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Sharma A, Venkatesan V, Sharma A, Ashraf R, De D, Handa S, Mahajan R. Association of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder with the Use of Oral Propranolol in Infantile Haemangiomas: An Ambispective Comparative Study. Indian J Dermatol 2024; 69:171-173. [PMID: 38841227 PMCID: PMC11149794 DOI: 10.4103/ijd.ijd_1019_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have raised concerns about the effects of oral propranolol on the central nervous system in infants, the exact measure and mechanism and the long-term follow-up of which is less well studied. This was an ambispective comparative study of children with infantile haemangioma (IH) followed by a repeat visit 4-10 years after completion of propranolol therapy. Parents were asked about psychologic functioning along with an initial screening examination. All patients were evaluated by a paediatric psychiatrist. After evaluation by the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire, and subsequently by the paediatric psychiatrist, 2 of 12 patients (16.67%) showed features of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in comparison to 0 of 40 subjects in the control group (0.0498; α = 0.05). These results indicate an increased risk of neuropsychiatric illnesses such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in patients given propranolol for IH, as supporting evidence to previous claims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apoorva Sharma
- From the Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Velprashanth Venkatesan
- Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Akhilesh Sharma
- Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Raihan Ashraf
- From the Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Dipankar De
- From the Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sanjeev Handa
- From the Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rahul Mahajan
- From the Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, Chandigarh, India
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2
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Ou M, Peng W, Zhang W, Ouyang M, Liu Y, Lu K, Zeng X, Yuan J. The Role of In-Group and Out-Group Facial Feedback in Implicit Rule Learning. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:963. [PMID: 38131819 PMCID: PMC10741090 DOI: 10.3390/bs13120963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Implicit learning refers to the fact that people acquire new knowledge (structures or rules) without conscious awareness. Previous studies have shown that implicit learning is affected by feedback. However, few studies have investigated the role of social feedback in implicit learning concretely. Here, we conducted two experiments to explore how in-group and out-group facial feedback impact different difficulty levels of implicit rule learning. In Experiment 1, the Chinese participants in each group could only see one type of facial feedback, i.e., either in-group (East Asian) or out-group (Western) faces, and learned the implicit rule through happy and sad facial expressions. The only difference between Experiment 2 and Experiment 1 was that the participants saw both the in-group and out-group faces before group assignment to strengthen the contrast between the two group identities. The results showed that only in Experiment 2 but not Experiment 1 was there a significant interaction effect in the accuracy of tasks between the difficulty levels and groups. For the lowest difficulty level, the learning accuracy of the in-group facial feedback group was significantly higher than that of the out-group facial feedback group, whereas this did not happen at the two highest levels of difficulty. In conclusion, when the contrast of group identities was highlighted, out-group feedback reduced the accuracy of the least difficult task; on the contrary, there was no accuracy difference between out-group and in-group feedback conditions. These findings have extensively important implications for our understanding of implicit learning and improving teaching achievement in the context of educational internationalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijun Ou
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; (M.O.); (W.P.); (W.Z.); (Y.L.); (K.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Wenjie Peng
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; (M.O.); (W.P.); (W.Z.); (Y.L.); (K.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Wenyang Zhang
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; (M.O.); (W.P.); (W.Z.); (Y.L.); (K.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Muxin Ouyang
- Psychology Department, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA;
| | - Yiling Liu
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; (M.O.); (W.P.); (W.Z.); (Y.L.); (K.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Keming Lu
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; (M.O.); (W.P.); (W.Z.); (Y.L.); (K.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xiangyan Zeng
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; (M.O.); (W.P.); (W.Z.); (Y.L.); (K.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Jie Yuan
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; (M.O.); (W.P.); (W.Z.); (Y.L.); (K.L.); (X.Z.)
