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Hroudová J, Fišar Z. Alzheimer's disease approaches - Focusing on pathology, biomarkers and clinical trial candidates. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 134:111069. [PMID: 38917881 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The strategy for the development of new drugs for Alzheimer's disease (AD) recognizes that an effective therapy requires early therapeutic intervention and a multifactorial approach that considers the individual initiators of AD development. Current knowledge of AD includes the understanding of pathophysiology, risk factors, biomarkers, and the evolving patterns of biomarker abnormalities. This knowledge is essential in identifying potential molecular targets for new drug development. This review summarizes promising AD drug candidates, many of which are currently in phase 2 or 3 clinical trials. New agents are classified according to the Common Alzheimer's Disease Research Ontology (CADRO). The main targets of new drugs for AD are processes related to amyloid beta and tau neurotoxicity, neurotransmission, inflammation, metabolism and bioenergetics, synaptic plasticity, and oxidative stress. These interventions are aimed at preventing disease onset and slowing or eliminating disease progression. The efficacy of pharmacotherapy may be enhanced by combining these drugs with other treatments, antioxidants, and dietary supplements. Ongoing research into AD pathophysiology, risk factors, biomarkers, and the dynamics of biomarker abnormalities may contribute to the understanding of AD and offer hope for effective therapeutic strategies in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Hroudová
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 11, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Zdeněk Fišar
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 11, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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Youn DH, Lee Y, Han SW, Kim JT, Jung H, Han GS, Yoon JI, Lee JJ, Jeon JP. Therapeutic Effect of Donepezil on Neuroinflammation and Cognitive Impairment after Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:839. [PMID: 39063593 PMCID: PMC11278464 DOI: 10.3390/life14070839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the important clinical issue of cognitive impairment after moderate traumatic brain injury (TBI), there is currently no suitable treatment. Here, we used in vitro and in vivo models to investigate the effect of Donepezil-an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor-on cognitive impairment in the acute period following injury, while focusing on neuroinflammation and autophagy- and mitophagy-related markers. METHODS The purpose of the in vitro study was to investigate potential neuroprotective effects in TBI-induced cells after donepezil treatment, and the in vivo study, the purpose was to investigate therapeutic effects on cognitive impairment in the acute period after injury by analyzing neuroinflammation and autophagy- and mitophagy-related markers. The in vitro TBI model involved injuring SH-SY5Y cells using a cell-injury controller and then investigating the effect of donepezil at a concentration of 80 μM. The in vivo TBI model was made using a stereotaxic impactor for male C57BL/6J mice. Immuno-histochemical markers and cognitive functions were compared after 7 days of donepezil treatment (1 mg/kg/day). Mice were divided into four groups: sham operation with saline treatment, sham operation with donepezil treatment, TBI with saline treatment, and TBI with donepezil treatment (18 mice in each group). Donepezil treatment was administered within 4 h post-TBI. RESULTS In vitro, donepezil was found to lead to increased cell viability and 5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimi-dazolylcarbocyanine iodide (JC-1), along with decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS), lactate-dehydrogenase (LDH), 2'-7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA)-positive cells, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells. The mRNA and protein expressions of neuroinflammation (Cyclooxygenase-2, COX-2; NOD-like receptor protein 3, NLRP3; Caspase-1; and Interleukin-1 beta, IL-1β), as well as autophagy- and mitophagy-related markers (death-associated protein kinase 1, DAPK1; PTEN-induced kinase 1, PINK1; BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa protein-interacting protein 3-like, BNIP3L; Beclin-1, BECN1; BCL2-associated X protein, BAX; microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3B (LC3B); Sequestosome-1; and p62) were all found to decrease after donepezil treatment. The in vivo study also showed that donepezil treatment resulted in decreased levels of cortical tissue losses and brain swelling in TBI compared to the TBI group without donepezil treatment. Donepezil treatment was also shown to decrease the mRNA and Western blotting expressions of all markers, and especially COX-2 and BNIP3L, which showed the most significant decreases. Moreover, TBI mice showed an decreased escape latency, increased alteration rate, and improved preference index, altogether pointing to better cognitive performance after donepezil treatment. CONCLUSIONS Donepezil treatment may be beneficial in improving cognitive impairment in the early phase of moderate traumatic brain injury by ameliorating neuroinflammation, as well as autophagy and mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hyuk Youn
- Institute of New Frontier Research Team, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea; (D.H.Y.); (Y.L.); (S.W.H.); (J.-T.K.); (H.J.)
| | - Younghyurk Lee
- Institute of New Frontier Research Team, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea; (D.H.Y.); (Y.L.); (S.W.H.); (J.-T.K.); (H.J.)
| | - Sung Woo Han
- Institute of New Frontier Research Team, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea; (D.H.Y.); (Y.L.); (S.W.H.); (J.-T.K.); (H.J.)
| | - Jong-Tae Kim
- Institute of New Frontier Research Team, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea; (D.H.Y.); (Y.L.); (S.W.H.); (J.-T.K.); (H.J.)
| | - Harry Jung
- Institute of New Frontier Research Team, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea; (D.H.Y.); (Y.L.); (S.W.H.); (J.-T.K.); (H.J.)
| | - Gui Seung Han
- Life Genomics Co., Ltd., Research & Development Center, Suwon 16417, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jung In Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jae Jun Lee
- Institute of New Frontier Research Team, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea; (D.H.Y.); (Y.L.); (S.W.H.); (J.-T.K.); (H.J.)
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Pyeong Jeon
- Institute of New Frontier Research Team, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea; (D.H.Y.); (Y.L.); (S.W.H.); (J.-T.K.); (H.J.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24253, Republic of Korea
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Wang H, Yan X, Zhang Y, Wang P, Li J, Zhang X. Mitophagy in Alzheimer's Disease: A Bibliometric Analysis from 2007 to 2022. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2024; 8:101-128. [PMID: 38312534 PMCID: PMC10836605 DOI: 10.3233/adr-230139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The investigation of mitophagy in Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains relatively underexplored in bibliometric analysis. Objective To delve into the progress of mitophagy, offering a comprehensive overview of research trends and frontiers for researchers. Methods Basic bibliometric information, targets, and target-drug-clinical trial-disease extracted from publications identified in the Web of Science Core Collection from 2007 to 2022 were assessed using bibliometric software. Results The study encompassed 5,146 publications, displaying a consistent 16-year upward trajectory. The United States emerged as the foremost contributor in publications, with the Journal of Alzheimer's Disease being the most prolific journal. P. Hemachandra Reddy, George Perry, and Xiongwei Zhu are the top 3 most prolific authors. PINK1 and Parkin exhibited an upward trend in the last 6 years. Keywords (e.g., insulin, aging, epilepsy, tauopathy, and mitochondrial quality control) have recently emerged as focal points of interest within the past 3 years. "Mitochondrial dysfunction" is among the top terms in disease clustering. The top 10 drugs/molecules (e.g., curcumin, insulin, and melatonin) were summarized, accompanied by their clinical trials and related targets. Conclusions This study presents a comprehensive overview of the mitophagy research landscape in AD over the past 16 years, underscoring mitophagy as an emerging molecular mechanism and a crucial focal point for potential drug in AD. This study pioneers the inclusion of targets and their correlations with drugs, clinical trials, and diseases in bibliometric analysis, providing valuable insights and inspiration for scholars and readers of JADR interested in understanding the potential mechanisms and clinical trials in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqi Wang
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Aerospace School of Clinical Medicine, Aerospace Center Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Anatomy, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodong Yan
- Department of Anatomy, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiming Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Peifu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Aerospace School of Clinical Medicine, Aerospace Center Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jilai Li
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Aerospace School of Clinical Medicine, Aerospace Center Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Aerospace School of Clinical Medicine, Aerospace Center Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Anatomy, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Su D, Chen Z, An X, Yang J, Yang J, Wang X, Qu Y, Gong C, Chai Y, Liu X, Cheng W, Wang D, Wu Y, Ma J, Zhao X, Wang Q, Xu Y, Peng H, Ai J. MicroRNA-195 liposomes for therapy of Alzheimer's disease. J Control Release 2024; 365:583-601. [PMID: 38048963 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
The complex etiologies and mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) underscore the importance for devising multitarget drugs to achieve effective therapy. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are capable of concurrently regulating the expression of multiple proteins by selectively targeting disease- associated genes in a sequence-specific fashion. Nonetheless, as RNA-based drugs, their stability in the circulation and capacity of traversing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is largely compromised, thereby limiting their potential clinical applications. In this study, we formulated the nanoliposomes encapsulating polyethyleneimine (PEI)/miR-195 complex (DPMT@PEI/miR-195) that was engineered through dual modifications to contain P-aminophenyl-alpha-d-mannopyranoside (MAN) and cationic cell-penetrating peptide (TAT). DPMT@PEI/miR-195 exhibited the enhanced BBB- and cell membrane penetrating capability. As expected, we observed that DPMT@PEI/miR-195 administered through intravenous tail injection of produced greater effectiveness than donepezil and the same range of effect as aducanumab in alleviating the cognitive decline in 7-month-old APP/PS1 mice. Moreover, the combination treatment with DPMT@PEI/miR-195 and donepezil effectively ameliorated the deterioration of cognition in 16-month-old APP/PS1 mice, with enhanced effects than either DPMT@PEI/miR-195 or donepezil alone. Furthermore, DPMT@PEI/miR-195 effectively attenuated the positive signals of Aβ, AT8, and CD68 in APP/PS1 mice without notable side effects. Our findings indicate DPMT@PEI/miR-195 as a promising potentially new agent or approach for the prophylaxis and treatment of early and advanced stages of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Su
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, China
| | - Xiaobin An
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Junkai Yang
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Jinan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xuqiao Wang
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yang Qu
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Chen Gong
- National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, China
| | - Yani Chai
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xiaoying Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, China
| | - Wei Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Dongyang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xinyue Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Haisheng Peng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Daqing Branch, Harbin Medical University, Research and Development of Natural Products Key Laboratory of Harbin Medical University, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, China; Departmentof Pharmacology, Medical College, University of Shaoxing, Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Jing Ai
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China; National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases, China.
