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Liu Y, Wang W, Di B, Miao J. Curcumol ameliorates neuroinflammation after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury via affecting microglial polarization and Treg/Th17 balance through Nrf2/HO-1 and NF-κB signaling. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:300. [PMID: 38914581 PMCID: PMC11196256 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-02067-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation caused by microglia and other immune cells plays pivotal role in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury and recovery. Modulating microglial polarization or Treg/Th17 balance from pro-inflammatory phenotype to anti-inflammatory phenotype are promising strategies for the treatment of cerebral ischemia. Curcumol has potential to fight against oxidative stress and inflammation, but whether it has protective effect in cerebral ischemia is uncertain. In the present study, cerebral ischemia was induced in C57BL/6 mice via middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). MCAO mice were treated with curcumol for 7 days, then post-stroke ischemic injury, neurological deficits, microglial polarization and brain leukocyte infiltration were evaluated by TTC staining, behavioural tests, flow cytometry, western blot and immunofluorescence. We found that poststroke administration of curcumol reduced infarct volume, attenuated neuronal damage and inflammation, and improved motor function recovery of MCAO mice. Curcumol skewed microglial polarization toward anti-inflammatory phenotype in MCAO mice in vivo or after oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R) in vitro. In addition, curcumol reduced local T cell infiltration in ischemic brain of MCAO mice and impaired Treg/Th17 balance. Curcumol inhibited ROS production and regulated Nrf2/HO-1 and NF-κB signaling in microglia. Finally, inhibiting Nrf2/HO-1 signaling or activating NF-κB signaling abrogated the influence of curcumol on microglial polarization. In conclusion, curcumol treatment reduced brain damage and neuroinflammation via modulating anti-inflammatory microglial polarization and Treg/Th17 balance through Nrf2/HO-1 and NF-κB signaling. Curcumol might be a promising treatment strategy for stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Bohan Di
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Jiangyong Miao
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, China.
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Zhai S, Wang R, Wang J, Xu X, Niu L, Guo M, Zhang Y, Shi Y, Tang X. Curcumol: a review of its pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, drug delivery systems, structure-activity relationships, and potential applications. Inflammopharmacology 2024; 32:1659-1704. [PMID: 38520574 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-024-01447-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Curcumol (Cur), a guaiane-type sesquiterpenoid hemiketal, is an important and representative bioactive component extracted from the essential oil of the rhizomes of Curcumae rhizoma which is also known as "Ezhu" in traditional Chinese medicine. Recently, Cur has received considerable attention from the research community due to its favorable pharmacological activities, including anti-cancer, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-convulsant, and other activities, and has also exerted therapeutic effect on various cancers, liver diseases, inflammatory diseases, and infectious diseases. Pharmacokinetic studies have shown that Cur is rapidly distributed in almost all organs of rats after intragastric administration with high concentrations in the small intestine and colon. Several studies focusing on structure-activity relationship (SAR) of Cur have shown that some Cur derivatives, chemically modified at C-8 or C-14, exhibited more potent anti-cancer activity and lower toxicity than Cur itself. This review aims to comprehensively summarize the latest advances in the pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties of Cur in the last decade with a focus on its anti-cancer and hepatoprotective potentials, as well as the research progress in drug delivery system and potential applications of Cur to date, to provide researchers with the latest information, to highlighted the limitations of relevant research at the current stage and the aspects that should be addressed in future research. Our results indicate that Cur and its derivatives could serve as potential novel agents for the treatment of a variety of diseases, particularly cancer and liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sicheng Zhai
- School of Medical Engineering, Haojing College of Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Tongyi Avenue, Xi Xian New District, Xianyang City, 712046, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Wang
- School of Medical Engineering, Haojing College of Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Tongyi Avenue, Xi Xian New District, Xianyang City, 712046, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and New Drug Research in Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Shiji Avenue, Xi Xian New District, Xianyang City, 712046, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangdong Xu
- School of Medical Engineering, Haojing College of Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Tongyi Avenue, Xi Xian New District, Xianyang City, 712046, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Le Niu
- School of Medical Engineering, Haojing College of Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Tongyi Avenue, Xi Xian New District, Xianyang City, 712046, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Guo
- School of Medical Engineering, Haojing College of Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Tongyi Avenue, Xi Xian New District, Xianyang City, 712046, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongling Zhang
- School of Medical Engineering, Haojing College of Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Tongyi Avenue, Xi Xian New District, Xianyang City, 712046, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajun Shi
- Key Laboratory of Basic and New Drug Research in Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Shiji Avenue, Xi Xian New District, Xianyang City, 712046, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xuexue Tang
- School of Medical Engineering, Haojing College of Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Tongyi Avenue, Xi Xian New District, Xianyang City, 712046, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Su J, Chen XM, Xie YL, Li MQ, Shang Q, Zhang DK, Cai XF, Liu H, Huang HZ, Zheng C, Han L. Clinical efficacy, pharmacodynamic components, and molecular mechanisms of antiviral granules in the treatment of influenza: A systematic review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 318:117011. [PMID: 37567423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The Antiviral Granules (AG) are derived from the classical famous prescription, which is composed of 9 traditional Chinese medicines, namely Radix Isatidis (called Banlangen, BLG in Chinese), Forsythiae Fructus (called Lianqiao, LQ in Chinese), Gypsum fibrosum, Anemarrhenae Rhizoma (called Zhimu, ZM in Chinese), Phragmitis Rhizoma (called Lugen, LG in Chinese), Rehmanniae Radix (called Dihuang, DH in Chinese), Pogostemonis Herba (called Guanghuoxiang, GHX in Chinese), Acori Tatarinowii Rhizoma (called Shichangpu, SCP in Chinese), and Curcumae Radix (called Yujin, YJ in Chinese), and has shown an excellent therapeutic effect in clinical treatment of influenza. However, there are few studies on the anti-influenza mechanism of AG, and the mechanism of action is still unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY The purpose is to provide the latest information about the clinical efficacy, pharmacodynamic composition and mechanism of AG based on scientific literature, so as to enhance the utilization of AG in the treatment of influenza and related diseases, and promote the development and innovation of novel anti-influenza drugs targeting the influenza virus. MATERIALS