal) were extracted by hydrodistillation, while the EO for the herbicidal test was obtained by steam distillation in a semi-commercial (SCom) apparatus. Overall, the EO yield varied significantly from 0.93% to 2.57%. α-Pinene (8.85-35.94%), limonene (11.81-50.08%), and cedrol (3.41-34.29%) were the predominant EO compounds in all samples (intrapopulation variability); however, trans-2,4-decadienol and β-caryophyllene were predominant in some individual trees. Four chemical groups were identified in the samples collected from two natural populations (intrapopulation). This is the first report on the compositions of J. excelsa concrete and resinoid. Cedrol (15.39%), 7-hydroxy-4-methyl-coumarin (17.63%), 1-octacosanol (36.85%), tritriacontane (16.08%), and tiacontanoic acid were the main compounds in the concrete and resinoid. Juniperus excelsa EO suppressed seed germination and seedling growth of P. rhoeas, C. orientalis, A. arvensis, A. fatua, and A. githago, demonstrating its potential to be used for the development of new biopesticides. The highest EO yield with high content of limonene and cedrol was obtained from samples harvested during the winter months (December, January, and March).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivanka Semerdjieva
- Department of Botany and Agrometeorology, Agricultural University, Mendeleev, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Department of Plant and Fungal Diversity and Resources, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Valtcho D. Zheljazkov
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Ivayla Dincheva
- Plant Genetic Research Group, AgroBioInstitute, Agricultural Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Tzenka Radoukova
- Department of Botany and Biological Education, University of Plovdiv Paisii Hilendarski, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Tess Astatkie
- Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, Canada
| | - Vasilina Maneva
- Plant Protection and Technology Department, Institute of Agriculture, Karnobat, Agricultural Academy, Karnobat, Bulgaria
| | - Dina Atanasova
- Plant Protection and Technology Department, Institute of Agriculture, Karnobat, Agricultural Academy, Karnobat, Bulgaria
| | - Hafize Fidan
- Department of Tourism and Culinary Management, Faculty of Economics, University of Food Technologies, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Stanko Stankov
- Department of Tourism and Culinary Management, Faculty of Economics, University of Food Technologies, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Albena Stoyanova
- Department of Technology of Tobacco, Sugar, Vegetable and Essential Oils, University of Food Technologies, Maritza, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
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Semerdjieva I, Cantrell CL, Zheljazkov VD, Radoukova T, Koleva-Valkova LH, Astatkie T, Kačániová M, Borisova D. Chemical profile, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Pinus heldreichii Christ. Distributed in Bulgaria. Heliyon 2024; 10:e22967. [PMID: 38187304 PMCID: PMC10770424 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Pinus heldreichii Christ. (Bosnian pine), a Tertiary relict and Balkan sub-endemic, has not been comprehensively studied for its essential oil (EO) profile and bioactivity of its different plant parts. This study aimed to determine the EO yield, composition and antimicrobial activity from different parts of P. heldreichii at three different populations (mountains) in Bulgaria. Furthermore, the study assessed the antioxidant activities of plant tissue, including leaves (needles), twigs wood, male and female cones. The EOs yield from different plant parts ranged from 0.09 % (leaves) to 0.74 % (wood of twigs), with monoterpenes being the predominant class. Limonene, α-pinene, β-caryophyllene, germacrene D, β-pinene, and β-myrcene were detected in the EO extracted from all analyzed trees. However, these compounds were not found in the EO extracted from all plant parts of the same trees. Four chemical groups (chemotypes) were identified for EO from twigs, and three chemotypes were identified for EO from leaves. The chemotypes were based on the percent ratio of the main EO constituents (>5 %). Leaves tissue showed the highest values in terms of polyphenols and flavonoids, as well as higher ABTS radical scavenging activity, while the highest antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus was seen in the EOs obtained from twigs. This is the first study to identify several chemotypes based on leaf and twigs EO of P. heldreichii distributed in Bulgarian flora. Furthermore, the EO of twigs tips (TT), male cones (MC), and wood of one-two-year-old twigs (WT) of the same trees were reported for the first time. The total polyphenol, flavonoid content, and radical scavenging activity of tissues of annual twigs wood and biennial twigs wood, leaf tissue, MC tissue, and the twigs tips tissue is also reported for the first time in the accessible literature. These findings highlight the potential of P. heldreichii to provide EOs with varying compositions and bioactivities, making them suitable for nutraceutical, pharmacological, and potentially food additive applications. Furthermore, the identification of chemotype accessions in this study suggests their selection for the development of new forest crop as a source for natural products with desirable composition and bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivanka Semerdjieva
- Department of Botany and Agrometeorology, Agricultural University, Mendeleev 12, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Department of Plant and Fungal Diversity and Resources, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Charles L. Cantrell
- Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Valtcho D. Zheljazkov
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, 3050 SW Campus Way, 109 Crop Science Building, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Tzenka Radoukova
- Department of Botany and Biological Education, University of Plovdiv Paisii Hilendarski, 24 Tzar Asen, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Lyubka H. Koleva-Valkova
- Department of Plant Physiology, Biochemistry and Genetics, Agricultural University, Mendeleev 12, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Tess Astatkie
- Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada
| | - Miroslava Kačániová
- Institute of Horticulture, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, Slovak University of Agriculture, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia
- School of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Economics and Human Sciences in Warsaw, Okopowa 59, 01 043 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Daniela Borisova
- Administration of Vrachanski Balkan Nature Park, Executive Forest Agency, Ministry of Agriculture and Food, 3000 Vratsa, Bulgaria
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Zheljazkov VD, Semerdjieva IB, Borisova D, Yankova-Tsvetkova E, Koleva-Valkova LH, Petrova G, Dincheva I, Stevens F, Wu W, Astatkie T, Ivanova T, Stoyanova A, Dzhurmanski A. Phytochemical and biological investigations on Centranthus kellereri (Stoj., Stef. & T. Georgiev) Stoj. & Stef. and C. ruber (L.) DC. and their potential as new medicinal and ornamental plants. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293877. [PMID: 37934763 PMCID: PMC10629660 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Centranthus kellereri is a Bulgarian endemic plant species, found only in two locations in the world: The Balkans Mountains (Stara Planina), above the town of Vratsa, and The Pirin Mountains, above the town of Bansko, Bulgaria. Being endemic and endangered species precluded any significant research on it. The hypothesis of this study was that the populations of C. kellereri may represent genetically, phytochemically, and morphologically distinct forms and these will differentiate from C. ruber. Furthermore, C. kellereri possibly imperfect embryology may preclude its more widespread distribution under natural conditions. RESULTS This study revealed the phytochemical profile, antioxidant activity, embryology, surface microstructural morphological traits, and genetic differences between the C. kellereri plants from the only two natural populations and compares them to the ones of the related and better-known plant C. ruber. The essential oil (EO) content in aboveground plant parts and in roots was generally low and the EO composition varied significantly as a function of plant part, year of sampling, location, and species. Methylvaleric acid was a major EO constituent in the C. kellereri EO, ranging between 60.2% and 71.7% of the total EO. The EO included monoterpenes, sequiterpenes, long-chain alkanes and fatty acids. Phytochemical analyses of plant tissue revealed the occurrence of 32 compounds that were tentatively identified as 6 simple phenolics, 18 flavonoids, 1 quinone, 1 lipid, 1 alkaloid, 2 diterpenes, and 3 triterpenes. There were differences in detected compounds between the C. kellereri plants at the two locations and between the roots and shoots in both species. The total phenols and flavonoids varied between the two species but were also dissimilar between the plants from the two populations of C. kelleri. Free radical scavenging activity, measured with ABTS and DPPH in aqueous and methanol extracts, had similar values; however, overall, C. kellereri from Vratsa showed the highest antioxidant activity while C. ruber had the lowest activity. Genetic analyses showed a clear differentiation between C. kellereri and C. ruber, and between the two populations of C. kellereri. Embryological studies revealed the peculiarities of the male and female generative spheres of the two species that were defined as being sexually reproducing. The pollen had high viability; however, the low viability of seeds demonstrated possible high sensitivity of C. kellereri to the environmental conditions, perhaps the main factor modifying and restricting the population sizes. The SEM analyses exposed differences in surface microstructural traits between the species (C. kellereri and C. ruber) but also between the two populations of C. kellereri. The observed dissimilarities in genetic makeup, micromorphological characteristics, and phytochemical composition strongly indicate that the two populations can be classified as distinct subspecies or varieties of C. kellereri; var. pirinensis and var. balkanensis. Further research is needed to introduce C. kellereri into culture and develop it as a high-value specialty crop or ornamental in order to conserve C. kellereri natural populations. C. kellereri may be utilized as a source for phytochemicals of interest and as an ornamental plant like C. ruber; however, it may have a greater environmental plasticity and adaptation as evidenced by its current locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valtcho D. Zheljazkov
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Ivanka B. Semerdjieva
- Faculty of Agronomy, Department of Botany and Agrometeorology, Agricultural University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Department of Plant and Fungal Diversity, Division of Flora and Vegetation, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Daniela Borisova
- Administration of Vrachanski Balkan Nature Park, Executive Forest Agency, Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Forestry, Vratsa, Bulgaria
| | - Elina Yankova-Tsvetkova
- Department of Plant and Fungal Diversity, Division of Flora and Vegetation, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Lyubka H. Koleva-Valkova
- Department of Plant Physiology, Biochemistry and Genetics, Agricultural University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Galya Petrova
- Department of Plant and Fungal Diversity, Division of Flora and Vegetation, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ivayla Dincheva
- Department of Agrobiotechnologies, Agrobioinstitute, Agricultural Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Fred Stevens
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Linus Pauling Institute, Linus Pauling Science Center, Oregon State University, SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Wenbin Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Linus Pauling Institute, Linus Pauling Science Center, Oregon State University, SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Tess Astatkie
- Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada
| | - Tanya Ivanova
- Department of Technology of Fats, Essential Oils, Perfumery and Cosmetics, University of Food Technologies, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Albena Stoyanova
- Department of Tobacco, Sugar, Vegetable and Essential Oils, Perfumery and Cosmetics, University of Food Technologies, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
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Semerdjieva I, Yankova-Tsvetkova E, Zheljazkov VD, Koleva-Valkova LH, Nikolova R. Reproductive Capacity and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Analyses of the Micromorphological Surfaces of Three Endemic Satureja Species from Bulgaria. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:2436. [PMID: 37446998 DOI: 10.3390/plants12132436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Satureja pilosa Velen., S. coerulea Janka and S. kitaibelii Wierzb. ex Heuff. are Balkan endemic species, and they are distributed in restricted territories, primarily found in dry grasslands, rocky slopes, and stony habitats. This study presents the results of the first embryological and micromorphological analyses of three Satureja species (S. pilosa, S. kitaibelii, and S. coerulea) from the Bulgarian flora. The aim of this study was to establish the features of the male and female reproductive sphere, as well as surface characteristics of leaves, stem, and calyx in order to understand the mode of reproduction, character, size and state of species populations and delimitation. For the embryological study, flowers and flower buds in different developmental stages were collected from plants of natural populations and treated with the classic paraffin method. Reproductive capacity was assessed using the following approaches: (1) acetocarmine test for pollen viability, (2) tetrazolium test (TTZ) for seed viability, and (3) germination test. The surfaces characteristics of leaves, stem, and calyx were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). As a result, the study revealed the structures of the male (M) and female (F) generative spheres as well as the processes of gamete development, pollination, and endosperm and embryo formation. It was found that the three Satureja species exhibited a high pollen viability but low seed viability and germination. The SEM analysis showed both common and distinct micromorphology features regarding epidermis, calyx and stem surfaces among the three Satureja species. Notably, the S. coerulea surfaces (leaves, calyx, stem) were clearly distinguishable from the other two Satureja species. Regarding the nutlet surfaces, it was observed that the exocarp surfaces of S. coerulea and S. kitaibelii have a reticulate convex type surface and comprise two types of cells: (1) highly bulging, bubble-like cells; and (2) flat cells with numerous striations. On the other hand, the exocarp of S. pilosa displayed rectangular or polygonal shapes without bubble-like cells, and it had a tabular to slightly convex type surface. Additionally, nutlets (seeds) of both S. coerulea and S. pilosa exhibited distinct papilla formations resembling non-glandular trichomes seen on the ends of the nutlets for S. coerulea and over the entire surface for S. pilosa. The characteristics of the embryological structures and processes, along with the absence of apomixis, characterized the three studied Satureja species as sexually reproducing. The established balanced processes and stable structures contribute to their high reproductive potential and population stability. However, these traits may also decrease their adaptability to environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivanka Semerdjieva
- Department of Botany and Agrometeorology, Agricultural University, Mendeleev 12, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Department of Plant and Fungal Diversity and Resources, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Elina Yankova-Tsvetkova
- Department of Plant and Fungal Diversity and Resources, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Valtcho D Zheljazkov
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, 3050 SW Campus Way, 109 Crop Science Building, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Lyubka H Koleva-Valkova
- Department of Plant Physiology, Biochemistry and Genetics, Agricultural University, Mendeleev 12, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Rozalia Nikolova
- Department of Plant and Fungal Diversity and Resources, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
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Thoma JL, Cantrell CL, Tamang P, Zheljazkov VD. Determining the optimum mixture of three essential oils for potato sprout suppression at room temperature storage. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1199117. [PMID: 37389299 PMCID: PMC10303126 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1199117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
As a staple crop, potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) play an important role in meeting daily caloric needs. To ensure adequate supplies for year-round consumption, potato quality must be maintained throughout lengthy storage periods. Towards this end, potato sprouting during storage must be minimized. Due to changing regulations regarding chemical means of potato sprout suppression, increased focus has turned to alternative products including essential oils (EO) as sprout suppressants in recent years. The complex composition of various EOs promises numerous options for sprout suppression. Furthermore, blends of several EOs may achieve enhanced sprout suppressant properties if synergistic interactions are present. We evaluated Syzygium aromaticum, Artemisia herba-alba, and Laurus nobilis EOs and blends thereof as sprout suppressants in potato cultivar Ranger Russet stored at room temperature and also tested for their antifungal activity against Colletotrichum fragariae, a causal organism of anthracnose disease in strawberries including other vegetables and fruits. A. herba-alba EO was an effective sprout suppressant when used alone and suppressed sprouting over the 90-day storage period. Interactions between A. herba-alba and S. aromaticum affected sprout length whereas interactions between A. herba-alba and L. nobilis EOs affected sprout number. An optimum blend of 50% - 82.31% A. herba-alba, 17.69% - 50% L. nobilis, and 0% - 1.01% S. aromaticum EOs could more effectively minimize tuber sprout length and number than any of the three whole EOs used alone. Among these three EOs, only S. aromaticum EO showed antifungal activity against C. fragariae in bioautography assay. These results exhibit the potential of EOs blends as a novel tactic in potato sprout suppression as well as potential natural product-based fungicides in managing C. fragariae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jena L. Thoma
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Charles L. Cantrell
- Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, University, MS, United States
| | - Prabin Tamang
- Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, University, MS, United States
| | - Valtcho D. Zheljazkov
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