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Li A, Zhang J, Chen K, Wang J, Xu A, Wang Z. Donepezil attenuates inflammation and apoptosis in ulcerative colitis via regulating LRP1/AMPK/NF-κB signaling. Pathol Int 2023; 73:549-559. [PMID: 37830504 DOI: 10.1111/pin.13380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
This article focuses on the specific effects and mechanisms of donepezil (DNPZ) hydrochloride on inflammation and apoptosis in ulcerative colitis (UC). In vivo and in vitro models of UC were established using dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced mice and NCM460 cells, respectively. Following oral administration of DNPZ, body weight, disease activity index (DAI) scores and colon lengths of mice were recorded. Histopathological damage was detected employing hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Inflammatory factors were tested using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Apoptosis was estimated utilizing terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling and western blot. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1)/AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK)/nuclear factor-κB (NF- κB) signaling proteins were detected utilizing western blot. NCM460 cell viability was assessed by cell counting kit (CCK)-8. We found that DNPZ partially restored body weight, reduced DAI scores and attenuated intestinal pathological damage in DSS-induced mice. Additionally, inflammatory factors decreased significantly after DNPZ treatment, accompanied by reduced apoptosis level. Phosphorylation (p)-AMPK increased and p-p65 decreased after DNPZ treatment, whereas LRP1 knockdown showed the opposite effect. Moreover, DNPZ treatment greatly restored NCM460 cell viability after DSS stimulation. DNPZ attenuated DSS-induced inflammation and apoptosis in NCM460 cells, which was reversed by LRP1 knockdown. In summary, DNPZ hydrochloride attenuates inflammation and apoptosis in UC via LRP1/AMPK/NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angqing Li
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Junyi Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ke Chen
- Vascular Surgery Department, Drum Tower Hospital affiliated to Nanjing University Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Aman Xu
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhengguang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Liu GZ, Niu TT, Yu Q, Xu BL, Li XQ, Yuan BY, Yuan GB, Yang TT, Li HQ, Sun Y. Ginkgolide attenuates memory impairment and neuroinflammation by suppressing the NLRP3/caspase-1 pathway in Alzheimer's disease. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:10237-10252. [PMID: 37793010 PMCID: PMC10599747 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
The NLRP3 inflammasome is involved in the neuroinflammatory pathway of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The aim of this study is to explore the roles and underlying mechanisms of ginkgolide (Baiyu®) on amyloid precursor protein (APP)/presenilin 1 (PS1) transgenic mice and a murine microglial cell line, BV-2. In the present study, the APP/PS1 mice were administered with ginkgolide, followed by a Morris water maze test. The mice were then euthanized to obtain brain tissue for histological and Aβ analysis. Additionally, BV-2 cells were pretreated with ginkgolide and then incubated with Aβ1-42 peptide. NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1 mRNA and protein expression in brain tissue of mice and BV-2 cells were quantified by real-time PCR and western blotting, as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 levels by lucigenin technique and ELISA. Compared with the APP/PS1 mice, ginkgolide-treated mice demonstrated the shortened escape latency, reduced plaques, less inflammatory cell infiltration and neuron loss in the hippocampi of APP/PS1 mice. The levels of NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, ROS, IL-1β, and IL-18 were also decreased in the brain tissue of APP/PS1 mice or Aβ1-42-treated BV-2 cells following ginkgolide treatment. Ginkgolide exerted protective effects on AD, at least partly by inactivating the NLRP3/caspase-1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Zhi Liu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Tian-Tong Niu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qian Yu
- Beijing D.A. Medical Laboratory, Beijing 102600, China
| | - Bao-Lei Xu
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Li
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Bo-Yi Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Guo-Bin Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ting-Ting Yang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hui-Qin Li
- Research and Development Centre, Chengdu Baiyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Research and Development Centre, Chengdu Baiyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Chengdu 611130, China
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Sadri A. Is Target-Based Drug Discovery Efficient? Discovery and "Off-Target" Mechanisms of All Drugs. J Med Chem 2023; 66:12651-12677. [PMID: 37672650 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Target-based drug discovery is the dominant paradigm of drug discovery; however, a comprehensive evaluation of its real-world efficiency is lacking. Here, a manual systematic review of about 32000 articles and patents dating back to 150 years ago demonstrates its apparent inefficiency. Analyzing the origins of all approved drugs reveals that, despite several decades of dominance, only 9.4% of small-molecule drugs have been discovered through "target-based" assays. Moreover, the therapeutic effects of even this minimal share cannot be solely attributed and reduced to their purported targets, as they depend on numerous off-target mechanisms unconsciously incorporated by phenotypic observations. The data suggest that reductionist target-based drug discovery may be a cause of the productivity crisis in drug discovery. An evidence-based approach to enhance efficiency seems to be prioritizing, in selecting and optimizing molecules, higher-level phenotypic observations that are closer to the sought-after therapeutic effects using tools like artificial intelligence and machine learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Sadri
- Lyceum Scientific Charity, Tehran, Iran, 1415893697
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Research Program (INRP), Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, 1417755331
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, 1417614411
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Siddique YH, Naz F, Rahul, Varshney H, I M, Shahid M. Effect of donepezil hydrochloride on the transgenic Drosophila expressing human Aβ-42. Int J Neurosci 2023:1-39. [PMID: 37733478 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2023.2262109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
CONCLUSION The results suggest that donepezil hydrochloride is potent enough to reduce the AD symptoms being mimicked in transgenic flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasir Hasan Siddique
- Drosophila Transgenic Laboratory, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Falaq Naz
- Drosophila Transgenic Laboratory, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rahul
- Drosophila Transgenic Laboratory, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Himanshi Varshney
- Drosophila Transgenic Laboratory, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mantasha I
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - M Shahid
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
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Hamid M, Zahid S. Ameliorative effects of probiotics in AlCl 3-induced mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:5803-5812. [PMID: 37462697 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12686-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, gut microbiome alterations have been linked with complex underlying mechanisms of neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD). The gut microbiota modulates gut brain axis by facilitating development of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and synthesis of neuromodulators. The study was designed to unravel the effect of combined consumption of probiotics; Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG®) and Bifidobacterium BB-12 (BB-12®) (1 × 109 CFU) on AlCl3-induced AD mouse model in comparison with potent acetylcholine esterase inhibitor drug for AD, donepezil. Mice were randomly allocated to six different study groups (n = 8). Behavioral tests were conducted to assess effect of AlCl3 (300 mg/kg) and probiotics treatment on cognition and anxiety through Morris Water Maze (MWM), Novel Object Recognition (NOR), Elevated Plus Maze (EPM), and Y-maze. The results indicated that the combined probiotic treatment significantly (p < 0.0001) reduced anxiety-like behavior post AlCl3 exposure. The AlCl3 + LGG® and BB-12®-treated group showed significantly improved spatial (p < 0.0001) and recognition memory (p < 0.0001) in comparison to AlCl3-treated group. The expression status of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β) was also normalized upon treatment with LGG® and BB-12® post AlCl3 exposure. Our findings indicated that the probiotics LGG® and BB-12® have strong potential to overcome neuroinflammatory imbalance, cognitive deficits and anxiety-like behavior, therefore can be considered as a combination therapy for AD through modulation of gut brain axis. KEY POINTS: • Bifidobacterium BB-12 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG were fed to AlCl3-induced Alzheimer's disease mice. • This combination of probiotics had remarkable ameliorating effects on anxiety, neuroinflammation and cognitive deficits. • These effects may suggest that combined consumption of these probiotics instigate potential mitigation of AD associated consequences through gut brain axis modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Hamid
- Neurobiology Research Laboratory, Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta ur Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Saadia Zahid
- Neurobiology Research Laboratory, Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta ur Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan.
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Shehata MK, Ismail AA, Kamel MA. Combined Donepezil with Astaxanthin via Nanostructured Lipid Carriers Effective Delivery to Brain for Alzheimer's Disease in Rat Model. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:4193-4227. [PMID: 37534058 PMCID: PMC10391537 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s417928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Donepezil (DPL), a specific acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, is used as a first-line treatment to improve cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and it might have a disease modifying effect. Astaxanthin (AST) is a natural potent antioxidant with neuroprotective, anti-amyloidogenic, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory effects. This study aimed to prepare nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) co-loaded with donepezil and astaxanthin (DPL/AST-NLCs) and evaluate their in vivo efficacy in an AD-like rat model 30 days after daily intranasal administration. Methods DPL/AST-NLCs were prepared using a hot high-shear homogenization technique, in vitro examined for their physicochemical parameters and in vivo evaluated. AD induction in rats was performed by aluminum chloride. The cortex and hippocampus were isolated from the brain of rats for biochemical testing and histopathological examination. Results DPL/AST-NLCs showed z-average diameter 149.9 ± 3.21 nm, polydispersity index 0.224 ± 0.017, zeta potential -33.7 ± 4.71 mV, entrapment efficiency 81.25 ±1.98% (donepezil) and 93.85 ±1.75% (astaxanthin), in vitro sustained release of both donepezil and astaxanthin for 24 h, spherical morphology by transmission electron microscopy, and they were stable at 4-8 ± 2°C for six months. Differential scanning calorimetry revealed that donepezil and astaxanthin were molecularly dispersed in the NLC matrix in an amorphous state. The DPL/AST-NLC-treated rats showed significantly lower levels of nuclear factor-kappa B, malondialdehyde, β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme-1, caspase-3, amyloid beta (Aβ1‑42), and acetylcholinesterase, and significantly higher levels of glutathione and acetylcholine in the cortex and hippocampus than the AD-like untreated rats and that treated with donepezil-NLCs. DPL/AST-NLCs showed significantly higher anti-amyloidogenic, antioxidant, anti-acetylcholinesterase, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects, resulting in significant improvement in the cortical and hippocampal histopathology. Conclusion Nose-to-brain delivery of DPL/AST-NLCs is a promising strategy for the management of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa K Shehata
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Assem A Ismail
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Maher A Kamel
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Malar DS, Thitilertdecha P, Ruckvongacheep KS, Brimson S, Tencomnao T, Brimson JM. Targeting Sigma Receptors for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative and Neurodevelopmental Disorders. CNS Drugs 2023; 37:399-440. [PMID: 37166702 PMCID: PMC10173947 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-023-01007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The sigma-1 receptor is a 223 amino acid-long protein with a recently identified structure. The sigma-2 receptor is a genetically unrelated protein with a similarly shaped binding pocket and acts to influence cellular activities similar to the sigma-1 receptor. Both proteins are highly expressed in neuronal tissues. As such, they have become targets for treating neurological diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Huntington's disease (HD), Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), Rett syndrome (RS), developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEE), and motor neuron disease/amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (MND/ALS). In recent years, there have been many pre-clinical and clinical studies of sigma receptor (1 and 2) ligands for treating neurological disease. Drugs such as blarcamesine, dextromethorphan and pridopidine, which have sigma-1 receptor activity as part of their pharmacological profile, are effective in treating multiple aspects of several neurological diseases. Furthermore, several sigma-2 receptor ligands are under investigation, including CT1812, rivastigmine and SAS0132. This review aims to provide a current and up-to-date analysis of the current clinical and pre-clinical data of drugs with sigma receptor activities for treating neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dicson S Malar
- Natural Products for Neuroprotection and Anti-ageing Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Premrutai Thitilertdecha
- Siriraj Research Group in Immunobiology and Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kanokphorn S Ruckvongacheep
- Department of Clinical Microscopy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sirikalaya Brimson
- Department of Clinical Microscopy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tewin Tencomnao
- Natural Products for Neuroprotection and Anti-ageing Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - James M Brimson
- Natural Products for Neuroprotection and Anti-ageing Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Research, Innovation and International Affairs, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Room 409, ChulaPat-1 Building, 154 Rama 1 Road, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Neuroprotective effects of donepezil against Aβ25-35-induced neurotoxicity. Eur J Med Res 2022; 27:219. [PMID: 36307893 PMCID: PMC9617393 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-022-00862-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the neuroprotective effect of donepezil against β-amyloid25-35 (Aβ25-35)-induced neurotoxicity and the possible mechanism. Methods PC12 cells were conventionally cultured. Serial concentrations of Aβ25-35 and donepezil (0, 0.5, 1, 5, 10, 20 and 50 μmol/L) were added to the PC12 cells, and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) staining was performed to detect the effects of these treatments on PC 12 viability. The PC 12 cells were pretreated with 1, 5, 10, 20 or 50 μmol/L donepezil two hours before 20 μmol/L Aβ25-35 was added to pretreatment groups A, B, C, D and E. Normal control group I and the 20 μmol/L Aβ25-35-treated group were selected. An MTT assay was used to detect PC12 cell viability, and the level of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was determined. PC12 cells were pretreated with 10 μmol/L GF109203X (a protein kinase C [PKC] antagonist) 30 min before 10 μmol/L donepezil was added to pretreatment group F, and normal control group II, the 10 μmol/L GF109203X-treated group and the 10 μmol/L donepezil-treated group were chosen. The expression of phosphorylation-PKC (P-PKC) and its major substrate phosphorylated myristoylated alanine-rich protein C kinase substrate (P-MARCKS) was measured by Western blotting. The effects of donepezil on the subcellular distribution of the PKCα and PKCε isoforms were detected by immunofluorescence staining. Results Treatment with Aβ25-35 (5, 10, 20 or 50 μmol/L) for 24 h significantly (P < 0.05) decreased PC 12 cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. Compared with the PC12 cells in the control group, those in the 20 μmol/L Aβ25-35-treated group exhibited lower viability but higher LDH release. Compared with the 20 μmol/L Aβ25–35-treated group, pretreatment groups B, C, D and E exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) increased cell viability but significantly (P < 0.05) decreased LDH release. Western blotting demonstrated that compared with control, 10 μmol/L donepezil promoted PKC and MARCKS phosphorylation and that the expression of P-PKC and P-MARCKS in pretreatment group F was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than that in the donepezil-treated group. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that the PKCα and PKCε isoforms were located mainly in the cytoplasm of PC12 control cells, whereas donepezil increased the expression of the PKCα and PKCε isoforms in the membrane fraction. The Western blot results showed that donepezil altered the subcellular distribution of the PKCα and PKCε isoforms by decreasing their expression in the cytosolic fraction but increasing their expression in the membrane fraction. Conclusion Donepezil can antagonize Aβ25–350-induced neurotoxicity in PC 12 cells, and PKC activation may account for the neuroprotective effect of donepezil.