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3
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Bershad AK, de Wit H. Social Psychopharmacology: Novel Approaches to Treat Deficits in Social Motivation in Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2023; 49:1161-1173. [PMID: 37358825 PMCID: PMC10483474 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbad094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS Diminished social motivation is a negative symptom of schizophrenia and leads to severe functional consequences for many patients suffering from the illness. However, there are no effective medications available to treat this symptom. Despite the lack of approved treatments for patients, there is a growing body of literature on the effects of several classes of drugs on social motivation in healthy volunteers that may be relevant to patients. The aim of this review is to synthesize these results in an effort to identify novel directions for the development of medications to treat reduced social motivation in schizophrenia. STUDY DESIGN In this article, we review pharmacologic challenge studies addressing the acute effects of psychoactive drugs on social motivation in healthy volunteers and consider how these findings may be applied to deficits in social motivation in schizophrenia. We include studies testing amphetamines and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), opioids, cannabis, serotonergic psychedelics, antidepressants, benzodiazepines, and neuropeptides. STUDY RESULTS We report that amphetamines, MDMA, and some opioid medications enhance social motivation in healthy adults and may represent promising avenues of investigation in schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS Given the acute effects of these drugs on behavioral and performance-based measures of social motivation in healthy volunteers, they may be particularly beneficial as an adjunct to psychosocial training programs in patient populations. It remains to be determined how these medications affect patients with deficits in social motivation, and in which contexts they may be most effectively administered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anya K Bershad
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CAUSA
| | - Harriet de Wit
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, ILUSA
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4
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Legaz A, Abrevaya S, Dottori M, Campo CG, Birba A, Caro MM, Aguirre J, Slachevsky A, Aranguiz R, Serrano C, Gillan CM, Leroi I, García AM, Fittipaldi S, Ibañez A. Multimodal mechanisms of human socially reinforced learning across neurodegenerative diseases. Brain 2021; 145:1052-1068. [PMID: 34529034 PMCID: PMC9128375 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Social feedback can selectively enhance learning in diverse domains. Relevant
neurocognitive mechanisms have been studied mainly in healthy persons, yielding
correlational findings. Neurodegenerative lesion models, coupled with multimodal
brain measures, can complement standard approaches by revealing direct
multidimensional correlates of the phenomenon. To this end, we assessed socially reinforced and non-socially reinforced learning
in 40 healthy participants as well as persons with behavioural variant
frontotemporal dementia (n = 21), Parkinson’s
disease (n = 31) and Alzheimer’s disease
(n = 20). These conditions are typified by
predominant deficits in social cognition, feedback-based learning and
associative learning, respectively, although all three domains may be partly
compromised in the other conditions. We combined a validated behavioural task
with ongoing EEG signatures of implicit learning (medial frontal negativity) and
offline MRI measures (voxel-based morphometry). In healthy participants, learning was facilitated by social feedback relative to
non-social feedback. In comparison with controls, this effect was specifically
impaired in behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia and Parkinson’s
disease, while unspecific learning deficits (across social and non-social
conditions) were observed in Alzheimer’s disease. EEG results showed
increased medial frontal negativity in healthy controls during social feedback
and learning. Such a modulation was selectively disrupted in behavioural variant
frontotemporal dementia. Neuroanatomical results revealed extended
temporo-parietal and fronto-limbic correlates of socially reinforced learning,
with specific temporo-parietal associations in behavioural variant
frontotemporal dementia and predominantly fronto-limbic regions in
Alzheimer’s disease. In contrast, non-socially reinforced learning was
consistently linked to medial temporal/hippocampal regions. No associations with
cortical volume were found in Parkinson’s disease. Results are consistent
with core social deficits in behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia, subtle
disruptions in ongoing feedback-mechanisms and social processes in
Parkinson’s disease and generalized learning alterations in
Alzheimer’s disease. This multimodal approach highlights the impact of
different neurodegenerative profiles on learning and social feedback. Our findings inform a promising theoretical and clinical agenda in the fields of
social learning, socially reinforced learning and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustina Legaz
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center (CNC), Universidad de San Andrés, Buenos Aires, C1011ACC, Argentina.,National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, C1425FQB, Argentina.,Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Psicología, Córdoba, CU320, Argentina
| | - Sofía Abrevaya
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, C1425FQB, Argentina.,Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCYT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, CONICET, Buenos Aires, C1021, Argentina
| | - Martín Dottori
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center (CNC), Universidad de San Andrés, Buenos Aires, C1011ACC, Argentina
| | - Cecilia González Campo
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center (CNC), Universidad de San Andrés, Buenos Aires, C1011ACC, Argentina.,National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, C1425FQB, Argentina
| | - Agustina Birba