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Semerdjieva I, Zheljazkov VD, Dincheva I, Piperkova N, Maneva V, Cantrell CL, Astatkie T, Stoyanova A, Ivanova T. Essential Oil Composition of Seven Bulgarian Hypericum Species and Its Potential as a Biopesticide. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:923. [PMID: 36840272 PMCID: PMC9962312 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Hypericum species and especially H. perforatum L. are well known for their therapeutic applications. The present study assessed the essential oil (EO) composition, and antifungal and aphid suppression activity of seven Bulgarian Hypericum species. The EOs were analyzed by GC-MS-FID. Two experiments were conducted. In the first experiment, H. perforatum, H. maculatum, and H. hirsutum were used. Additionally, the EO composition of H. perforatum extracted via hydrodistillation (ClevA) and via commercial steam distillation (Com) were compared. The second experiment compared the EOs of H. perforatum, H. cerastoides, H. rumeliacum, H. montbretii, and H. calycinum (flowers and leaves) extracted via hydrodistillation and collected with n-hexane. Overall, the EO constituents belonged to four classes, namely alkanes, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and fatty acids. The main class for compounds in H. maculatum and H. perforatum (section Hypericum) were sesquiterpenes for both experiments except for H. perforatum (Com). Hypericum montbretii (section Drosocarpium) EO had monoterpenes (38.09%) and sesquiterpenes (37.09%) as major groups, while H. hirsutum EO (section Taeniocarpium) contained predominately alkanes (67.19%). Hypericum hirsutum EO contained cedrol (5.04%), found for the first time in Hypericum species. Fatty acids were the main compounds in H. cerastoides (section Campylopus), while monoterpenes were the most abundant class in H. rumeliacum and H. calycinum EOs. α-Pinene and germacrene D were the major EO constituents of all analyzed Hypericum species except for H. hirsutum and H. cerastoides. Hypericum perforatum EO (Com) had significant repellent and insecticidal activity against two aphid species, Rhopalosiphum padi (Bird Cherry-oat aphid) and Sitobion avenae (English grain aphid) at concentrations of 0%, 1%, 2.5%, 3.5%, 4.5%, and 5%. The tested EOs did not show significant activity against selected economically important agricultural fungal pathogens Fusarium spp., Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum spp., Rhizoctonia solani, and Aspergillus sp. The EO of the Hypericum species found in the Bulgarian flora could be utilized for the development of new biopesticides for aphid control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivanka Semerdjieva
- Department of Botany and Agrometeorology, Agricultural University, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Department of Plant and Fungal Diversity and Resources, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1013 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Ivayla Dincheva
- Plant Genetic Research Group, AgroBioInstitute, Agricultural Academy, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Neshka Piperkova
- Department of Phytopathology, Agricultural University, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Vasilina Maneva
- Plant Protection and Technology Department, Institute of Agriculture, Agricultural Academy, 8400 Karnobat, Bulgaria
| | - Charles L. Cantrell
- Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, USDA-ARS, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Tess Astatkie
- Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada
| | - Albena Stoyanova
- Department of Technology of Fats, Essential Oils, Perfumery and Cosmetics, University of Food Technologies, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Tanya Ivanova
- Department of Technology of Fats, Essential Oils, Perfumery and Cosmetics, University of Food Technologies, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
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Nikolova M, Aneva I, Zhelev P, Semerdjieva I, Zheljazkov VD, Vladimirov V, Stoyanov S, Berkov S, Yankova-Tsvetkova E. Metabolic Profiles, Genetic Diversity, and Genome Size of Bulgarian Population of Alkanna tinctoria. Plants (Basel) 2022; 12:111. [PMID: 36616241 PMCID: PMC9823991 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Alkanna tinctoria (L.) Tausch Boraginaceae is a medicinal plant whose root is used for its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. A. tinctoria roots have been subject to numerous studies. However, the aerial parts have been explored less. The objective of the present study was to compare the chemical profile of aerial parts and roots as well as the total alkannin content in roots of 11 populations of the species from different floristic regions of Bulgaria. Methanolic extracts from 22 samples were analyzed by GC/MS. Phenolic, fatty, and organic acids, sterols, polyols, fatty alcohols, and sugars were identified. Ononitol (4-O-methyl-myo-inositol) was found as the main compound in the aerial parts. The total alkannin content in the roots was evaluated by the spectrophotometric method and compared with that of the commercial product. Populations with high alkannin content and rich in other bioactive compounds were identified. A relatively low genetic diversity in the studied populations was observed. The present study is the first comprehensive study on metabolite profiles and genetic diversity of the Bulgarian populations of A. tinctoria. The occurrence of ononitol in the aerial parts of the species is reported for the first time, as well as the phenolic acid profiles of the species in both aerial parts and roots. The results showed that aerial parts of the plant are also promising for use as a source of valuable biologically active substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Nikolova
- Department of Plant and Fungal Diversity and Resources, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ina Aneva
- Department of Plant and Fungal Diversity and Resources, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Petar Zhelev
- Department of Dendrology, University of Forestry, 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ivanka Semerdjieva
- Department of Plant and Fungal Diversity and Resources, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Department of Botany and Agrometeorology, Agricultural University, Mendeleev 12, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Valtcho D. Zheljazkov
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, 3050 SW Campus Way, 109 Crop Science, Building, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Vladimir Vladimirov
- Department of Plant and Fungal Diversity and Resources, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Botanical Garden, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Stoyan Stoyanov
- Department of Plant and Fungal Diversity and Resources, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Strahil Berkov
- Department of Plant and Fungal Diversity and Resources, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Elina Yankova-Tsvetkova
- Department of Plant and Fungal Diversity and Resources, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
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Thoma JL, Cantrell CL, Zheljazkov VD. Effects of Essential Oil Fumigation on Potato Sprouting at Room-Temperature Storage. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:plants11223109. [PMID: 36432838 PMCID: PMC9695867 DOI: 10.3390/plants11223109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
As a global staple, potato plays an important role in meeting human dietary needs and alleviating malnutrition. Potato sprouting during storage is a major issue that threatens food security by increasing food waste and must therefore be controlled. Biopesticides, including essential oils (EOs), have a history of use as potato sprout suppressants, and interest in their use has been renewed in response to stricter regulations on CIPC, the dominant chemical sprout suppressant over the last half-century. We evaluated twenty-one EOs as potential sprout suppressants in cv. Ranger Russet potatoes at room-temperature storage. Treatment with Artemisia herba-alba EO was the most effective at suppressing both sprout length and sprout number over a 90-day storage period. GC—MS—FID analysis of A. herba-alba EO revealed the presence of α-thujone, hexadecenoic acid, β-thujone, camphor, sabinene, and camphene at amounts >1%. Cistus ladanifer, Ocimum basilicum, Ormenis mixta, and Salvia sclarea EOs significantly reduced sprout length for shorter storage periods, whereas Cinnamomum zeylanicum (bark) and Laurus nobilis EOs also significantly reduced sprout number. Syzygium aromaticum (clove) EO did not significantly suppress sprouting at room temperature. These results indicate the potential of certain EOs to be used as sprout suppressants for room-temperature potato storage, providing needed alternatives for both organic and conventional potato industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jena L. Thoma
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Charles L. Cantrell
- Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, University City, MS 38677, USA
| | - Valtcho D. Zheljazkov
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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Thoma JL, Cantrell CL, Zheljazkov VD. Evaluation of Essential Oils as Sprout Suppressants for Potato ( Solanum tuberosum) at Room Temperature Storage. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:3055. [PMID: 36432783 PMCID: PMC9696970 DOI: 10.3390/plants11223055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpropham (CIPC) has been the dominant method of chemical sprout suppression for the last half-century. However, stricter regulations including outright bans on its use in several countries has prompted investigation into alternative products to replace it. Growing interest in organic foods has increased focus on the use of biopesticides, including essential oils (EOs), as potential sprout suppressants in stored potato. We evaluated the potential of ten EOs for sprout suppression in potato cultivar Ranger Russet at room temperature. Treatment with Cymbopogon citratus EO was found to be the most effective sprout suppressant, completely suppressing sprouting over the 90-day storage period. The EOs of Myrtus communis and Melaleuca quinquenervia significantly reduced sprout length relative to the control but did not have any effect on sprout number. These findings demonstrate the potential of select EOs as effective potato sprout suppressants that could replace CIPC use in this industry while also giving more power to organic potato producers and processors to control sprouting in their operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jena L. Thoma
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, 109 Crop Science Building, 3050 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Charles L. Cantrell
- Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Valtcho D. Zheljazkov
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, 109 Crop Science Building, 3050 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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10
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Zheljazkov VD, Micalizzi G, Yilma S, Cantrell CL, Reichley A, Mondello L, Semerdjieva I, Radoukova T. Melissa officinalis L. as a Sprout Suppressor in Solanum tuberosum L. and an Alternative to Synthetic Pesticides. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:14205-14219. [PMID: 36306427 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this research was to screen plant essential oils (EOs) as sprout inhibitors or suppressors in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Three controlled environment experiments were conducted to screen 18 EOs and several pure compounds as sprout inhibitors. The EOs were applied using the wicked method on potato cv. Gala in 19 L plastic containers. The results indicated that Melissa officinalis L. EO inhibited sprouting, while Coriandrum sativum L. seed oil and the EO blend of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. and Salvia sclarea L. suppressed sprouting. The EOs of interest were analyzed using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and/or a flame ionization detector (GC-FID); the detailed chemical profiles are provided. The M. officinalis EO was fractionated into seven fractions, and these were tested on minitubers. We identified two fractions (F and A) that suppressed potato sprouting better than the whole oil. The GC-MS-FID analyses of M. officinalis EO fraction A identified myrcene, Z-ocimene, E-ocimene, trans-caryophyllene, and α-humulene as the main constituents, while the main constituents of fraction F were α-terpineol, β-citronellol, and geraniol. The pure isolated compounds, together with the major compound in M. officinalis EO (citral), were tested for sprout suppression on three potato cultivars (Ranger Russet, Terra Rosa, and Dakota TrailBlazer), which revealed that β-citronellol reduced the sprout length and the number of sprouts in all three cultivars, while citral and (+)-α-terpineol reduced the sprout length and the number of sprouts in Ranger Russet relative to the two controls in all three cultivars. Myrcene had a stimulating effect on the number of sprouts in Cv. Terra Rosa. However, none of the pure compounds suppressed sprouting completely or were comparable to the EO of M. officinalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valtcho D Zheljazkov
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, 3050 SW Campus Way, 431A Crop Science Building, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Giuseppe Micalizzi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina I-98168, Italy
| | - Solomon Yilma
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, 3050 SW Campus Way, 431A Crop Science Building, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Charles L Cantrell
- Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Amber Reichley
- Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Luigi Mondello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina I-98168, Italy
- Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina I-98168, Italy
- Unit of Food Science and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome I-00128, Italy
| | - Ivanka Semerdjieva
- Department of Botany and Agrometeorology, Agricultural University, Mendeleev 12, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Department of Plant and Fungal Diversity and Resources, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Tzenka Radoukova
- Department of Botany and Biological education, Faculty of Biology, University of Plovdiv Paisii Hilendarski, 24 Tzar Asen, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
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11
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Mazzara E, Carletti R, Petrelli R, Mustafa AM, Caprioli G, Fiorini D, Scortichini S, Dall'Acqua S, Sut S, Nuñez S, López V, Zheljazkov VD, Bonacucina G, Maggi F, Cespi M. Green extraction of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) using microwave method for recovery of three valuable fractions (essential oil, phenolic compounds and cannabinoids): a central composite design optimization study. J Sci Food Agric 2022; 102:6220-6235. [PMID: 35485728 PMCID: PMC9790304 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Solvent-free microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) is a green extraction method capable of boosting the yield and quality profile of hemp essential oil when compared with other conventional extraction techniques. During this process, two by-products are produced, namely the aqueous residue containing bioactive phenolics and the residual deterpenated biomass, which can be used for further extraction and purification of phytocannabinoids. To date, the hemp industry has not utilized these products, although they can be valuable for the food, cosmetic, nutraceutical and pharmaceutical market. RESULTS This study assessed and optimized the variables affecting MAE efficiency, namely microwave irradiation power, extraction time and added water, which were studied using a central composite design approach, and results were used to optimize the extraction process for recovering three valuable fractions: essential oil, polyphenols and phytocannabinoids. The products obtained using the optimized conditions were characterized in terms of yield, chemical profile and antioxidant potential. Moreover, the by-products obtained during the optimized run were further analyzed in terms of their biological activity using both enzymatic and non-enzymatic assays. The aqueous residue demonstrated a powerful α-glucosidase inhibition, a good activity in terms of superoxide radical scavenging activity, a modest efficacy in terms of inhibition of advanced glycation end products formation and no activity in terms of lipase inhibition. The residual deterpenated biomass did not possess significant biological activity. CONCLUSION This work demonstrated valorization of industrial hemp essential oil and its by-products, obtained by a sustainable and eco-friendly extraction method, through an almost waste-free approach. Cannabinoids as well as other valuable bioactive compounds such as glycosidic flavones may be recovered from the residues of the essential oil extraction, representing interesting substances in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and nutraceutical fields. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Dennis Fiorini
- School of Science and TechnologyUniversity of CamerinoCamerinoItaly
| | | | - Stefano Dall'Acqua
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Natural Product LaboratoryUniversity of PaduaPaduaItaly
| | - Stefania Sut
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Natural Product LaboratoryUniversity of PaduaPaduaItaly
| | - Sonia Nuñez
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversidad San JorgeZaragozaSpain
| | - Victor López
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversidad San JorgeZaragozaSpain
| | | | | | - Filippo Maggi
- School of PharmacyUniversity of CamerinoCamerinoItaly
| | - Marco Cespi
- School of PharmacyUniversity of CamerinoCamerinoItaly
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12
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Aćimović M, Šovljanski O, Pezo L, Travičić V, Tomić A, Zheljazkov VD, Ćetković G, Švarc-Gajić J, Brezo-Borjan T, Sofrenić I. Variability in Biological Activities of Satureja montana Subsp. montana and Subsp. variegata Based on Different Extraction Methods. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11091235. [PMID: 36140014 PMCID: PMC9495055 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11091235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Winter savory (Satureja montana L.) is a well-known spice and medicinal plant with a wide range of activities and applications. Two subspecies of S. montana, subsp. montana and subsp. variegata, were used for the preparation of seven different extracts: steam distillation (essential oil (EO) and hydrolate (HY)), subcritical water (SWE), ultrasound-assisted (UAE-MeOH and UAE-H2O), and microwave-assisted (MAE-MeOH and MAE-H2O) extraction. The obtained EOs, HYs, and extracts were used for an in vitro evaluation of the antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS, reducing power, and superoxide anion methods) and in vitro antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Candida albicans. The antimicrobial screening was conducted using disk-diffusion assessment, minimal inhibitory concentration, time–kill kinetics modeling, and pharmacodynamic study of the biocide effect. The total phenolic content (TPC) was highest in EO, followed by SWE, MAE, and UAE, and the lowest was in HY. The highest antimicrobial activity shows EO and SWE for both varieties, while different UAE and MAE extracts have not exhibited antimicrobial activity. The natural antimicrobials in the S. montana extract samples obtained by green extraction methods, indicated the possibility of ecologically and economically better solutions for future in vivo application of the selected plant subspecies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Aćimović
- Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
- Correspondence: (M.A.); (O.Š.)
| | - Olja Šovljanski
- Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
- Correspondence: (M.A.); (O.Š.)