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Kumar R, Kumar R, Sharma N, Khurana N, Singh SK, Satija S, Mehta M, Vyas M. Pharmacological evaluation of bromelain in mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurotoxicology 2022; 90:19-34. [PMID: 35219781 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The current study elucidates pharmacological evaluation of bromelain as a bioactive compound obtain from pineapple stem belongs to family Bromeliaceae in AlCl3 and D - galactose induced mice. In mice, co-administration of AlCl3 at dose 5 mg/kg b.w., via the oral route, and D - galactose at dose 60 mg/kg b.w., via intraperitoneal route for 90 days resulted in cognitive impairment, spatial learning, and memory deficits, as well as neurotoxicity. However, 30 consecutive days, treatments via an intraperitoneal route with bromelain low dose (Brm L) at dose 10 mg/kg b.w., bromelain high dose (Brm H) at dose 20 mg/kg b.w., donepezil (Dnpz) at dose 2 mg/kg b.w., and Brm L + Dnpz at doses 10, 2 mg/kg b.w. were considerably reversed the effect of AlCl3 and D - galactose induced AD mice. Consequences of behavioral parameters (Morris water maze, elevated plus maze and locomotor), biochemical estimation (MDA, GSH, SOD, CAT, Nitrite and AChE), and ELISA tests (mouse BACE, Aβ1 - 42, TNF-α, IL-6, and BDNF) confirmed significant (p < 0.05) neuroprotective effect of treatments in AlCl3 and D - galactose induced mice. Additionally, hematoxylin and eosin staining of the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus exposed eosinophilic lesions and hyperchromatic nuclei in AD mice, but these neurodegenerative effects were eliminated by Brm L, Brm H, Dnpz, and Brm L + Dnpz treatments. Thus, bromelain alone and in combination with donepezil prevent AlCl3 and D - galactose induced spatial learning and memory deficits, as well as cognitive impairment, by increasing cholinergic activity and synaptic plasticity, as well as reducing oxidative damage, neuroinflammation, Aβ 1-42 aggregations, and histopathological damage, according to our findings. The present study consequences indicate that bromelain alone and in combination with donepezil appears to have neuroprotective properties. Henceforward, this may be a promising treatment option for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Rajan Kumar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Neha Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Navneet Khurana
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India.
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Saurabh Satija
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Meenu Mehta
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Manish Vyas
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
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Icarisid
II
rescues cognitive dysfunction via activation of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway promoting hippocampal neurogenesis in
APP
/
PS1
transgenic mice. Phytother Res 2022; 36:2095-2108. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Xin Q, Shi W, Wang Y, Yuan R, Miao Y, Chen K, Cong W. Pantao Pill Improves the Learning and Memory Abilities of APP/PS1 Mice by Multiple Mechanisms. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:729605. [PMID: 35281906 PMCID: PMC8915116 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.729605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: To explore the effect and mechanisms of Pantao Pill (PTP) on cognitive impairment. Methods: Network pharmacology was performed to analyze the mechanism of PTP treating cognitive impairment. The targets of PTP and cognitive impairment were predicted and used to construct protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks. The intersection network was selected, and the core network was obtained through topological analysis. Enrichment analysis was conducted to obtain the GOBP terms and KEGG pathways. We then performed experiments to validate the results of the network pharmacology by using an APP/PS1 transgenic mouse model. The APP/PS1 mice were divided into four groups: the model group, the high-dose PTP (3.6 g/kg·d) group, the low-dose PTP (1.8 g/kg·d) group, and the positive control group (donepezil hydrochloride, 2 mg/kg·d). Wild-type (WT) C57 mice served as a normal control group. PTP and donepezil were administered by gavage for 8 weeks. Results: Network pharmacology showed that PTP might improve cognitive impairment by regulating autophagy, apoptosis, and oxidative stress. For the Morris water maze test, a significant difference was shown in the total swimming distance among groups (p < 0.05) in the positioning navigation experiment, and with training time extension, the swimming speed increased (p < 0.01). In the space probe test, PTP administration significantly reduced the swimming path length and the escape latency of APP/PS1 mice (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01), whereas it had no effect on the swimming speed (p > 0.05). PTP (3.6 g/kg/d) rescued the reduction of norepinephrine and acetylcholine levels (p < 0.05), and increased the acetylcholinesterase concentration (p < 0.05) in the brain tissue. PTP (1.8 g/kg/d) increased the norepinephrine level (p < 0.01). PTP rescued the activity reduction of superoxide dismutase in the brain tissue (p < 0.01) and the neuron cell pyknosis in the hippocampal CA region (p < 0.05). PTP reduced ATG12 and PS1 expression (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01), and increased Bcl-2 expression in the brain tissue (p < 0.05). Conclusion: PTP can significantly improve the learning and memory abilities of APP/PS1 mice, and the mechanism may be related to the increase of neurotransmitter acetylcholine and norepinephrine levels, the reduction of the excessive autophagic activation, and the suppression of oxidative stress and excessive apoptotic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Xin
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weili Shi
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Yuan
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Miao
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Keji Chen
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Weihong Cong, ; Keji Chen,
| | - Weihong Cong
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Weihong Cong, ; Keji Chen,
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Liu MM, Zhong Y, Chen Y, Wu LN, Chen W, Lin XH, Lei Y, Liu AL. Electrochemical monitoring the effect of drug intervention on PC12 cell damage model cultured on paper-PLA 3D printed device. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1194:339409. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Alvarez XA, Winston CN, Barlow JW, Sarsoza FM, Alvarez I, Aleixandre M, Linares C, García-Fantini M, Kastberger B, Winter S, Rissman RA. Modulation of Amyloid-β and Tau in Alzheimer's Disease Plasma Neuronal-Derived Extracellular Vesicles by Cerebrolysin® and Donepezil. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 90:705-717. [PMID: 36155516 PMCID: PMC9697063 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasma neuronal-derived extracellular vesicles (NDEV) contain proteins of pathological, diagnostic, and therapeutic relevance. OBJECTIVE We investigated the associations of six plasma NDEV markers with Alzheimer's disease (AD) severity, cognition and functioning, and changes in these biomarkers after Cerebrolysin®, donepezil, and a combination therapy in AD. METHODS Plasma NDEV levels of Aβ42, total tau, P-T181-tau, P-S393-tau, neurogranin, and REST were determined in: 1) 116 mild to advanced AD patients and in 20 control subjects; 2) 110 AD patients treated with Cerebrolysin®, donepezil, or combination therapy in a randomized clinical trial (RCT). Samples for NDEV determinations were obtained at baseline in the NDEV study and at baseline and study endpoint in the RCT. Cognition and functioning were assessed at the same time points. RESULTS NDEV levels of Aβ42, total tau, P-T181-tau, and P-S393-tau were higher and those of neurogranin and REST were lower in mild-to-moderate AD than in controls (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). NDEV total tau, neurogranin, and REST increased with AD severity (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). NDEV Aβ42 and P-T181-tau correlated negatively with serum BDNF (p < 0.05), and total-tau levels were associated to plasma TNF-α (p < 0.01) and cognitive impairment (p < 0.05). Combination therapy reduced NDEV Aβ42 with respect to monotherapies (p < 0.05); and NDEV total tau, P-T181-tau, and P-S396-tau were decreased in Cerebrolysin-treated patients compared to those on donepezil monotherapy (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The present results demonstrate the utility of NDEV determinations of pathologic and synaptic proteins as effective AD biomarkers, as markers of AD severity, and as potential tools for monitoring the effects of anti-AD drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- X. Anton Alvarez
- Medinova Institute of Neurosciences, Clinica Reha Salud, A Coruña, Spain
- Clinical Research Department, QPS Holdings, A Coruña, Spain
| | | | - James W. Barlow
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Floyd M. Sarsoza
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Irene Alvarez
- Medinova Institute of Neurosciences, Clinica Reha Salud, A Coruña, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Robert A. Rissman
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
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Kumar R, Kumar R, Sharma N, Khurana N. Ameliorative effect of myrcene in mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 911:174529. [PMID: 34592305 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Myrcene (Myr) has been reported to show neuroprotective effects in cerebral ischemia. In this research work, we investigated the Myr effect on neurobehavioural, and neuropathological alteration in mice induced by Aluminium trichloride (AlCl3) and D - galactose. The administration of AlCl3 (5 mg/kg; p. o.), and D - galactose (60 mg/kg; i. p.) for 90 days in mice resulted in spatial learning and memory deficits, cognitive decline, as well as neurotoxicity. The treatments with Myr low dose (100 mg/kg), Myr high dose (200 mg/kg), donepezil (2 mg/kg), and Myr low dose + donepezil (100 + 2 mg/kg) were administered via intraperitoneal route for 30 days significantly reversed the neurobehavioral, and neuropathological effects of AlCl3 and D - galactose in mice. The results of behavioural tests such as Morris water maze, elevated plus maze, and locomotor; biochemical analysis such as malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), nitrite, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE); and ELISA tests such as mouse β - secretase (BACE), amyloid-beta peptide1-42 (Aβ1 - 42), tumor necrosis factor - α (TNF-α), interleukin - 6 (IL-6), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) demonstrated a significant (p < 0.05) neuroprotective effect of the Myr and donepezil co-treatments. In addition, hematoxylin and eosin staining of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus revealed eosinophilic lesions and hyperchromatic nuclei in Alzheimer's disease mice, but treatments with Myr low dose, Myr high dose, donepezil, and Myr low dose + donepezil reversed these neurodegenerative effects. Myr showed these activities by enhancing synaptic plasticity and cholinergic activity, as well as reducing oxidative damage, neuroinflammation, Aβ1-42 aggregations, and histopathological damage. Myr alone and in combination with donepezil may serve as a potential candidate for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Rajan Kumar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Neha Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Navneet Khurana
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India.