AND METHODS Enter the data retrieval room, search for Antiviral Granules, as well as the scientific names, common names, and Chinese names of each Chinese medicine. Additionally, search for the relevant clinical applications, pharmacodynamic composition, pharmacological action, and molecular mechanism of both Antiviral Granules and single-ingredient medicines. Keywords includes terms such as "antiviral granules", "influenza", "Isatis indigotica Fort.", "Radix Isatidis", "Banlangeng", "pharmacology", "clinical application", "pharmacologic action", etc. and their combinations. Obtain results from the Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, Sci Finder Scholar, CNKI and other resources. RESULTS AG is effective in the treatment of influenza and is often used in combination with other drugs to treat viral diseases. Its chemical composition is complex, including alkaloids, polysaccharides, volatile oils, steroid saponins, phenylpropanoids, terpenoids and other compounds. These compounds have a variety of pharmacological activities, which can interfere with the replication cycle of the influenza virus, regulate RIG-I-MAVS, JAK/STAT, TLRs/MyD88, NF-κB signaling pathways and related cytokines, regulate intestinal microorganisms, and protect both the lungs and extrapulmonary organs. CONCLUSIONS AG can overcome the limitations of traditional antiviral drug therapy, play a synergistic role in fighting influenza virus with the characteristics of multi-component, multi-pathway and multi-target therapy, and reverse the bodily function damage caused by influenza virus. AG may be a potential drug in the prevention and treatment of influenza and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Xin-Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yi-Ling Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Meng-Qi Li
- Pharmacy Department, Sichuan Nursing Vocational College, Chengdu, 610100, China
| | - Qiang Shang
- Sichuan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Antiviral Chinese Medicine Industrialization, Sichuan Guangda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Pengzhou, 611930, China
| | - Ding-Kun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; Sichuan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Innovative Re-development of Famous Classical Formulas, Tianfu TCM Innovation Harbour, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Pengzhou, 611930, China
| | - Xin-Fu Cai
- Sichuan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Antiviral Chinese Medicine Industrialization, Sichuan Guangda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Pengzhou, 611930, China
| | - Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Hao-Zhou Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy/Academy for Interdiscipline, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; Meishan Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Meishan, 620010, China.
| | - Chuan Zheng
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, China.
| | - Li Han
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
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Delmondes GDA, Pereira Lopes MJ, Borges ADS, Bezerra DS, Silva JPD, Souto BS, Costa JGDS, Campos PEDS, Santana TID, Coutinho HDM, Barbosa-Filho JM, Alencar de Menezes IR, Bezerra Felipe CF, Kerntopf MR. Investigation of mechanisms of action involved in the antidepressant-like effect of Trans,trans-farnesol in mice. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 386:110791. [PMID: 37923004 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate, through in vivo and biochemical methodologies, the effect of trans,trans-farnesol (12.5, 25, 50 or 100 mg/kg, p.o.) acute administration, adopting different behavioral and neurochemical parameters associated with an acute induced-depression model in mice. The initial results showed that, the oral treatment with trans,trans-farnesol, at the dose of 100 mg/kg induced a possible antidepressant-like effect in animals subjected to forced swim test (FST) and reserpine-induced akinesia. In addition, it was observed that the compound in question has an effect size and properties similar to imipramine (prototype of tricyclic antidepressants), but devoid of proconvulsant adverse effect. In biochemical assays, the pretreatment with trans,trans-farnesol, at a dose of 100 mg/kg (p.o.), decreased the hippocampal concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and restored striatal levels of noradrenaline and serotonin in mice subjected to FST. Altogether, these results suggest that trans,trans-farnesol showed a significant antidepressant-like effect, which seems to be mediated by the antagonism of muscarinic cholinergic receptors, reduction of oxidative stress and the modulation of noradrenaline and serotonin content in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyllyandeson de Araújo Delmondes
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, CE, Brazil; Nursing Collegiate, Federal University of São Francisco Valley, Petrolina, PE, Brazil.
| | | | - Alex de Sousa Borges
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Daniel Souza Bezerra
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, CE, Brazil; Natural Products Pharmacology Laboratory, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Jairo Pessoa da Silva
- Nursing Collegiate, Federal University of São Francisco Valley, Petrolina, PE, Brazil
| | - Bruna Silva Souto
- Nursing Collegiate, Federal University of São Francisco Valley, Petrolina, PE, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marta Regina Kerntopf
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, CE, Brazil; Natural Products Pharmacology Laboratory, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, CE, Brazil
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Malaník M, Čulenová M, Sychrová A, Skiba A, Skalicka-Woźniak K, Šmejkal K. Treating Epilepsy with Natural Products: Nonsense or Possibility? Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1061. [PMID: 37630977 PMCID: PMC10459181 DOI: 10.3390/ph16081061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a neurological disease characterized by recurrent seizures that can lead to uncontrollable muscle twitching, changes in sensitivity to sensory perceptions, and disorders of consciousness. Although modern medicine has effective antiepileptic drugs, the need for accessible and cost-effective medication is urgent, and products derived from plants could offer a solution. For this review, we have focused on natural compounds that have shown anticonvulsant activity in in vivo models of epilepsy at relevant doses. In some cases, the effects have been confirmed by clinical data. The results of our search are summarized in tables according to their molecular targets. We have critically evaluated the data we present, identified the most promising therapeutic candidates, and discussed these in the text. Their perspectives are supported by both pharmacokinetic properties and potential interactions. This review is intended to serve as a basis for future research into epilepsy and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Malaník
- Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Masaryk University, Palackého 1946/1, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic; (A.S.); (K.Š.)
| | - Marie Čulenová
- Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Masaryk University, Palackého 1946/1, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic; (A.S.); (K.Š.)
| | - Alice Sychrová
- Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Masaryk University, Palackého 1946/1, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic; (A.S.); (K.Š.)
| | - Adrianna Skiba
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodzki Str., 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (A.S.); (K.S.-W.)
| | - Krystyna Skalicka-Woźniak
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodzki Str., 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (A.S.); (K.S.-W.)
| | - Karel Šmejkal
- Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Masaryk University, Palackého 1946/1, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic; (A.S.); (K.Š.)