| | - Lato Pezo
- Institute of General and Physical Chemistry, Studentski trg 10–12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vanja Travičić
- Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Ana Tomić
- Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Valtcho D. Zheljazkov
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Gordana Ćetković
- Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Jaroslava Švarc-Gajić
- Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Tanja Brezo-Borjan
- Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Ivana Sofrenić
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12–16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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13
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Zheljazkov VD, Noller JS, Maggi F, Dale R. Terpenes and Cannabinoids Yields and Profile from Direct-Seeded and Transplanted CBD- Cannabis sativa. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:10417-10428. [PMID: 35436102 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c06912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Following recent legalization, the production of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) for high-value plant compounds became a major crop in many countries across the world. In this study, we profiled popular plant compounds being extracted for emerging markets, terpenes and cannabinoids, developed in two different planting systems of a single, high-cannabidiol (CBD), low-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), dioecious hemp cultivar 'Culver' in central Oregon, U.S.A. One system is the current conventional system of an open, all-female, clonal transplant (OFCT) production system. This is compared to a dioecious, densely seeded (DDS) production system. Overall, the essential oil (EO, chiefly terpenes) and cannabinoid profiles of plants harvested from the two systems were comparable. In comparison to the DDS plots, the EO obtained from colas of the OFCT plots had higher concentrations of α-pinene, myrcene, limonene, β-bisabolene, γ-cadinene, caryophyllene oxide, guaiol, 10-epi-γ-eudesmol, β-eudesmol, bulnesol, epi-α-bisabolol, α-humulene, and CBD, although lower concentrations of 1,8-cineole, (E)-caryophyllene, γ-elemene, α-selinene, selina-4(15),7(11)-diene, selina-3,7(11)-diene, and germacrene B. Of the various plant parts (female leaves and chaff, male flowers) tested in the DDS plots, the highest EO yield was obtained from the chaff. The main EO constituents of female leaves were (E)-caryophyllene (14-21%), caryophyllene oxide (13-16%), α-humulene (5-6%), humulene epoxide II (3.5-3.8%), epi-α-bisabolol (2.7-5.5%), CBD, and α-eudesmol (1.1-2.6%). The principal EO constituents of female chaff from the DDS system were (E)-caryophyllene (∼21%), α-humulene (6.6%), β-selinene (4.5%), α-selinene (3.6%), selina-3,7(11)-diene (9.8%), selina-4(15),7(11)-diene (6.3%), caryophyllene oxide (5.2%), and cannabichromene (3.1%). The major EO constituents of the male flowers were CBD (19.3%), caryophyllene oxide (11%), α-humulene (4.1%), epi-α-bisabolol (3.9%), selina-3,7(11)-diene (3.4%), and β-selinene (3.4%). Cannabinoids were not detected in the EO distilled for 30 min, but they were present in the EO from 240 min of distillation. The EO content of female leaves and male flowers was relatively low, whereas the EO content of the female chaff from the DDS system was significantly greater. Breaking with conventional knowledge, the EO of male flowers may accumulate up to 19% CBD. Distillation of plants from both production systems converted CBD-A to CBD, CBDV-A to CBDV, CBG-A to CBG, and THC-A to THC as a result of the thermal decarboxylation of acidic cannabinoids but otherwise did not affect the total cannabinoid content. Most of the cannabinoids remained in the distilled biomass after the extraction of terpenes (EO). Therefore, the distilled, terpene-free biomass represents a high-value product that could be further extracted for cannabinoids or used as a component in various products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valtcho D Zheljazkov
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, 3050 Southwest Campus Way, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Jay S Noller
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, 3050 Southwest Campus Way, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
- Global Hemp Innovation Center, Oregon State University, 170 Southwest Waldo Place, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Filippo Maggi
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP), School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Robert Dale
- Dale Farms, Culver, Oregon 97734, United States
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14
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Zheljazkov VD, Cantrell CL, Jeliazkova EA, Astatkie T, Schlegel V. Essential Oil Yield, Composition, and Bioactivity of Sagebrush Species in the Bighorn Mountains. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:1228. [PMID: 35567228 PMCID: PMC9103225 DOI: 10.3390/plants11091228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) are dominant wild plants in large areas of the U.S., Canada and Mexico, and they include several species and subspecies. The aim was to determine if there are significant differences in essential oil (EO) yield, composition, and biological activity of sagebrush within the Bighorn Mountains, U.S. The EO yield in fresh herbage varied from 0.15 to 1.69% for all species, including 0.25-1.69% in A. tridentata var. vaseyana, 0.64-1.44% in A. tridentata var. tridentata, 1% in A. tridentata var. wyomingensis, 0.8-1.2% in A. longifolia, 0.8-1% in A. cana, and 0.16% in A. ludoviciana. There was significant variability in the EO profile between species, and subspecies. Some EO constituents, such as α-pinene (0-35.5%), camphene (0-21.5%), eucalyptol (0-30.8%), and camphor (0-45.5%), were found in most species and varied with species and subspecies. The antioxidant capacity of the EOs varied between the species and subspecies. None of the sagebrush EOs had significant antimicrobial, antimalarial, antileishmanial activity, or contained podophyllotoxin. Some accessions yielded EO with significant concentrations of compounds including camphor, eucalyptol, cis-thujone, α-pinene, α-necrodol-acetate, fragranol, grandisol, para-cymene, and arthole. Therefore, chemotypes can be selected and possibly introduced into culture and be grown for commercial production of these compounds to meet specific industry needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valtcho D. Zheljazkov
- Crop and Soil Science Department, Oregon State University, 3050 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;
| | - Charles L. Cantrell
- Natural Products Utilization Research, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA;
| | - Ekaterina A. Jeliazkova
- Crop and Soil Science Department, Oregon State University, 3050 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;
| | - Tess Astatkie
- Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada;
| | - Vicki Schlegel
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 326 Food Technology Complex, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA;
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15
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Burducea M, Dincheva I, Dirvariu L, Oprea E, Zheljazkov VD, Barbacariu CA. Wheat and Barley Grass Juice Addition to a Plant-Based Feed Improved Growth and Flesh Quality of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12081046. [PMID: 35454292 PMCID: PMC9031860 DOI: 10.3390/ani12081046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Several plant extract additives are being increasingly used in aquaculture for their positive effects on fish growth and immunity. Plant extract additives are called phytogenics. The chemical composition of the additives influences their biological activity. The plant extracts used in this study were wheat grass juice and barley grass juice. Their inclusion in a plant-based diet for common carp improved growth performance and flesh quality. The positive effects of the plant extracts could be attributed to their contents of unsaturated fatty acids, essential amino acids, sugars and organic acids. Abstract Phytogenics are plant extract additives used for their bioactive properties. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of plant extracts, wheat grass juice (WGJ) and barley grass juices (BGJ) addition to fish diet on growth and meat quality of common carp. Fish (51 ± 33 g initial weight) were fed for four weeks with three plant-based diets: (1) control feed (Con), (2) control feed supplemented with 2% WGJ (Con+WGJ), and (3) control feed supplemented with 2% BGJ (Con+BGJ). The results showed that the inclusion of the two juices in the plant-based feed stimulated the growth and improved meat quality by lowering the fat and ash content. Feed conversion ratio and condition factor were not affected. There were no significant differences in Fe and Zn contents of meat; however, Cu decreased, while Mn was lower in the Con+WGJ group and higher in the Con+BGJ group compared to Con. A high content of unsaturated fatty acids (FA, oleic acid and linoleic acid) and desirable ratios of saturated/unsaturated FA (0.27–0.29) and Ω6/Ω3 (2.5–2.78) were found in all groups. The juices were characterized in terms of lipid profile and polar compounds by GC-MS technique. The observed positive effects can be attributed to the rich composition of juices that included unsaturated FA, amino acids, sugars and organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Burducea
- Research and Development Station for Aquaculture and Aquatic Ecology, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University, Carol I, 20A, 700505 Iasi, Romania; (M.B.); (L.D.); (E.O.); (C.-A.B.)
| | - Ivayla Dincheva
- Department of Agrobiotechologies, Agrobioinstitute, Agricultural Academy, 8 Dragan Tsankov Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +359-2-9635413
| | - Lenuta Dirvariu
- Research and Development Station for Aquaculture and Aquatic Ecology, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University, Carol I, 20A, 700505 Iasi, Romania; (M.B.); (L.D.); (E.O.); (C.-A.B.)
| | - Eugen Oprea
- Research and Development Station for Aquaculture and Aquatic Ecology, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University, Carol I, 20A, 700505 Iasi, Romania; (M.B.); (L.D.); (E.O.); (C.-A.B.)
| | - Valtcho D. Zheljazkov
- Crop and Soil Science Department, Oregon State University, 3050 SW Campus Way, 109 Crop Science Building, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;
| | - Cristian-Alin Barbacariu
- Research and Development Station for Aquaculture and Aquatic Ecology, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University, Carol I, 20A, 700505 Iasi, Romania; (M.B.); (L.D.); (E.O.); (C.-A.B.)
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16
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Aćimović M, Šovljanski O, Šeregelj V, Pezo L, Zheljazkov VD, Ljujić J, Tomić A, Ćetković G, Čanadanović-Brunet J, Miljković A, Vujisić L. Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activity of Dracocephalum moldavica L. Essential Oil and Hydrolate. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:plants11070941. [PMID: 35406925 PMCID: PMC9002726 DOI: 10.3390/plants11070941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Steam distillation was used for the isolation of Dracocephalum moldavica L. (Moldavian dragonhead) essential oil (DMEO). This aromatic herbaceous plant is widespread across the Northern Hemisphere regions and has been utilized in health-improving studies and applications. In addition to the DMEO, the hydrolate (DMH), a byproduct of the distillation process, was also collected. The DMEO and DMH were analyzed and compared in terms of their chemical composition, as well as their in vitro biological activities. The main component in DMEO was geranyl acetate, while geranial was dominant in DMH. The DMEO demonstrated better antioxidant and antimicrobial activities compared with the DMH against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes, which represent sources of food-borne illness at the global level. The DMEO and DMH show promise as antioxidant and antimicrobial additives to various products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Aćimović
- Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops Novi Sad, Maksima Gorkog 30, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
- Correspondence:
| | - Olja Šovljanski
- Faculty of Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (O.Š.); (V.Š.); (A.T.); (G.Ć.); (J.Č.-B.)
| | - Vanja Šeregelj
- Faculty of Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (O.Š.); (V.Š.); (A.T.); (G.Ć.); (J.Č.-B.)
| | - Lato Pezo
- Institute of General and Physical Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Valtcho D. Zheljazkov
- College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;
| | - Jovana Ljujić
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (J.L.); (L.V.)
| | - Ana Tomić
- Faculty of Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (O.Š.); (V.Š.); (A.T.); (G.Ć.); (J.Č.-B.)
| | - Gordana Ćetković
- Faculty of Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (O.Š.); (V.Š.); (A.T.); (G.Ć.); (J.Č.-B.)
| | - Jasna Čanadanović-Brunet
- Faculty of Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (O.Š.); (V.Š.); (A.T.); (G.Ć.); (J.Č.-B.)
| | - Ana Miljković
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | - Ljubodrag Vujisić
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (J.L.); (L.V.)
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Zheljazkov VD, Semerdjieva I, Yankova-Tsvetkova E, Astatkie T, Stanev S, Dincheva I, Kačániová M. Chemical Profile and Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oils of Helichrysum arenarium (L.) Moench. and Helichrysum italicum (Roth.) G. Don. Plants 2022; 11:plants11070951. [PMID: 35406931 PMCID: PMC9002512 DOI: 10.3390/plants11070951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study compared the essential oils (EO) composition of Helichrysum arenarium (Bulgarian populations) with that of the cultivated species H. italicum. The EO composition of H. arenarium and H. italicum were analyzed via gas chromatography. In general, 75 components were identified in H. arenarium EO and 79 in H. italicum EO. The predominant constituents in H. arenarium EO were α-pinene (34.64–44.35%) and sabinene (10.63–11.1%), which affirmed the examined population as a new chemical type. Overall, the main EO constituents of H. italicum originating in France, Bosnia and Corsica were neryl acetate (4.04–14.87%) and β-himachalene (9.9–10.99%). However, the EOs profile of H. italicum introduced from the above three countries differed to some extent. D-limonene (5.23%), italicene, α-guaiene and neryl acetate (14.87%) predominated in the H. italicum introduced from France, while α-pinene (13.74%), δ-cadinene (5.51%), α-cadinene (3.3%), β-caryophyllene (3.65%) and α-calacorene (1.63%) predominated in plants introduced from Bosnia. The EOs of the plants introduced from France and Corsica had similar chemical composition and antimicrobiological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valtcho D. Zheljazkov
- Crop and Soil Science Department, Oregon State University, 3050 SW Campus Way, 109 Crop Science Building, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Ivanka Semerdjieva
- Department of Botany and agrometeorology, Agricultural University, Mendeleev 12, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria;
- Department of Plant and Fungal Diversity, Division of Flora and Vegetation, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, BAS, 2, Gagarin Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Elina Yankova-Tsvetkova
- Department of Plant and Fungal Diversity, Division of Flora and Vegetation, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, BAS, 2, Gagarin Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Tess Astatkie
- Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, P.O. Box 550, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada;
| | - Stanko Stanev
- Institute of Roses, Essential and Medical Plants, Agricultural Academy, bul. “Osvobozhdenie” 49, 6100 Kazanlak, Bulgaria;
| | - Ivayla Dincheva
- Department of Agrobiotechnologies, AgroBioInstitute, Agricultural Academy, 8 Dragan Tsankov blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Miroslava Kačániová
- Institute of Horticulture, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia;
- Department of Bioenergetics and Food Analysis, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, University of Rzeszow, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
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18
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Burducea M, Lobiuc A, Dirvariu L, Oprea E, Olaru SM, Teliban GC, Stoleru V, Poghirc VA, Cara IG, Filip M, Rusu M, Zheljazkov VD, Barbacariu CA. Assessment of the Fertilization Capacity of the Aquaculture Sediment for Wheat Grass as Sustainable Alternative Use. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:plants11050634. [PMID: 35270105 PMCID: PMC8912413 DOI: 10.3390/plants11050634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Periodic removal of sediment from aquaculture ponds is practiced to maintain their productivity and animal welfare. The recovery of sediment as a plant fertilizer could alleviate the costs of sediment removal. The objective of this study was to test the effects of a dried sediment, extracted from an aquaculture pond used for common carp cultivation, on the growth and physiology of potted wheat grass and the quality of the juice obtained from wheat grass. The results showed that sediment application did not produce significant morphological changes, although the values for plant height (16.94-19.22 cm), leaf area (19.67-139.21 mm2), and biomass (3.39-4.26 g/plant) were higher in sediment-grown plants. However, at a physiological level, the effect was negative, decreasing photosynthesis (0.82-1.66 μmol CO2 m2s-1), fluorescence ΦPSII (0.737-0.782), and chlorophyll content (1.40-1.83 CCI). The juice yield was reduced in the sediment treatments (46-58 g/100 g), while the quality was improved by increasing the content of phenols (2.55-3.39 µg/mL gallic acid equivalent), flavonoids (1.41-1.85 µg/mL quercetin equivalent), and antioxidant activity (47.99-62.7% inhibition of; 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl). The positive results obtained in this study can be attributed to the moderate nutrient content of the sediment and a negligible concentration of heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Burducea
- Research and Development Station for Aquaculture and Aquatic Ecology, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University, Carol I, 20A, 700505 Iasi, Romania; (L.D.); (E.O.); (C.-A.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrei Lobiuc
- Human Health and Development Department, “Stefan Cel Mare” University, Strada Universitatii, 720229 Suceava, Romania;
| | - Lenuta Dirvariu
- Research and Development Station for Aquaculture and Aquatic Ecology, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University, Carol I, 20A, 700505 Iasi, Romania; (L.D.); (E.O.); (C.-A.B.)
| | - Eugen Oprea
- Research and Development Station for Aquaculture and Aquatic Ecology, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University, Carol I, 20A, 700505 Iasi, Romania; (L.D.); (E.O.); (C.-A.B.)
| | - Stefan Mihaita Olaru
- Faculty of Biology, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University, Carol I, 20A, 700505 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Gabriel-Ciprian Teliban
- Faculty of Horticulture, “Ion Ionescu de la Brad” Iasi University of Life Sciences, Aleea Mihail Sadoveanu 3, 700490 Iasi, Romania; (G.-C.T.); (V.S.)
| | - Vasile Stoleru
- Faculty of Horticulture, “Ion Ionescu de la Brad” Iasi University of Life Sciences, Aleea Mihail Sadoveanu 3, 700490 Iasi, Romania; (G.-C.T.); (V.S.)
| | - Vlad Andrei Poghirc
- Research Institute for Agriculture and Environment, “Ion Ionescu de la Brad” Iasi University of Life Sciences, 9 Mihail Sadoveanu Alley, 700789 Iasi, Romania; (V.A.P.); (I.G.C.); (M.F.); (M.R.)
| | - Irina Gabriela Cara
- Research Institute for Agriculture and Environment, “Ion Ionescu de la Brad” Iasi University of Life Sciences, 9 Mihail Sadoveanu Alley, 700789 Iasi, Romania; (V.A.P.); (I.G.C.); (M.F.); (M.R.)
| | - Manuela Filip
- Research Institute for Agriculture and Environment, “Ion Ionescu de la Brad” Iasi University of Life Sciences, 9 Mihail Sadoveanu Alley, 700789 Iasi, Romania; (V.A.P.); (I.G.C.); (M.F.); (M.R.)
| | - Mariana Rusu
- Research Institute for Agriculture and Environment, “Ion Ionescu de la Brad” Iasi University of Life Sciences, 9 Mihail Sadoveanu Alley, 700789 Iasi, Romania; (V.A.P.); (I.G.C.); (M.F.); (M.R.)
| | - Valtcho D. Zheljazkov
- Crop and Soil Science Department, Oregon State University, 109 Crop Science Building, 3050 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;
| | - Cristian-Alin Barbacariu
- Research and Development Station for Aquaculture and Aquatic Ecology, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University, Carol I, 20A, 700505 Iasi, Romania; (L.D.); (E.O.); (C.-A.B.)