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Torres AK, Jara C, Park-Kang HS, Polanco CM, Tapia D, Alarcón F, de la Peña A, Llanquinao J, Vargas-Mardones G, Indo JA, Inestrosa NC, Tapia-Rojas C. Synaptic Mitochondria: An Early Target of Amyloid-β and Tau in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 84:1391-1414. [PMID: 34719499 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by cognitive impairment and the presence of neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques in the brain. Neurofibrillary tangles are composed of hyperphosphorylated tau, while senile plaques are formed by amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide. The amyloid hypothesis proposes that Aβ accumulation is primarily responsible for the neurotoxicity in AD. Multiple Aβ-mediated toxicity mechanisms have been proposed including mitochondrial dysfunction. However, it is unclear if it precedes Aβ accumulation or if is a consequence of it. Aβ promotes mitochondrial failure. However, amyloid β precursor protein (AβPP) could be cleaved in the mitochondria producing Aβ peptide. Mitochondrial-produced Aβ could interact with newly formed ones or with Aβ that enter the mitochondria, which may induce its oligomerization and contribute to further mitochondrial alterations, resulting in a vicious cycle. Another explanation for AD is the tau hypothesis, in which modified tau trigger toxic effects in neurons. Tau induces mitochondrial dysfunction by indirect and apparently by direct mechanisms. In neurons mitochondria are classified as non-synaptic or synaptic according to their localization, where synaptic mitochondrial function is fundamental supporting neurotransmission and hippocampal memory formation. Here, we focus on synaptic mitochondria as a primary target for Aβ toxicity and/or formation, generating toxicity at the synapse and contributing to synaptic and memory impairment in AD. We also hypothesize that phospho-tau accumulates in mitochondria and triggers dysfunction. Finally, we discuss that synaptic mitochondrial dysfunction occur in aging and correlates with age-related memory loss. Therefore, synaptic mitochondrial dysfunction could be a predisposing factor for AD or an early marker of its onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angie K Torres
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Aging, Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebasti´n Sede Los Leones, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Jara
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Aging, Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebasti´n Sede Los Leones, Santiago, Chile
| | - Han S Park-Kang
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Aging, Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebasti´n Sede Los Leones, Santiago, Chile
| | - Catalina M Polanco
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Aging, Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebasti´n Sede Los Leones, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego Tapia
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Aging, Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebasti´n Sede Los Leones, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabián Alarcón
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Aging, Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebasti´n Sede Los Leones, Santiago, Chile
| | - Adely de la Peña
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Aging, Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebasti´n Sede Los Leones, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jesus Llanquinao
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Aging, Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebasti´n Sede Los Leones, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gabriela Vargas-Mardones
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Aging, Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebasti´n Sede Los Leones, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javiera A Indo
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Aging, Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebasti´n Sede Los Leones, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nibaldo C Inestrosa
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Cheril Tapia-Rojas
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Aging, Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebasti´n Sede Los Leones, Santiago, Chile
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Kim J, Lee HJ, Park SK, Park JH, Jeong HR, Lee S, Lee H, Seol E, Hoe HS. Donepezil Regulates LPS and Aβ-Stimulated Neuroinflammation through MAPK/NLRP3 Inflammasome/STAT3 Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10637. [PMID: 34638977 PMCID: PMC8508964 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The acetylcholinesterase inhibitors donepezil and rivastigmine have been used as therapeutic drugs for Alzheimer's disease (AD), but their effects on LPS- and Aβ-induced neuroinflammatory responses and the underlying molecular pathways have not been studied in detail in vitro and in vivo. In the present study, we found that 10 or 50 μM donepezil significantly decreased the LPS-induced increases in the mRNA levels of a number of proinflammatory cytokines in BV2 microglial cells, whereas 50 μM rivastigmine significantly diminished only LPS-stimulated IL-6 mRNA levels. In subsequent experiments in primary astrocytes, donepezil suppressed only LPS-stimulated iNOS mRNA levels. To identify the molecular mechanisms by which donepezil regulates LPS-induced neuroinflammation, we examined whether donepezil alters LPS-stimulated proinflammatory responses by modulating LPS-induced downstream signaling and the NLRP3 inflammasome. Importantly, we found that donepezil suppressed LPS-induced AKT/MAPK signaling, the NLRP3 inflammasome, and transcription factor NF-kB/STAT3 phosphorylation to reduce neuroinflammatory responses. In LPS-treated wild-type mice, a model of neuroinflammatory disease, donepezil significantly attenuated LPS-induced microglial activation, microglial density/morphology, and proinflammatory cytokine COX-2 and IL-6 levels. In a mouse model of AD (5xFAD mice), donepezil significantly reduced Aβ-induced microglial and astrocytic activation, density, and morphology. Taken together, our findings indicate that donepezil significantly downregulates LPS- and Aβ-evoked neuroinflammatory responses in vitro and in vivo and may be a therapeutic agent for neuroinflammation-associated diseases such as AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Kim
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41062, Korea; (J.K.); (H.-j.L.); (S.K.P.); (J.-H.P.); (H.-R.J.)
| | - Hyun-ju Lee
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41062, Korea; (J.K.); (H.-j.L.); (S.K.P.); (J.-H.P.); (H.-R.J.)
| | - Seon Kyeong Park
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41062, Korea; (J.K.); (H.-j.L.); (S.K.P.); (J.-H.P.); (H.-R.J.)
| | - Jin-Hee Park
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41062, Korea; (J.K.); (H.-j.L.); (S.K.P.); (J.-H.P.); (H.-R.J.)
| | - Ha-Ram Jeong
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41062, Korea; (J.K.); (H.-j.L.); (S.K.P.); (J.-H.P.); (H.-R.J.)
| | - Soojung Lee
- G2GBIO, Inc., Science Park #411, 1646 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Korea; (S.L.); (H.L.); (E.S.)
| | - Heeyong Lee
- G2GBIO, Inc., Science Park #411, 1646 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Korea; (S.L.); (H.L.); (E.S.)
| | - Eunyoung Seol
- G2GBIO, Inc., Science Park #411, 1646 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Korea; (S.L.); (H.L.); (E.S.)
| | - Hyang-Sook Hoe
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41062, Korea; (J.K.); (H.-j.L.); (S.K.P.); (J.-H.P.); (H.-R.J.)
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), 333, Techno Jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-eup, Dalseong-gun, Daegu 42988, Korea
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21
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Morris JK, McCoin CS, Fuller KN, John CS, Wilkins HM, Green ZD, Wang X, Sharma P, Burns JM, Vidoni ED, Mahnken JD, Shankar K, Swerdlow RH, Thyfault JP. Mild Cognitive Impairment and Donepezil Impact Mitochondrial Respiratory Capacity in Skeletal Muscle. FUNCTION (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2021; 2:zqab045. [PMID: 34661111 PMCID: PMC8515006 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqab045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (ad) associates with insulin resistance and low aerobic capacity, suggestive of impaired skeletal muscle mitochondrial function. However, this has not been directly measured in AD. This study ( n = 50) compared muscle mitochondrial respiratory function and gene expression profiling in cognitively healthy older adults (CH; n = 24) to 26 individuals in the earliest phase of ad-related cognitive decline, mild cognitive impairment (MCI; n = 11) or MCI taking the ad medication donepezil (MCI + med; n = 15). Mitochondrial respiratory kinetics were measured in permeabilized muscle fibers from muscle biopsies of the vastus lateralis. Untreated MCI exhibited lower lipid-stimulated skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration (State 3, ADP-stimulated) than both CH ( P = .043) and MCI + med (P = .007) groups. MCI also exhibited poorer mitochondrial coupling control compared to CH (P = .014). RNA sequencing of skeletal muscle revealed unique differences in mitochondrial function and metabolism genes based on both MCI status (CH vs MCI) and medication treatment (MCI vs MCI + med). MCI + med modified over 600 skeletal muscle genes compared to MCI suggesting donepezil powerfully impacts the transcriptional profile of muscle. Overall, skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration is altered in untreated MCI but normalized in donepezil-treated MCI participants while leak control is impaired regardless of medication status. These results provide evidence that mitochondrial changes occur in the early stages of AD, but are influenced by a common ad medicine. Further study of mitochondrial bioenergetics and the influence of transcriptional regulation in early ad is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Colin S McCoin
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Internal Medicine-Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Kelly N Fuller
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Internal Medicine-Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Casey S John
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Heather M Wilkins
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Zachary D Green
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Xiaowan Wang
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Palash Sharma
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Burns
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Eric D Vidoni
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Jonathan D Mahnken
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Kartik Shankar
- Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Russell H Swerdlow
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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22
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Ongnok B, Khuanjing T, Chunchai T, Pantiya P, Kerdphoo S, Arunsak B, Nawara W, Jaiwongkam T, Apaijai N, Chattipakorn N, Chattipakorn SC. Donepezil Protects Against Doxorubicin-Induced Chemobrain in Rats via Attenuation of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress Without Interfering With Doxorubicin Efficacy. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:2107-2125. [PMID: 34312765 PMCID: PMC8608968 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-021-01092-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although doxorubicin (Dox) is an effective chemotherapy medication used extensively in the treatment of breast cancer, it frequently causes debilitating neurological deficits known as chemobrain. Donepezil (DPZ), an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, provides therapeutic benefits in various neuropathological conditions. However, comprehensive mechanistic insights regarding the neuroprotection of DPZ on cognition and brain pathologies in a Dox-induced chemobrain model remain obscure. Here, we demonstrated that Dox-treated rats manifested conspicuous cognitive deficits and developed chemobrain pathologies as indicated by brain inflammatory and oxidative insults, glial activation, defective mitochondrial homeostasis, increased potential lesions associated with Alzheimer's disease, disrupted neurogenesis, loss of dendritic spines, and ultimately neuronal death through both apoptosis and necroptosis. Intervention with DPZ co-treatment completely restored cognitive function by attenuating these pathological conditions induced by DOX. We also confirmed that DPZ treatment does not affect the anti-cancer efficacy of Dox in breast cancer cells. Together, our findings suggest that DPZ treatment confers potential neuroprotection against Dox-induced chemobrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Ongnok
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Neuroelectrophysiology Unit, Chiang Mai University, 50200, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, 50200, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Chiang Mai University, 50200, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Thawatchai Khuanjing
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, 50200, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Chiang Mai University, 50200, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Titikorn Chunchai
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Neuroelectrophysiology Unit, Chiang Mai University, 50200, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, 50200, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Chiang Mai University, 50200, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Patcharapong Pantiya
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Neuroelectrophysiology Unit, Chiang Mai University, 50200, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, 50200, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Chiang Mai University, 50200, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Sasiwan Kerdphoo
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Neuroelectrophysiology Unit, Chiang Mai University, 50200, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Chiang Mai University, 50200, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Busarin Arunsak
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Neuroelectrophysiology Unit, Chiang Mai University, 50200, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Chiang Mai University, 50200, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Wichwara Nawara
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Neuroelectrophysiology Unit, Chiang Mai University, 50200, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Chiang Mai University, 50200, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Thidarat Jaiwongkam
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Neuroelectrophysiology Unit, Chiang Mai University, 50200, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Chiang Mai University, 50200, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nattayaporn Apaijai
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, 50200, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Chiang Mai University, 50200, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nipon Chattipakorn
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Neuroelectrophysiology Unit, Chiang Mai University, 50200, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, 50200, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Chiang Mai University, 50200, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Siriporn C Chattipakorn
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Neuroelectrophysiology Unit, Chiang Mai University, 50200, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, 50200, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, 50200, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
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23
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Kenche H, Singh M, Smith J, Shen K. Neuronal mitochondrial dysfunction in a cellular model of circadian rhythm disruption is rescued by donepezil. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 567:56-62. [PMID: 34144501 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Human circadian rhythm refers to the intrinsic ∼24-h oscillation that regulates biological processes to adapt to environments. Disruption of rhythmicity causes mitochondrial dysfunction, changes metabolism, and is associated with neurodegenerative diseases and mental disorders. By employing cellular respiration analyses and mitochondrial membrane potential characterization, we confirmed that donepezil, a sigma-1 receptor agonist, restored mitochondrial function in neuronal cells with induced-circadian rhythm disruption (CRD). This protective effect was elicited by boosting oxidative respiration and increasing mitochondrial membrane potentials. Furthermore, donepezil treatment reinstated rhythmicity of core clock genes. Our findings suggest a novel countermeasure for treating CRD-related neurodegeneration and mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshavardhan Kenche
- Department of Chemistry and Forensic Science, Savannah State University, Savannah, GA 31404, USA
| | - Meharvan Singh
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Jacquez Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Forensic Science, Savannah State University, Savannah, GA 31404, USA
| | - Kai Shen
- Department of Chemistry and Forensic Science, Savannah State University, Savannah, GA 31404, USA.