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center (CNC), Universidad de San Andrés, Buenos Aires, C1011ACC, Argentina.,National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, C1425FQB, Argentina
| | - Miguel Martorell Caro
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, C1425FQB, Argentina.,Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCYT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro University, CONICET, Buenos Aires, C1021, Argentina
| | - Julieta Aguirre
- Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas (IIPsi), CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, CB5000, Argentina
| | - Andrea Slachevsky
- Memory and Neuropsychiatric Clinic (CMYN) Neurology Department, Hospital delSalvador, SSMO & Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Gerosciences Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile.,Neuropsychology and Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory, Physiopathology Department, ICBM, Neurosciences Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Chile.,Servicio de Neurología, Departamento de Medicina, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Chile
| | | | - Cecilia Serrano
- Neurología Cognitiva, Hospital Cesar Milstein, Buenos Aires, C1221, Argentina
| | - Claire M Gillan
- Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Department of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Iracema Leroi
- Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Adolfo M García
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center (CNC), Universidad de San Andrés, Buenos Aires, C1011ACC, Argentina.,National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, C1425FQB, Argentina.,Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Faculty of Education, National University of Cuyo, Mendoza, M5502JMA, Argentina.,Departamento de Lingüística y Literatura, Facultad de Humanidades, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sol Fittipaldi
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center (CNC), Universidad de San Andrés, Buenos Aires, C1011ACC, Argentina.,National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, C1425FQB, Argentina.,Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Psicología, Córdoba, CU320, Argentina
| | - Agustín Ibañez
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center (CNC), Universidad de San Andrés, Buenos Aires, C1011ACC, Argentina.,National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, C1425FQB, Argentina.,Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Latin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
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5
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MacCormack JK, Armstrong-Carter E, Humphreys KL, Muscatell KA. Neurophysiological contributors to advantageous risk-taking: an experimental psychopharmacological investigation. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2021; 16:926-936. [PMID: 33860790 PMCID: PMC8421704 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsab047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to learn from experience is critical for determining when to take risks and when to play it safe. However, we know little about how within-person state changes, such as an individual's degree of neurophysiological arousal, may impact the ability to learn which risks are most likely to fail vs succeed. To test this, we used a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design to pharmacologically manipulate neurophysiological arousal and assess its causal impact on risk-related learning and performance. Eighty-seven adults (45% female, Mage = 20.1 ± 1.46 years) took either propranolol (n = 42), a beta-adrenergic receptor blocker that attenuates sympathetic nervous system-related signaling, or a placebo (n = 45). Participants then completed the Balloon Emotional Learning Task, a risk-taking task wherein experiential learning is necessary for task success. We found that individuals on propranolol, relative to placebo, earned fewer points on the task, suggesting that they were less effective risk-takers. This effect was mediated by the fact that those on propranolol made less optimal decisions in the final phase of the task on trials with the greatest opportunity for advantageous risk-taking. These findings highlight that neurophysiological arousal supports risk-related learning and, in turn, more advantageous decision-making and optimal behavior under conditions of risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K MacCormack
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | | | - Kathryn L Humphreys
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, USA
| | - Keely A Muscatell
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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6
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Social feedback interferes with implicit rule learning: Evidence from event-related brain potentials. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2018; 18:1248-1258. [PMID: 30191470 PMCID: PMC6244715 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-018-0635-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The human brain can learn contingencies built into stimulus sequences unconsciously. The quality of such implicit learning has been connected to stimulus social relevance, but results so far are inconsistent. We engaged participants in an implicit-intentional learning task in which they learned to discriminate between legal and illegal card triads on the sole basis of feedback provided within a staircase procedure. Half of the participants received feedback from pictures of faces with a happy or sad expression (social group) and the other half based on traffic light icons (symbolic group). We hypothesised that feedback from faces would have a greater impact on learning than that from traffic lights. Although performance during learning did not differ between groups, the feedback error-related negativity (fERN) was delayed by ~20 ms for social relative to symbolic feedback, and the P3b modulation elicited by infrequent legal card triads within a stream of illegal ones during the test phase was significantly larger in the symbolic than the social feedback group. Furthermore, the P3b mean amplitude recorded at test negatively correlated with the latency of the fERN recorded during learning. These results counterintuitively suggest that, relative to symbolic feedback, socially salient feedback interferes with implicit learning.
