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Govindula A, Ranadive N, Nampoothiri M, Rao CM, Arora D, Mudgal J. Emphasizing the Crosstalk Between Inflammatory and Neural Signaling in Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2023; 18:248-266. [PMID: 37097603 PMCID: PMC10577110 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-023-10064-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a chronic incapacitating condition with recurrent experience of trauma-related memories, negative mood, altered cognition, and hypervigilance. Agglomeration of preclinical and clinical evidence in recent years specified that alterations in neural networks favor certain characteristics of PTSD. Besides the disruption of hypothalamus-pituitary-axis (HPA) axis, intensified immune status with elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines and arachidonic metabolites of COX-2 such as PGE2 creates a putative scenario in worsening the neurobehavioral facet of PTSD. This review aims to link the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental disorders (DSM-V) symptomology to major neural mechanisms that are supposed to underpin the transition from acute stress reactions to the development of PTSD. Also, to demonstrate how these intertwined processes can be applied to probable early intervention strategies followed by a description of the evidence supporting the proposed mechanisms. Hence in this review, several neural network mechanisms were postulated concerning the HPA axis, COX-2, PGE2, NLRP3, and sirtuins to unravel possible complex neuroinflammatory mechanisms that are obscured in PTSD condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha Govindula
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Niraja Ranadive
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Madhavan Nampoothiri
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - C Mallikarjuna Rao
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Devinder Arora
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast campus, Gold Coast, Queensland, 4222, Australia.
| | - Jayesh Mudgal
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
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Napora P, Kobrzycka A, Pierzchała-Koziec K, Wieczorek M. Effect of selective cyclooxygenase inhibitors on animal behaviour and monoaminergic systems of the rat brain. Behav Brain Res 2023; 438:114143. [PMID: 36206821 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The long-term effects of cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 (COX-1/2) inhibitors are usually tested in terms of the periphery of the organism. Therefore, we studied the effects of SC560 (selective COX-1 inhibitor) and celecoxib (selective COX-2 inhibitor) on the activity of brain monoaminergic systems and animal behaviour. Additionally, we tested the effect of these inhibitors during inflammation. We have observed that long-term administration of celecoxib reduces the activity of the noradrenergic system, increases the activity of dopaminergic and serotonergic systems, increases locomotor activity, and enhances the exploratory behaviour of rats. Administration of SC560 also increases the activity of dopaminergic and serotonergic systems but reduces locomotor activity and impairs the exploratory behaviour of rats. The mechanism responsible for decreased activity of the noradrenergic system may be related to the weakening of activity of the positive feedback loop between the paraventricular nucleus and coeruleus locus. We suggest that the effect of used inhibitors on the dopaminergic system is associated with a possible increase in anandamide concentration and its effect on dopamine reuptake in synaptic clefts. It also appears that cyclooxygenase peroxidase activity may play a role in this process. In turn, changes in the activity of the serotonergic system may be related to the activity of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase, which decreases because of the decreased concentration of pro-inflammatory compounds. We believe that behavioural changes induced by COX inhibitors are the result of the modified activity of monoaminergic CNS systems in the brainstem, hypothalamus, and medial prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Napora
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Łódź, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, 141/143 Pomorska Street, 90-236 Łódź, Poland.
| | - Anna Kobrzycka
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Łódź, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, 141/143 Pomorska Street, 90-236 Łódź, Poland
| | - Krystyna Pierzchała-Koziec
- Department of Animal Physiology and Endocrinology, University of Agriculture in Kraków, 24/28 Adam Mickiewicz Avenue, 30-059 Łódź, Poland
| | - Marek Wieczorek
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Łódź, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, 141/143 Pomorska Street, 90-236 Łódź, Poland.