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24
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Jin X, Guo JL, Wang L, Zhong X, Yao WF, Gao H, Liu MY. Natural products as pharmacological modulators of mitochondrial dysfunctions for the treatments of Alzheimer's disease: A comprehensive review. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 218:113401. [PMID: 33831779 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by neuronal loss and cognitive impairment that harshly affect the elderly individuals. Currently, the available anti-AD pharmacological approaches are purely symptomatic to alleviate AD symptoms, and the curative effects of novel anti-AD drugs focused on Aβ target are disappointing. Hence, there is a tremendous need to adjust AD therapeutic targets and discover novel anti-AD agents. In AD, mitochondrial dysfunction gradually triggers neuronal death from different aspects and worsens the occurrence and progress of AD. Consequently, it has been proposed that the intervention of impaired mitochondria represents an attractive breakthrough point for AD treatments. Due to chemical diversity, poly-pharmacological activities, few adverse effects and multiple targeting, natural products (NPs) have been identified as a valuable treasure for drug discovery and development. Multiple lines of studies have scientifically proven that NPs display ameliorative benefits in AD treatment in relation to mitochondrial dysfunction. This review surveys the complicated implications for mitochondrial dysregulation and AD, and then summarizes the potentials of NPs and their underlying molecular mechanisms against AD via reducing or improving mitochondrial dysfunction. It is expected that this work may open the window to speed up the development of innovative anti-AD drugs originated from NPs and improve upcoming AD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jin
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jia-Ling Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin Zhong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei-Fan Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hua Gao
- Division of Pharmacology Laboratory, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Ming-Yan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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25
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Giacomini AC, Bueno BW, Marcon L, Scolari N, Genario R, Demin KA, Kolesnikova TO, Kalueff AV, de Abreu MS. An acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, donepezil, increases anxiety and cortisol levels in adult zebrafish. J Psychopharmacol 2020; 34:1449-1456. [PMID: 32854587 DOI: 10.1177/0269881120944155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, donepezil is a cognitive enhancer clinically used to treat neurodegenerative diseases. However, its complete pharmacological profile beyond cognition remains unclear. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is rapidly becoming a powerful novel model organism in neuroscience and central nervous system drug screening. AIM Here, we characterize the effects of 24-h donepezil administration on anxiety-like behavioral and endocrine responses in adult zebrafish. METHODS We evaluated zebrafish anxiety-like behaviors in the novel tank, the light-dark and the shoaling tests, paralleled by assessing brain acetylcholinesterase activity and whole-body cortisol levels. RESULTS Overall, donepezil dose-dependently decreased zebrafish locomotor activity in the novel tank test and reduced time in light in the light-dark test, likely representing hypolocomotion and anxiety-like behaviors. Donepezil predictably decreased brain acetylcholinesterase activity, also increasing whole-body cortisol levels, thus further linking acetylcholinesterase inhibition to anxiety-like behavioral and endocrine responses. CONCLUSION Collectively, these findings suggest negative modulation of zebrafish affective behavior by donepezil, support the key role of cholinergic mechanisms in behavioral regulation in zebrafish, and reinforce the growing utility of zebrafish models for studying complex behavioral processess and their neuroendocrine and neurochemical regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cvv Giacomini
- Postgraduate Program in Environmental Sciences, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil.,Bioscience Institute, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil
| | - Barbara W Bueno
- Bioscience Institute, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil
| | - Leticia Marcon
- Bioscience Institute, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil
| | - Naiara Scolari
- Bioscience Institute, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Genario
- Bioscience Institute, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil
| | - Konstantin A Demin
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov Medical Research Centre, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russia.,Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Tatyana O Kolesnikova
- Granov Scientific Research Center for Radiology and Surgical Technologies, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Allan V Kalueff
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Murilo S de Abreu
- Bioscience Institute, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil.,The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium, Slidell, USA
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26
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Effects of Novel Tacrine Derivatives on Mitochondrial Energy Metabolism and Monoamine Oxidase Activity-In Vitro Study. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 58:1102-1113. [PMID: 33089424 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02172-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The trends of novel AD therapeutics are focused on multitarget-directed ligands (MTDLs), which combine cholinesterase inhibition with additional biological properties such as antioxidant properties to positively affect neuronal energy metabolism as well as mitochondrial function. We examined the in vitro effects of 10 novel MTDLs on the activities of mitochondrial enzymes (electron transport chain complexes and citrate synthase), mitochondrial respiration, and monoamine oxidase isoform (MAO-A and MAO-B) activity. The drug-induced effects of 7-MEOTA-adamantylamine heterodimers (K1011, K1013, K1018, K1020, and K1022) and tacrine/7-MEOTA/6-chlorotacrine-trolox heterodimers (K1046, K1053, K1056, K1060, and K1065) were measured in pig brain mitochondria. Most of the substances inhibited complex I- and complex II-linked respiration at high concentrations; K1046, K1053, K1056, and K1060 resulted in the least inhibition of mitochondrial respiration. Citrate synthase activity was not significantly inhibited by the tested substances; the least inhibition of complex I was observed for compounds K1060 and K1053, while both complex II/III and complex IV activity were markedly inhibited by K1011 and K1018. MAO-A was fully inhibited by K1018 and K1065, and MAO-B was fully inhibited by K1053 and K1065; the other tested drugs were partial inhibitors of both MAO-A and MAO-B. The tacrine/7-MEOTA/6-chlorotacrine-trolox heterodimers K1046, K1053, and K1060 seem to be the most suitable molecules for subsequent in vivo studies. These compounds had balanced inhibitory effects on mitochondrial respiration, with low complex I and complex II/III inhibition and full or partial inhibition of MAO-B activity.
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27
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Das R, Chinnathambi S. Actin-mediated Microglial Chemotaxis via G-Protein Coupled Purinergic Receptor in Alzheimer's Disease. Neuroscience 2020; 448:325-336. [PMID: 32941933 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease mainly associated with aging, oxidative stress and genetic mutations. There are two pathological proteins involved in AD; Amyloid-β peptide and microtubule-associated protein Tau (MAPT). The β- and γ-secretase enzyme cleaves the Amyloid precursor protein, which results in the formation of extracellular plaques in brain. While, Tau undergoes hyperphosphorylation and other post-translational modifications (PTMs), which eventually generates Tau oligomers, and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in neurons. Moreover, the brain-resident glia and infiltrated macrophages elevate the level of CNS inflammation, which trigger the oxidative damage of neuronal circuits by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Nitric oxide (NO). Microglia is the primary immune cell in the CNS, which is continuously surveilling the neuronal synapses and pathogen invasion. Microglia in the resting state is called 'Ramified', which possess long surveilling extensions with a small cell body. But, upon activation, microglia retracts the cellular extensions and transform into round migratory cells, called as 'Amoeboid' state. Activated microglia undergoes actin remodeling by forming lamellipodia and filopodia, which directs the migratory axis while podosomes formed are involved in extracellular matrix degradation for invasion. Protein-aggregates in malfunctioning synapses and in CNS milieu can be detected by microglia, which results in its activation and migration. Subsequently, the phagocytosis of synapses leads to the inflammatory burst and memory loss. The extracellular nucleotides released from damaged neurons and the cytokine-chemokine gradients allow the neighboring microglia and macrophages to migrate-infiltrate at the site of neuronal-damage. The ionotropic (P2XR) and metabotropic (P2YR) purinergic receptor recognize extracellular ATP/ADP, which propagates through the intracellular calcium signaling, chemotaxis, phagocytosis and inflammation. The P2Y receptors give 'find me' or 'eat me' signals to microglia to either migrate or phagocytose cellular debris. Further, the actin cytoskeleton helps microglia to mediate directed chemotaxis and neuronal repair during neurodegeneration. Hence, we aim to emphasize the connection between purinergic signaling and actin-driven mechanical movements of microglia for migration and inflammation in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Das
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, 411008 Pune, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), 411008 Pune, India
| | - Subashchandrabose Chinnathambi
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, 411008 Pune, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), 411008 Pune, India.