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7
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Effects of Propranolol on Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Patients with Infantile Hemangioma: A Case-Control Study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:5821369. [PMID: 29682550 PMCID: PMC5845517 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5821369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to examine whether oral propranolol has any effect on neurodevelopment outcomes in young children with problematic infantile hemangiomas (IHs). Methods Thirty-six children with a diagnosis of problematic IH who were treated with oral propranolol were compared with 34 healthy children with no history of propranolol therapy. Patients received propranolol therapy for at least 3 months. Gesell developmental schedules (GDS) were used to evaluate neurodevelopment outcomes in the two groups. The scores of each GDS domain were compared between the two groups. Results There were no significant differences in developmental quotient (DQ) values for any of the five domains between the patients and healthy controls (P < 0.05). Multiple stepwise regression analyses showed that none of the domains in the control group were influenced by the children's gender or age (P < 0.05). In addition, we found that gender, age at the initiation of therapy, age at the time of the neurodevelopment test, and treatment duration had no effect on any domain of the GDS in the patient group (P > 0.05). Conclusion Propranolol has no obvious effect on neurodevelopmental outcomes in children. Early treatment and treatment duration had no negative effect on central nervous system (CNS) development.
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8
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Abstract
AbstractThe glutamate amplifies noradrenergic effects (GANE) model emphasizes the role of focal glutamate–noradrenaline interactions in creating functional hotspots for prioritized processing of salient stimuli. Here, we briefly outline current evidence that synergistic action of noradrenaline and cortisol enables emotional stimuli to gain privileged access to amygdala–hippocampus circuits, eventually resulting in the formation of indelible memories and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
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Hu J, Qi S, Becker B, Luo L, Gao S, Gong Q, Hurlemann R, Kendrick KM. Oxytocin selectively facilitates learning with social feedback and increases activity and functional connectivity in emotional memory and reward processing regions. Hum Brain Mapp 2015; 36:2132-46. [PMID: 25664702 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In male Caucasian subjects, learning is facilitated by receipt of social compared with non-social feedback, and the neuropeptide oxytocin (OXT) facilitates this effect. In this study, we have first shown a cultural difference in that male Chinese subjects actually perform significantly worse in the same reinforcement associated learning task with social (emotional faces) compared with non-social feedback. Nevertheless, in two independent double-blind placebo (PLC) controlled between-subject design experiments we found OXT still selectively facilitated learning with social feedback. Similar to Caucasian subjects this OXT effect was strongest with feedback using female rather than male faces. One experiment performed in conjunction with functional magnetic resonance imaging showed that during the response, but not feedback phase of the task, OXT selectively increased activity in the amygdala, hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus and putamen during the social feedback condition, and functional connectivity between the amygdala and insula and caudate. Therefore, OXT may be increasing the salience and reward value of anticipated social feedback. In the PLC group, response times and state anxiety scores during social feedback were associated with signal changes in these same regions but not in the OXT group. OXT may therefore have also facilitated learning by reducing anxiety in the social feedback condition. Overall our results provide the first evidence for cultural differences in social facilitation of learning per se, but a similar selective enhancement of learning with social feedback under OXT. This effect of OXT may be associated with enhanced responses and functional connectivity in emotional memory and reward processing regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiehui Hu
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China; School of Foreign Languages, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China
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10
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Infantile hemangiomas (IH) often pose a significant risk to visual development. The lesions interfere with visual development by causing deprivation, astigmatism, or strabismus. Propranolol has been suggested as the new standard of care for treatment of IH. Alternative treatments such as intralesional steroids or surgery may need to be considered as equal or better treatments in some cases. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential risks and benefits of the various modalities for periocular IH. METHOD A literature search was conducted for IH and propranolol, steroids, and surgery. The pertinent published literature on surgical resection of IH were reviewed and summarized. A retrospective analysis was also performed of the Vanderbilt Children's Hospital (VCH) surgical case series of twelve children who underwent surgical resection of a sight threatening IH. RESULTS Seven articles reported twenty or more patients treated with propranolol for IH. Many of these patients only had a partial response to propranolol in spite of months of treatment. In addition to the impact on IH, propranolol has been demonstrated to block neural pathways critical for learning and memory. Twelve children underwent surgical resection of a visual threatening IH at VCH. Two of these children had failed treatment with oral propranolol. The average time of surgery was 80 minutes. All twelve children had immediate resolution of the visual compromise. CONCLUSION Early surgical intervention can successfully and quickly result in excellent visual and anatomic outcomes. Propranolol may have unrecognized neurocognitive impact and should be reserved for those lesions unamenable to surgical or local steroid injection.