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Liu Y, Liu R, Huang L, Zuo G, Dai J, Gao L, Shi H, Fang Y, Lu Q, Okada T, Wang Z, Hu X, Lenahan C, Tang J, Xiao J, Zhang JH. Inhibition of Prostaglandin E2 Receptor EP3 Attenuates Oxidative Stress and Neuronal Apoptosis Partially by Modulating p38MAPK/FOXO3/Mul1/Mfn2 Pathway after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:7727616. [PMID: 36531208 PMCID: PMC9757947 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7727616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis contribute to pathological processes of early brain injury (EBI) after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Previous studies demonstrated that the inhibition of prostaglandin E2 receptor EP3 suppressed oxidative stress and apoptotic effects after Alzheimer's disease and intracerebral hemorrhage. This study is aimed at investigating the antioxidative stress and antiapoptotic effect of EP3 inhibition and the underlying mechanisms in a rat mode of SAH. A total of 263 Sprague-Dawley male rats were used. SAH was induced by endovascular perforation. Selective EP3 antagonist L798106 was administered intranasally at 1 h, 25 h, and 49 h after SAH induction. EP3 knockout CRISPR and FOXO3 activation CRISPR were administered intracerebroventricularly at 48 h prior to SAH, while selective EP3 agonist sulprostone was administered at 1 h prior to SAH. SAH grade, neurological deficits, western blots, immunofluorescence staining, Fluoro-Jade C staining, TUNEL staining, 8-OHdG staining, and Nissl staining were conducted after SAH. The expression of endogenous PGES2 increased and peaked at 12 h while the expression of EP1, EP2, EP3, EP4, and Mul1 increased and peaked at 24 h in the ipsilateral brain after SAH. EP3 was expressed mainly in neurons. The inhibition of EP3 with L798106 or EP3 KO CRISPR ameliorated the neurological impairments, brain tissue oxidative stress, and neuronal apoptosis after SAH. To examine potential downstream mediators of EP3, we examined the effect of the increased expression of activated FOXO3 following the administration of FOXO3 activation CRISPR. Mechanism studies demonstrated that L798106 treatment significantly decreased the expression of EP3, p-p38, p-FOXO3, Mul1, 4-HNE, Bax, and cleaved caspase-3 but upregulated the expression of Mfn2 and Bcl-2 in SAH rats. EP3 agonist sulprostone or FOXO3 activation CRISPR abolished the neuroprotective effects of L798106 and its regulation on expression of p38MAPK/FOXO3/Mul1/Mfn2 in the ipsilateral brain after SAH. In conclusion, the inhibition of EP3 by L798106 attenuated oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis partly through p38MAPK/FOXO3/Mul1/Mfn2 pathway post-SAH in rats. EP3 may serve as a potential therapeutic target for SAH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Gang Zuo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Jiaxing Dai
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Ling Gao
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Hui Shi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Yuanjian Fang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Qin Lu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Takeshi Okada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Zhifei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Xiao Hu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Cameron Lenahan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Jie Xiao
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
- Department of Emergency, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - John H. Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery and Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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Xu Y, Liu Y, Li K, Miao S, Lv C, Wang C, Zhao J. Regulation of PGE 2 Pathway During Cerebral Ischemia Reperfusion Injury in Rat. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 41:1483-1496. [PMID: 32621176 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00911-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is an acute central nervous system disease with high morbidity and mortality rate. Cerebral ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury is easily induced during the development or treatment of stroke and subsequently leads to more serious brain damage. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is one of the most important inflammatory mediators in the brain and contributes to both physiological and pathophysiological functions. It may be upregulated and subsequently plays a key role in cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury. The synthesis and degradation of PGE2 is an extremely complex process, with multiple key stages and molecules. However, there are few comprehensive and systematic studies conducted to investigate the synthesis and degradation of PGE2 during cerebral I/R injury, which is what we want to demonstrate. In this study, qRT-PCR and immunoblotting demonstrated that the key enzymes in PGE2 synthesis, including COX-1, COX-2, mPGES-1 and mPGES-2, were upregulated during cerebral I/R injury, but 15-PGDH, the main PGE2 degradation enzyme, was downregulated. In addition, two of PGE2 receptors, EP3 and EP4, were also increased. Meanwhile, immunohistochemistry demonstrated the localization of these molecules in ischemic areas, including cortex, striatum and hippocampus, and reflected their expression patterns in different regions. Combining the results of PCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry, we can determine where the increase or decrease of these molecules occurs. Overall, these results further indicate a possible pathway that mediates enhanced production of PGE2, and thus that may impact production of inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β and TNF-α during cerebral I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
- Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
| | - Kexin Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Shuying Miao
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Caihong Lv
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Chunjiang Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
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Sia DK, Mensah KB, Opoku-Agyemang T, Folitse RD, Darko DO. Mechanisms of ivermectin-induced wound healing. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:397. [PMID: 33081763 PMCID: PMC7576857 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02612-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wounds cause structural and functional discontinuity of an organ. Wound healing, therefore, seeks to re-establish the normal morphology and functionality through intertwined stages of hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and tissue remodelling. Ivermectin, a macrolide, has been used as an endectoparasiticide in human and veterinary medicine practice for decades. Here, we show that ivermectin exhibits wounding healing activity by mechanisms independent of its well-known antiparasitic activity. This study aimed to evaluate the wound healing property of ivermectin cream using histochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay techniques. RESULTS Non-irritant dose of ivermectin cream (0.03-1%) decreased wound macroscopic indices such as exudation, edge edema, hyperemia, and granulation tissue deposition by day 9 compared to day 13 for the vehicle-treated group. This corresponded with a statistically significant wound contraction rate, hydroxyproline deposition, and a decreased time to heal rate. The levels of growth factors TGF-β1 and VEGF were significantly elevated on day 7 but decreased on day 21. This corresponded with changes in cytokines (IL-1α, IL-4, IL-10, and TNF-α) and eicosanoids (LTB4, PGE2, and PGD2) levels on days 7 and 21.. Interestingly, low doses of ivermectin cream (0.03-0.1%) induced wound healing with minimal scarring compared to higher doses of the cream and the positive control, Silver Sulfadiazine. CONCLUSION Ivermectin promotes wound healing partly through modulation of the inflammatory process and the levels of Transforming Growth Factor-Beta 1 and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor. Low doses of ivermectin cream have the potential to be used in treating wounds with minimal scar tissue formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kwesi Sia
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Kwesi Boadu Mensah
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
| | - Tony Opoku-Agyemang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Raphael D Folitse
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - David Obiri Darko
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
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Shimizu T, Yamamoto M, Zou S, Shimizu S, Higashi Y, Saito M. Stimulation of brain cannabinoid CB 1 receptors can ameliorate hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2020; 47:1254-1262. [PMID: 32141630 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Excessive activation of the sympatho-adrenomedullary system plays a pathogenic role in triggering and sustaining essential hypertension. We previously reported that, in normotensive rats, intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) administered neuropeptides, corticotropin-releasing factor and bombesin induced activation of the sympatho-adrenomedullary system, and that brain cannabinoid CB1 receptors negatively regulated this activation. In this study, we investigated the effects of brain CB1 receptor stimulation on blood pressure and the sympatho-adrenomedullary outflow in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), commonly used animal models of essential hypertension, and in Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats, normotensive controls of SHRs. In 18-week-old SHRs and WKY rats under urethane anaesthesia (1.0 g/kg, i.p.), SHRs exhibited significantly higher systolic, mean and diastolic blood pressures and plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline, and a lower heart rate than WKY rats. Single administration of arachidonyl 2'-chloroethylamide (ACEA, CB1 agonist, 1.4 µmol/animal, i.c.v.) significantly but partially reduced mean and diastolic blood pressures and the plasma level of noradrenaline in SHRs compared to vehicle (N,N-dimethylformamide)-treated SHRs. These ACEA-induced reductions were abolished by central pretreatment with rimonabant (CB1 antagonist, 300 nmol/animal, i.c.v.), which alone showed no significant effect on blood pressures or plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline levels of SHRs. On the other hand, ACEA had no significant effect on blood pressure or plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline levels in WKY rats. These results suggest that stimulation of brain CB1 receptors can ameliorate hypertension accompanied by enhanced sympathetic outflow without affecting blood pressure under normotensive conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Shimizu
