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Esmailzade Moghimi S, Mohammadi F, Yadegari F, Dehghan M, Hojjati SMM, Saadat P, Geraili Z, Alizadeh M. Verbal and oral apraxia in patients with acute stroke: Frequency, relationship, and some risk factors. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. ADULT 2024; 31:97-108. [PMID: 34726969 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2021.1993225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Verbal and oral apraxia are two possible consequences of stroke. It seems that there are not sufficient studies regarding the frequency of these disorders. This study aimed to evaluate the frequency of Verbal and oral apraxia. In addition, the relationship between apraxia and some variables such as age, gender, and education, as well as the relationship between types of apraxia with each other, and damaged areas of the brain in apraxia of the oral system in Persian-speaking patients with stroke were studied. In this descriptive-analytical study, 42 patients participated using the convenient sampling method. Verbal and oral apraxia were assessed using the oral and verbal apraxia tasks for adults test. Data were analyzed using independent t-test, Chi-square, and Fisher's exact test. The frequency of patients with oral apraxia was 35.7%, those with verbal apraxia was 2.3%, and the combination of both verbal and oral apraxia was 4.7%. People with apraxia were significantly older than those without apraxia. There was not any significant relationship between apraxia and gender, apraxia and education, and oral apraxia with verbal apraxia (p < 0.05). The present study's findings showed the high frequency of post-stroke apraxia and the high rate of its incidence with age.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fatemeh Mohammadi
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Fariba Yadegari
- Department of Speech Therapy, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Dehghan
- Mobility Impairment Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- Department of Speech Therapy, School of Rehabilitation, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | | | - Payam Saadat
- Mobility Impairment Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Zahra Geraili
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Maryam Alizadeh
- Mobility Impairment Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- Department of Speech Therapy, School of Rehabilitation, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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Hampson E, Morley EE, Evans KL, Fleury C. Effects of oral contraceptives on spatial cognition depend on pharmacological properties and phase of the contraceptive cycle. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:888510. [PMID: 36147581 PMCID: PMC9487179 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.888510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system effects of oral contraceptives (OCs) are not well-documented. In a set of 3 studies, we investigated a specific cognitive function, mental rotation, in healthy women currently using OCs for contraceptive purposes (n = 201) and in medication-free controls not using OCs (n = 44). Mental rotation was measured using a well-standardized and extensively validated psychometric test, the Vandenberg Mental Rotations Test (MRT). In an initial study (Study 1), current OC users (n = 63) were tested during the active or inactive phases of the contraceptive cycle in a parallel-groups design. Studies 2 and 3 were based on an archival dataset (n = 201 current OC users) that consisted of data on the MRT collected in real-time over a 30-year period and compiled for purposes of the present work. The OCs were combined formulations containing ethinyl estradiol (10-35 ug/day) plus a synthetic progestin. All 4 families of synthetic progestins historically used in OCs were represented in the dataset. Cognitive performance was evaluated during either active OC use ('active phase') or during the washout week of the contraceptive cycle ('inactive phase') when OC steroids are not used. The results showed a significant phase-of-cycle (POC) effect. Accuracy on the MRT was mildly diminished during the active phase of OC use, while scores on verbal fluency and speeded motor tasks were modestly improved. The POC effect was most evident in women using OCs that contained first- or second-generation progestins (the estrane family of progestins or OCs containing levonorgestrel), but not in women using OCs containing recently developed progestins and lower doses of ethinyl estradiol. Using independently established ratings of the estrogenic, androgenic, and progestogenic intensities of the different OC formulations, each brand of OC was classified according to its distinct endocrine profile. Multiple regression revealed that the effects of OC use on the MRT could be predicted based on the estrogenic strength of the contraceptives used. Estrogenic potency, not androgenic or anti-androgenic effects of the OC pill, may underlie the effects of OC usage on spatial cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Hampson
- Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Elizabeth Hampson,
| | - Erin E. Morley
- Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Kelly L. Evans
- Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Cathleen Fleury
- Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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Reynolds JE, Kerrigan S, Elliott C, Lay BS, Licari MK. Poor Imitative Performance of Unlearned Gestures in Children with Probable Developmental Coordination Disorder. J Mot Behav 2016; 49:378-387. [DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2016.1219305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jess E. Reynolds
- School of Sport Science, Exercise & Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Sophie Kerrigan
- School of Sport Science, Exercise & Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Catherine Elliott
- School of Occupational Therapy and Social Work, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
