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Igarashi-Hisayoshi Y, Ihara E, Bai X, Tanaka Y, Ogino H, Chinen T, Taguchi Y, Ogawa Y. Protective role of M 3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in indomethacin-induced small intestinal injury. J Mol Med (Berl) 2024; 102:1175-1186. [PMID: 39172154 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-024-02474-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
EP4 prostanoid receptor (EP4R) contributes to the intestinal epithelial Cl- secretion, and inhibition of prostaglandin E (PGE) production by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) plays a central role in NSAID-induced enteropathy. Although M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M3R) also contributes to the intestinal epithelial Cl- secretion, it remains unclear whether M3R is involved in NSAID-induced enteropathy due to a lack of selective agents. The present study explored how M3R is involved in the regulation of the intestinal epithelial Cl- secretion and its pathophysiological role in NSAID-induced enteropathy. Using the novel highly-selective M3 positive allosteric modulator PAM-369 that we recently developed, we evaluated the role of M3R in the intestinal epithelial secretion ex vivo by measuring the short circuit current (Isc) of intestinal epithelium with a Ussing chamber system and examined whether or not M3R protects against small intestinal injury in indomethacin-treated mice. Both the PGE1 derivative misoprostol and carbachol similarly increased the Isc in a concentration-dependent manner. The Isc increases were abolished either by receptor antagonists (an EP4R antagonist and a M3R antagonist, respectively) or by removal of extracellular Cl-. PAM-369 enhanced the carbachol-induced Isc by potentiating M3R, which could contribute to enhanced intestinal epithelial secretion. Treatment with PAM-369 ameliorated small intestinal injury in indomethacin-treated mice. Importantly, the M3R expression was significantly up-regulated, and PAM-369 potentiation of M3R was augmented in indomethacin-treated mice compared to untreated mice. These findings show that M3R plays a role in maintaining the intestinal epithelial secretion, which could contribute to protection against indomethacin-induced small intestinal injury. M3R is a promising target for treating or preventing NSAID-induced enteropathy. KEY MESSAGES: PAM-369, the M3 positive allosteric modulator, was used to potentiate M3R. PAM-369 enhanced carbachol-induced Isc in mouse ileum. PAM-369 ameliorated small intestinal injury in indomethacin-treated mice. M3R is a promising target for treating or preventing NSAID-induced enteropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Igarashi-Hisayoshi
- Research Center, Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 722 Uenohara, Jimba, Gotemba, 412-8524, Japan.
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Eikichi Ihara
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Xiaopeng Bai
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Tanaka
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Haruei Ogino
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Chinen
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yasushi Taguchi
- Research Center, Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 722 Uenohara, Jimba, Gotemba, 412-8524, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ogawa
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
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Nguyen HTM, van der Westhuizen ET, Langmead CJ, Tobin AB, Sexton PM, Christopoulos A, Valant C. Opportunities and challenges for the development of M 1 muscarinic receptor positive allosteric modulators in the treatment for neurocognitive deficits. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:2114-2142. [PMID: 36355830 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting allosteric sites of M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (M1 receptors) is a promising strategy to treat neurocognitive disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. Indeed, the last two decades have seen an impressive body of work focussing on the design and development of positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) for the M1 receptor. This has led to the identification of a structurally diverse range of highly selective M1 PAMs. In preclinical models, M1 PAMs have shown rescue of cognitive deficits and improvement of endpoints predictive of symptom domains of schizophrenia. Yet, to date only a few M1 PAMs have reached early-stage clinical trials, with many of them failing to progress further due to on-target mediated cholinergic adverse effects that have plagued the development of this class of ligand. This review covers the recent preclinical and clinical studies in the field of M1 receptor drug discovery for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia, with a specific focus on M1 PAM, highlighting both the undoubted potential but also key challenges for the successful translation of M1 PAMs from bench-side to bedside. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue Therapeutic Targeting of G Protein-Coupled Receptors: hot topics from the Australasian Society of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacologists and Toxicologists 2021 Virtual Annual Scientific Meeting. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v181.14/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huong T M Nguyen