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Zheljazkov VD, Semerdjieva IB, Stevens JF, Wu W, Cantrell CL, Yankova-Tsvetkova E, Koleva-Valkova LH, Stoyanova A, Astatkie T. Phytochemical Investigation and Reproductive Capacity of the Bulgarian Endemic Plant Species Marrubium friwaldskyanum Boiss. (Lamiaceae). Plants (Basel) 2021; 11:114. [PMID: 35009117 PMCID: PMC8747201 DOI: 10.3390/plants11010114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Marrubium friwaldskyanum Boiss (Lamiaceae) is a Bulgarian endemic species. Overall, the essential oil (EO) composition of M. friwaldskyanum was different from that of the other Marrubium species reported in the literature. The main EO constituents of M. friwaldskyanum were (E)-caryophyllene, germacrene D, and caryophyllene oxide. The effect of the harvest stage was significant only on α-copaene, (E)-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, and τ-muurolol. The concentration of α-copaene (1.26-1.83% range of the total oil), (E)-caryophyllene (31-41%), caryophyllene oxide (6.4-11.8%), and τ-muurolol (1.3-2.8%) were the highest at 2-3 pair of leaves or before flowering and lower at flowering. The harvest stage did not significantly affect the concentrations of the other six identified EO compounds β-bourbonene (1.1%), α-humulene (2.8%), germacrene D (23.3%), bicyclogermacrene (2.85%), δ-cadinene (1.1%), and spathulenol (2.8%). In a separate experiment, grinding of the biomass prior to EO extraction had a significant effect only on the concentrations of D-limonene (0.24-3.3%) and bicyclogermacrene (3.6-9.1%). Grinding in water or without water, maceration, and addition of Tween®20 had rather small effects on the EO profile. The identified EO constituents and their mean concentrations in this experiment were (E)-caryophyllene (25.4%), germacrene D (17.6%), caryophyllene oxide (9.1%), spathulenol (6.5%), τ-muurolol (5.0%), carvacrol (3.9%), α-copaene (2.5%), β-bourbonene (2.5%), δ-cadinene (2.4%), α-humulene (1.8%), and Z-β-farnesene (1.3%). Embryological studies observed anther and the development of the male gametophyte and ovule and development of the female gametophyte of M. friwaldskyanum. Furthermore, pollen and seed viability assays were conducted, and mass spectrometry-based metabolomics analysis of an extract from shoots revealed the presence of 45 natural products, identified as flavonoids, phenolic acids, and (tri)terpenoids. Overall, the phytochemistry and some of the microscopic analyses distinguished this endemic species from other species in Marrubium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valtcho D. Zheljazkov
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, 3050 SW Campus Way, 109 Crop Science Building, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Ivanka B. Semerdjieva
- Department of Botany and Agrometeorology, Agricultural University, Mendeleev 12, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria;
- Department of Plant and Fungal Diversity and Resources, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Jan F. Stevens
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Linus Pauling Institute, Linus Pauling Science Center 435, Oregon State University, SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (J.F.S.); (W.W.)
| | - Wenbin Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Linus Pauling Institute, Linus Pauling Science Center 435, Oregon State University, SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (J.F.S.); (W.W.)
| | - Charles L. Cantrell
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, University, MS 38677, USA;
| | - Elina Yankova-Tsvetkova
- Department of Plant and Fungal Diversity and Resources, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Lyubka H. Koleva-Valkova
- Department of Plant Physiology, Biochemistry and Genetics, Agricultural University, Mendeleev 12, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria;
| | - Albena Stoyanova
- Department of Tobacco, Sugar, Vegetable and Essential Oils, Perfumery and Cosmetics, University of Food Technologies, 26 Maritza, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria;
| | - Tess Astatkie
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada;
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20
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Zheljazkov VD, Jeliazkova EA, Astatkie T. Allelopathic Effects of Essential Oils on Seed Germination of Barley and Wheat. Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:plants10122728. [PMID: 34961198 PMCID: PMC8708003 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the allelopathic effects of essential oils (EOs) from six different plant species, namely, lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis), English thyme (Thymus vulgaris), lovage (Levisticum officinale), costmary (Chrysanthemum balsamita), and cumin (Cuminum cyminum), on seed germination and seedling growth of barley (Hordeum vulgare) and wheat (Triticum aestivum). The main constituents of the EOs of L. angustifolia were 47.0% linalool acetate and 28.4% linalool; H. officinalis' main constituents were 39.8% cis-pinocamphone, 9.8% trans-pinocamphone, 11.4% β-pinene, and 7.5% β-phellandrene; T. vulgaris' were 38.2% para-cymene, 25.6% thymol, and 13.6% γ-terpinene; L. officinale's were 64.8% α-terpinyl acetate and 14.7% β-phellandrene; C. balsamita's were 43.7% camphor, 32.4% trans-thujone, and 11.6% camphene; C. cyminum's were 49.6% cumin aldehyde, 10.4% para-cymene, 11.6% α-terpinen-7-al, and 9.1% β-pinene. All six EOs exhibited an allelopathic effect and suppressed the seed germination and seedling development of wheat and barley; however, the concentrations that exhibited a suppressing effect were different among the plants. C. cyminum EO completely suppressed both barley and wheat germination at 10-, 30-, and 90-µL application rates, making it the most effective treatment among the tested EOs. C. balsamita's and H. officinalis' EOs at 30 and 90 µL application rates completely suppressed barley and wheat radicles per seed, radicle length (mm), seedling height (mm), and germination (%). L. angustifolia's EOs at 30- and 90-µL and T. vulgaris' EO at 90 µL application rates also completely suppressed barley and wheat radicles per seed, radicle length (mm), seedling height (mm), and germination (%). C. balsamita's, H. officinalis', L. angustifolia's, and T. vulgaris' EOs at a 10 µL application rate reduced barley radicle length, seedling height, and % germination relative to the control. Wheat seed germination % was completely suppressed by the application of L. angustifolia's and T. vulgaris' EOs at 30 and 90 µL, while T. vulgaris' EO at 10 µL rate reduced the germination relative to the control. Interestingly, C. balsamita and H. officinalis at 10 µL did not reduce wheat germination; however, they did reduce the number of radicles per seed, radicle length (mm), seedling height (mm), germination (%), and vigor index. Furthermore, L. officinale's EO reduced the measured indices (radicles per seed, radicle length, seedling height, and vigor index) at the 10, 30, and 90 µL application rates relative to the non-treated control; however, none of the application rates of L. officinale's EO had a suppression effect on wheat germination. This study demonstrated the allelopathic effects of the EOs of six different herbal plant species on seed germination of barley and winter wheat. The results can be utilized in the development of commercial products for controlling pre-harvest sprouting of wheat and barley. Further research is needed to verify the results under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valtcho D. Zheljazkov
- Crop and Soil Science Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;
| | | | - Tess Astatkie
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada;
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21
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Zheljazkov VD, Maggi F. Valorization of CBD-hemp through distillation to provide essential oil and improved cannabinoids profile. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19890. [PMID: 34615971 PMCID: PMC8494916 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99335-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) synthesizes and accumulates a number of secondary metabolites such as terpenes and cannabinoids. They are mostly deposited as resin into the glandular trichomes occurring on the leaves and, to a major extent, on the flower bracts. In the last few years, hemp for production of high-value chemicals became a major commodity in the U.S. and across the world. The hypothesis was that hemp biomass valorization can be achieved through distillation and procurement of two high-value products: the essential oil (EO) and cannabinoids. Furthermore, the secondary hypothesis was that the distillation process will decarboxylate cannabinoids hence improving cannabinoid composition of extracted hemp biomass. Therefore, this study elucidated the effect of steam distillation on changes in the content and compositional profile of cannabinoids in the extracted biomass. Certified organic CBD-hemp strains (chemovars, varieties) Red Bordeaux, Cherry Wine and Umpqua (flowers and some upper leaves) and a T&H strain that included chopped whole-plant biomass, were subjected to steam distillation, and the EO and cannabinoids profile were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and HPLC, respectively. The distillation of hemp resulted in apparent decarboxylation and conversion of cannabinoids in the distilled biomass. The study demonstrated a simple method for valorization of CBD-hemp through the production of two high-value chemicals, i.e. EO and cannabinoids with improved profile through the conversion of cannabidiolic acid (CBD-A) into cannabidiol (CBD), cannabichromenic acid (CBC-A) into cannabichromene (CBC), cannabidivarinic acid (CBDV-A) into cannabidivarin (CBDV), cannabigerolic acid (CBG-A) into cannabigerol (CBG), and δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THC-A) into δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). In addition, the distilled biomass contained CBN while the non-distilled did not. Distillation improved the cannabinoids profile; e.g. the distilled hemp biomass had 3.4 times higher CBD in variety Red Bordeaux, 5.6 times in Cherry Wine, 9 times in variety Umpqua, and 6 times in T&H compared to the original non-distilled samples, respectively. Most of the cannabinoids remained in the distilled biomass and small amounts of CBD were transferred to the EO. The CBD concentration in the EO was as follows: 5.3% in the EO of Umpqua, 0.15% in the EO of Cherry Wine and Red Bordeaux and 0.06% in the EO of T&H. The main 3 EO constituents were similar but in different ratio; myrcene (23.2%), (E)-caryophyllene (16.7%) and selina-3,7(11)-diene (9.6%) in Cherry Wine; (E)-caryophyllene (~ 20%), myrcene (16.6%), selina-3,7(11)-diene (9.6%), α-humulene (8.0%) in Red Bordeaux; (E)-caryophyllene (18.2%) guaiol (7.0%), 10-epi-γ-eudesmol (6.9%) in Umpqua; and (E)-caryophyllene (30.5%), α-humulene (9.1%), and (E)-α-bisabolene (6.5%) in T&H. In addition, distillation reduced total THC in the distilled biomass. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses revealed that most of the glandular trichomes in the distilled biomass were not disturbed (remained intact); that suggest a possibility for terpenes evaporation through the epidermal membrane covering the glandular trichomes leaving the cannabinoids in the trichomes. This explained the fact that distillation resulted in terpene extraction while the cannabinoids remained in the distilled material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valtcho D Zheljazkov
- Crop and Soil Science Department, Oregon State University, 3050 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Filippo Maggi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, via Sant' Agostino 1, 62032, Camerino, Italy
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Stefanova G, Girova T, Gochev V, Stoyanova M, Petkova Z, Stoyanova A, Zheljazkov VD. Comparative study on the chemical composition of laurel ( Laurus nobilis L.) leaves from Greece and Georgia and the antibacterial activity of their essential oil. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05491. [PMID: 33385077 PMCID: PMC7770545 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) is a plant species from Lauraceae family, and is native to the Mediterranean region. The goal of this study was to compare chemical composition of laurel leaves and antibacterial activity of its essential oil (EO) from wild-grown trees in Greece and Georgia. The laurel leaves from the two native habitats had dissimilar concentrations of phenolic acids. Of the conjugated flavonols and flavons, kaempferol (1981.3 μg/g) and apigenin (1433.6 μg/g) were the major representatives in the leaves from Greece, while luteolin (839.1 μg/g) and kaempferol (688.1 μg/g) were the major ones in the leaves from Georgia, respectively. The EO content was 1.42% and 4.54% in the leaves from Greece and Georgia, respectively. The main EO constituents of the Greek laurel plants were 1,8-cineole (30.8%), α-terpinyl acetate (14.9%), α-terpineol (8.0%), sabinene (7.9%), and terpinen-4-ol (6.0%). The main EO constituents of the Georgian laurel plants were 1,8-cineole (29.2%), α-terpinyl acetate (22.6%), sabinene (12.2%), and methyleugenol (8.1%). The EO antimicrobial activities against 20 microorganisms were determined. Among the Gram-positive bacteria, the Enterococcus faecalis strain was the most sensitive, followed by Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538. Among the Candida species, C. albicans ATCC 10231 was the most sensitive to the laurel leaf EOs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tanya Girova
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology and Department of Chemical Technology, Paisii Hilendarski University of Plovdiv, 24 Tzar Asen St., 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Velizar Gochev
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology and Department of Chemical Technology, Paisii Hilendarski University of Plovdiv, 24 Tzar Asen St., 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Magdalena Stoyanova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, Department of Tobacco, Sugar, Vegetable and Essential Oil Technology, University of Food Technologies, 26 Maritza Blvd., 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Zhana Petkova
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology and Department of Chemical Technology, Paisii Hilendarski University of Plovdiv, 24 Tzar Asen St., 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Albena Stoyanova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, Department of Tobacco, Sugar, Vegetable and Essential Oil Technology, University of Food Technologies, 26 Maritza Blvd., 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Valtcho D Zheljazkov
- Oregon State University, Department of Crop and Soil Science, 109 Crop Science Building, 3050 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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Aćimović M, Zorić M, Zheljazkov VD, Pezo L, Čabarkapa I, Stanković Jeremić J, Cvetković M. Chemical Characterization and Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oil of Medicinal Plants from Eastern Serbia. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25225482. [PMID: 33238598 PMCID: PMC7700605 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate wild growing Satureja kitaibelii, Thymus serpyllum, Origanum vulgare, Achillea millefolium and Achillea clypeolata with respect to their essential oil (EO) content, composition and antimicrobial activity. The five species were collected at Mt. Rtanj and the village of Sesalac, Eastern Serbia. The main EO constituents of Lamiaceae plants were p-cymene (24.4%), geraniol (63.4%) and germacrene D (21.5%) in Satureja kitaibelii, Thymus serpyllum and Origanum vulgare ssp. vulgare, respectively. A. millefolium EO had multiple constituents with major ones being camphor (9.8%), caryophyllene oxide (6.5%), terpinen-4-ol (6.3%) and 1,8-cineole (5.6%), while the main EO constituents of A. clypeolata were 1,8-cineole (45.1%) and camphor (18.2%). Antimicrobial testing of the EO showed that Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive) was more sensitive to all of the tested EOs than Escherichia coli (Gram-negative). S. kitaibelii EO showed the highest antimicrobial activity against both tested bacterial strains. This is the first study to characterize the EO composition and antimicrobial activity of these five medicinal species from Eastern Serbia in comparison with comprehensive literature data. The results can be utilized by the perfumery, cosmetics, food and pharmaceutical industries, but also for healing purposes in self-medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Aćimović
- Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops Novi Sad, Maksima Gorkog 30, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Miroslav Zorić
- Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops Novi Sad, Maksima Gorkog 30, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | - Valtcho D. Zheljazkov
- College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;
| | - Lato Pezo
- Institute of General and Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentskitrg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Ivana Čabarkapa
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | - Jovana Stanković Jeremić
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (J.S.J.); (M.C.)
| | - Mirjana Cvetković
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (J.S.J.); (M.C.)