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28
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Shevtsova EF, Maltsev AV, Vinogradova DV, Shevtsov PN, Bachurin SO. Mitochondria as a promising target for developing novel agents for treating Alzheimer's disease. Med Res Rev 2020; 41:803-827. [PMID: 32687230 DOI: 10.1002/med.21715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondria-targeting drugs can be conventionally divided into the following groups: those compensating for the energy deficit involved in neurodegeneration, including stimulants of mitochondrial bioenergetics and activators of mitochondrial biogenesis; and neuroprotectors, that are compounds increasing the resistance of mitochondria to opening of mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) pores. Although compensating for the energy deficit and inhibition of MPT are obvious targets for drugs used in the very early stages of Alzheimer-like pathology, but their use as the monotherapy for patients with severe symptoms is unlikely to be sufficiently effective. It would be optimal to combine targets that would provide the cognitive-stimulating, the neuroprotective effects and the ability to affect specific disease-forming mechanisms. In the design of such drugs, assessment of their potential mitochondrial-targeted effects is of particular importance. The possibility of targeted drug design for simultaneous action on mitochondrial and neurotransmitter's receptors targets is, in particularly, based on the known interplay of various cellular pathways and the presence of common structural components. Of particular interest is directed search for multitarget drugs that would act simultaneously on mitochondrial calcium-dependent functions, the targets (receptors, enzymes, etc.) facilitating neurotransmission, and the molecular targets related to the action of so-called disease-modifying factors, in particular, the formation and overcoming of the toxicity of β-amyloid or hyperphosphorylated tau protein. The examples of such approaches realized on the level of preclinical and clinical trials are presented below.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena F Shevtsova
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Andrey V Maltsev
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Darya V Vinogradova
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Pavel N Shevtsov
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Sergey O Bachurin
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, Russia
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29
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Sun Y, Ma C, Sun H, Wang H, Peng W, Zhou Z, Wang H, Pi C, Shi Y, He X. Metabolism: A Novel Shared Link between Diabetes Mellitus and Alzheimer's Disease. J Diabetes Res 2020; 2020:4981814. [PMID: 32083135 PMCID: PMC7011481 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4981814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As a chronic metabolic disease, diabetes mellitus (DM) is broadly characterized by elevated levels of blood glucose. Novel epidemiological studies demonstrate that some diabetic patients have an increased risk of developing dementia compared with healthy individuals. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most frequent cause of dementia and leads to major progressive deficits in memory and cognitive function. Multiple studies have identified an increased risk for AD in some diabetic populations, but it is still unclear which diabetic patients will develop dementia and which biological characteristics can predict cognitive decline. Although few mechanistic metabolic studies have shown clear pathophysiological links between DM and AD, there are several plausible ways this may occur. Since AD has many characteristics in common with impaired insulin signaling pathways, AD can be regarded as a metabolic disease. We conclude from the published literature that the body's diabetic status under certain circumstances such as metabolic abnormalities can increase the incidence of AD by affecting glucose transport to the brain and reducing glucose metabolism. Furthermore, due to its plentiful lipid content and high energy requirement, the brain's metabolism places great demands on mitochondria. Thus, the brain may be more susceptible to oxidative damage than the rest of the body. Emerging evidence suggests that both oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are related to amyloid-β (Aβ) pathology. Protein changes in the unfolded protein response or endoplasmic reticulum stress can regulate Aβ production and are closely associated with tau protein pathology. Altogether, metabolic disorders including glucose/lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and protein changes caused by DM are associated with an impaired insulin signal pathway. These metabolic factors could increase the prevalence of AD in diabetic patients via the promotion of Aβ pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Cao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- Department of Pathology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Wei Peng
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Zibo Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Chenchen Pi
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Yingai Shi
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xu He
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
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Pyruvate Dehydrogenase and Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Enzymes Are Sensitive Targets of Traumatic Brain Injury Induced Metabolic Derangement. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225774. [PMID: 31744143 PMCID: PMC6888669 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Using a closed-head impact acceleration model of mild or severe traumatic brain injury (mTBI or sTBI, respectively) in rats, we evaluated the effects of graded head impacts on the gene and protein expressions of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), as well as major enzymes of mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA). TBI was induced in anaesthetized rats by dropping 450 g from 1 (mTBI) or 2 m height (sTBI). After 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 120 h gene expressions of enzymes and subunits of PDH. PDH kinases and phosphatases (PDK1-4 and PDP1-2, respectively), citrate synthase (CS), isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (OGDH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), succinyl-CoA synthase (SUCLG), and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) were determined in whole brain extracts (n = 6 rats at each time for both TBI levels). In the same samples, the high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) determination of acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) and free coenzyme A (CoA-SH) was performed. Sham-operated animals (n = 6) were used as controls. After mTBI, the results indicated a general transient decrease, followed by significant increases, in PDH and TCA gene expressions. Conversely, permanent PDH and TCA downregulation occurred following sTBI. The inhibitory conditions of PDH (caused by PDP1-2 downregulations and PDK1-4 overexpression) and SDH appeared to operate only after sTBI. This produced almost no change in acetyl-CoA and free CoA-SH following mTBI and a remarkable depletion of both compounds after sTBI. These results again demonstrated temporary or steady mitochondrial malfunctioning, causing minimal or profound modifications to energy-related metabolites, following mTBI or sTBI, respectively. Additionally, PDH and SDH appeared to be highly sensitive to traumatic insults and are deeply involved in mitochondrial-related energy metabolism imbalance.
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Yaowaluk T, Senanarong V, Limwongse C, Boonprasert R, Kijsanayotin P. Influence of CYP2D6, CYP3A5, ABCB1, APOE polymorphisms and nongenetic factors on donepezil treatment in patients with Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Pharmgenomics Pers Med 2019; 12:209-224. [PMID: 31564952 PMCID: PMC6732559 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s211259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to evaluate the influence of genetic polymorphisms of CYP2D6, CYP3A5, ABCB1, and APOE genes and nongenetic factors on steady-state plasma concentrations (Cpss) of donepezil and therapeutic outcomes in Thai patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VAD). PATIENTS AND METHODS Eighty-five dementia patients who received donepezil for at least six months were recruited. CYP2D6, CYP3A5, ABCB1, and APOE polymorphisms were genotyped. Cpss of donepezil was measured. Association of genetic and non-genetic factors with Cpss and clinical outcomes of donepezil (cognitive function as measured by the Thai Mental State Examination score; TMSE) were determined by using univariate and multivariate analysis. RESULTS Both univariate and multiple linear regression analysis indicated that only CYP2D6*10 allele was associated with higher Cpss (p-value =0.029 and B =0.478, p-value =0.032, respectively) that might influence the clinical outcomes of donepezil. ie, TMSE (p-value =0.010 and B =4.527, p-value =0.001) and ΔTMSE (p-value =0.023 and B =4.107, p-value =0.002), especially in patients with AD. Interestingly, concomitant use of memantine was found to be associated with increased Cpss of donepezil (p-value =0.007 and B =0.511, p-value =0.014). Whereas, co-medication with antidepressant drugs attenuated clinical responses in patients with AD (TMSE: B =-2.719, p-value =0.013 and ΔTMSE: B =-2.348, p-value =0.028). Age was a significant predictor of donepezil response in VAD patients. No significant association of CYP3A5*3, ABCB1 3435C>T or ABCB1 1236C>T, and APOE ε4 genotypes with Cpss or clinical outcomes of donepezil was found in this study. CONCLUSION Our results suggests that CYP2D6*10 strongly influences Cpss and there is a trend toward better outcomes of donepezil in patients with AD. Nongenetic factors including concomitant drugs treatment might alter Cpss of donepezil or clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thitipon Yaowaluk
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Vorapun Senanarong
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chanin Limwongse
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rasda Boonprasert
- Clinical Toxicology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pornpimol Kijsanayotin
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Amanzadeh E, Esmaeili A, Rahgozar S, Nourbakhshnia M. Application of quercetin in neurological disorders: from nutrition to nanomedicine. Rev Neurosci 2019; 30:555-572. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2018-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Quercetin is a polyphenolic flavonoid, which is frequently found in fruits and vegetables. The antioxidant potential of quercetin has been studied from subcellular compartments, that is, mitochondria to tissue levels in the brain. The neurodegeneration process initiates alongside aging of the neurons. It appears in different parts of the brain as Aβ plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, Lewy bodies, Pick bodies, and others, which leads to Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and other diseases. So far, no specific treatment has been identified for these diseases. Despite common treatments that help to prevent the development of disease, the condition of patients with progressive neurodegenerative diseases usually do not completely improve. Currently, the use of flavonoids, especially quercetin for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, has been expanded in animal models. It has also been used to treat animal models of neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, improvements in behavioral levels, as well as in cellular and molecular levels, decreased activity of antioxidant and apoptotic proteins, and increased levels of antiapoptotic proteins have been observed. Low bioavailability of quercetin has also led researchers to construct various quercetin-involved nanoparticles. The treatment of animal models of neurodegeneration using quercetin-involved nanoparticles has shown that improvements are observed in shorter periods and with use of lower concentrations. Indeed, intranasal administration of quercetin-involved nanoparticles, constructing superparamagnetic nanoparticles, and combinational treatment using nanoparticles such as quercetin and other drugs are suggested for future studies.
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Garabadu D, Verma J. Exendin-4 attenuates brain mitochondrial toxicity through PI3K/Akt-dependent pathway in amyloid beta (1-42)-induced cognitive deficit rats. Neurochem Int 2019; 128:39-49. [PMID: 31004737 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory loss, disorientation and gradual deterioration of intellectual ability. In the pharmacotherapy of AD, the mitochondrial protective activity of Exendin-4 in experimental studies is yet to be established though its effectiveness is demonstrated in these patients. Therefore, the mitochondria protective activity of Exendin-4 (5 μg/kg, i.p.) was investigated in hippocampus and pre-frontal cortex (PFC) of AD-like animals. The amyloid beta (Aβ) was injected through bilateral intracerebroventricular route into lateral ventricles to induce AD-like manifestations in the male rats. Exendin-4 significantly attenuated Aβ-induced memory-deficits in the Morris water maze and Y-maze test protocols. Exendin-4 significantly decreased Aβ-induced increase in the level of Aβ in both brain regions. Exendin-4 significantly increased Aβ-induced decrease in acetylcholine level and activity of cholineacetyl transferase in all brain regions. Moreover, Exendin-4 significantly decreased Aβ-induced increase in the activity of acetylcholinestrase in both the brain regions. E4 significantly increased Aβ-induced decrease in mitochondrial function, integrity, respiratory control rate and ADP/O in all brain regions. Further, Exendin-4 significantly decreased Aβ-induced increase in the mitochondrial complex enzyme-I, IV and V activities in all brain regions. Furthermore, Exendin-4 significantly increased Aβ-induced decrease in the level of phosphorylated Akt and the ratio of phosphorylated Akt to Akt in both brain regions. However, LY294002 diminished the therapeutic effects of Exendin-4 on behavioral, biochemical and molecular observations in AD-like animals. Pearson's analysis showed that the attributes of mitochondrial dysfunction (MMP and RCR) exhibited significant correlation to the loss in memory formation, level of Aβ and cholinergic dysfunction in these animals. Thus, it can be speculated that Exendin-4 may mitigate AD-like manifestations including mitochondrial toxicity perhaps through PI3K/Akt-mediated pathway in the experimental animals. Hence, Exendin-4 could be a potential therapeutic alternative candidate in the management of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debapriya Garabadu
- Division of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, 281 406, India.