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Christopher J Langmead
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Neuromedicines Discovery Centre, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew B Tobin
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Neuromedicines Discovery Centre, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Celine Valant
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Neuromedicines Discovery Centre, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Nagori K, Pradhan M, Sharma M, Ajazuddin, Badwaik HR, Nakhate KT. Current Progress on Central Cholinergic Receptors as Therapeutic Targets for Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2024; 21:50-68. [PMID: 38529600 DOI: 10.2174/0115672050306008240321034006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Acetylcholine (ACh) is ubiquitously present in the nervous system and has been involved in the regulation of various brain functions. By modulating synaptic transmission and promoting synaptic plasticity, particularly in the hippocampus and cortex, ACh plays a pivotal role in the regulation of learning and memory. These procognitive actions of ACh are mediated by the neuronal muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic receptors. The impairment of cholinergic transmission leads to cognitive decline associated with aging and dementia. Therefore, the cholinergic system has been of prime focus when concerned with Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia. In AD, the extensive destruction of cholinergic neurons occurs by amyloid-β plaques and tau protein-rich neurofibrillary tangles. Amyloid-β also blocks cholinergic receptors and obstructs neuronal signaling. This makes the central cholinergic system an important target for the development of drugs for AD. In fact, centrally acting cholinesterase inhibitors like donepezil and rivastigmine are approved for the treatment of AD, although the outcome is not satisfactory. Therefore, identification of specific subtypes of cholinergic receptors involved in the pathogenesis of AD is essential to develop future drugs. Also, the identification of endogenous rescue mechanisms to the cholinergic system can pave the way for new drug development. In this article, we discussed the neuroanatomy of the central cholinergic system. Further, various subtypes of muscarinic and nicotinic receptors involved in the cognition and pathophysiology of AD are described in detail. The article also reviewed primary neurotransmitters that regulate cognitive processes by modulating basal forebrain cholinergic projection neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kushagra Nagori
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Rungta College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Kurud Road, Kohka, Bhilai 490024, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Madhulika Pradhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Gracious College of Pharmacy, Abhanpur 493661, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Mukesh Sharma
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Rungta College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Kurud Road, Kohka, Bhilai 490024, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Ajazuddin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rungta College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Kurud Road, Kohka, Bhilai 490024, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Hemant R Badwaik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shri Shankaracharya Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Junwani, Bhilai 490020, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Kartik T Nakhate
- Department of Pharmacology, Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal's Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule 424001, Maharashtra, India
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Xu R, Wan M, Shi X, Ma S, Zhang L, Yi P, Zhang R. A Rab10-ACAP1-Arf6 GTPases cascade modulates M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor trafficking and signaling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:87. [PMID: 36917255 PMCID: PMC11072986 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04722-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Membrane trafficking processes regulate the G protein-coupled receptor activity. The muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) are highly pursued drug targets for neurological diseases, but the cellular machineries that control the trafficking of these receptors remain largely elusive. Here, we revealed the role of the small GTPase Rab10 as a negative regulator for the post-activation trafficking of M4 mAChR and the underlying mechanism. We show that constitutively active Rab10 arrests the receptor within Rab5-positive early endosomes and significantly hinders the resensitization of M4-mediated Ca2+ signaling. Mechanistically, M4 binds to Rab10-GTP, which requires the motif 