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Zheljazkov VD, Sikora V, Dincheva I, Kačániová M, Astatkie T, Semerdjieva IB, Latkovic D. Industrial, CBD, and Wild Hemp: How Different Are Their Essential Oil Profile and Antimicrobial Activity? Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25204631. [PMID: 33053634 PMCID: PMC7587197 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is currently one of the most controversial and promising crops. This study compared nine wild hemp (C. sativa spp. spontanea V.) accessions with 13 registered cultivars, eight breeding lines, and one cannabidiol (CBD) hemp strain belonging to C. sativa L. The first three groups had similar main essential oil (EO) constituents, but in different concentrations; the CBD hemp had a different EO profile. The concentration of the four major constituents in the industrial hemp lines and wild hemp accessions varied as follows: β-caryophyllene 11-22% and 15.4-29.6%; α-humulene 4.4-7.6% and 5.3-11.9%; caryophyllene oxide 8.6-13.7% and 0.2-31.2%; and humulene epoxide 2, 2.3-5.6% and 1.2-9.5%, respectively. The concentration of CBD in the EO of wild hemp varied from 6.9 to 52.4% of the total oil while CBD in the EO of the registered cultivars varied from 7.1 to 25%; CBD in the EO of the breeding lines and in the CBD strain varied from 6.4 to 25% and 7.4 to 8.8%, respectively. The concentrations of δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in the EO of the three groups of hemp were significantly different, with the highest concentration being 3.5%. The EO of wild hemp had greater antimicrobial activity compared with the EO of registered cultivars. This is the first report to show that significant amounts of CBD could be accumulated in the EO of wild and registered cultivars of hemp following hydro-distillation. The amount of CBD in the EO can be greater than that in the EO of the USA strain used for commercial production of CBD. Furthermore, this is among the first reports that show greater antimicrobial activity of the EO of wild hemp vs. the EO of registered cultivars. The results suggest that wild hemp may offer an excellent opportunity for future breeding and the selection of cultivars with a desirable composition of the EO and possibly CBD-rich EO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valtcho D. Zheljazkov
- Crop and Soil Science Department, 3050 SW Campus Way, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-541-737-5877
| | - Vladimir Sikora
- Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Alternative Crops and Organic Production Department, Maksima Gorkog 30, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | - Ivayla Dincheva
- Plant Genetic Research Group, Agrobioinstitute, Agricultural Academy, 8 “Dragan Tsankov” Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Miroslava Kačániová
- Department of Fruit Science, Viticulture and Enology, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia;
- Department of Bioenergetics and Food Analysis, Institution of Food Technology and Nutrition, University of Rzeszow, Cwiklinskiej 1, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Tess Astatkie
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada;
| | - Ivanka B. Semerdjieva
- Department of Botany and Agrometeorology, Faculty of Agronomy, Agricultural University, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria;
| | - Dragana Latkovic
- Department of Field and Vegetable Crops, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
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Stankov S, Fidan H, Petkova Z, Stoyanova M, Petkova N, Stoyanova A, Semerdjieva I, Radoukova T, Zheljazkov VD. Comparative Study on the Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Grecian Juniper ( Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb) Unripe and Ripe Galbuli. Plants (Basel) 2020; 9:plants9091207. [PMID: 32942594 PMCID: PMC7570073 DOI: 10.3390/plants9091207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Grecian juniper (Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb.) is an evergreen tree and a rare plant found in very few locations in southern Bulgaria. The aim of this study was to evaluate the phytochemical content and antioxidant potential of J. excelsa unripe and ripe galbuli from three different locations in Bulgaria. The essential oil content ranged between 1.9% and 5.1%, while the lipid fraction yield was between 4.5% and 9.1%. The content of total chlorophyll was 185.4-273.4 μg/g dw. The total carotenoid content ranged between 41.7 and 50.4 μg/g dw of ripe galbuli, and protein content was between 13.6% and 16.4%. Histidine (5.5 and 8.0 mg/g content range) and lysine (4.0 and 6.1 mg/g) were the major essential amino acids. The antioxidant potential of the 95% and 70% ethanol extracts was analyzed using four different methods. A positive correlation between the antioxidant potential and phenolic content of the galbuli was found. The results obtained in this study demonstrated the differences in phytochemical composition and antioxidant capacity of J. excelsa galbuli as a function of maturity stage and collection locality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanko Stankov
- Department of Nutrition and Tourism, University of Food Technologies, 26 Maritza, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (S.S.); (H.F.)
| | - Hafize Fidan
- Department of Nutrition and Tourism, University of Food Technologies, 26 Maritza, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (S.S.); (H.F.)
| | - Zhana Petkova
- Department of Chemical Technology, University of Plovdiv Paisii Hilendarski, 24 Tzar Asen, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria;
| | - Magdalena Stoyanova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physicochemistry, University of Food Technologies, 26 Maritza, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria;
| | - Nadezhda Petkova
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Food Technologies, 26 Maritza, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria;
| | - Albena Stoyanova
- Department of Technology of Fats, Essential Oils, Perfumery and Cosmetics, University of Food Technologies, 26 Maritza, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria;
| | - Ivanka Semerdjieva
- Department of Botany and Agrometeorology, Agricultural University, 12 Mendleev12, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria;
| | - Tzenka Radoukova
- Department of Botany and Methods of Biology Teaching, University of Plovdiv Paisii Hilendarski, 24 Tzar Asen, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria;
| | - Valtcho D. Zheljazkov
- Crop and Soil Science Department, Oregon State University, 3050 SW Campus Way, 109 Crop Science Building, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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Rupasinghe HPV, Davis A, Kumar SK, Murray B, Zheljazkov VD. Industrial Hemp ( Cannabis sativa subsp. sativa) as an Emerging Source for Value-Added Functional Food Ingredients and Nutraceuticals. Molecules 2020; 25:E4078. [PMID: 32906622 PMCID: PMC7571072 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L., Cannabaceae) is an ancient cultivated plant originating from Central Asia and historically has been a multi-use crop valued for its fiber, food, and medicinal uses. Various oriental and Asian cultures kept records of its production and numerous uses. Due to the similarities between industrial hemp (fiber and grain) and the narcotic/medical type of Cannabis, the production of industrial hemp was prohibited in most countries, wiping out centuries of learning and genetic resources. In the past two decades, most countries have legalized industrial hemp production, prompting a significant amount of research on the health benefits of hemp and hemp products. Current research is yet to verify the various health claims of the numerous commercially available hemp products. Hence, this review aims to compile recent advances in the science of industrial hemp, with respect to its use as value-added functional food ingredients/nutraceuticals and health benefits, while also highlighting gaps in our current knowledge and avenues of future research on this high-value multi-use plant for the global food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. P. Vasantha Rupasinghe
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada; (A.D.); (B.M.)
| | - Amy Davis
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada; (A.D.); (B.M.)
| | - Shanthanu K. Kumar
- Section of Horticulture, School of Integrative Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA;
| | - Beth Murray
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada; (A.D.); (B.M.)
| | - Valtcho D. Zheljazkov
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, 431A Crop Science Building, 3050 SW Campus Way, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;
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Zheljazkov VD, Sikora V, Semerdjieva IB, Kačániová M, Astatkie T, Dincheva I. Grinding and Fractionation during Distillation Alter Hemp Essential Oil Profile and Its Antimicrobial Activity. Molecules 2020; 25:E3943. [PMID: 32872359 PMCID: PMC7504750 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothesis of this study was that we can modify the essential oil (EO) profile of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) and obtain fractions with differential composition and antimicrobial activity. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the effects of grinding of hemp biomass before EO extraction and fractionation during distillation on EO profile and antimicrobial activity. The study generated a several EO fractions with a diversity of chemical profile and antimicrobial activity. The highest concentrations of β-pinene and myrcene in the EO can be obtained in the 5-10 min distillation time (DT) of ground material or in the 80-120 min DT of nonground material. High δ-3-carene and limonene EO can be obtained from 0-5 min DT fraction of nonground material. High eucalyptol EO can be sampled either in the 0-5 min DT of the ground material or in the 80-120 min of nonground material. Overall, the highest concentrations of β-caryophyllene, α-(E)-bergamotene, (Z)-β-farnesene, α-humulene, caryophyllenyl alcohol, germacrene D-4-ol, spathulenol, caryophyllene oxide, humulene epoxide 2, β-bisabolol, α-bisabolol, sesquiterpenes, and cannabidiol (CBD) can be obtained when EO is sampled in the 80-120 min DT and the material is nonground. Monoterpenes in the hemp EO can be increased twofold to 85% by grinding the material prior to distillation and collecting the EO in the first 10 min. However, grinding resulted in a slight but significant decrease in the CBD concentration of the EO. CBD-rich oil can be produced by collecting at 120-180 min DT. Different EO fractions had differential antimicrobial activity. The highest antimicrobial activity of EO fraction was found against Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus. THC-free EO can be obtained if the EO distillation is limited to 120 min. The results can be utilized by the hemp processing industry and by companies developing new hemp EO-infused products, including perfumery, cosmetics, dietary supplements, food, and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valtcho D. Zheljazkov
- Crop and Soil Science Department, 3050 SW Campus Way, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Vladimir Sikora
- Institute for Field and Vegetable Crops, Alternative Crops and Organic Production Department, Maksima Gorkog 30, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | - Ivanka B. Semerdjieva
- Department of Botany and Agrometeorology, Faculty of Agronomy, Agricultural University, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria;
| | - Miroslava Kačániová
- Department of Fruit Science, Viticulture and Enology, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, 949 76 Nitra, Slovak Republic;
- Department of Bioenergetics and Food Analysis, Institution of Food Technology and Nutrition, University of Rzeszow, Cwiklinskiej 1, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Tess Astatkie
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada;
| | - Ivayla Dincheva
- Plant Genetic Research Group, Agrobioinstitute, Agricultural Academy, 8 “Dragan Tsankov” Blvd, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria;
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Angeloni S, Scortichini S, Fiorini D, Sagratini G, Vittori S, Neiens SD, Steinhaus M, Zheljazkov VD, Maggi F, Caprioli G. Characterization of Odor-Active Compounds, Polyphenols, and Fatty Acids in Coffee Silverskin. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25132993. [PMID: 32629998 PMCID: PMC7411821 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25132993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
For the first time the volatile fraction of coffee silverskin has been studied focusing on odor-active compounds detected by gas chromatography-olfactometry/flame ionization detector (GC-O/FID) system. Two approaches, namely headspace (HS) analysis by solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS) and odor-active compounds analysis by gas chromatography-olfactometry/flame ionization detector (GC-O/FID), have been employed to fully characterize the aroma profile of this by-product. This work also provided an entire characterization of the bioactive compounds present in coffee silverskin, including alkaloids, chlorogenic acids, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and secoiridoids, by using different extraction procedures and high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) system. Coffee silverskin was shown to be a good source of caffeine and chlorogenic acids but also of phenolic acids and flavonoids. In addition, the fatty acid composition of the coffee silverskin was established by GC-FID system. The results from this research could contribute to the development of innovative applications and reuses of coffee silverskin, an interesting resource with a high potential to be tapped by the food and nutraceutical sector, and possibly also in the cosmetics and perfumery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Angeloni
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, via Sant’ Agostino 1, I-62032 Camerino (MC), Italy; (S.A.); (G.S.); (S.V.); (G.C.)
- International Hub for Coffee Research and Innovation, 62020 Belforte del Chienti (MC), Italy
| | - Serena Scortichini
- School of Science and Technology, Chemistry Division, University of Camerino, V. S. Agostino 1, I-62032 Camerino (MC), Italy; (S.S.); (D.F.)
| | - Dennis Fiorini
- School of Science and Technology, Chemistry Division, University of Camerino, V. S. Agostino 1, I-62032 Camerino (MC), Italy; (S.S.); (D.F.)
| | - Gianni Sagratini
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, via Sant’ Agostino 1, I-62032 Camerino (MC), Italy; (S.A.); (G.S.); (S.V.); (G.C.)
| | - Sauro Vittori
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, via Sant’ Agostino 1, I-62032 Camerino (MC), Italy; (S.A.); (G.S.); (S.V.); (G.C.)
| | - Silva D. Neiens
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, 85354 Freising, Germany; (S.D.N.); (M.S.)
| | - Martin Steinhaus
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, 85354 Freising, Germany; (S.D.N.); (M.S.)
| | - Valtcho D. Zheljazkov
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, 431A Crop Science Building, 3050 SW Campus Way, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;
| | - Filippo Maggi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, via Sant’ Agostino 1, I-62032 Camerino (MC), Italy; (S.A.); (G.S.); (S.V.); (G.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0737404506
| | - Giovanni Caprioli
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, via Sant’ Agostino 1, I-62032 Camerino (MC), Italy; (S.A.); (G.S.); (S.V.); (G.C.)