| | - Jaya Verma
- Division of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, 281 406, India
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Zhou X, Xiao W, Su Z, Cheng J, Zheng C, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Wang L, Xu B, Li S, Yang X, Pui Man Hoi M. Hippocampal Proteomic Alteration in Triple Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease and Implication of PINK 1 Regulation in Donepezil Treatment. J Proteome Res 2018; 18:1542-1552. [PMID: 30484658 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Donepezil is a clinically approved acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (AChEI) for cognitive improvement in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Donepezil has been used as a first-line agent for the symptomatic treatment of AD, but its ability to modify disease pathology and underlying mechanisms is not clear. We investigated the protective effects and underlying mechanisms of donepezil in AD-related triple transgenic (APPSwe/PSEN1M146V/MAPTP301L) mouse model (3×Tg-AD). Mice (8-month old) were treated with donepezil (1.3 mg/kg) for 4 months and evaluated by behavioral tests for assessment of cognitive functions, and the hippocampal tissues were examined by protein analysis and quantitative proteomics. Behavioral tests showed that donepezil significantly improved the cognitive capabilities of 3×Tg-AD mice. The levels of soluble and insoluble amyloid beta proteins (Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42) and senile plaques were reduced in the hippocampus. Golgi staining of the hippocampus showed that donepezil prevented dendritic spine loss in hippocampal neurons of 3×Tg-AD mice. Proteomic studies of the hippocampal tissues identified 3131 proteins with altered expression related to AD pathology, of which 262 could be significantly reversed with donepezil treatment. Bioinformatics with functional analysis and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network mapping showed that donepezil significantly elevated the protein levels of PINK 1, NFASC, MYLK2, and NRAS in the hippocampus, and modulated the biological pathways of axon guidance, mitophagy, mTOR, and MAPK signaling. The substantial upregulation of PINK 1 with donepezil was further verified by Western blotting. Donepezil exhibited neuroprotective effects via multiple mechanisms. In particular, PINK 1 is related to mitophagy and cellular protection from mitochondrial dysfunction, which might play important roles in AD pathogenesis and represent a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences , University of Macau , Macau 99078 , China
| | - Wei Xiao
- College of Letters & Science , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Zhiyang Su
- Institute of New Drug Research and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Jinan University College of Pharmacy , Guangzhou 510000 , China
| | - Jiehong Cheng
- Institute of New Drug Research and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Jinan University College of Pharmacy , Guangzhou 510000 , China
| | - Chengyou Zheng
- Institute of New Drug Research and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Jinan University College of Pharmacy , Guangzhou 510000 , China
| | - Zaijun Zhang
- Institute of New Drug Research and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Jinan University College of Pharmacy , Guangzhou 510000 , China
| | - Yuqiang Wang
- Institute of New Drug Research and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Jinan University College of Pharmacy , Guangzhou 510000 , China
| | - Liang Wang
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Guangdong University of Technology , Guangzhou 510000 , China
| | - Benhong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen , Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Shupen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology , Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Xifei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen , Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Maggie Pui Man Hoi
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences , University of Macau , Macau 99078 , China
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Role of purinergic receptors in the Alzheimer's disease. Purinergic Signal 2018; 14:331-344. [PMID: 30362042 PMCID: PMC6298926 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-018-9629-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Etiology of the Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is not fully understood. Different pathological processes are considered, such as amyloid deposition, tau protein phosphorylation, oxidative stress (OS), metal ion disregulation, or chronic neuroinflammation. Purinergic signaling is involved in all these processes, suggesting the importance of nucleotide receptors (P2X and P2Y) and adenosine receptors (A1, A2A, A2B, A3) present on the CNS cells. Ecto-purines, ecto-pyrimidines, and enzymes participating in their metabolism are present in the inter-cellular spaces. Accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) in brain induces the ATP release into the extra-cellular space, which in turn stimulates the P2X7 receptors. Activation of P2X7 results in the increased synthesis and release of many pro-inflammatory mediators such as cytokines and chemokines. Furthermore, activation of P2X7 leads to the decreased activity of α-secretase, while activation of P2Y2 receptor has an opposite effect. Simultaneous inhibition of P2X7 and stimulation of P2Y2 would therefore be the efficient way of the α-secretase activation. Activation of P2Y2 receptors present in neurons, glia cells, and endothelial cells may have a positive neuroprotective effect in AD. The OS may also be counteracted via the purinergic signaling. ADP and its non-hydrolysable analogs activate P2Y13 receptors, leading to the increased activity of heme oxygenase, which has a cytoprotective activity. Adenosine, via A1 and A2A receptors, affects the dopaminergic and glutaminergic signaling, the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BNDF), and also changes the synaptic plasticity (e.g., causing a prolonged excitation or inhibition) in brain regions responsible for learning and memory. Such activity may be advantageous in the Alzheimer’s disease.
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Wang Y, Wang M, Fan K, Li T, Yan T, Wu B, Bi K, Jia Y. Protective effects of Alpinae Oxyphyllae Fructus extracts on lipopolysaccharide-induced animal model of Alzheimer's disease. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 217:98-106. [PMID: 29447949 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Alpinae Oxyphyllae Fructus (AOF) with warming and tonifying the kidney and spleen, anti-salivation, anti-polyuria and anti-diarrhea functions is the dried ripe fruits of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. (Zingiberaceae). As a traditional Chinese medicine, its application history is very long. AIMS OF THE STUDY The purpose of our study is to investigate the effects of different solvent extracts from AOF on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced animal model of Alzheimer's disease (AD) to elucidate the traditional medical theories with modern pharmacological methods and provide a reference for further clarifying its active components and mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS The method of stepwise screening was adopted in this paper. The animals were divided into 9 groups, including control (CT) group, model (MD) group, donepezil (DPZ) group, total extract (TT) group, petroleum ether extract (PE) group, chloroform extract (CF) group, ethyl acetate extract (EA) group, n-butanol extract (NB) group and water extract (WT) group. The anti-amnesic effects of different solvent extracts from AOF were measured in LPS-induced memory deficits mice by Y maze test and Morris water maze (MWM) test. Hematoxylin eosin (HE) staining was applied to observe pathological changes in hippocampus and cerebral cortex tissue of different groups. Biochemical indicators including ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (IBA-1), interleukin beta 1 (IL-1β), Aβ1-42 and hyperphosphorylated tau proteins (p-tau) in hippocampus and cortex after treatment with LPS were measured according to the manufacturer's instructions of ELISA kits. HPLC was used to evaluate the major components of different extracts. RESULTS It was found that successive intragastric administration of AOF (360 mg/kg) extracts for 14 days showed different degrees of improvement on LPS-induced AD model as measured by Y-maze test, Morris water maze test, and Histopathological examination. Moreover, the results of ELISA suggested petroleum ether (PE) extracts were worth recommending for inhibiting the high level of IBA-1, IL-1β, Aβ1-42 and p-tau in hippocampus and cortex after treatment with LPS. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrated for the first time that AOF attenuated LPS-induced learning and memory impairment, which may be associated with its inhibitory effect on neuroinflammation, amyloids-β (Aβ) deposition and p-tau. This research provided a theoretical basis for elucidating the traditional theory of AOF, and was also the stepping stone to the next step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Mengshi Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Kaiyue Fan
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Tongde Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Tingxu Yan
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Bo Wu
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Kaishun Bi
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Ying Jia
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, China.
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Advances toward multifunctional cholinesterase and β-amyloid aggregation inhibitors. Future Med Chem 2017; 9:1835-1854. [PMID: 28925729 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of a multitarget design approach in the development of new potential anti-Alzheimer's disease agents has resulted in the discovery of many multifunctional compounds focusing on various targets. Among them the largest group comprises inhibitors of both cholinesterases, with additional anti-β-amyloid aggregation activity. This review describes recent advances in this research area and presents the most interesting compounds reported over a 2-year span (2015-2016). The majority of hybrids possess heterodimeric structures obtained by linking structurally active fragments interacting with different targets. Multipotent cholinesterase inhibitors with β-amyloid antiaggregating activity may additionally possess antioxidative, neuroprotective or metal-chelating properties or less common features such as anti-β-secretase or τ-antiaggregation activity.
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Korábečný J, Nepovimová E, Cikánková T, Špilovská K, Vašková L, Mezeiová E, Kuča K, Hroudová J. Newly Developed Drugs for Alzheimer's Disease in Relation to Energy Metabolism, Cholinergic and Monoaminergic Neurotransmission. Neuroscience 2017; 370:191-206. [PMID: 28673719 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Current options for Alzheimer's disease (AD) treatment are based on administration of cholinesterase inhibitors (donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine) and/or memantine, acting as an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA). Therapeutic approaches vary and include novel cholinesterase inhibitors, modulators of NMDA receptors, monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, immunotherapeutics, modulators of mitochondrial permeability transition pores (mPTP), amyloid-beta binding alcohol dehydrogenase (ABAD) modulators, antioxidant agents, etc. The novel trends of AD therapy are focused on multiple targeted ligands, where mostly ChE inhibition is combined with additional biological properties, positively affecting neuronal energy metabolism as well as mitochondrial functions, and possessing antioxidant properties. The present review summarizes newly developed drugs targeting cholinesterase and MAO, as well as drugs affecting mitochondrial functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Korábečný
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralové, Sokolská 581, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Eugenie Nepovimová
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralové, Sokolská 581, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 11, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanského 62, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Cikánková
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 11, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Katarína Špilovská
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic; Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 11, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic; Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Třebešská 1575, 500 01 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Vašková
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 11, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanského 62, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Mezeiová
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralové, Sokolská 581, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic; Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 11, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuča
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralové, Sokolská 581, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanského 62, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Hroudová
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 11, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic; Institute of Pharmacology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Albertov 4, 128 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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Atukeren P, Cengiz M, Yavuzer H, Gelisgen R, Altunoglu E, Oner S, Erdenen F, Yuceakın D, Derici H, Cakatay U, Uzun H. The efficacy of donepezil administration on acetylcholinesterase activity and altered redox homeostasis in Alzheimer’s disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 90:786-795. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.03.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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Wang X, Zhang H, Liu J, Chen R, Tang Y, Chen H, Gu L, Li M, Cao S, Qin D, Wu J. Inhibitory Effect of Lychee Seed Saponins on Apoptosis Induced by Aβ 25-35 through Regulation of the Apoptotic and NF-κB Pathways in PC12 Cells. Nutrients 2017; 9:E337. [PMID: 28353652 PMCID: PMC5409676 DOI: 10.3390/nu9040337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal apoptosis plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Previous studies have shown that lychee seed saponins (LSS), isolated and extracted from traditional Chinese medicine lychee seeds, possess many beneficial activities including anti-oxidation, anti-diabetes, anti-AD, etc. In the present study, we established an in vitro neuronal apoptotic model of PC12 cells induced by Aβ25-35 and studied the effect of LSS on apoptosis by the methods of Hoechst 33342/propidium iodide (PI) fluorescence double staining, Annexin V/PI double staining, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL). We also investigated the effects of LSS on mitochondria membrane potential, the expressions of Bcl-2 and Bax proteins, and the mRNA expression and the nuclear translocation of NF-κBp65 in PC12 cells. The results showed that LSS markedly inhibited apoptosis, improved the mitochondria membrane potentials, upregulated the expression of Bcl-2 protein, downregulated the expression of Bax protein, and decreased the mRNA expression and nuclear translocation of NF-κBp65 in PC12 cells. The study demonstrated that LSS significantly inhibited apoptosis induced by Aβ25-35 via regulation of the apoptotic and NF-κB pathways in PC12 cells. Therefore, LSS has the potential to be developed as a novel agent or nutrient supplement for the prevention and/or treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuling Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Rong Chen
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Preclinical Medicine, Sichuan Vocational College of Health and Rehabilitation, Zigong 643000, China
| | - Yong Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
- Pharmacy Intravenous Admixture Services, Affiliated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Haixia Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Li Gu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Mao Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Shousong Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Dalian Qin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Jianming Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
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Mamada N, Tanokashira D, Ishii K, Tamaoka A, Araki W. Mitochondria are devoid of amyloid β-protein (Aβ)-producing secretases: Evidence for unlikely occurrence within mitochondria of Aβ generation from amyloid precursor protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 486:321-328. [PMID: 28302486 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is implicated in the pathological mechanism of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Amyloid β-protein (Aβ), which plays a central role in AD pathogenesis, is reported to accumulate within mitochondria. However, a question remains as to whether Aβ is generated locally from amyloid precursor protein (APP) within mitochondria. We investigated this issue by analyzing the expression patterns of APP, APP-processing secretases, and APP metabolites in mitochondria separated from human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells and those expressing Swedish mutant APP. APP, BACE1, and PEN-2 protein levels were significantly lower in crude mitochondria than microsome fractions while those of ADAM10 and the other γ-secretase complex components (presenilin 1, nicastrin, and APH-1) were comparable between fractions. The crude mitochondrial fraction containing substantial levels of cathepsin D, a lysosomal marker, was further separated via iodixanol gradient centrifugation to obtain mitochondria- and lysosome-enriched fractions. Mature APP, BACE1, and all γ-secretase complex components (in particular, presenilin 1 and PEN-2) were scarcely present in the mitochondria-enriched fraction, compared to the lysosome-enriched fraction. Moreover, expression of the β-C-terminal fragment (β-CTF) of APP was markedly low in the mitochondria-enriched fraction. Additionally, immunocytochemical analysis showed very little co-localization between presenilin 1 and Tom20, a marker protein of mitochondria. In view of the particularly low expression levels of BACE1, γ-secretase complex proteins, and β-CTF in mitochondria, we propose that it is unlikely that Aβ generation from APP occurs locally within this organelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Mamada
- Department of Demyelinating Disease and Aging, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan; Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Tanokashira
- Department of Demyelinating Disease and Aging, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiro Ishii
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
| | - Akira Tamaoka
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
| | - Wataru Araki
- Department of Demyelinating Disease and Aging, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan.