- Child and Adolescent Health Services, Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Brendan S. Lay
- School of Sport Science, Exercise & Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Melissa K. Licari
- School of Sport Science, Exercise & Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
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Copley-Mills J, Connolly JD, Cavina-Pratesi C. Gender differences in non-standard mapping tasks: A kinematic study using pantomimed reach-to-grasp actions. Cortex 2016; 82:244-254. [PMID: 27410715 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Comparison between real and pantomimed actions is used in neuroscience to dissociate stimulus-driven (real) as compared to internally driven (pantomimed) visuomotor transformations, with the goal of testing models of vision (Milner & Goodale, 1995) and diagnosing neuropsychological deficits (apraxia syndrome). Real actions refer to an overt movement directed toward a visible target whereas pantomimed actions refer to an overt movement directed either toward an object that is no longer available. Although similar, real and pantomimed actions differ in their kinematic parameters and in their neural substrates. Pantomimed-reach-to-grasp-actions show reduced reaching velocities, higher wrist movements, and reduced grip apertures. In addition, seminal neuropsychological studies and recent neuroimaging findings confirmed that real and pantomimed actions are underpinned by separate brain networks. Although previous literature suggests differences in the praxis system between males and females, no research to date has investigated whether or not gender differences exist in the context of real versus pantomimed reach-to-grasp actions. We asked ten male and ten female participants to perform real and pantomimed reach-to-grasp actions toward objects of different sizes, either with or without visual feedback. During pantomimed actions participants were required to pick up an imaginary object slightly offset relative to the location of the real one (which was in turn the target of the real reach-to-grasp actions). Results demonstrate a significant difference between the kinematic parameters recorded in male and female participants performing pantomimed, but not real reach-to-grasp tasks, depending on the availability of visual feedback. With no feedback both males and females showed smaller grip aperture, slower movement velocity and lower reach height. Crucially, these same differences were abolished when visual feedback was available in male, but not in female participants. Our results suggest that male and female participants should be evaluated separately in the clinical environment and in future research in the field.
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Reynolds JE, Thornton AL, Elliott C, Williams J, Lay BS, Licari MK. A systematic review of mirror neuron system function in developmental coordination disorder: Imitation, motor imagery, and neuroimaging evidence. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2015; 47:234-283. [PMID: 26458259 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the evidence of abnormal functioning of the mirror neuron system (MNS) in children and adults with developmental coordination disorder (DCD), through examination of imitation, motor imagery, and neuroimaging literature. METHODS The following databases were comprehensively searched for relevant articles: CINAHL Plus, Embase, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Pubmed, and Web of Science. Full-text articles of all potentially relevant citations were obtained and assessed for eligibility by two authors. Outcome measures of interest at a motor behaviour level were any measures of imitation or motor imagery proficiency and, at a neurological level, were any measures of neural activity in MNS brain regions. Due to differences in outcome measures between studies and the variables reported, a narrative review was undertaken to synthesise findings from the studies. RESULTS Overall, 31 articles met the inclusion criteria. Children and adults with DCD display deficits imitating meaningful and novel gestures and demonstrate different response patterns to controls when undertaking complex motor imagery tasks. Children with DCD present reduced activation and connectivity of frontal, parietal, and temporal MNS regions. CONCLUSIONS Preliminary evidence indicates some deficit in the functioning of the MNS at a motor behaviour and neurological level. As no published neuroimaging studies have been designed specifically to explore MNS function, these results must be interpreted with caution. Further research to explore the MNS hypothesis in greater detail, particularly from a neuroimaging perspective, has the potential to provide information on the underlying mechanisms of DCD, inform future research into the aetiology of this disorder, and inform intervention approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jess E Reynolds
- School of Sport Science, Exercise & Health, The University of Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Ashleigh L Thornton
- School of Sport Science, Exercise & Health, The University of Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Jacqueline Williams
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, and School of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Brendan S Lay
- School of Sport Science, Exercise & Health, The University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Melissa K Licari
- School of Sport Science, Exercise & Health, The University of Western Australia, Australia
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Cohen NR, Pomplun M, Gold BJ, Sekuler R. Sex differences in the acquisition of complex skilled movements. Exp Brain Res 2010; 205:183-93. [PMID: 20644920 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-010-2351-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 06/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nichola Rice Cohen
- Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, MS013, Waltham, MA 02454, USA.
