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Wu X, Li C, Ke C, Huang C, Pan B, Wan C. The activation of AMPK/PGC-1α/GLUT4 signaling pathway through early exercise improves mitochondrial function and mitigates ischemic brain damage. Neuroreport 2024; 35:648-656. [PMID: 38813901 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000002048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria play a crucial role in maintaining cellular energy supply and serve as a source of energy for repairing nerve damage following a stroke. Given that exercise has the potential to enhance energy metabolism, investigating the impact of exercise on mitochondrial function provides a plausible mechanism for stroke treatment. In our study, we established the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model in Sprague-Dawley rats and implemented early exercise intervention. Neurological severity scores, beam-walking test score, and weight were used to evaluate neurological function. The volume of cerebral infarction was measured by MRI. Nerve cell apoptosis was detected by TUNEL staining. Mitochondrial morphology and structure were detected by mitochondrial electron microscopy. Mitochondrial function was assessed using membrane potential and ATP measurements. Western blotting was used to detect the protein expression of AMPK/PGC-1α/GLUT4. Through the above experiments, we found that early exercise improved neurological function in rats after MCAO, reduced cerebral infarction volume and neuronal apoptosis, promoted the recovery of mitochondrial morphology and function. We further examined the protein expression of AMPK/PGC-1α/GLUT4 signaling pathway and confirmed that early exercise was able to increase its expression. Therefore, we suggest that early exercise initiated the AMPK/PGC-1α/GLUT4 signaling pathway, restoring mitochondrial function and augmenting energy supply. This, in turn, effectively improved both nerve and body function in rats following ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital
| | - Changkai Ke
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital
| | - Chuan Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital
| | - Bingchen Pan
- Institute of Medical technology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunxiao Wan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital
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2
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Cheng M, Ye C, Tian C, Zhao D, Li H, Sun Z, Miao Y, Zhang Q, Wang J, Dou Y. Engineered macrophage-biomimetic versatile nanoantidotes for inflammation-targeted therapy against Alzheimer's disease by neurotoxin neutralization and immune recognition suppression. Bioact Mater 2023; 26:337-352. [PMID: 36950153 PMCID: PMC10027514 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune recognition of excessive neurotoxins by microglia is a trigger for the onset of neuroinflammation in the brain, leading to neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Blocking active recognition of microglia while removing neurotoxins holds promise for fundamentally alleviating neurotoxin-induced immune responses, but is very challenging. Herein, an engineered macrophage-biomimetic versatile nanoantidote (OT-Lipo@M) is developed for inflammation-targeted therapy against AD by neurotoxin neutralization and immune recognition suppression. Coating macrophage membranes can not only endow OT-Lipo@M with anti-phagocytic and inflammation-tropism capabilities to target inflammatory lesions in AD brain, but also efficiently reduce neurotoxin levels to prevent them from activating microglia. The loaded oxytocin (OT) can be slowly released to downregulate the expression of immune recognition site Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) on microglia, inhibiting TLR4-mediated pro-inflammatory signalling cascade. Benefiting from this two-pronged immunosuppressive strategy, OT-Lipo@M exhibits outstanding therapeutic effects on ameliorating cognitive deficits, inhibiting neuronal apoptosis, and enhancing synaptic plasticity in AD mice, accompanied by the delayed hippocampal atrophy and brain microstructural disruption by in vivo 9.4T MR imaging. This work provides new insights into potential AD therapeutics targeting microglia-mediated neuroinflammation at the source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Cheng
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, PR China
| | - Caihua Ye
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, PR China
| | - Chunxiao Tian
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, PR China
| | - Dongju Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, PR China
| | - Haonan Li
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, PR China
| | - Zuhao Sun
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, PR China
| | - Yuyang Miao
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin, 300052, PR China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin, 300052, PR China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Junping Wang
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, PR China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Yan Dou
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, PR China
- Corresponding author.