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Wang CN, Wang YJ, Wang H, Song L, Chen Y, Wang JL, Ye Y, Jiang B. The Anti-dementia Effects of Donepezil Involve miR-206-3p in the Hippocampus and Cortex. Biol Pharm Bull 2017; 40:465-472. [PMID: 28123152 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b16-00898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a most serious age-related neurodegenerative disorder accompanied with significant memory impairments in this world. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been reported to be invlolved in the pathophysiology of AD. Previous studies have shown that miRNA-206 (miR-206) is implicated in the pathogenesis of AD via suppressing the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the brain. Here, we examined the miR-206-3p and miR-206-5p expression in the hippocampus and cortex of Abeta precursor protein (APP)/presenilin-1 (PS1) transgenic mice treated with donepezil, a drug approved for treating AD in clinic. We found that the expression of miR-206-3p was significantly up-regulated in the hippocampus and cortex of APP/PS1 mice, while donepezil administration significantly reversed this dysfunction. In addition, enhancing the miR-206-3p level by the usage of AgomiR-206-3p significantly attenuated the anti-dementia effects of donepezil in APP/PS1 mice. Together, these results suggested that miR-206-3p is involved in the anti-dementia effects of donepezil, and could be a novel pharmacological target for treating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Niu Wang
- Basic Medical Research Centre, Medical College, Nantong University
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Progress in drug development for Alzheimer's disease: An overview in relation to mitochondrial energy metabolism. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 121:774-784. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.03.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Hu H, Tan CC, Tan L, Yu JT. A Mitocentric View of Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:6046-6060. [PMID: 27696116 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0117-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease with an increasing morbidity, mortality, and economic cost. Plaques formed by amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles formed by microtubule-associated protein tau are two main characters of AD. Though previous studies have focused on Aβ and tau and got some progressions on their toxicity mechanisms, no significantly effective treatments targeting the Aβ and tau have been found. However, it is worth noting that mounting evidences showed that mitochondrial dysfunction is an early event during the process of AD pathologic changes. What is more, these studies also showed an obvious association between mitochondrial dysfunction and Aβ/tau toxicity. Furthermore, both genetic and environmental factors may increase the oxidative stress and the mitochondria are also the sensitive target of ROS, which may form a vicious feedback between mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, eventually resulting in deficient energy, synaptic failure, and cell death. This article reviews the previous related studies from different aspects and concludes the critical roles of mitochondrial dysfunction in AD, suggesting a different route to AD therapy, which may guide the research and treatment direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Hu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chen-Chen Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Jin-Tai Yu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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Singh N, Hroudová J, Fišar Z. In Vitro Effects of Cognitives and Nootropics on Mitochondrial Respiration and Monoamine Oxidase Activity. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:5894-5904. [PMID: 27660276 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0121-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Impairment of mitochondrial metabolism, particularly the electron transport chain (ETC), as well as increased oxidative stress might play a significant role in pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Some effects of drugs used for symptomatic AD treatment may be related to their direct action on mitochondrial function. In vitro effects of pharmacologically different cognitives (galantamine, donepezil, rivastigmine, 7-MEOTA, memantine) and nootropic drugs (latrepirdine, piracetam) were investigated on selected mitochondrial parameters: activities of ETC complexes I, II + III, and IV, citrate synthase, monoamine oxidase (MAO), oxygen consumption rate, and hydrogen peroxide production of pig brain mitochondria. Complex I activity was decreased by galantamine, donepezil, and memantine; complex II + III activity was increased by galantamine. None of the tested drugs caused significant changes in the rate of mitochondrial oxygen consumption, even at high concentrations. Except galantamine, all tested drugs were selective MAO-A inhibitors. Latrepirdine, donepezil, and 7-MEOTA were found to be the most potent MAO-A inhibitors. Succinate-induced mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide production was not significantly affected by the drugs tested. The direct effect of cognitives and nootropics used in the treatment of AD on mitochondrial respiration is relatively small. The safest drugs in terms of disturbing mitochondrial function appear to be piracetam and rivastigmine. The MAO-A inhibition by cognitives and nootropics may also participate in mitochondrial neuroprotection. The results support the future research aimed at measuring the effects of currently used drugs or newly synthesized drugs on mitochondrial functioning in order to understand their mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Singh
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 11, 120 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Hroudová
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 11, 120 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Zdeněk Fišar
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 11, 120 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic
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46
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Integration of common feature pharmacophore modeling and
in vitro study to identify potent AChE inhibitors. Med Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-016-1716-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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47
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Huang SW, Wang W, Zhang MY, Liu QB, Luo SY, Peng Y, Sun B, Wu DL, Song SJ. The effect of ethyl acetate extract from persimmon leaves on Alzheimer's disease and its underlying mechanism. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 23:694-704. [PMID: 27235708 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders characterized by neuronal loss in the brain and cognitive impairment. AD is now considered to be the third major cause of death in developed countries, after cardiovascular disease and cancer. Persimmon leaves are used as a popular folk medicine to treat hypertension, angina and internal haemorrhage in Cyangbhina, and it has been reported that ethyl acetate extract of persimmon leaves (EAPL) displays a potential therapeutic effect on neurodegenerative diseases. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE This study was designed to investigate the effects of EAPL on AD, to clarify the possible mechanism by which EAPL exerts its beneficial effects and prevents AD, and to determine the major constituents involved. STUDY DESIGN AD model was established by bilateral injection of Aβ1-42 into the hippocampus of rats. The cognitive performance was determined by the Morris water maze and step-down tests. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), malondialdehyde (MDA), apoptosis, total and phosphorylated c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK/p-JNK), caspase-3, Bax and Bcl-2 were determined. In addition, a sensitive and reliable LC-QTOF-MS method was applied to identify the major compounds present in EAPL. RESULTS EAPL at doses of 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg could markedly reduce the latency, significantly increase the time in the first quadrant and number of the target crossing times in Morris water maze test, markedly increase the latency and reduce the number of errors in the step-down test, significantly inhibit the reductions in SOD and GSH-Px activities, and increase the level of MDA. In addition, EAPL treatment attenuated neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampus, reduced the expression of p-JNK, caspase-3, and the relative ratio of Bax/Bcl-2. Meanwhile, 32 constituents were identified by LC-QTOF-MS/MS assays. CONCLUSION The results indicate that EAPL has a potent protective effect on cognitive deficits induced by Aβ in rats and this effect appears to be associated with the regulation of the antioxidative defense system and the mechanism of mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis. Furthermore, analysis of the LC-MS data suggests that flavonoids and triterpenoids may be responsible for the potential biological effects of EAPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Wang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University. Shenyang 110016, China; Anhui Institute of Food and Drug Control, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University. Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Meng-Yu Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Qing-Bo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University. Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Sheng-Yong Luo
- China. Anhui Academy of Medical Sciences, Hefei, 230061, China
| | - Ying Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Bei Sun
- Anhui Institute of Food and Drug Control, Hefei 230022, China
| | - De-Ling Wu
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
| | - Shao-Jiang Song
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University. Shenyang 110016, China.
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48
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Diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease crosstalk. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 64:272-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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A new coumarin derivative, IMM-H004, attenuates okadaic acid-induced spatial memory impairment in rats. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2016; 37:444-52. [PMID: 26838073 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2015.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM A novel coumarin derivative 7-hydroxy-5-methoxy-4-methyl-3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-coumarin (IMM-H004) has shown anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities. In this study we investigated the effects of IMM-H004 on spatial memory in rats treated with okadaic acid (OKA), which was used to imitate Alzheimer's disease (AD)-like symptoms. METHODS SD rats were administered IMM-H004 (8 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1), ig) or donepezil (positive control, 1 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1), ig) for 25 d. On d 8 and 9, OKA (200 ng) was microinjected into the right ventricle. Morris water maze test was used to evaluate the spatial memory impairments. Tau and β-amyloid (Aβ) pathology in the hippocampus was detected using Western blot and immunohistochemistry. TUNEL staining was used to detect cell apoptosis. RESULTS OKA-treated rats showed significant impairments of spatial memory in Morris water maze test, which were largely reversed by administration of IMM-H004 or donepezil. Furthermore, OKA-treated rats exhibited significantly increased phosphorylation of tau, deposits of Aβ protein and cell apoptosis in the hippocampus, which were also reversed by administration of IMM-H004 or donepezil. CONCLUSION Administration of IMM-H004 or donepezil protects rats against OKA-induced spatial memory impairments via attenuating tau or Aβ pathology. Thus, IMM-H004 may be developed as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of AD.
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50
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Chen Y, Yang X, Chen T, Ji J, Lan L, Hu R, Ji H. Treatment with Akebia Saponin D Ameliorates Aβ1–42-Induced Memory Impairment and Neurotoxicity in Rats. Molecules 2016. [PMCID: PMC6273713 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21030323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) is known to be directly associated with the progressive neuronal death observed in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, effective neuroprotective approaches against Aβ neurotoxicity are still unavailable. In the present study, we investigated the protective effects of Akebia saponin D (ASD), a typical compound isolated from the rhizome of Dipsacus asper Wall, on Aβ1–42-induced impairment of learning and memory formation and explored the probable underlying molecular mechanisms. We found that treatment with ASD (30, 90 or 270 mg/kg) significantly ameliorated impaired spatial learning and memory in intracerebroventricularly (ICV) Aβ1–42-injected rats, as evidenced by a decrease tendency in escape latency during acquisition trials and improvement in exploratory activities in the probe trial in Morris water maze (MWM). Further study showed that ASD reversed Aβ1–42-induced accumulation of Aβ1–42 and Aβ1–40 in the hippocampus through down-regulating the expression of BACE and Presenilin 2 accompanied with increased the expression of TACE, IDE and LRP-1. Taken together, our findings suggested that ASD exerted therapeutic effects on Aβ-induced cognitive deficits via amyloidogenic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongde Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China; (Y.C.); (T.C.); (J.J.); (L.L.)
| | - Xiaolin Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China;
| | - Tong Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China; (Y.C.); (T.C.); (J.J.); (L.L.)
| | - Jing Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China; (Y.C.); (T.C.); (J.J.); (L.L.)
| | - Li Lan
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China; (Y.C.); (T.C.); (J.J.); (L.L.)
| | - Rong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
- Correspondence: (R.H.); (H.J.); Tel.: +86-137-7082-3968 (R.H.); +86-139-5161-5063 (H.J.)
| | - Hui Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China; (Y.C.); (T.C.); (J.J.); (L.L.)
- Correspondence: (R.H.); (H.J.); Tel.: +86-137-7082-3968 (R.H.); +86-139-5161-5063 (H.J.)
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