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Popova V, Ivanova T, Stoyanova A, Nikolova V, Hristeva T, Zheljazkov VD. GC-MS Composition and Olfactory Profile of Concretes from the Flowers of Four Nicotiana Species. Molecules 2020; 25:E2617. [PMID: 32512824 PMCID: PMC7321308 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Nicotiana (Solanaceae) includes over 70 species, with a long history of traditional use; many of them are nowadays used in bioengineering, biosynthesis, molecular biology, and other studies, while common tobacco, N. tabacum L., is one of the most economically important industrial crops worldwide. Although Nicotiana species have been extensively investigated, relatively less research has focused on flowers, especially research related to obtaining aromatic products for cosmetic and perfumery use. On the other hand, there is evidence that Nicotiana flowers accumulate various secondary metabolites with a distinct aroma and biological activities, and the flowers represent a biomass available in sufficient quantities. Therefore, this study aimed to determinate the chemical composition (by GC-MS) and the olfactory profiles of a specific type of natural aromatic product (concrete), obtained from the flowers of four Nicotiana species, in a direct comparison between them. The yields of extracted concrete were sufficiently high, varying between the species, 1.4% (N. rustica L.), 2.5% (N. glutinosa L.), 1.6% (N. alata Link&Otto genotype with white flowers), 2.7% (N. alata genotype with pink flowers), 3.2% (N. tabacum, Oriental type), and 5.2% (N. tabacum, Virginia type). The major components of the obtained concretes belonged to different chemical classes: N. rustica and N. tabacum (OR), the hydrocarbons n-tetratriacontane (14.5%; 15.0%) and n-triacontane (12.1%; 13.3%), and 3-methyl-pentanoic acid (11.1%; 12.2%); N. glutinosa, the diterpenes sclareol (25.9%), 3-α-hydroxy-manool (16.3%), and 13-epimanool (14.9%); N. alata (WF), the phenylpropanoid terephthalic acid and di(2-ethylhexyl) ester (42.9%); N. alata (PF), the diterpene tributyl acetylcitrate (30.7%); and N. tabacum (FCV), the hydrocarbons n-hexacosane (12.9%) and n-pentacosane (12.9%). Each of the flower concretes revealed a characteristic odor profile. This is the first report about Nicotiana species as a source for obtaining flower concretes; these initial results about the concrete yield, olfactory profile, and chemical composition are a prerequisite for the possible processing of Nicotiana flowers into new aromatic products for use in perfumery and cosmetics. The study provides new data in favor of the potential of the four Nicotiana species as aromatic plants, as well as a possible alternative use of flowers, a valuable, but discarded, plant material in other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venelina Popova
- Department of Tobacco, Sugar, Vegetable and Essential Oils, University of Food Technologies, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (V.P.); (T.I.); (A.S.)
| | - Tanya Ivanova
- Department of Tobacco, Sugar, Vegetable and Essential Oils, University of Food Technologies, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (V.P.); (T.I.); (A.S.)
| | - Albena Stoyanova
- Department of Tobacco, Sugar, Vegetable and Essential Oils, University of Food Technologies, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (V.P.); (T.I.); (A.S.)
| | - Violeta Nikolova
- Tobacco and Tobacco Products Institute–Bulgarian Agricultural Academy, 4108 Markovo, Bulgaria; (V.N.); (T.H.)
| | - Tsveta Hristeva
- Tobacco and Tobacco Products Institute–Bulgarian Agricultural Academy, 4108 Markovo, Bulgaria; (V.N.); (T.H.)
| | - Valtcho D. Zheljazkov
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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Semerdjieva I, Petrova G, Yankova-Tsvetkova E, Doncheva T, Kostova N, Nikolova R, Zheljazkov VD. Genetic diversity, reproductive capacity and alkaloids content in three endemic Alkanna species. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233516. [PMID: 32479498 PMCID: PMC7263576 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Balkans endemic species Alkanna primuliflora Griseb., A. stribrnyi Velen., and A. graeca Boiss. & Spruner have limited distribution in the Balkan Peninsula and a large variation in the morphological characteristics. The populations of the three Alkanna species in the Bulgarian flora are small and fragmented. There are no previous reports on the chemical profile or on the embryology of these species. The hypothesis was that the limited distribution of A. primuliflora, A. stribrnyi, and A. graeca was due to their reproductive capacity and genetic diversity. Furthermore, we hypothesized that the three species will contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), as other species of the genus Alkanna (Boraginaceae), but they would have differential alkaloids composition. The population genetic structure and differentiation showed a clear distinction between species and revealed average levels of genetic diversity among the natural populations of the three Alkanna species. The embryological investigation observed stability of the processes in the male and female generative spheres and high viability of mature pollen and embryo of the three species. The normal formation of male and female gametophytes without deviations or degenerative processes, and observed levels of genetic diversity between Alkanna individuals are important in maintaining the size and resilience of the Alkanna populations. Eight alkaloids were identified by GC-MS in A. primuliflora and A. graeca and six alkaloids in A. stribrnyi. The main pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) in all investigated species was triangularine. A. primuliflora and A. graeca showed similar chemical composition that comprised 9-angeloylretronecine, 7-tigloylretronecine, 9-tigloylretronecine, triangularicine, dihydroxytriangularine, dihydroxytriangularicine, whereas, in A. stribrnyi 9-tigloylretronecine, triangularicine and dihydroxytriangularicine were not found. This is the first report on the presence of PAs in A. primuliflora, A. stribrnyi and A. graeca. Besides, this is the first report on the embryology of these endemic species. The results contribute to the knowledge of the three endemic Alkanna species and will facilitate policy-making and defining new strategies for their conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivanka Semerdjieva
- Department of Botany and Agrometeorology, Faculty of Agronomy, Agricultural University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Galya Petrova
- Department of Natural Sciences, New Bulgarian University Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Elina Yankova-Tsvetkova
- Department of Plant and Fungal Diversity and Resources, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Tsvetelina Doncheva
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Center for Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Nadezhda Kostova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Center for Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Rozalia Nikolova
- Department of Plant and Fungal Diversity and Resources, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Valtcho D. Zheljazkov
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon State, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Shiwakoti S, Zheljazkov VD, Gollany HT, Kleber M, Xing B, Astatkie T. Macronutrient in soils and wheat from long-term agroexperiments reflects variations in residue and fertilizer inputs. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3263. [PMID: 32094423 PMCID: PMC7039891 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60164-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies in the long-term experiments at Pendleton, OR (USA), were focused on organic matter cycling, but the consequences of land management for nutrient status over time have received little attention. Soil and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) tissue samples were analyzed to determine the macronutrient dynamics associated with residue management methods and fertilizer rate under a dryland winter wheat-fallow rotation. The treatments included: no burn residue incorporation with farmyard manure (FYM) or pea vines, no burn or spring burn with application of N fertilizer (0, 45, and 90 kg ha-1), and fall burn wheat residue incorporation. The results revealed no differences on the effect of residue burning on macronutrient concentration over time. After receiving the same treatments for 84 years, the concentrations of soil organic C, total N and S, and extractable Mg, K, P in the 0-10 cm depth significantly increased in FYM plots compared to the rest of the plots. The N fertilization rate of 90 kg ha-1 reduced the accumulations of P, K, and Ca in grain compared to the 0 and 45 kg N ha-1 applications. The results indicate that residue incorporation with FYM can play vital role in reducing the macronutrient decline over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Shiwakoti
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Valtcho D Zheljazkov
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America.
| | - Hero T Gollany
- United States Department of Agriculture- Agriculture Research Service, Columbia Plateau Conservation Research Center, Pendleton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Markus Kleber
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tess Astatkie
- Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Popova V, Ivanova T, Stoyanova A, Nikolova V, Hristeva T, Gochev V, Yonchev Y, Nikolov N, Zheljazkov VD. Terpenoids in the Essential Oil and Concentrated Aromatic Products Obtained from Nicotiana glutinosa L. Leaves. Molecules 2019; 25:E30. [PMID: 31861797 PMCID: PMC6983188 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
N. glutinosa L. is a relatively less studied Nicotiana species (Solanaceae), although there are data about its importance as a model plant in viral control studies, as a gene donor in tobacco hybridization and as a source of agents with insecticidal or fungicidal effects. The biological activities of the species were associated mostly with the presence of leaf surface metabolites, in particular diterpenes and sucrose esters. The aim of this study was to identify the chemical composition of the essential oil (EO) and two aromatic extraction products (concrete and resinoid) obtained from N. glutinosa L. leaves. GC-MS analysis identified 26 components in the EO (representing 97.3% of total oil content), which contained mostly diterpene compounds with major components manool (14.2%), sclarene (8.4%) and manoyl oxide (8.1%). The number of compounds identified in the concrete was 37 (95.5% of the total content) and the major component was the diterpene alcohol sclareol (14.2%). In the resinoid, 30 volatile components (representing 95.1% of resinoid content) were identified, with major components nicotine (32.9%), α-tocopherol (8.2%), tridecanoin (6.9%), sclareol (6.9%), and solanone (6.9%). The group of bicyclic diterpenes had the largest share in the diterpene fraction of the products (57.3%, 91.7%, and 86.3%, respectively for the EO, concrete, and resinoid). Considering the abundance of sclareol in the aromatic products, the antimicrobial activity of the pure substance was determined. Sclareol was highly effective against a set of medicinally important yeasts; Candida albicans АТСС 10231, C. glabrata ATCC 90030, C. parapsilosis clinical isolate, and C. tropicalis NBIMCC 23, while being less effective against the studied Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Data from the study on N. glutinosa aromatic products composition may be of interest to the aroma industries for their possible use in perfumery and cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venelina Popova
- Department of Tobacco, Sugar, Vegetable and Essential Oils, University of Food Technologies, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Tanya Ivanova
- Department of Tobacco, Sugar, Vegetable and Essential Oils, University of Food Technologies, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Albena Stoyanova
- Department of Tobacco, Sugar, Vegetable and Essential Oils, University of Food Technologies, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Violeta Nikolova
- Tobacco and Tobacco Products Institute—Bulgarian Agricultural Academy, 4108 Markovo, Bulgaria
| | - Tsveta Hristeva
- Tobacco and Tobacco Products Institute—Bulgarian Agricultural Academy, 4108 Markovo, Bulgaria
| | - Velizar Gochev
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Plovdiv University “Paisii Hilendarski”, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Yonko Yonchev
- Tobacco and Tobacco Products Institute—Bulgarian Agricultural Academy, 4108 Markovo, Bulgaria
| | - Nikolay Nikolov
- Tobacco and Tobacco Products Institute—Bulgarian Agricultural Academy, 4108 Markovo, Bulgaria
| | - Valtcho D. Zheljazkov
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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Semerdjieva I, Sidjimova B, Yankova-Tsvetkova E, Kostova M, Zheljazkov VD. Study on Galanthus species in the Bulgarian flora. Heliyon 2019; 5:e03021. [PMID: 32373724 PMCID: PMC7191607 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e03021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Genus Galanthus (Amaryllidaceae) includes 19 species in Europe and the Middle East. The Flora of Bulgaria recognizes two species: G. nivalis L. and G. elwesii Hook. Galanthus elwesii is characterized by relatively high morphological variability, leading some authors to identify some populations as G. gracilis Celak. However, the occurrence of G. gracilis in the Bulgarian flora is disputed. The hypothesis was that populations previously identified as G. gracilis belong indeed to a separate species. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare G. nivalis and G. elwesii with plants from populations previously identified as G. gracilis. Morphological, DNA, embryological and anatomical analyzes were conducted to meet the objective. The morphological characteristics and DNA dendrogram revealed that G. gracilis and G. elwesii were situated in the same cluster and had significant morphological similarity, whereas plants from populations identified as G. nivalis were dissimilar in morphology and situated in a separate cluster. The revealed features of the generative sphere showed similarities across the species. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses of the surface revealed that the anticillinal walls of G. elwesii and G. gracilis were straight, while those of G. nivalis were wavy. This research demonstrated that the plants of G. elwesii and those from populations identified as G. gracilis are morphologically, embryologically and genetically similar, thus refuting the hypothesis. This study did not provide sufficient evidence to support the claim of the existence of G. gracilis in the Bulgarian flora; the populations identified as G. gracilis in Bulgaria may be forms of G. elwesii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivanka Semerdjieva
- Department of Botany and Agrometeorology, Faculty of Agronomy, Agricultural University, 4000, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Boryana Sidjimova
- Department of Plant and Fungal Diversity and Resources, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Elina Yankova-Tsvetkova
- Department of Plant and Fungal Diversity and Resources, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Milena Kostova
- Department of Genetics and Breeding, Faculty of Agronomy, Agricultural University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Valtcho D Zheljazkov
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
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Semerdjieva IB, Burducea M, Astatkie T, Zheljazkov VD, Dincheva I. Essential Oil Composition of Ruta graveolens L. Fruits and Hyssopus officinalis Subsp. aristatus (Godr.) Nyman Biomass as a Function of Hydrodistillation Time. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24224047. [PMID: 31717325 PMCID: PMC6891472 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24224047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to establish the kinetics regression models for yield and composition of Ruta graveolens fruit and Hyssopus officinalis subsp. aristatus aboveground biomass essential oil (EO), collected at different time intervals during the hydrodistillation process. The hypothesis was that collecting the EO fractions during specific time frames may result in EOs with dissimilar composition that may have differential use by the industry. Furthermore, we calculated the kinetics regression models for the composition of EO, isolated by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus and characterized by GC-MS and GC-FID analyses. The EO yield of R. graveolens fruits was 0.39% (relative area % of GC-FID chromatogram), with major constituents in the Control fraction (0–90 min) being 2-nonanone, 2-undecanone, and 2-undecanol, representing 65% of the total oil. The highest concentration of 2-nonanone (60%) was found in the 30–60 min oil fraction, the concentration of 2-undecanone (35%) was highest in the Control (0–90 min) fraction, and the concentration of eucalyptol (19%) was highest in the 5–10 min fraction. The EO yield of H. officinalis subsp. aristatus dried biomass was 1.12%. The major constituents in the Control fraction (0–90 min) of H. officinalis biomass were eucalyptol, α-pinene, sabinene, β-pinene, and cis-3-pinanone, representing 86% of the total. Eucalyptol (58%) was the highest in the 0–5 min fraction. The highest β-pinene (15%) and cis-3-pinanone (20%) contents were found in the 20–40 min fraction. The kinetics regression models that were developed for EO composition of R. graveolens were second-order polynominal, Michaelis–Menten, and Exponential decay, while for EO composition of H. officinalis subsp. aristatus biomass were Exponential decay and Power. The results from this study could benefit the EO industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivanka B. Semerdjieva
- Department of Botany and Agrometeorology, Agricultural University, Mendeleev 12, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria;
| | - Marian Burducea
- Research and Development Station for Aquaculture and Aquatic Ecology, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iasi, 700506 Iaşi, Romania;
| | - Tess Astatkie
- Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, PO Box 550, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada;
| | - Valtcho D. Zheljazkov
- Crop and Soil Science Department, Oregon State University, 3050 SW Campus Way, 109 Crop Science Building, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Ivayla Dincheva
- Plant Genetic Research Group, AgroBioInstitute, Agricultural Academy, 8 Dragan Tsankov blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria;
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Popova V, Ivanova T, Prokopov T, Nikolova M, Stoyanova A, Zheljazkov VD. Carotenoid-Related Volatile Compounds of Tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L.) Essential Oils. Molecules 2019; 24:E3446. [PMID: 31547525 PMCID: PMC6804150 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) aroma is an important attribute of tobacco quality and is influenced by a variety of minor chemical components, including carotenoid degradation products. The objectives of this work were to determine the content of the most important fragrance-shaping carotenoid degradation products in the essential oils (EOs) of the three types of Bulgarian tobacco-Oriental (OR), flue-cured Virginia (FCV), and Burley (BU)-and to compare them with other aromatic products from tobacco. The content of total carotenoids and β-carotene was highest in BU tobacco (22.23 and 20.34 mg/100 g DW, respectively), followed by OR (13.60 and 12.09 mg/100 g DW in variety "Plovdiv 7" (Pd7); 6.27 and 5.45 mg/100 g DW in "Krumovgrad" (Kr), and FCV (5.93 and 3.73 mg/100 g DW). EOs were obtained by hydrodistillation in an acidified medium, and the main aroma-impact compounds from carotenoid degradation (identified by GC-MS) were as follows: FCV-α-ionone (0.61 mg/100 g DW), dihydro-β-ionone (0.96 mg/100 g DW), β-damascenone (1.26 mg/100 g DW); BU-α-ionone (0.73 mg/100 g DW), dihydro-β-ionone (1.19 mg/100 g DW), β-damascenone (1.35 mg/100 g DW); OR(Kr)-α-ionone (0.20 mg/100 g DW), β-ionone (1.08 mg/100 g DW), dihydro-β-ionone (1.34 mg/100 g DW), β-damascenone (0.36 mg/100 g DW); OR(Pd7)-α-ionone (1.43 mg/100 g DW), dihydro-β-ionone (1.73 mg/100 g DW), β-damascenone (1.23 mg/100 g DW). Ionone and its derivatives were not identified in the aroma extraction products concrete, resinoid, or absolute. The results suggest that temperature, pH of the medium, process duration, and possibly other unknown factors affect carotenoid transformation. The study provides insight into the composition of tobacco EOs and may be of interest to the fragrance industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venelina Popova
- Department of Tobacco, Sugar, Vegetable and Essential Oils, University of Food Technologies, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
| | - Tanya Ivanova