- Department of Pharmacology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Japan
| | - Masaki Yamamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Japan
| | - Suo Zou
- Department of Pharmacology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Japan
| | - Shogo Shimizu
- Department of Pharmacology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Japan
| | - Youichirou Higashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Japan
| | - Motoaki Saito
- Department of Pharmacology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Japan
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Yamaguchi N, Mimura K, Okada S. Prostaglandin E2 receptor EP3 subtype in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus mediates corticotropin-releasing factor-induced elevation of plasma noradrenaline levels in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 863:172693. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Buisseret B, Alhouayek M, Guillemot-Legris O, Muccioli GG. Endocannabinoid and Prostanoid Crosstalk in Pain. Trends Mol Med 2019; 25:882-896. [PMID: 31160168 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Interfering with endocannabinoid (eCB) metabolism to increase their levels is a proven anti-nociception strategy. However, because the eCB and prostanoid systems are intertwined, interfering with eCB metabolism will affect the prostanoid system and inversely. Key to this connection is the production of the cyclooxygenase (COX) substrate arachidonic acid upon eCB hydrolysis as well as the ability of COX to metabolize the eCBs anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) into prostaglandin-ethanolamides (PG-EA) and prostaglandin-glycerol esters (PG-G), respectively. Recent studies shed light on the role of PG-Gs and PG-EAs in nociception and inflammation. Here, we discuss the role of these complex systems in nociception and new opportunities to alleviate pain by interacting with them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Buisseret
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Mireille Alhouayek
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Owein Guillemot-Legris
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Giulio G Muccioli
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium.
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Zhao J, Shu B, Chen L, Tang J, Zhang L, Xie J, Liu X, Xu Y, Qi S. Prostaglandin E2 inhibits collagen synthesis in dermal fibroblasts and prevents hypertrophic scar formation in vivo. Exp Dermatol 2016; 25:604-10. [PMID: 26997546 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypertrophic scarring is a common dermal fibroproliferative disorder characterized by excessive collagen deposition. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ), an important inflammatory product synthesized via the arachidonic acid cascade, has been shown to act as a fibroblast modulator and to possess antifibroblastic activity. However, the mechanism underlying the antifibrotic effect of PGE2 remains unclear. In this study, we explored the effects of PGE2 on TGF-β1-treated dermal fibroblasts in terms of collagen production and to determine the regulatory pathways involved, as well as understand the antiscarring function of PGE2 in vivo. We found that PGE2 inhibited TGF-β1-induced collagen synthesis by regulating the balance of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP). It did so by upregulating cAMP through the E prostanoid (EP)2 receptor. We determined that inhibition of the TGF-β1/Smad pathway by PGE2 is associated with its ability to inhibit collagen synthesis. An in vivo study further confirmed that PGE2 inhibits hypertrophic scar formation by decreasing collagen production. Our results demonstrate that the novel anti-scarring function of PGE2 is achieved by balancing MMPs/TIMP expression and decreasing collagen production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingling Zhao
- Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Shu
- Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinming Tang
- Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Julin Xie
- Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xusheng Liu
- Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingbin Xu
- Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaohai Qi
- Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Woodward DF, Poloso NJ, Wang JW. Prostaglandin E2-Glyceryl Ester: In Vivo Evidence for a Distinct Pharmacological Identity from Intraocular Pressure Studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 358:173-80. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.232512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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11
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Kawamoto B, Shimizu S, Shimizu T, Higashi Y, Hikita K, Muraoka K, Honda M, Sejima T, Takenaka A, Saito M. Vesicovascular reflexes in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Life Sci 2016; 144:202-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Deficiency of female sex hormones augments PGE2 and CGRP levels within midbrain periaqueductal gray. J Neurol Sci 2014; 346:107-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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13