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6
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Hu G, Chen W, Peng W, Huang Z, Dong Z, Cao Y. Cincumol prevents malignant phenotype of colorectal cancer cell line HCT116 via inhibiting PI3K/AKT signaling in vitro. Acta Cir Bras 2023; 37:e371201. [PMID: 36651426 PMCID: PMC9839155 DOI: 10.1590/acb371201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common human cancer along with higher incidence and mortality, and this study aimed to identify the effect of cincumol on CRC and its potential mechanisms. METHODS CRC cell line HCT116 was used as the material. Cell proliferation was evaluated by CCK-8 assay, and cell migration was detected by scratch test and Transwell assay. TUNEL staining assay was used to evaluate cell apoptosis. The expression of target genes was detected by qualitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot assays. RESULTS Cincumol significantly reduced the proliferative and migratory rate and enhanced apoptotic rate of HCT116 cells. Meanwhile, the elevated levels of RBUsuh, Nicd and Tace was also observed in cincumol-treated HCT116 cells. Moreover, our findings revealed that additional cincumol inhibited the expression of p-PI3K and p-AKT, suggesting the inhibition of PI3K/AKT signaling might be involved in the protective role of cincumol on the malignant phenotypes of CRC cells in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Cincumol inhibited the malignant phenotypes of CRC cells in vitro through inactivating PI3K/AKT signaling, suggesting that cincumol might be a potential anti-CRC agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaowu Hu
- MD. Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine – Department of Anorectal Medicine – Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine-Integrated Hospital – Shanghai, China
| | - Wenquan Chen
- MD. Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine – Department of Anorectal Medicine – Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine-Integrated Hospital – Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Peng
- MD. Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine – Department of Anorectal Medicine – Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine-Integrated Hospital – Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Huang
- MD. Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine – Department of Anorectal Medicine – Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine-Integrated Hospital – Shanghai, China
| | - Zhanlin Dong
- MD. Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine – Department of Anorectal Medicine – Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine-Integrated Hospital – Shanghai, China
| | - Yongqing Cao
- BD. Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine – Department of Anorectal Medicine – Longhua Hospital – Shanghai, China.,Corresponding author:
- (021) 64385700
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Araújo Delmondes GD, Pereira Lopes MJ, Araújo IM, de Sousa Borges A, Batista PR, Melo Coutinho HD, Alencar de Menezes IR, Barbosa-Filho JM, Bezerra Felipe CF, Kerntopf MR. Possible mechanisms involved in the neuroprotective effect of Trans,trans-farnesol on pilocarpine-induced seizures in mice. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 365:110059. [PMID: 35931201 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate, through in vivo and in vitro methodologies, the effect of acute trans,trans-farnesol (12.5, 25, 50 or 100 mg/kg, p.o.) administration on behavioral and neurochemical parameters associated with pilocarpine-induced epileptic seizure (300 mg/kg, i.p.) in mice. The initial results showed that the compound in question presents no anxiolytic-like or myorelaxant effects, despite reducing locomotor activity in the animals at all doses tested. In addition, the lowest dose increased the latency to onset of the first epileptic seizure, and the time to death. In addition to decreasing the mortality percentage in mice submitted to the pilocarpine model. In this same model, pretreatment with the lowest dose of the compound decreased the hippocampal concentrations of thiobarbituric acid and nitrite, and partially restored striatal concentrations of noradrenaline, dopamine, and serotonin. Taken together, the results suggest that trans,trans-farnesol presents a central depressant effect which contributes to its antiepileptic action which, in turn, seems to be mediated by the antagonism of muscarinic cholinergic receptors, reduction of oxidative stress. and modulation of noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin concentrations in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyllyandeson de Araújo Delmondes
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, CE, Brazil; Natural Products Pharmacology Laboratory, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, CE, Brazil.
| | | | - Isaac Moura Araújo
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Alex de Sousa Borges
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Paulo Ricardo Batista
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Marta Regina Kerntopf
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, CE, Brazil; Natural Products Pharmacology Laboratory, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, CE, Brazil
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8
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Muto NA, Hamoy M, da Silva Ferreira CB, Hamoy AO, Lucas DCR, de Mello VJ, Rogez H. Extract of Euterpe oleracea Martius Stone Presents Anticonvulsive Activity via the GABAA Receptor. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:872743. [PMID: 35634465 PMCID: PMC9130464 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.872743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological diseases globally, resulting from a disorder in brain activity. This condition can be triggered by birth trauma, traumatic brain injury (TBI), infections of the brain and stroke. More than 70 million people suffer seizures caused by neurological abnormalities. Approximately 80% of all epileptic patients reside in low-income conditions or in developing countries, and over 75% of patients do not receive proper treatment. Our previous study found an anticonvulsant property of an extract of Euterpe oleracea stone (EEOS) that caused myorelaxation, sedation, and cardiac and respiratory depression after intraperitoneal administration. The present study investigated through electroencephalographic (EEG) profiling the anticonvulsant protective properties of EEOS in induced convulsing rats. Male Wistar rats were treated with EEOS (300 mg/kg), diazepam (DZP) (5 mg/kg), pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) (60 mg/kg) and flumazenil (FMZ) (0.1 mg/kg) by intraperitoneal (i.p.). Electrodes implanted on the dura mater provided EEG data in which EEOS suppressed seizure deflagration caused by PTZ. In addition, EEOS presented no significant difference in comparison to DZP, which has the same mechanism of action. After FMZ injection, a GABAA receptor antagonist blocked the anticonvulsive effect in both the DZP and EEOS groups, suggesting that EEOS exerts it action on the GABAA receptor at the benzodiazepine (BDZ) subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilton Akio Muto
- Centre for Valorization of Amazonian Bioactive Compounds (CVACBA), Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Moisés Hamoy
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology of Natural Products, Institute of Biological Sciences of Federal University of Pará (ICB-UFPA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Chryslen Brenda da Silva Ferreira
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology of Natural Products, Institute of Biological Sciences of Federal University of Pará (ICB-UFPA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Akira Otake Hamoy
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology of Natural Products, Institute of Biological Sciences of Federal University of Pará (ICB-UFPA), Belém, Brazil
| | | | - Vanessa Jóia de Mello
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology of Natural Products, Institute of Biological Sciences of Federal University of Pará (ICB-UFPA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Hervé Rogez
- Centre for Valorization of Amazonian Bioactive Compounds (CVACBA), Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Hervé Rogez,