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Mantovani-Nagaoka J, Ortiz KZ. Reviewing the limb apraxia concept: From definition to cognitive neuropsychological models. Dement Neuropsychol 2010; 4:165-172. [PMID: 29213682 PMCID: PMC5619285 DOI: 10.1590/s1980-57642010dn40300004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Apraxia is a disorder of learned skilled movements, in the absence of elementary
motor or sensory deficits and general cognitive impairment such as inattention
to commands, object-recognition deficits or poor oral comprehension. The first
studies on apraxia were performed between the late 19th and early 20th
centuries, however controversy remains in praxis literature concerning apraxia
types, neuroanatomical and functional correlates, as well as assessment and
treatment of apraxia. Thus, a critical review of the literature was conducted
searching the literature for evidence contributing to a more detailed
description of apraxia and its clinical patterns, physiopathology and
clinico-anatomical correlations, as well as apraxia assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Mantovani-Nagaoka
- Speech Therapist, Masters in Science, Department of Speech Pathology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) São Paulo SP, Brazil; Speech Therapist in APS Santa Marcelina, OS Itaim Paulista, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - Karin Zazo Ortiz
- Speech Therapist, PhD in Neuroscience from UNIFESP, Professor at the Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology; Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology, UNIFESP, São Paulo SP, Brazil
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Evaluation of the performance of normal elderly in a limb praxis protocol: influence of age, gender, and education. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2009; 15:618-22. [PMID: 19573281 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617709090663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Limb praxis can be influenced by age, gender, and education. The present study investigated the influence of these variables on gesture production by healthy elderly subjects. We evaluated 96 individuals divided into two age groups (60-74 and 75-88 years). Each group contained 48 men and 48 women and was subdivided into four groups according to education: illiterates and 1-3, 4-7, and 8 or more years of education. Individuals were requested to carry out tasks on verbal command and imitation. There were no differences between the performance of men and women, while older individuals performed worse than their younger counterparts. Regarding educational level, three major groups emerged: illiterates, individuals with 1-7 years of education, and those with 8 or more years of education. In conclusion, age and education significantly influenced the performance of individuals in limb praxis tests.
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Ideomotor limb apraxia in Huntington's disease. J Neurol 2008; 255:331-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-008-0577-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2006] [Revised: 01/26/2007] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Alexander GM, Evardone M. Blocks and bodies: sex differences in a novel version of the Mental Rotations Test. Horm Behav 2008; 53:177-84. [PMID: 18036595 PMCID: PMC2683583 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2007.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2007] [Revised: 09/17/2007] [Accepted: 09/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel version of the Mental Rotations Test (MRT) that alternated the standard block figures with three-dimensional human figures was administered to 99 men and 129 women. Women and men differed predictably in their retrospective reports of childhood play and digit ratios, a putative measure of prenatal androgen action. Compared to the block figure items, human figure items on the modified MRT were associated with an improvement in performance in both sexes. However, consistent with the study hypothesis, the enhancing effect of the human figure condition on performance as measured by conventional scores was smaller in men compared to women and not at all evident in men when performance was measured by ratio scores. A closer inspection of the human figures effects on test scores showed performance in women improved for both male and female figure items. In contrast, relative to scores on block figure items, performance in men improved when stimuli were male figures but did not improve when stimuli were female figures. These results add to the evidence that the magnitude of sex differences in scores on the MRT may vary according to the test content and item properties. The findings suggest that online measures of cognitive processing in response to different classes of test stimuli (e.g., animate vs. inanimate objects, self-relevant vs. neutral stimuli) may prove useful in research aimed at understanding the hormonal and social factors contributing to the sex difference in performance on the MRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerianne M Alexander
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, TAMU-4235, College Station, Texas 77845, USA.
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Abstract
Adult research has suggested a sex difference in the neuroanatomical organization and efficiency of the limb praxis system. The present study used a videotape analysis of movement errors to investigate whether a sex difference in limb praxis can be identified in childhood. Preschool girls (n = 33) committed fewer "praxic" errors than boys (n = 31) (i.e., errors that resemble those seen in limb apraxia) when imitating non-representational gestures and when imitating common, everyday gestures with representational content. In none of the conditions did the female advantage generalize to "nonpraxic" error categories. The findings were not explained by a female advantage in cognitive development. The current study supports the hypothesis of a sex difference in limb praxis that is present from an early age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Chipman
- Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario.
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