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Savinainen JR, Kansanen E, Pantsar T, Navia-Paldanius D, Parkkari T, Lehtonen M, Laitinen T, Nevalainen T, Poso A, Levonen AL, Laitinen JT. Robust hydrolysis of prostaglandin glycerol esters by human monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL). Mol Pharmacol 2014; 86:522-35. [PMID: 25140003 DOI: 10.1124/mol.114.094284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary route of inactivation of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol in the central nervous system is through enzymatic hydrolysis, mainly carried out by monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), along with a small contribution by the α/β-hydrolase domain (ABHD) proteins ABHD6 and ABHD12. Recent methodological progress allowing kinetic monitoring of glycerol liberation has facilitated substrate profiling of the human endocannabinoid hydrolases, and these studies have revealed that the three enzymes have distinct monoacylglycerol substrate and isomer preferences. Here, we have extended this substrate profiling to cover four prostaglandin glycerol esters, namely, 15-deoxy-Δ(12,14)-prostaglandin J2-2-glycerol (15d-PGJ2-G), PGD2-G, PGE2-G, and PGF2 α-G. We found that the three enzymes hydrolyzed the tested substrates, albeit with distinct rates and preferences. Although human ABHD12 (hABHD12) showed only marginal activity toward PGE2-G, hABHD6 preferentially hydrolyzed PGD2-G, and human MAGL (hMAGL) robustly hydrolyzed all four. This was particularly intriguing for MAGL activity toward 15d-PGJ2-G whose hydrolysis rate rivaled that of the best monoacylglycerol substrates. Molecular modeling studies combined with kinetic analysis supported favorable interaction with the hMAGL active site. Long and short MAGL isoforms shared a similar substrate profile, and hMAGL hydrolyzed 15d-PGJ2-G also in living cells. The ability of 15d-PGJ2-G to activate the canonical nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) signaling pathway used by 15d-PGJ2 was assessed, and these studies revealed for the first time that 15d-PGJ2 and 15d-PGJ2-G similarly activated Nrf2 signaling as well as transcription of target genes of this pathway. Our study challenges previous claims regarding the ability of MAGL to catalyze PG-G hydrolysis and extend the MAGL substrate profile beyond the classic monoacylglycerols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha R Savinainen
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine (J.R.S., D.N-P., Te.P., J.T.L.), A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences (E.K., A-L.L.), School of Pharmacy (Ta.P., Te.P., M.L., T.L., T.N., A.P.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Emilia Kansanen
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine (J.R.S., D.N-P., Te.P., J.T.L.), A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences (E.K., A-L.L.), School of Pharmacy (Ta.P., Te.P., M.L., T.L., T.N., A.P.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tatu Pantsar
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine (J.R.S., D.N-P., Te.P., J.T.L.), A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences (E.K., A-L.L.), School of Pharmacy (Ta.P., Te.P., M.L., T.L., T.N., A.P.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Dina Navia-Paldanius
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine (J.R.S., D.N-P., Te.P., J.T.L.), A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences (E.K., A-L.L.), School of Pharmacy (Ta.P., Te.P., M.L., T.L., T.N., A.P.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Teija Parkkari
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine (J.R.S., D.N-P., Te.P., J.T.L.), A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences (E.K., A-L.L.), School of Pharmacy (Ta.P., Te.P., M.L., T.L., T.N., A.P.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marko Lehtonen
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine (J.R.S., D.N-P., Te.P., J.T.L.), A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences (E.K., A-L.L.), School of Pharmacy (Ta.P., Te.P., M.L., T.L., T.N., A.P.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tuomo Laitinen
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine (J.R.S., D.N-P., Te.P., J.T.L.), A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences (E.K., A-L.L.), School of Pharmacy (Ta.P., Te.P., M.L., T.L., T.N., A.P.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tapio Nevalainen
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine (J.R.S., D.N-P., Te.P., J.T.L.), A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences (E.K., A-L.L.), School of Pharmacy (Ta.P., Te.P., M.L., T.L., T.N., A.P.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Antti Poso
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine (J.R.S., D.N-P., Te.P., J.T.L.), A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences (E.K., A-L.L.), School of Pharmacy (Ta.P., Te.P., M.L., T.L., T.N., A.P.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anna-Liisa Levonen
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine (J.R.S., D.N-P., Te.P., J.T.L.), A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences (E.K., A-L.L.), School of Pharmacy (Ta.P., Te.P., M.L., T.L., T.N., A.P.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jarmo T Laitinen
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine (J.R.S., D.N-P., Te.P., J.T.L.), A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences (E.K., A-L.L.), School of Pharmacy (Ta.P., Te.P., M.L., T.L., T.N., A.P.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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