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Darbinyan LV, Simonyan KV, Hambardzumyan LE, Manukyan LP, Badalyan SH, Sarkisian VH. Protective effect of curcumin against rotenone-induced substantia nigra pars compacta neuronal dysfunction. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:1111-1118. [PMID: 35239141 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-00941-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Rotenone is involved in the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, and curcumin may prevent or effectively slow the progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). Previous research has shown that the naturally occurring phenolic compound curcumin can reduce inflammation and oxidation, making it a potential therapeutic agent for neurodegenerative diseases. The present study involves investigation of rotenone-induced histological changes in the brain area, hippocampus using Nissl staining after 35 day of subcutaneous injection of rotenone in adult male rats. We sought to determine whether curcumin could protect against rotenone-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity in a rat model by in vivo electrical recording from Substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). Curcumin treatment significantly improved electrical activity of neurons in the SNc of rotenone-induced PD model rats. The pattern of histological alterations corresponds with electrophysiological manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L V Darbinyan
- Sensorimotor Integration Laboratory, Orbeli Institute of Physiology NAS RA, 0028, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - K V Simonyan
- Neuroendocrine Relationships Laboratory, Orbeli Institute of Physiology NAS RA, 0028, Yerevan, Armenia.
| | - L E Hambardzumyan
- Sensorimotor Integration Laboratory, Orbeli Institute of Physiology NAS RA, 0028, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - L P Manukyan
- Sensorimotor Integration Laboratory, Orbeli Institute of Physiology NAS RA, 0028, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - S H Badalyan
- Sensorimotor Integration Laboratory, Orbeli Institute of Physiology NAS RA, 0028, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - V H Sarkisian
- Sensorimotor Integration Laboratory, Orbeli Institute of Physiology NAS RA, 0028, Yerevan, Armenia
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10
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Gao J, Hou D, Hu P, Mao G. Curcumol increases the sensitivity of colon cancer to 5-FU by regulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Transl Cancer Res 2021; 10:2437-2450. [PMID: 35116559 PMCID: PMC8798486 DOI: 10.21037/tcr-21-689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) resistance is the leading cause of treatment failure in colon cancer. Combination therapy is an effective strategy to inhibit cancer cells and prevent drug resistance. Therefore, we studied the antitumor effect of curcumol alone or combined with 5-FU on human colon cancer drug-resistant cells. Methods The 5-FU resistant HCT116 cell line (HCT116/5-FU) was established by repeated exposure to gradually increasing concentrations of 5-FU; Cell viability was measured by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8); apoptosis rate of HCT116 cells was detected using Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) assay kit; cell proliferation and invasion were detected using colony formation assays, wound healing assay and transwell invasion assays; activity of transplanted tumor in vivo in specific pathogen free (SPF) BALB/c nude mice (6 weeks old, male) was monitored by bioluminescence imaging, immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. Results Our study showed the potent antitumor effect of curcumol by induction of apoptosis, inhibition of proliferation, invasion, migration, and improvement of the therapeutic efficacy of 5-FU toward human colon cancer HCT116 cells. From our results, curcumol could chemosensitize 5-FU-resistant HCT116 cells. The combination of curcumol and 5-FU exerted a synergistic inhibitory effect on the induction of apoptosis. Also, this combination inhibited the proliferation, invasion, and migration of both chemo-resistant and sensitive cells. Curcumol treatment decreased multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP-2), P-glycoprotein (P-gp), survivin, and β-catenin expression, which correlated with multidrug resistance (MDR) and the target genes of Wnt/β-catenin. It significantly increased the p-β-catenin level and Bad/Bcl-2 ratio in HCT116/5-FU cells compared with 5-FU treatment. In vivo, curcumol significantly inhibited the growth of transplanted tumors and the expression of Ki-67, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in colon cancer cells. Conclusions Curcumol as a potential chemotherapeutic agent combined with 5-FU can overcome colon cancer resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Gao
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Nanjing Jiangbei Hospital to Nantong University, Nanjing, China
| | - Daorong Hou
- Animal Core Facility, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Hu
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Nanjing Jiangbei Hospital to Nantong University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoxin Mao
- Department of Chemotherapy, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
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11
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Xia Y, Chen R, Lu G, Li C, Lian S, Kang TW, Jung YD. Natural Phytochemicals in Bladder Cancer Prevention and Therapy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:652033. [PMID: 33996570 PMCID: PMC8120318 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.652033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytochemicals are natural small-molecule compounds derived from plants that have attracted attention for their anticancer activities. Some phytochemicals have been developed as first-line anticancer drugs, such as paclitaxel and vincristine. In addition, several phytochemicals show good tumor suppression functions in various cancer types. Bladder cancer is a malignant tumor of the urinary system. To date, few specific phytochemicals have been used for bladder cancer therapy, although many have been studied in bladder cancer cells and mouse models. Therefore, it is important to collate and summarize the available information on the role of phytochemicals in the prevention and treatment of bladder cancer. In this review, we summarize the effects of several phytochemicals including flavonoids, steroids, nitrogen compounds, and aromatic substances with anticancer properties and classify the mechanism of action of phytochemicals in bladder cancer. This review will contribute to facilitating the development of new anticancer drugs and strategies for the treatment of bladder cancer using phytochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Xia
- Key Laboratory of Precision Oncology of Shandong Higher Education, Institute of Precision Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Ruijiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Precision Oncology of Shandong Higher Education, Institute of Precision Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Guangzhen Lu
- Key Laboratory of Precision Oncology of Shandong Higher Education, Institute of Precision Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Changlin Li
- Key Laboratory of Precision Oncology of Shandong Higher Education, Institute of Precision Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Sen Lian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Taek-Won Kang
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Young Do Jung
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
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12