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3
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Yang S, Park JH, Lu HC. Axonal energy metabolism, and the effects in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:49. [PMID: 37475056 PMCID: PMC10357692 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00634-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Human studies consistently identify bioenergetic maladaptations in brains upon aging and neurodegenerative disorders of aging (NDAs), such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Glucose is the major brain fuel and glucose hypometabolism has been observed in brain regions vulnerable to aging and NDAs. Many neurodegenerative susceptible regions are in the topological central hub of the brain connectome, linked by densely interconnected long-range axons. Axons, key components of the connectome, have high metabolic needs to support neurotransmission and other essential activities. Long-range axons are particularly vulnerable to injury, neurotoxin exposure, protein stress, lysosomal dysfunction, etc. Axonopathy is often an early sign of neurodegeneration. Recent studies ascribe axonal maintenance failures to local bioenergetic dysregulation. With this review, we aim to stimulate research in exploring metabolically oriented neuroprotection strategies to enhance or normalize bioenergetics in NDA models. Here we start by summarizing evidence from human patients and animal models to reveal the correlation between glucose hypometabolism and connectomic disintegration upon aging/NDAs. To encourage mechanistic investigations on how axonal bioenergetic dysregulation occurs during aging/NDAs, we first review the current literature on axonal bioenergetics in distinct axonal subdomains: axon initial segments, myelinated axonal segments, and axonal arbors harboring pre-synaptic boutons. In each subdomain, we focus on the organization, activity-dependent regulation of the bioenergetic system, and external glial support. Second, we review the mechanisms regulating axonal nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) homeostasis, an essential molecule for energy metabolism processes, including NAD+ biosynthetic, recycling, and consuming pathways. Third, we highlight the innate metabolic vulnerability of the brain connectome and discuss its perturbation during aging and NDAs. As axonal bioenergetic deficits are developing into NDAs, especially in asymptomatic phase, they are likely exaggerated further by impaired NAD+ homeostasis, the high energetic cost of neural network hyperactivity, and glial pathology. Future research in interrogating the causal relationship between metabolic vulnerability, axonopathy, amyloid/tau pathology, and cognitive decline will provide fundamental knowledge for developing therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Yang
- The Linda and Jack Gill Center for Biomolecular Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Jung Hyun Park
- The Linda and Jack Gill Center for Biomolecular Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Hui-Chen Lu
- The Linda and Jack Gill Center for Biomolecular Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
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4
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Meng X, Zhang Y, Li Z, Ma G, Zhang X, Zhang D, Cao W, Wang S, Cai Q, Cui P, Huang G. Increasing brain glucose uptake by Gypenoside LXXV ameliorates cognitive deficits in a mouse model of diabetic Alzheimer's disease. Phytother Res 2023; 37:611-626. [PMID: 36325883 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that Gypenoside LXXV (GP-75), a novel natural PPARγ agonist isolated from Gynostemma pentaphyllum, ameliorated cognitive deficits in db/db mice. In this study, we further investigated the beneficial effects on cognitive impairment in APP/PS1 mice and a mouse model of diabetic AD (APP/PS1xdb/db mice). Interestingly, intragastric administration of GP-75 (40 mg/kg/day) for 3 months significantly attenuated cognitive deficits in APP/PS1 and APP/PS1xdb/db mice. GP-75 treatment markedly reduced the levels of glucose, HbA1c and insulin in serum and improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in APP/PS1xdb/db mice. Notably, GP-75 treatment decreased the β-amyloid (Aβ) burden, as measured by 11 C-PIB PET imaging. Importantly, GP-75 treatment increased brain glucose uptake as measured by 18 F-FDG PET imaging. Moreover, GP-75 treatment upregulated PPARγ and increased phosphorylation of Akt (Ser473) and GLUT4 expression levels but decreased phosphorylation of IRS-1 (Ser616) in the hippocampi of both APP/PS1 and APP/PS1xdb/db mice. Furthermore, GP-75-induced increases in GLUT4 membrane translocation in primary hippocampal neurons from APP/PS1xdb/db mice was abolished by cotreatment with the selective PPARγ antagonist GW9662 or the PI3K inhibitor LY294002. In summary, GP-75 ameliorated cognitive deficits in APP/PS1 and APP/PS1xdb/db mice by enhancing glucose uptake via activation of the PPARγ/Akt/GLUT4 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangbao Meng
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zongyang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guoxu Ma
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiejun Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weiwei Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Sicen Wang
- School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qian Cai
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Cui
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guodong Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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5
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He DL, Fan YG, Wang ZY. Energy Crisis Links to Autophagy and Ferroptosis in Alzheimer's Disease: Current Evidence and Future Avenues. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:67-86. [PMID: 35980072 PMCID: PMC10193753 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220817140737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases worldwide. The occult nature of the onset and the uncertainty of the etiology largely impede the development of therapeutic strategies for AD. Previous studies revealed that the disorder of energy metabolism in the brains of AD patients appears far earlier than the typical pathological features of AD, suggesting a tight association between energy crisis and the onset of AD. Energy crisis in the brain is known to be induced by the reductions in glucose uptake and utilization, which may be ascribed to the diminished expressions of cerebral glucose transporters (GLUTs), insulin resistance, mitochondrial dysfunctions, and lactate dysmetabolism. Notably, the energy sensors such as peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor (PPAR), transcription factor EB (TFEB), and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) were shown to be the critical regulators of autophagy, which play important roles in regulating beta-amyloid (Aβ) metabolism, tau phosphorylation, neuroinflammation, iron dynamics, as well as ferroptosis. In this study, we summarized the current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms involved in the energy dysmetabolism of AD and discussed the interplays existing between energy crisis, autophagy, and ferroptosis. In addition, we highlighted the potential network in which autophagy may serve as a bridge between energy crisis and ferroptosis in the progression of AD. A deeper understanding of the relationship between energy dysmetabolism and AD may provide new insight into developing strategies for treating AD; meanwhile, the energy crisis in the progression of AD should gain more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Long He
- Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Yong-Gang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Zhan-You Wang
- Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
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6
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Li Z, Meng X, Ma G, Liu W, Li W, Cai Q, Wang S, Huang G, Zhang Y. Increasing brain glucose metabolism by ligustrazine piperazine ameliorates cognitive deficits through PPARγ-dependent enhancement of mitophagy in APP/PS1 mice. Alzheimers Res Ther 2022; 14:150. [PMID: 36217155 PMCID: PMC9552451 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-022-01092-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
PPARγ agonists have been proven to be neuroprotective in vitro and in vivo models of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the present study, we identified ligustrazine piperazine derivative (LPD) as a novel PPARγ agonist, which was detected by a dual-luciferase reporter assay system. LPD treatment dose-dependently reduced Aβ40 and Aβ42 levels in PC12 cells stably transfected with APP695swe and PSEN1dE9. Intragastric administration of LPD for 3 months dose-dependently reversed cognitive deficits in APP/PS1 mice. LPD treatment substantially decreased hippocampal Aβ plaques in APP/PS1 mice and decreased the levels of Aβ40 and Aβ42 in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, LPD treatment induced mitophagy in vivo and in vitro and increased brain 18F-FDG uptake in APP/PS1 mice. LPD treatment significantly increased OCR, ATP production, maximal respiration, spare respiratory capacity, and basal respiration in APP/PS1 cells. Mechanistically, LPD treatment upregulated PPARγ, PINK1, and the phosphorylation of Parkin (Ser65) and increased the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio but decreased SQSTM1/p62 in vivo and in vitro. Importantly, all these protective effects mediated by LPD were abolished by cotreatment with the selective PPARγ antagonist GW9662. In summary, LPD could increase brain glucose metabolism and ameliorate cognitive deficits through PPARγ-dependent enhancement of mitophagy in APP/PS1 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongyang Li
- grid.452847.80000 0004 6068 028XDepartment of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, No. 3002 Sungang Westroad, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518035 China
| | - Xiangbao Meng
- grid.452847.80000 0004 6068 028XDepartment of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, No. 3002 Sungang Westroad, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518035 China ,grid.258164.c0000 0004 1790 3548College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, No. 855 Xingye Avenue East, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 511486 China
| | - Guoxu Ma
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Wenlan Liu
- grid.452847.80000 0004 6068 028XDepartment of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, No. 3002 Sungang Westroad, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518035 China
| | - Weiping Li
- grid.452847.80000 0004 6068 028XDepartment of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, No. 3002 Sungang Westroad, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518035 China
| | - Qian Cai
- grid.258164.c0000 0004 1790 3548College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, No. 855 Xingye Avenue East, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 511486 China
| | - Sicen Wang
- grid.43169.390000 0001 0599 1243School of Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University, No.76, Yanta Westroad, Xi’an, 710061 China
| | - Guodong Huang
- grid.452847.80000 0004 6068 028XDepartment of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, No. 3002 Sungang Westroad, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518035 China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- grid.452847.80000 0004 6068 028XDepartment of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, No. 3002 Sungang Westroad, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518035 China
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7
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Meng X, Zhang Y, Li Z, Hu J, Zhang D, Cao W, Li M, Ma G, Wang S, Cui P, Cai Q, Huang G. A novel natural PPARγ agonist, Gypenoside LXXV, ameliorates cognitive deficits by enhancing brain glucose uptake via the activation of Akt/GLUT4 signaling in db/db mice. Phytother Res 2022; 36:1770-1784. [PMID: 35192202 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangbao Meng
- College of Pharmacy Jinan University Guangzhou China
- Department of Neurosurgery Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital Shenzhen China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital Shenzhen China
| | - Zongyang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital Shenzhen China
| | - Jinxian Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital Shenzhen China
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital Shenzhen China
| | - Weiwei Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital Shenzhen China
| | - Min Li
- School of Chinese Medicine Hong Kong Baptist University Kowloon Hong Kong, China
| | - Guoxu Ma
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China
| | - Sicen Wang
- School of Medicine Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China
| | - Ping Cui
- Department of Pharmacy Shenzhen Children's Hospital Shenzhen China
| | - Qian Cai
- College of Pharmacy Jinan University Guangzhou China
| | - Guodong Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital Shenzhen China
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