386RKKRQMAA393 (R386-A393) within the third intracellular loop. Moreover, Rab10-GTP inactivates Arf6 by recruiting the Arf6 GTPase-activating protein, ACAP1. Strikingly, deletion of the motif R386-A393 causes M4 to bypass the control by Rab10 and switch to the Rab4-facilitated fast recycling pathway, thus reusing the receptor. Therefore, Rab10 couples the cargo sorting and membrane trafficking regulation through cycle between GTP-bound and GDP-bound state. Our findings suggest a model that Rab10 binds to the M4 like a molecular brake and controls the receptor's transport through endosomes, thus modulating the signaling, and this regulation is specific among the mAChR subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongmei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Min Wan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA
| | - Xuemeng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shumin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lina Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ping Yi
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Rongying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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5
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7,8-Dihydroxyflavone Enhanced Colonic Cholinergic Contraction and Relieved Loperamide-Induced Constipation in Rats. Dig Dis Sci 2021; 66:4251-4262. [PMID: 33528684 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-020-06817-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF), a tyrosine kinase receptor B (TrkB) agonist, modulates colonic smooth muscle motility and/or alleviates constipation has not yet been studied. AIMS Here, we aimed to determine how 7,8-DHF influences carbachol (CCh)-stimulated contraction of colonic strips and the in vivo effect of 7,8-DHF on constipation. METHODS Muscle strips were isolated from rat colons for recording contractile tension and performing western blotting. Constipation was induced in rats with loperamide. RESULTS Although it specifically activated TrkB, 7,8-DHF applied alone neither activated PLCγ1 in the colonic strips nor induced colonic strip contraction. However, 7,8-DHF enhanced CCh-stimulated PLCγ1 activation and strip contraction. The PLCγ1 antagonist U73122 suppressed both CCh-stimulated and 7,8-DHF-enhanced/CCh-stimulated contraction. While clarifying the underlying mechanism, we revealed that 7,8-DHF augmented muscarinic M3 receptor expression in the colonic strips. The M3-selective antagonist tarafenacin specifically inhibited the 7,8-DHF-enhanced/CCh-stimulated contraction of the colonic strips. Since 7,8-DHF increased Akt phosphorylation, and LY294002 (an antagonist of PI3K upstream of Akt) dramatically inhibited both 7,8-DHF-augmented M3 expression and 7,8-DHF-enhanced/CCh-stimulated contractions, we assumed that 7,8-DHF/TrkB/Akt was associated with the modulation of M3 expression in the colonic strips. ANA-12, a specific TrkB antagonist, not only inhibited TrkB activation by 7,8-DHF but also suppressed 7,8-DHF-enhanced cholinergic contraction, 7,8-DHF/CCh-mediated activation of PLCγ1/Akt, and M3 overexpression in colonic strips. In vivo 7,8-DHF, also by promoting intestinal motility and M3 expression, significantly alleviated loperamide-induced functional constipation in rats. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that 7,8-DHF regulates colonic motility possibly via a TrkB/Akt/M3 pathway and may be applicable for alleviating constipation.
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Zenko D, Thompson D, Hislop JN. Endocytic sorting and downregulation of the M2 acetylcholine receptor is regulated by ubiquitin and the ESCRT complex. Neuropharmacology 2020; 162:107828. [PMID: 31654703 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cholinergic dysfunction plays a critical role in a number of disease states, and the loss of functional muscarinic acetylcholine receptors plays a key role in disease pathogenesis. Therefore, preventing receptor downregulation would maintain functional receptor number, and be predicted to alleviate symptoms. However, the molecular mechanism(s) underlying muscarinic receptor downregulation are currently unknown. Here we demonstrate that the M2 muscarinic receptor undergoes rapid lysosomal proteolysis, and this lysosomal trafficking is facilitated by ubiquitination of the receptor. Importantly, we show that this trafficking is driven specifically by ESCRT mediated involution. Critically, we provide evidence that disruption of this process leads to a re-routing of the trafficking of the M2 receptor away from the lysosome and into recycling pathway, and eventually back to the plasma membrane. This study is the first to identify the process by which the M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor undergoes endocytic sorting, and critically reveals a regulatory checkpoint that represents a target to pharmacologically increase the number of functional muscarinic receptors within the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Zenko
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Dawn Thompson
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - James N Hislop
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK.