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Huang X, Qian J, Li L, Zhang X, Wei G, Lv J, Qin F, Yu J, Xiao Y, Gong Z, Huo J. Curcumol improves cisplatin sensitivity of human gastric cancer cells through inhibiting PI3K/AKT pathway. Drug Dev Res 2020; 81:1019-1025. [PMID: 32715509 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Curcumol was presented to unleash antitumor effects in a variety of cancers, including gastric cancer. However, the relevance between curcumol and cisplatin resistance in gastric cancer still remains unclear. Therefore, the current research was performed to survey the role of curcumol in cisplatin sensitivity in gastric cancer. METHODS First, BGC-823 and BGC-823/DDP cells were incubated with cisplatin for 48 hr and 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) analysis was applied to determine the inhibition rate of cell proliferation and the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50 ) of cisplatin. In addition, BGC-823 and BGC-823/DDP cells were treated with curcumol for 48 hr followed with detection of cell viability and apoptosis using MTT and flow cytometry assay, respectively. Moreover, MTT analysis was applied to test the effects of curcumol on cisplatin sensitivity in gastric cancer cells. Lastly, Western blot assay and qRT-PCR analysis were utilized to check the functions of curcumol on PI3K/AKT pathway-related markers. RESULTS We found that BGC-823/DDP cells exhibited stronger resistance to cisplatin compared with BGC-823 cells. Furthermore, curcumol evidently reduced cell proliferation and facilitated cell apoptosis in BGC-823/DDP and BGC-823 cells. Moreover, results from MTT assay demonstrated that curcumol notably promoted the suppression effect of cisplatin and decreased the IC50 of cisplatin in BGC-823/DDP and BGC-823 cells. It was also presented that curcumol suppressed the PI3K/AKT pathway dose-dependently in BGC-823/DDP and BGC-823 cells. CONCLUSION The findings in the current research demonstrated that curcumol could promote the sensitivity of gastric cancer cells to cisplatin-based chemotherapies via inhibiting the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Protein Kinase B (AKT) pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Huang
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Qian
- Department of Diagnostics of Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Lingchang Li
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaozhen Zhang
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoli Wei
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Lv
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Fengxia Qin
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jialin Yu
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ya Xiao
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhen Gong
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiege Huo
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor to detect γ-aminobutyric acid with ligand-based on graphene oxide modified gold electrode. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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14
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da Fonsêca DV, da Silva Maia Bezerra Filho C, Lima TC, de Almeida RN, de Sousa DP. Anticonvulsant Essential Oils and Their Relationship with Oxidative Stress in Epilepsy. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E835. [PMID: 31817682 PMCID: PMC6995584 DOI: 10.3390/biom9120835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a most disabling neurological disorder affecting all age groups. Among the various mechanisms that may result in epilepsy, neuronal hyperexcitability and oxidative injury produced by an excessive formation of free radicals may play a role in the development of this pathology. Therefore, new treatment approaches are needed to address resistant conditions that do not respond fully to current antiepileptic drugs. This paper reviews studies on the anticonvulsant activities of essential oils and their chemical constituents. Data from studies published from January 2011 to December 2018 was selected from the PubMed database for examination. The bioactivity of 19 essential oils and 16 constituents is described. Apiaceae and Lamiaceae were the most promising botanical families due to the largest number of reports about plant species from these families that produce anticonvulsant essential oils. Among the evaluated compounds, β-caryophyllene, borneol, eugenol and nerolidol were the constituents that presented antioxidant properties related to anticonvulsant action. These data show the potential of these natural products as health promoting agents and use against various types of seizure disorders. Their properties on oxidative stress may contribute to the control of this neurological condition. However, further studies on the toxicological profile and mechanism of action of essential oils are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Vilar da Fonsêca
- College of Medicine, Federal University of the Vale do São Francisco, Paulo Afonso, BA, CEP 48607-190, Brazil;
| | | | - Tamires Cardoso Lima
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, CEP 49100-000, Brazil;
| | - Reinaldo Nóbrega de Almeida
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, CEP 58051-970, Brazil;
| | - Damião Pergentino de Sousa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, CEP 58051-970, Brazil;
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15
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Wang J, Wu J, Li X, Liu H, Qin J, Bai Z, Chi B, Chen X. Identification and validation nucleolin as a target of curcumol in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. J Proteomics 2018; 182:1-11. [PMID: 29684682 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Identification of the specific protein target(s) of a drug is a critical step in unraveling its mechanisms of action (MOA) in many natural products. Curcumol, isolated from well known Chinese medicinal plant Curcuma zedoary, has been shown to possess multiple biological activities. It can inhibit nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) proliferation and induce apoptosis, but its target protein(s) in NPC cells remains unclear. In this study, we employed a mass spectrometry-based chemical proteomics approach reveal the possible protein targets of curcumol in NPC cells. Cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA), molecular docking and cell-based assay was used to validate the binding interactions. Chemical proteomics capturing uncovered that NCL is a target of curcumol in NPC cells, Molecular docking showed that curcumol bound to NCL with an -7.8 kcal/mol binding free energy. Cell function analysis found that curcumol's treatment leads to a degradation of NCL in NPC cells, and it showed slight effects on NP69 cells. In conclusion, our results providing evidences that NCL is a target protein of curcumol. We revealed that the anti-cancer effects of curcumol in NPC cells are mediated, at least in part, by NCL inhibition. SIGNIFICANCE Many natural products showed high bioactivity, while their mechanisms of action (MOA) are very poor or completely missed. Understanding the MOA of natural drugs can thoroughly exploit their therapeutic potential and minimize their adverse side effects. Identification of the specific protein target(s) of a drug is a critical step in unraveling its MOA. Compound-centric chemical proteomics is a classic chemical proteomics approach which integrates chemical synthesis with cell biology and mass spectrometry (MS) to identify protein targets of natural products determine the drug mechanism of action, describe its toxicity, and figure out the possible cause of off-target. It is an affinity-based chemical proteomics method to identify small molecule-protein interactions through affinity chromatography approach coupled with mass spectrometry, has been conventionally used to identify target proteins and has yielded good results. Curcumol, has shown effective inhibition on Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (NPC) Cells, interacted with NCL and then initiated the anti-tumor biological effect. This research demonstrated the effectiveness of chemical proteomics approaches in natural drugs molecular target identification, revealing and understanding of the novel mechanism of actions of curcumol is crucial for cancer prevention and treatment in nasopharynx cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Jiacai Wu
- Research Center for Science, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Xumei Li
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Haowei Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Jianli Qin
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Zhun Bai
- Intensive Care Unit, The Affiliated Zhuzhou Hospital XiangYa Medical College CSU, Zhuzhou 412007, China
| | - Bixia Chi
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First People's Hospital of Yueyang, Yueyang 414000, China
| | - Xu Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China.