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11
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Becker B, Klein EM, Striepens N, Mihov Y, Schlaepfer TE, Reul J, Goossens L, Schruers K, Kendrick KM, Hurlemann R. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors contribute to learning-induced metaplasticity in the hippocampus. J Cogn Neurosci 2013; 25:986-97. [PMID: 23469888 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hippocampal learning is thought to induce metaplasticity, which can facilitate subsequent learning. Administered at single low doses, the N-methyl-d-aspartate-type glutamate receptor antagonist memantine predominantly blocks α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7 nAChRs). Placebo-controlled administration of a single low dose of memantine in a pharmaco-fMRI experiment may thus help characterize the role of α7 nAChRs in hippocampal metaplasticity. We hypothesized that if α7 nAChRs contribute to learning-induced metaplasticity in the hippocampus, blockade of these receptors with low-dose memantine would selectively interfere with a facilitation of subsequent learning without impairing hippocampal learning per se. To specifically test this hypothesis, we devised a randomized controlled trial in which healthy volunteers were administered a 20-mg single oral dose of memantine or placebo and scanned on three subsequent runs of a hippocampal learning task. Our results indicate no discrepancies in behavioral learning between low-dose memantine- and placebo-treated participants in the first and second run of this task. In the third run, however, only the placebo-treated group showed facilitated behavioral learning, an effect paralleled by decreased neural responses in the hippocampal cornu ammonis region. Our findings suggest that blockade of α7 nAChRs selectively interfered with a learning-induced facilitation of subsequent learning while leaving unimpaired hippocampal learning per se. Taken together, our results provide support for a relevant contribution of α7 nAChRs to learning-associated metaplasticity in the hippocampus.
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12
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Terbeck S, Kahane G, McTavish S, Savulescu J, Cowen PJ, Hewstone M. Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 222:419-24. [PMID: 22371301 PMCID: PMC3395337 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2657-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Implicit negative attitudes towards other races are important in certain kinds of prejudicial social behaviour. Emotional mechanisms are thought to be involved in mediating implicit "outgroup" bias but there is little evidence concerning the underlying neurobiology. The aim of the present study was to examine the role of noradrenergic mechanisms in the generation of implicit racial attitudes. METHODS Healthy volunteers (n = 36) of white ethnic origin, received a single oral dose of the β-adrenoceptor antagonist, propranolol (40 mg), in a randomised, double-blind, parallel group, placebo-controlled, design. Participants completed an explicit measure of prejudice and the racial implicit association test (IAT), 1-2 h after propranolol administration. RESULTS Relative to placebo, propranolol significantly lowered heart rate and abolished implicit racial bias, without affecting the measure of explicit racial prejudice. Propranolol did not affect subjective mood. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that β-adrenoceptors play a role in the expression of implicit racial attitudes suggesting that noradrenaline-related emotional mechanisms may mediate negative racial bias. Our findings may also have practical importance given that propranolol is a widely used drug. However, further studies will be needed to examine whether a similar effect can be demonstrated in the course of clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Terbeck
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3UD, UK.
| | - Guy Kahane
- Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford, Suite 8, Littlegate House, St Ebbes Street, Oxford, OX1 1PT UK
| | - Sarah McTavish
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurosciences Division, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX UK
| | - Julian Savulescu
- Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford, Suite 8, Littlegate House, St Ebbes Street, Oxford, OX1 1PT UK
| | - Philip J. Cowen
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurosciences Division, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX UK
| | - Miles Hewstone
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3UD UK
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Striepens N, Kendrick KM, Maier W, Hurlemann R. Prosocial effects of oxytocin and clinical evidence for its therapeutic potential. Front Neuroendocrinol 2011; 32:426-50. [PMID: 21802441 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
There has been unprecedented interest in the prosocial effects of the neuropeptide oxytocin in humans over the last decade. A range of studies has demonstrated correlations between basal oxytocin levels and the strength of social and bonding behaviors both in healthy individuals and in those suffering from psychiatric disorders. Mounting evidence suggests associations between polymorphisms in the oxytocin receptor gene and prosocial behaviors and there may also be important epigenetic effects. Many studies have now reported a plethora of prosocial effects of intranasal application of oxytocin, including the domains of trust, generosity, socially reinforced learning, and emotional empathy. The main focus of this review will be to summarize human preclinical work and particularly the rapidly growing number of clinical studies which have identified important links between oxytocin and a wide range of psychiatric disorders, and have now started to directly assess its therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Striepens
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
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