- Department of Tobacco, Sugar, Vegetable and Essential Oils, University of Food Technologies, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
| | - Tsvetko Prokopov
- Department of Engineering Ecology, University of Food Technologies, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
| | - Milena Nikolova
- Department of Engineering Ecology, University of Food Technologies, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
| | - Albena Stoyanova
- Department of Tobacco, Sugar, Vegetable and Essential Oils, University of Food Technologies, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
| | - Valtcho D Zheljazkov
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, 3050 SW Campus Way, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Petkova Z, Stefanova G, Girova T, Antova G, Stoyanova M, Damianova S, Gochev V, Stoyanova A, Zheljazkov VD. Phytochemical Investigations of Laurel Fruits ( Laurus nobilis). Nat Prod Commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x19868876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bay laurel ( Laurus nobilis L.) is an evergreen tree. The objective of this study was to determine the chemical composition (polyphenols, essential oil [EO], lipid fraction, cellulose, and protein content) of laurel fruits collected from Greece (Mount Athos) and Georgia (the village of Meria), and to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of laurel fruit EOs. The major phenolic acids in the fruits from Greece were p-coumaric acid (free 261.6 µg/g) and vanillic acid (free 253.1 µg/g and conjugated 925.8 µg/g). The major phenolic acids in fruits from Georgia were vanillic acid (free 105.6 µg/g and caffeic acid [conjugated 439.2 µg/g], and syringic acid [conjugated 390.7 µg/g]). The laurel fruit EOs from Greece (1.4% content) and Georgia (1.6%) had distinct composition. Monoterpene hydrocarbons were the dominant group of compounds in the EOs, with 49.7% in the EO from Greece and 68.7% in the EO from Georgia. The major constituents of the fruit EO from Greece were 1,8-cineole (18.2%), α-phellandrene (15.0 %), β-pinene (9.4%), and α -pinene (9.1%), whereas the ones from Georgia were trans-β-ocimene (59.4%) and 1,8-cineole (7.6%). Laurel fruit EO from Greece and Georgia demonstrated low to moderate antimicrobial activity against pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms and the dimorphic yeast Candida albicans. The main fatty acids (FAs) in the lipid fractions were oleic, palmitic, and linoleic; there were differences in FA composition between the shells and the seeds of the fruits from the two countries. γ-Тocopherol predominated in the tocopherol fraction of the lipids from fruits shells and seeds from Greece (65.3% and 54.4%, respectively), whereas β-tocopherol predominated in fruits shells and seeds from Georgia (93.7% and 45.6%, respectively). Currently underutilized, the laurel fruits from both Greece and Georgia contain various valuable compounds that may potentially be used for perfumery, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tania Girova
- University of Plovdiv, Paisii Hilendarski, Bulgaria
| | - Ginka Antova
- University of Plovdiv, Paisii Hilendarski, Bulgaria
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Shiwakoti S, Zheljazkov VD, Gollany HT, Kleber M, Xing B. Micronutrients decline under long-term tillage and nitrogen fertilization. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12020. [PMID: 31427679 PMCID: PMC6700142 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48408-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tillage and nitrogen (N) fertilization can be expected to alter micronutrient dynamics in the soil and in plants over time. However, quantitative information regarding the effects of tillage and N application rates on micronutrient dynamics is limited. The objectives of this study were (a) to determine the long-term effect of different tillage methods as well as variation in N application rates on the distribution of Mehlich III extractable manganese, copper, zinc, boron, and iron in soils and (b) to assess accumulation of the same nutrients in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) tissues. The system studied was under a dryland winter wheat-fallow (WW-F) rotation. Tillage methods included moldboard (MP), disk (DP) and sweep (SW), and the N application rates were 0, 45, 90, 135, and 180 kg ha-1. The concentration of soil manganese was greater under DP (131 mg kg-1) than under MP (111 mg kg-1). Inorganic N application reduced extractable soil copper while, it increased manganese accumulation in wheat grain over time. Comparison of micronutrients with adjacent long-term (since 1931) undisturbed grass pasture revealed that the WW-F plots had lost at least 43% and 53% of extractable zinc and copper, respectively, after 75 years of N fertilization and tillage. The results indicate that DP and inorganic N application could reduce the rate of micronutrient decline in soil and winter wheat grain over time compared to MP and no N fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Shiwakoti
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, 3050 SW Campus Way, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Valtcho D Zheljazkov
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, 3050 SW Campus Way, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Hero T Gollany
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Columbia Plateau Conservation Research Center, 48037 Tubbs Ranch Rd., Adams, OR, 97810, USA
| | - Markus Kleber
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, 3050 SW Campus Way, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
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Abstract
Tribulus terrestris L. (TT) (puncturevine) is a common weed that grows in many countries worldwide and in some places is considered as a noxious weed. The plant has been used in traditional Chinese and Indian medicines and is now considered as one of the most popular aphrodisiacs. It is known for its healing properties for sexual difficulties, impotence, and human and animal hormonal imbalance. It is also used as a sexual booster. Because of the plant’s active substances that can be used for curing sexual and other disorders, interest in it is increasing, and it is currently one of the most studied medicinal plants. The products and preparations manufactured from the aboveground plant parts are especially popular among athletes and people with health issues and diseases such as hormonal imbalance, sexual problems, heart problems, and various kidney and skin diseases. The aim of this review is a comprehensive and critical assessment of the scientific publications involving TT, with special reference to its chemical constituents and biological properties that may facilitate current understanding and future studies of this fascinating plant species. The objectives of this review were (1) to find knowledge gaps, (2) to discuss critically relevant publications and issues with materials and methods that may be prerequisites for contradictory results, and (3) to identify research and development areas. It was found that some of the studies on TT extracts as aphrodisiacs are controversial. A significant number of research publications claim that TT extracts and nutritional supplements containing TT improve muscle tone, have a common biostimulating effect, and improve spermogenesis. However, there are a growing number of publications that dispute these claims, as there are no empirical data on commonly accepted mechanisms of action. The main biologically active substances in TT are steroidal saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and lignan amides, the most studied being the steroidal saponins. Multiyear data on the metabolic profile of the species are generally lacking. There are a variety of methods used for extracting plant material, differences in methodologies and saponin analyses, and scientific instruments that were used. Lack of common standards could be a reason for differences in the pharmacological activity and composition of the TT preparations. Development of standard procedures and methods for collection of plant material and analyses are recommended. Selection and breeding efforts and agronomic studies of promising clones of TT would need to be conducted in order to develop TT as a new crop. This will provide consistency of supply and quality of the feedstock for the pharmaceutical industry and could provide a new cash crop for growers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivanka B. Semerdjieva
- Department of Botany and Agrometeorology, Agricultural University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
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Fidan H, Stefanova G, Kostova I, Stankov S, Damyanova S, Stoyanova A, Zheljazkov VD. Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Laurus nobilis L. Essential Oils from Bulgaria. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24040804. [PMID: 30813368 PMCID: PMC6412751 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24040804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Laurel, Laurus nobilis L. is an evergreen plant belonging to the Lauraceae family, native to Southern Europe and the Mediterranean area. This is the first report on the composition and bioactivity of laurel essential oil (EO) from Bulgaria. The oil yield was 0.78%, 0.80%, and 3.25% in the fruits, twigs, and leaves, respectively. The main constituents in the fruit EO were 1,8-cineole (33.3%), α-terpinyl acetate (10.3%), α-pinene (11.0%), β-elemene (7.5%), sabinene (6.3%), β-phellandrene (5.2%), bornyl acetate (4.4%), and camphene (4.3%); those in the twig EO were 1,8-cineole (48.5%), α-terpinyl acetate (13.1%), methyl eugenol (6.6%), β-linalool (3.8%), β-pinene (3.4%), sabinene (3.3%) and terpinene-4-ol (3.3%); and the ones in the leaf EO were 1,8-cineole (41.0%), α-terpinyl acetate (14.4%), sabinene (8.8%), methyl eugenole (6.0%), β-linalool (4.9%), and α-terpineol (3.1%). The antibacterial and antifungal properties of laurel EOs were examined according to the agar well diffusion method. The leaf EO showed antibacterial and antifungal activities against almost all strains of the microorganisms tested, whereas the twig EO was only able to inhibit Staphylococcus aureus. Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027 and Escherichia coli ATCC 8739 were the bacterial strains that showed the highest resistance to the laurel EO. The results can benefit the EO industry and biopesticide development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafize Fidan
- Department of Catering and Tourism, University of Food Technologies, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
| | | | - Iliana Kostova
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, "Angel Kanchev" University of Russe, Razgrad Branch, 7200 Razgrad, Bulgaria.
| | - Stanko Stankov
- Department of Catering and Tourism, University of Food Technologies, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
| | - Stanka Damyanova
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, "Angel Kanchev" University of Russe, Razgrad Branch, 7200 Razgrad, Bulgaria.
| | - Albena Stoyanova
- Department of Catering and Tourism, University of Food Technologies, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
| | - Valtcho D Zheljazkov
- Crop and Soil Science Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Zheljazkov VD, Stewart CN, Joyce B, Baxter H, Cantrell CL, Astatkie T, Jeliazkova EA, Poovaiah CR. Dual Utilization of Medicinal and Aromatic Crops as Bioenergy Feedstocks. J Agric Food Chem 2018; 66:8744-8752. [PMID: 30028607 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Dual production of biofuels and chemicals can increase the economic value of lignocellulosic bioenergy feedstocks. We compared the bioenergy potential of several essential oil (EO) crops with switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum L.), a crop chosen to benchmark biomass and lignocellulosic biofuel production. The EO crops of interest were peppermint ( Mentha × piperita L.), "Scotch" spearmint ( Mentha × gracilis Sole), Japanese cornmint ( Mentha canadensis L.), and sweet sagewort ( Artemisia annua L.). We also assessed each crop for EO production in a marginal production environment in Wyoming, USA, with irrigation and nitrogen (N) rates using a split-plot experimental design. Oil content ranged from 0.31 to 0.4% for Japanese cornmint, 0.23 to 0.26% for peppermint, 0.38 to 0.5% for spearmint, and the overall mean of sweet sagewort was 0.34%. Oil yields ranged from (in kg ha-1) 34 to 165 in Japanese cornmint, 25 to 108 in peppermint, 29.3 to 126 in spearmint, and 39.7 in sweet sagewort. EO production, but not composition, was sensitive to N fertilization. The alternative bioenergy crops and switchgrass produced similar amounts of ethanol from bench-scale simultaneous saccharification and fermentation assays. Value-added incomes from the EO proceeds were estimated to be between $1055 and $5132 ha-1 from peppermint, $1309 and $5580 ha-1 from spearmint, $510 and $2460 ha-1 from Japanese cornmint, and $3613 ha-1 from sweet sagewort under Wyoming growth conditions. The advantage of the proposed crops over traditional lignocellulosic species is the production of high-value natural products in addition to lignocellulosic biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valtcho D Zheljazkov
- Crop and Soil Science Department , Oregon State University , Corvallis , Oregon 97331 , United States
| | - Charles Neal Stewart
- Department of Plant Sciences , University of Tennessee , Knoxville , Tennessee 37996 , United States
| | - Blake Joyce
- Department of Plant Sciences , University of Tennessee , Knoxville , Tennessee 37996 , United States
| | - Holly Baxter
- Department of Plant Sciences , University of Tennessee , Knoxville , Tennessee 37996 , United States
| | - Charles L Cantrell
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture , NPURU , University , Mississippi 38677 , United States
| | - Tess Astatkie
- Faculty of Agriculture , Dalhousie University , 50 Pictou Road, P.O. Box 550 , Truro , Nova Scotia B2N 5E3 , Canada
| | - Ekaterina A Jeliazkova
- Crop and Soil Science Department , Oregon State University , Corvallis , Oregon 97331 , United States
| | - Charleson R Poovaiah
- Department of Plant Sciences , University of Tennessee , Knoxville , Tennessee 37996 , United States
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Jeliazkova E, D Zheljazkov V, Kačániova M, Astatkie T, L Tekwani B. Sequential Elution of Essential Oil Constituents during Steam Distillation of Hops (Humulus lupulus L.) and Influence on Oil Yield and Antimicrobial Activity. J Oleo Sci 2018; 67:871-883. [PMID: 29877222 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess17216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The profile and bioactivity of hops (Humulus lupulus L.) essential oil, a complex natural product extracted from cones via steam distillation, depends on genetic and environmental factors, and may also depend on extraction process. We hypothesized that compound mixtures eluted sequentially and captured at different timeframes during the steam distillation process of whole hop cones would have differential chemical and bioactivity profiles. The essential oil was collected sequentially at 8 distillation time (DT) intervals: 0-2, 2-5, 5-10, 10-30, 30-60, 60-120, 120-180, and 180-240 min. The control was a 4-h non-interrupted distillation. Nonlinear regression models described the DT and essential oil compounds relationship. Fractions yielded 0.035 to 0.313% essential oil, while control yielded 1.47%. The oil eluted during the first hour was 83.2%, 9.6% during the second hour, and only 7.2% during the second half of the distillation. Essential oil (EO) fractions had different chemical profile. Monoterpenes were eluted early, while sequiterpenes were eluted late. Myrcene and linalool were the highest in 0-2 min fraction, β-caryophyllene, β-copaene, β-farnesene, and α-humulene were highest in fractions from middle of distillation, whereas α- bergamotene, γ-muurolene, β- and α-selinene, γ- and δ-cadinene, caryophyllene oxide, humulne epoxide II, τ-cadinol, and 6-pentadecen-2-one were highest in 120-180 or 180-240 min fractions. The Gram-negative Escherichia coli was strongly inhibited by essential oil fractions from 2-5 min and 10-30 min, followed by oil fraction from 0-2 min. The strongest inhibition activity against Gram-negative Yersinia enterocolitica, and Gram-positive Clostridium perfringens, Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus aureus subs. aureus was observed with the control essential oil. This is the first study to describe significant activity of hops essential oils against Trypanosoma brucei, a parasitic protozoan that causes African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness in humans and nagana in other animals). Hops essential oil fractions or whole oil may be used as antimicrobial agents or for the development of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Miroslava Kačániova
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture
| | | | - Babu L Tekwani
- National Center for Natural Products Research & Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi
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Grul'ová D, Mudrončeková S, Zheljazkov VD, Šalamon I, Rondon SI. Effect of Plant Essential Oils against Rophalosiphum padi on Wheat and Barley. Nat Prod Commun 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1701200933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of six EOs against Rhopalosiphum padi L. (Homoptera: Aphididae). This aphid is one of the most important cereal pests worldwide. EOs used in this study were from cumin ( Cuminum cyminum L.; Apiaceae), hyssop ( Hyssopus officinalis L.; Lamiaceae), costmary ( Tanacetum balsamita L. syn. Chrysanthemum balsamita L. Baill; Asteraceae), lovage ( Levisticum officinale W.D.J. Koch; Apiaceae), lavander ( Lavandula angustifolia Mill; Lamiaceae) and thyme ( Thymus vulgaris L.; Lamiaceae). Cultivar ORCF-10, a soft white winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar and barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) cv. ‘Alba’ were selected for the bioassays. Each EO was diluted with acetone (w/v) at different concentrations ranging from 0.1 % to 1.0 %. Number of R. padi landing on treated or untreated leaves was counted 24 h after the initial aphid transfer. In general, the repellency effect increased as the concentration of EOs increased regardless of treatments with the exception of lovage. Regardless of the substrate and treatment, lower numbers of aphids were observed on treated leaves at higher concentrations compared to the untreated control stressing the repellency effect. This study demonstrated that the EOs of cumin, hyssop, costmary, lavender, and thyme may have potential for aphids control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Grul'ová
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Presov, Presov, 080 01 Slovakia
| | - Silvia Mudrončeková
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Presov, Presov, 080 01 Slovakia
| | - Valtcho D. Zheljazkov
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Ivan Šalamon
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Presov, Presov, 080 01 Slovakia
| | - Silvia I. Rondon
- Hermiston Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Oregon State University, Hermiston, Oregon, 97838 USA
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Sintim HY, Zheljazkov VD, Foley ME, Evangelista RL. Coal-Bed Methane Water: Effects on Soil Properties and Camelina Productivity. J Environ Qual 2017; 46:641-648. [PMID: 28724110 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2016.10.0403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Every year, the production of coal-bed natural gas in the Powder River Basin results in the discharge of large amounts of coal-bed methane water (CBMW) in Wyoming; however, no sustainable disposal methods for CBMW are currently available. A greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate the potential to use CBMW as a source of irrigation water for camelina [ (L.) Crantz]. We assessed the effects of three CBMW concentrations (0% [1:0], 50% [1:1], and 100% [0:1] tap water to CBMW) on selected soil properties, growth, seed oil, and fatty acid composition of three camelina cultivars: Blaine Creek, Ligena, and Pronghorn. The 100% CBMW reduced seed and estimated biofuel yields by 24 and 23%, respectively, but increased the oil content by 3%, relative to the control. Additionally, the 100% CBMW visibly affected soil through formation of surface crust due to elevated levels of sodium (653 mg Na kg). The 50% CBMW had no significant effects on the seed yield, estimated biofuel yield, and oil content, but the soil Na levels were still high (464 mg kg), which could pose a long-term impact on soil structure. The CBMW tended to reduce the total saturated fatty acid, but it had no significant effects on the total monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids of camelina seeds. Overall, CBMW diluted with an equal amount of good-quality water could be used to irrigate camelina in the short term. Afterward, only good-quality water would have to be used until the accumulated dissolved solids are flushed out.