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Çiçek SS. Structure-Dependent Activity of Natural GABA(A) Receptor Modulators. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071512. [PMID: 29932138 PMCID: PMC6100244 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
GABA(A) receptors are ligand-gated ion channels consisting of five subunits from eight subfamilies, each assembled in four hydrophobic transmembrane domains. This pentameric structure not only allows different receptor binding sites, but also various types of ligands, such as orthosteric agonists and antagonists, positive and negative allosteric modulators, as well as second-order modulators and non-competitive channel blockers. A fact, that is also displayed by the variety of chemical structures found for both, synthetic as well as nature-derived GABA(A)-receptor modulators. This review covers the literature for natural GABA(A)-receptor modulators until the end of 2017 and discusses their structure-activity relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serhat Sezai Çiçek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Kiel University, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
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17
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Li W, Hong B, Li Z, Li Q, Bi K. GC-MS method for determination and pharmacokinetic study of seven volatile constituents in rat plasma after oral administration of the essential oil of Rhizoma Curcumae. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 149:577-585. [PMID: 29197300 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Rhizoma Curcumae (RC) is perennial herbaceous plant mainly present in China, India and Malaysiabelong, which is belong to the family Zingiberaceae. The rhizomes of RC have been used as a famous traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of syndrome of blood stasis. A selective, sensitive and accurate gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) method was developed and validated in this paper for the simultaneous determination and pharmacokinetic study of α-Pinene, 1,8-Cineole, Borneol, β-Elemene, Curcumol, Germacrone, and Curdione in rat plasma. The GC-MS system was operated under selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode using a DB-5 (30m×0.25mm (ID)×0.25μm (film thickness)) column. Linearity, intra-day and inter-day precisions, accuracy, extraction recovery and stability were used to validate the current GC/MS assay. The lowest limit of quantifications (LLOQ) of α-Pinene, 1,8-Cineole, Borneol, β-Elemene, Curcumol, Germacrone, Curdione were 2.71ng/mL, 7.76ng/mL, 3.37ng/mL, 21.68ng/mL, 40.21ng/mL, 24.84ng/mL and 47.78ng/mL respectively. After oral administration 1.0g/kg of RC rhizomes to the rats, the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) was 34.72±9.97ng/mL for α-Pinene, 99.86±5.54ng/mL for 1,8-Cineole, 16.10±3.37ng/mL for Borneol, 248.98±86.19ng/mL for β-Elemene, 673.75±104.15ng/mL for Curcumol, 2353.64±637.83ng/mL for Germacrone and 2420.04±708.51ng/mL for Curdione. The time to reach the maximum plasma concentration (Tmax) was 2.33±0.29h for α-Pinene, 0.67±0.29h for 1,8-Cineole, 1.33±0.58h for Borneol, 1.83±0.76h for β-Elemene, 0.83±0.29h for Curcumol, 0.89±0.98h for Germacrone and 1.17±0.76h for Curdione. In this study, a validated GC-MS method for simultaneous determination of seven volatile oil compounds in rat plasma after oral administration of the extract of RC rhizomes and research on their pharmacokinetics was validated. The recovery and stability results were satisfactory in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Li
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, PR China; College of Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, 333 Buikui Street, Qiqihar, 161006, PR China
| | - Bo Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, 333 Buikui Street, Qiqihar, 161006, PR China
| | - Zuojing Li
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Qing Li
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Kaishun Bi
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, PR China.