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Lambert L, Dubayle D, Fafouri A, Herzog E, Csaba Z, Dournaud P, El Mestikawy S, Bernard V. Endocytosis of Activated Muscarinic m2 Receptor (m2R) in Live Mouse Hippocampal Neurons Occurs via a Clathrin-Dependent Pathway. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:450. [PMID: 30555302 PMCID: PMC6283979 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Our aim was to examine the dynamics of the muscarinic m2 receptor (m2R), a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR), after agonist activation in living hippocampal neurons, and especially clathrin dependency endocytosis. We have previously shown that the m2R undergoes agonist-induced internalization in vivo. However, the nature of the endocytotic pathway used by m2R after activation is still unknown in living neurons. Using live cell imaging and quantitative analyses, we have monitored the effect of stimulation on the fate of the membrane-bound m2R and on its redistribution in intraneuronal compartments. Shortly (6 min) after activation, m2R is internalized into clathrin immunopositive structures. Furthermore, after clathrin-dependent endocytosis, m2R associates with early and late endosomes and with subcellular organelles involved in degradation. Together, these results provide, for the first time, a description of m2R trafficking in living neurons and prove that m2R undergoes clathrin-dependent endocytosis before being degraded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Lambert
- Sorbonne Université, Université Pierre et Marie Curie UM 119 - CNRS UMR 8246 - INSERM U1130, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), Paris, France
| | - David Dubayle
- Sorbonne Université, Université Pierre et Marie Curie UM 119 - CNRS UMR 8246 - INSERM U1130, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes - CNRS UMR 8119, Centre de Neurophysique, Physiologie et Pathologie, Paris, France
| | - Assia Fafouri
- PROTECT, INSERM U1141, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Etienne Herzog
- Sorbonne Université, Université Pierre et Marie Curie UM 119 - CNRS UMR 8246 - INSERM U1130, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), Paris, France.,Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, University Bordeaux, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France.,Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, CNRS, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Zsolt Csaba
- PROTECT, INSERM U1141, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Dournaud
- PROTECT, INSERM U1141, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Salah El Mestikawy
- Sorbonne Université, Université Pierre et Marie Curie UM 119 - CNRS UMR 8246 - INSERM U1130, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), Paris, France.,Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Hospital Research Center, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Véronique Bernard
- Sorbonne Université, Université Pierre et Marie Curie UM 119 - CNRS UMR 8246 - INSERM U1130, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), Paris, France
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Abstract
The neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) acts as an autocrine growth factor for human lung cancer. Several lines of evidence show that lung cancer cells express all of the proteins required for the uptake of choline (choline transporter 1, choline transporter-like proteins) synthesis of ACh (choline acetyltransferase, carnitine acetyltransferase), transport of ACh (vesicular acetylcholine transport, OCTs, OCTNs) and degradation of ACh (acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase). The released ACh binds back to nicotinic (nAChRs) and muscarinic receptors on lung cancer cells to accelerate their proliferation, migration and invasion. Out of all components of the cholinergic pathway, the nAChR-signaling has been studied the most intensely. The reason for this trend is due to genome-wide data studies showing that nicotinic receptor subtypes are involved in lung cancer risk, the relationship between cigarette smoke and lung cancer risk as well as the rising popularity of electronic cigarettes considered by many as a "safe" alternative to smoking. There are a small number of articles which review the contribution of the other cholinergic proteins in the pathophysiology of lung cancer. The primary objective of this review article is to discuss the function of the acetylcholine-signaling proteins in the progression of lung cancer. The investigation of the role of cholinergic network in lung cancer will pave the way to novel molecular targets and drugs in this lethal malignancy.
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Bradley SJ, Tobin AB, Prihandoko R. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the central nervous system. Neuropharmacology 2018; 136:361. [PMID: 29894772 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie J Bradley
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Andrew B Tobin
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Rudi Prihandoko
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
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