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Shiwakoti S, Saleh O, Poudyal S, Barka A, Qian Y, Zheljazkov VD. Yield, Composition and Antioxidant Capacity of the Essential Oil of Sweet Basil and Holy Basil as Influenced by Distillation Methods. Chem Biodivers 2017; 14. [PMID: 28028933 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201600417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The profile and bioactivity of essential oil (EO) depends on genetic, environmental, and other factors. We hypothesized that the basil EO may be influenced by the distillation methods. Hence, a study was conducted to evaluate the effect of steam distillation (SD) and hydrodistillation (HD) extraction method on the yield, composition, and bioactivity of EO of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) and holy basil (Ocimum tenuiflorum). In both basil species, the EO yield (content) was significantly higher from SD than from HD. There were significant differences in the compounds' concentrations of EO obtained from SD and HD as well, however, the same compounds were identified in the EO from HD and SD. In the EO of O. basilicum, the concentration of 74% of the identified compounds were higher in SD than HD, whereas in the EO of O. tenuiflorum, the concentration of 84% of identified compounds were higher in SD than in HD. However, the concentrations of two of the major compounds of O. basilicum EO (estragole and methyl cinnamate) and a major compound of O. tenuiflorum EO (methyl eugenol) were significantly higher in HD than in SD. The type of distillation did not affect the antioxidant capacity of basil EO within the species. This study demonstrated that the type of distillation may significantly affect oil yield and composition but not the antioxidant capacity of the EO from sweet and holy basil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Shiwakoti
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.,Department of Plant Sciences, University of Wyoming, 1000 University Avenue, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Osama Saleh
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Wyoming, 1000 University Avenue, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Shital Poudyal
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Wyoming, 1000 University Avenue, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA.,Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, 1066 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Abdulssamad Barka
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Wyoming, 1000 University Avenue, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Yanping Qian
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Valtcho D Zheljazkov
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.,Department of Plant Sciences, University of Wyoming, 1000 University Avenue, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
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Zheljazkov VD, Astatkie T, Jeliazkova EA, Heidel B, Ciampa L. Essential Oil Content, Composition and Bioactivity of Juniper Species in Wyoming, United States. Nat Prod Commun 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1701200215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate variations in leaf essential oil (EO) content and composition of Juniperus species in the Bighorn Mountains { J. communis L. (common juniper), J. horizontalis Moench. (creeping juniper), and J. scopulorum Sarg. (Rocky Mountain juniper)} in Wyoming, USA. The EO was extracted via steam distillation of fresh leaves (needles). The EO composition of the three Juniper species varied widely. Overall, the essential oil content of fresh leaves was 1.0% (0.4–1.8% range in different accessions) in J. communis, 1.3% (1.2 to 1.6% range) in J. horizontalis, and 1.1% (0.7–1.5% range) in J. scopulorum. The EO chemical profile of J. communis was very different from that of the other two species. The concentration of α-pinene in the oil was 67–80% in J. communis, 2.8–6% in J. horizontalis, and 2.3–13% in J. scopulorum. The concentration of sabinene was 57–61% of the oil of J. horizontalis and 13–59% in oil of J. scopulorum, whereas sabinene was either below 1% or not detected in J. communis. The oils of J. scopulorum and J. horizontalis had higher antioxidant capacity than that of J. communis. The oils of the three junipers did not show significant antimicrobial activity against 10 organisms. The diversity of the essential oil composition of these three junipers may encourage diverse industrial applications of Juniperus leaf essential oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valtcho D. Zheljazkov
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Tess Astatkie
- Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada B2N 5E3
| | | | - Bonnie Heidel
- WY Natural Diversity Database, University of Wyoming, Laramie WY 82071, USA
| | - Lyn Ciampa
- WY Natural Diversity Database, University of Wyoming, Laramie WY 82071, USA
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Shiwakoti S, Poudyal S, Saleh O, Astatkie T, Zheljazkov VD. Method for Attaining Caraway Seed Oil Fractions with Different Composition. Chem Biodivers 2016; 13:695-9. [PMID: 27119969 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201500190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Caraway (Carum carvi L.) is a medicinal and aromatic plant; its seeds (fruits) are used as spice and they contain essential oils. We hypothesized that by collecting caraway oil at different time points during the extraction process, we could obtain oil fractions with distinct chemical composition. A hydrodistillation time (HDT) study was conducted to test the hypothesis. The caraway seed oil fractions were collected at eight different HDT (at 0 - 2, 2 - 7, 7 - 15, 15 - 30, 30 - 45, 45 - 75, 75 - 105, and 105 - 135 min). Additionally, a non-stop HD for 135 min was conducted as a control. Most of the oil was eluted early in the HD process. The non-stop HDT treatment yielded 2.76% oil by weight. Of the 24 essential oil constituents, limonene (77 - 19% of the total oil) and carvone (20 - 79%) were the major ones. Other constituents included myrcene (0.72 - 0.16%), trans-carveol (0.07 - 0.39%), and β-caryophyllene (0.07 - 0.24%). Caraway seed oil with higher concentration of limonene can be obtained by sampling oil fractions early in HD process; conversely, oil with high concentration of carvone can be obtained by excluding the fractions eluted early in the HD process. We demonstrated a method of obtaining caraway seed oil fractions with various and unique composition. These novel oil fractions with unique composition are not commercially available and could have much wider potential uses, and also target different markets compared to the typical caraway essential oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Shiwakoti
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, 109 Crop Science Building, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.,Plant Sciences Department, University of Wyoming, 1000 University Avenue, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Shital Poudyal
- Plant Sciences Department, University of Wyoming, 1000 University Avenue, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Osama Saleh
- Plant Sciences Department, University of Wyoming, 1000 University Avenue, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Tess Astatkie
- Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, 50 Pictou Road, P.O. Box 550, Truro, NS, B2N 5E3, Canada
| | - Valtcho D Zheljazkov
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, 109 Crop Science Building, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
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Abstract
Pumping water from coal seams decreases the pressure in the seam and in turn releases trapped methane; this is the most common and economic method of methane extraction. The water that is pumped out is known as "coal-bed methane water" (CBMW), which is high in sodium and other salts. In the past 25 yr, the United States has seen a 16-fold increase in the production of coal bed methane gas, and trillions of cubic meters are yet to be extracted. There is no sustainable disposal method for CBMW, and there are very few studies investigating the effects of this water on plants and their secondary metabolites and on soil properties. This study was conducted to determine the effects of CBMW on soil chemical properties and on the biomass and essential oil yield and composition of dill ( L.). This crop was grown in a greenhouse and was subjected to different levels of CBMW treatment: tap water only; 25% CBMW, 75% tap water; 50% CBMW, 50% tap water; 75% CBMW, 25% tap water; and 100% CBMW. The major dill oil constituents, limonene and α-phellandrene, were not affected by the treatments; however, the concentration of dill ether increased with increasing CBMW levels, whereas the concentration of carvone decreased. In soil, sodium level significantly increased with increasing level of treatment, but pH and cation exchange capacity were not much affected. Coal bed methane water could be used for irrigation of dill for one growing season, but longer-term studies may be needed to clarify the long-term effects on soil and plant.
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Zheljazkov VD, Shiwakoti S, Jeliazkova EA, Astatkie T. Chemical Profile and Bioactivity of Essential Oil Fractions as a Function of Distillation Time. ACS Symposium Series 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2016-1218.ch010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valtcho D. Zheljazkov
- Columbia Agricultural Research Station, Oregon State University, 48037 Tubbs Ranch Road, P.O. Box 370, Pendleton, Oregon 97801, United States
- Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, 50 Pictou Road, P.O. Box 550, Truro, NS, B2N 5E3, Canada
- Present Address: Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, 109 Crop Science Building, Corvallis, Oregon 97331. Ph:
| | - Santosh Shiwakoti
- Columbia Agricultural Research Station, Oregon State University, 48037 Tubbs Ranch Road, P.O. Box 370, Pendleton, Oregon 97801, United States
- Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, 50 Pictou Road, P.O. Box 550, Truro, NS, B2N 5E3, Canada
- Present Address: Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, 109 Crop Science Building, Corvallis, Oregon 97331. Ph:
| | - Ekaterina A. Jeliazkova
- Columbia Agricultural Research Station, Oregon State University, 48037 Tubbs Ranch Road, P.O. Box 370, Pendleton, Oregon 97801, United States
- Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, 50 Pictou Road, P.O. Box 550, Truro, NS, B2N 5E3, Canada
- Present Address: Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, 109 Crop Science Building, Corvallis, Oregon 97331. Ph:
| | - Tess Astatkie
- Columbia Agricultural Research Station, Oregon State University, 48037 Tubbs Ranch Road, P.O. Box 370, Pendleton, Oregon 97801, United States
- Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, 50 Pictou Road, P.O. Box 550, Truro, NS, B2N 5E3, Canada
- Present Address: Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, 109 Crop Science Building, Corvallis, Oregon 97331. Ph:
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Burkhardt A, Gawde A, Cantrell CL, Baxter HL, Joyce BL, Stewart CN, Zheljazkov VD. Effects of Produced Water on Soil Characteristics, Plant Biomass, and Secondary Metabolites. J Environ Qual 2015; 44:1938-1947. [PMID: 26641346 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2015.06.0299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The Powder River Basin in Wyoming and Montana contains the United States' largest coal reserve. The area produces large amounts of natural gas through extraction from water-saturated coalbeds. Determining the impacts of coalbed natural gas-produced efflux water on crops is important when considering its potential use as supplemental irrigation water. We hypothesized that coalbed natural gas water, because of its high salinity and sodicity, would affect plant secondary metabolism (essential oils) and biomass accumulation. A 2-yr field study was conducted in Wyoming to investigate the effects of produced water on two traditional bioenergy feedstocks-corn ( L.) and switchgrass ( L.)-and four novel biofuel feedstock species-spearmint ( L.), Japanese cornmint ( L.), lemongrass [ (Nees ex Steud.) J.F. Watson]), and common wormwood ( L.). The four nontraditional feedstock species were chosen because they contain high-value plant chemicals that can offset production costs. Essential oil content was significantly affected by coalbed natural gas water in lemongrass and spearmint. Oil content differences between two spearmint harvests in the same year indicated that there were significant changes between the growth stage of the plant and essential oil content; the first harvest averaged 0.42 g of oil per 100 g biomass while the second harvest (harvested before flowering) yielded only 0.19 g oil per 100 g dry biomass. Results indicated that produced water can be used for short-period (2 yr) irrigation of crops. However, prolonged use of untreated produced water for irrigation would likely have deleterious long-term effects on the soil and plants unless the water was treated or diluted (mixed) with good-quality water.
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Joyce BL, Zheljazkov VD, Sykes R, Cantrell CL, Hamilton C, Mann DGJ, Rodriguez M, Mielenz JR, Astatkie T, Stewart CN. Ethanol and High-Value Terpene Co-Production from Lignocellulosic Biomass of Cymbopogon flexuosus and Cymbopogon martinii. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139195. [PMID: 26437026 PMCID: PMC4593581 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cymbopogon flexuosus, lemongrass, and C. martinii, palmarosa, are perennial grasses grown to produce essential oils for the fragrance industry. The objectives of this study were (1) to evaluate biomass and oil yields as a function of nitrogen and sulfur fertilization, and (2) to characterize their utility for lignocellulosic ethanol compared to Panicum virgatum (switchgrass). Mean biomass yields were 12.83 Mg lemongrass ha-1 and 15.11 Mg palmarosa ha-1 during the second harvest year resulting in theoretical biofuel yields of 2541 and 2569 L ethanol ha-1 respectively compared to reported 1749–3691 L ethanol ha-1 for switchgrass. Pretreated lemongrass yielded 198 mL ethanol (g biomass)-1 and pretreated palmarosa yielded 170 mL ethanol (g biomass)-1. Additionally, lemongrass yielded 85.7 kg essential oil ha-1 and palmarosa yielded 67.0 kg ha-1 with an estimated value of USD $857 and $1005 ha-1. These data suggest that dual-use crops such as lemongrass and palmarosa may increase the economic viability of lignocellulosic biofuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake L. Joyce
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, United States of America
| | - Valtcho D. Zheljazkov
- Columbia Basin Agricultural Research Station, Oregon State University, 48037 Co 788 Rd, Adams, OR, 97810, United States of America
- * E-mail: ;
| | - Robert Sykes
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, United States of America
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, United States of America
| | - Charles L. Cantrell
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, NPURU, University, MS, 38677, United States of America
| | - Choo Hamilton
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, United States of America
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Environmental Science Division, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, United States of America
| | - David G. J. Mann
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, United States of America
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, United States of America
| | - Miguel Rodriguez
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, United States of America
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Environmental Science Division, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, United States of America
| | - Jonathan R. Mielenz
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, United States of America
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Environmental Science Division, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, United States of America
| | - Tess Astatkie
- Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, 50 Pictou Road, P.O. Box 550, Truro, NS, B2N 5E3, Canada
| | - C. Neal Stewart
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, United States of America
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