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Garlet QI, Pires LDC, Milanesi LH, Marafiga JR, Baldisserotto B, Mello CF, Heinzmann BM. (+)-Dehydrofukinone modulates membrane potential and delays seizure onset by GABAa receptor-mediated mechanism in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 332:52-63. [PMID: 28733205 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
(+)-Dehydrofukinone (DHF), isolated from Nectandra grandiflora (Lauraceae) essential oil, induces sedation and anesthesia by modulation of GABAa receptors. However, no study has addressed whether DHF modulates other cellular events involved in the control of cellular excitability, such as seizure behavior. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of DHF on cellular excitability and seizure behavior in mice. For this purpose, we used isolated nerve terminals (synaptosomes) to examine the effect of DHF on the plasma membrane potential, the involvement of GABAa receptors and the downstream activation of Ca2+ mobilization. Finally, we performed an in vivo assay in order to verify whether DHF could impact on seizures induced by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) in mice. The results showed that DHF induced a GABA-dependent sustained hyperpolarization, sensitive to flumazenil and absent in low-[Cl-] medium. Additionally, (1-100μM) DHF decreased KCl-evoked calcium mobilization over time in a concentration-dependent manner and this effect was prevented by flumazenil. DHF increased the latency to myoclonic jerks (10mg/kg), delayed the onset of generalized tonic-clonic seizures (10, 30 and 100mg/kg), and these effects were also blocked by the pretreatment with flumazenil. Our data indicate that DHF has anticonvulsant properties and the molecular target underlying this effect is likely to be the facilitation of GABAergic neuronal inhibition. The present study highlights the therapeutic potential of the natural compound DHF as a suppressor of neuronal excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quelen Iane Garlet
- Post-Graduation Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Luana da Costa Pires
- Post-Graduation Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Laura Hautrive Milanesi
- Post-Graduation Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Joseane Righes Marafiga
- Post-Graduation Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Baldisserotto
- Post-Graduation Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Carlos Fernando Mello
- Post-Graduation Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Berta Maria Heinzmann
- Post-Graduation Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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Curcumol allosterically modulates GABA(A) receptors in a manner distinct from benzodiazepines. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46654. [PMID: 28436443 PMCID: PMC5402396 DOI: 10.1038/srep46654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory A type γ-aminobutyric acid receptors (GABAARs) play a pivotal role in orchestrating various brain functions and represent an important molecular target in neurological and psychiatric diseases, necessitating the need for the discovery and development of novel modulators. Here, we show that a natural compound curcumol, acts as an allosteric enhancer of GABAARs in a manner distinct from benzodiazepines. Curcumol markedly facilitated GABA-activated currents and shifted the GABA concentration-response curve to the left in cultured hippocampal neurons. When co-applied with the classical benzodiazepine diazepam, curcumol further potentiated GABA-induced currents. In contrast, in the presence of a saturating concentration of menthol, a positive modulator for GABAAR, curcumol failed to further enhance GABA-induced currents, suggesting shared mechanisms underlying these two agents on GABAARs. Moreover, the benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil did not alter the enhancement of GABA response by curcumol and menthol, but abolished that by DZP. Finally, mutations at the β2 or γ2 subunit predominantly eliminated modulation of recombinant GABAARs by curcumol and menthol, or diazepam, respectively. Curcumol may therefore exert its actions on GABAARs at sites distinct from benzodiazepine sites. These findings shed light on the future development of new therapeutics drugs targeting GABAARs.
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Sun W, Wang S, Zhao W, Wu C, Guo S, Gao H, Tao H, Lu J, Wang Y, Chen X. Chemical constituents and biological research on plants in the genus Curcuma. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 57:1451-1523. [PMID: 27229295 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1176554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Curcuma, a valuable genus in the family Zingiberaceae, includes approximately 110 species. These plants are native to Southeast Asia and are extensively cultivated in India, China, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Peru, Australia, and the West Indies. The plants have long been used in folk medicine to treat stomach ailments, stimulate digestion, and protect the digestive organs, including the intestines, stomach, and liver. In recent years, substantial progress has been achieved in investigations regarding the chemical and pharmacological properties, as well as in clinical trials of certain Curcuma species. This review comprehensively summarizes the current knowledge on the chemistry and briefly discusses the biological activities of Curcuma species. A total of 720 compounds, including 102 diphenylalkanoids, 19 phenylpropene derivatives, 529 terpenoids, 15 flavonoids, 7 steroids, 3 alkaloids, and 44 compounds of other types isolated or identified from 32 species, have been phytochemically investigated. The biological activities of plant extracts and pure compounds are classified into 15 groups in detail, with emphasis on anti-inflammatory and antitumor activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Sun
- a State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macao , China
| | - Sheng Wang
- b State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Wenwen Zhao
- a State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macao , China
| | - Chuanhong Wu
- a State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macao , China
| | - Shuhui Guo
- a State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macao , China
| | - Hongwei Gao
- a State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macao , China
| | - Hongxun Tao
- a State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macao , China
| | - Jinjian Lu
- a State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macao , China
| | - Yitao Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macao , China
| | - Xiuping Chen
- a State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macao , China
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21
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Rabiei Z. Anticonvulsant effects of medicinal plants with emphasis on mechanisms of action. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2016.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Yu C, Sun X, Niu Y. An investigation of the developmental neurotoxic potential of curcumol in PC12 cells. Toxicol Mech Methods 2016; 26:635-643. [DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2016.1207735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunlei Yu
- The Institute of Medicine, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Xiaojie Sun
- Department of Medical Technology, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Yingcai Niu
- The Institute of Medicine, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
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Sriranjini SJ, Sandhya K, Mamta VS. Ayurveda and botanical drugs for epilepsy: Current evidence and future prospects. Epilepsy Behav 2015; 52:290-6. [PMID: 26141933 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of epilepsy has progressed since its earliest impression as a disease associated with paranormal and superstitious beliefs. Landmark advances have been made in deciphering the pathophysiological substrates involved in the disease process, and treatment advances have contributed significantly to ameliorating the seizures. However, disease-modifying agents are yet to be discovered. Ayurveda is a system of medicine that stresses a holistic approach to disease, and treatment is focused on disease modification and symptom management. Herbs form the core of Ayurveda medicine; though many of them have been studied for their anticonvulsant activity, very few actually mention the reference of these herbs in Ayurveda literature. Other therapeutic interventions used in Ayurveda are relatively unexplored, and future research will need to focus on this. The current manuscript briefly discusses the understanding of epilepsy as per Ayurveda and reviews herbs that have been studied for their anticonvulsant activity mentioned in Ayurveda literature. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Botanicals for Epilepsy".
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitaram Jaideep Sriranjini
- MS Ramaiah Indic Center for Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine, New BEL Road, MSR Nagar, Bengaluru 560054, India.
| | - Kumar Sandhya
- Ramakrishna Ayurvedic Medical College, Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, India
| | - Vernekar Sanjeeva Mamta
- MS Ramaiah Indic Center for Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine, New BEL Road, MSR Nagar, Bengaluru 560054, India
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Xiao F, Yan B, Chen L, Zhou D. Review of the use of botanicals for epilepsy in complementary medical systems--Traditional Chinese Medicine. Epilepsy Behav 2015; 52:281-9. [PMID: 26052078 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In traditional Chinese medicine, botanical remedies have been used for centuries to treat seizures. This review aimed to summarize the botanicals that have been used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat epilepsy. We searched Chinese online databases to determine the botanicals used for epilepsy in traditional Chinese medicine and identified articles using a preset search syntax and inclusion criteria of each botanical in the PubMed database to explore their potential mechanisms. Twenty-three botanicals were identified to treat epilepsy in traditional Chinese medicine. The pharmacological mechanisms of each botanical related to antiepileptic activity, which were mainly examined in animal models, were reviewed. We discuss the use and current trends of botanical treatments in China and highlight the limitations of botanical epilepsy treatments. A substantial number of these types of botanicals would be good candidates for the development of novel AEDs. More rigorous clinical trials of botanicals in traditional Chinese medicine for epilepsy treatment are encouraged in the future. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Botanicals for Epilepsy".
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenglai Xiao
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Yan
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Zhou
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, People's Republic of China.
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Tang QL, Guo JQ, Wang QY, Lin HS, Yang ZP, Peng T, Pan XD, Liu B, Wang SJ, Zang LQ. Curcumol Induces Apoptosis in SPC-A-1 Human Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells and Displays Anti-neoplastic Effects in Tumor Bearing Mice. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16:2307-12. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.6.2307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Golechha M, Sarangal V, Bhatia J, Chaudhry U, Saluja D, Arya DS. Naringin ameliorates pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures and associated oxidative stress, inflammation, and cognitive impairment in rats: possible mechanisms of neuroprotection. Epilepsy Behav 2014; 41:98-102. [PMID: 25461197 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and cognitive impairment are associated with PTZ-induced convulsions. Naringin is a bioflavonoid present in the grapefruit. It is a potent antioxidant, and we evaluated its effect on PTZ-induced convulsions. Rats were pretreated with normal saline, naringin (20, 40, and 80 mg/kg, i.p.), or diazepam (5mg/kg, i.p.) 30 min prior to the administration of PTZ. The administration of PTZ induced myoclonic jerks and generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTSs). We observed that naringin significantly prolonged the induction of myoclonic jerks dose-dependently. Naringin (80 mg/kg, i.p.) pretreatment protected all rats, and this protective effect was annulled by the GABAA receptor antagonist, flumazenil. In addition, naringin reduced brain MDA and TNF-α levels and conserved GSH. The pretreatment also enhanced the performance of rats in the passive avoidance task. Our observations highlight the antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and anticonvulsant potential of naringin. Also, naringin modulates the GABAA receptor to produce anticonvulsant effects and to ameliorate cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahaveer Golechha
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India; Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi 110070, India
| | - Vikas Sarangal
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Jagriti Bhatia
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Uma Chaudhry
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India
| | - Daman Saluja
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India
| | - Dharmveer Singh Arya
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India.
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27
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Ding J, Huang C, Peng Z, Xie Y, Deng S, Nie YZ, Xu TL, Ge WH, Li WG, Li F. Electrophysiological characterization of methyleugenol: a novel agonist of GABA(A) receptors. ACS Chem Neurosci 2014; 5:803-11. [PMID: 24980777 DOI: 10.1021/cn500022e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Methyleugenol (ME) is a natural constituent isolated from many plant essential oils having multiple biological effects including anticonvulsant and anesthetic activities, although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we identify ME as a novel agonist of ionotropic γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors. At lower concentrations (∼30 μM), ME significantly sensitized GABA-induced, but not glutamate- or glycine-induced, currents in cultured hippocampal neurons, indicative of a preferentially modulatory role of this compound for A type GABA receptors (GABAARs). In addition, ME at higher concentrations (≥100 μM) induced a concentration-dependent, Cl(-)-permeable current in hippocampal neurons, which was inhibited by a GABAAR channel blocker, picrotoxin, and a competitive GABAAR antagonist, bicuculline, but not a specific glycine receptor inhibitor, strychnine. Moreover, ME activated a similar current mediated by recombinant α1-β2-γ2 or α5-β2-γ2 GABAARs in human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells. Consequently, ME produced a strong inhibition of synaptically driven neuronal excitation in hippocampal neurons. Together, these results suggest that ME represents a novel agonist of GABAARs, shedding additional light on future development of new therapeutics targeting GABAARs. The present study also adds GABAAR activation to the list of molecular targets of ME that probably account for its biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ding
- Department
of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Institute of
Pediatric Translational Medicine, Shanghai Children’s Medical
Center, Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s
Environmental Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200129, China
- Department
of Chinese Materia Medica, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
- Neuroscience
Division, Departments of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Biochemistry,
and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment
and Inflammation, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Chen Huang
- Neuroscience
Division, Departments of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Biochemistry,
and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment
and Inflammation, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zhong Peng
- Neuroscience
Division, Departments of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Biochemistry,
and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment
and Inflammation, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yuxuan Xie
- Department
of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Institute of
Pediatric Translational Medicine, Shanghai Children’s Medical
Center, Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s
Environmental Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200129, China
| | - Shining Deng
- Department
of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Institute of
Pediatric Translational Medicine, Shanghai Children’s Medical
Center, Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s
Environmental Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200129, China
| | - Yan-Zhen Nie
- Department
of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Institute of
Pediatric Translational Medicine, Shanghai Children’s Medical
Center, Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s
Environmental Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200129, China
| | - Tian-Le Xu
- Neuroscience
Division, Departments of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Biochemistry,
and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment
and Inflammation, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Wei-Hong Ge
- Department
of Chinese Materia Medica, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Wei-Guang Li
- Department
of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Institute of
Pediatric Translational Medicine, Shanghai Children’s Medical
Center, Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s
Environmental Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200129, China
- Neuroscience
Division, Departments of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Biochemistry,
and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment
and Inflammation, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department
of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Institute of
Pediatric Translational Medicine, Shanghai Children’s Medical
Center, Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s
Environmental Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200129, China
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