1
|
Imperio CM, Chua EF. Lack of effects of online HD-tDCS over the left or right DLPFC in an associative memory and metamemory monitoring task. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300779. [PMID: 38848375 PMCID: PMC11161112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroimaging studies have shown that activity in the prefrontal cortex correlates with two critical aspects of normal memory functioning: retrieval of episodic memories and subjective "feelings-of-knowing" about our memory. Brain stimulation can be used to test the causal role of the prefrontal cortex in these processes, and whether the role differs for the left versus right prefrontal cortex. We compared the effects of online High-Definition transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (HD-tDCS) over the left or right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) compared to sham during a proverb-name associative memory and feeling-of-knowing task. There were no significant effects of HD-tDCS on either associative recognition or feeling-of-knowing performance, with Bayesian analyses showing moderate support for the null hypotheses. Despite past work showing effects of HD-tDCS on other memory and feeling-of-knowing tasks, and neuroimaging showing effects with similar tasks, these findings add to the literature of non-significant effects with tDCS. This work highlights the need to better understand factors that determine the effectiveness of tDCS, especially if tDCS is to have a successful future as a clinical intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Casey M Imperio
- The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth F Chua
- The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
- Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Imperio CM, Chua EF. HD-tDCS over the left DLPFC increases cued recall and subjective question familiarity rather than other aspects of memory and metamemory. Brain Res 2023; 1819:148538. [PMID: 37595661 PMCID: PMC10548440 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
When retrieving information from memory there is an interplay between memory and metamemory processes, and the prefrontal cortex has been implicated in both memory and metamemory. Previous work shown that High Definition transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (HD-tDCS) over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) can lead to improvements in memory and metamemory monitoring, but findings are mixed. Our original design targeted metamemory, but because the prefrontal cortex plays a role in both memory and metamemory, we tested for effects of HD-tDCS on multiple memory tasks (e.g., recall, cued recall, and recognition) and multiple aspects of metamemory (e.g., once-knew-it ratings, feeling-of-knowing ratings, metamemory accuracy, and metamemory control). There were HD-tDCS-related improvements in cued recall performance, but not other memory tasks. For metamemory, there were HD-tDCS-related increases in subjective once-knew-it ratings, but not other aspects of metamemory. These results highlight the need to consider the effects of HD-tDCS on memory and metamemory at different timepoints during retrieval, as well as specific conditions that show benefits from HD-tDCS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Casey M Imperio
- The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, Department of Psychology, 365 5th Ave., New York, NY 10016, USA; Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Department of Psychology, 2900 Bedford Ave., Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA.
| | - Elizabeth F Chua
- The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, Department of Psychology, 365 5th Ave., New York, NY 10016, USA; Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Department of Psychology, 2900 Bedford Ave., Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Devaluez M, Mazancieux A, Souchay C. Episodic and semantic feeling-of-knowing in aging: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16439. [PMID: 37777585 PMCID: PMC10542372 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36251-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A complex pattern of preservation and deterioration in metacognition in aging is found, especially regarding predicting future memory retrieval (i.e., feeling-of-knowing, FOK). While semantic FOK (sFOK) is preserved with age, studies on episodic tasks (eFOK) produce equivocal findings. We present a meta-analysis of 20 studies on eFOK and sFOK, analyzing the difference in metacognitive sensitivity between 922 younger and 966 older adults, taking into account the difference in memory performance. The sFOK studies yielded no overall age effect (8 effects, g = -0.10 [-0.29, 0.10]). However, we found a reliable age-group difference on eFOK (22 effects, g = 0.53 [0.28, 0.78]), which was moderated when considering recognition performance. Moreover, using aggregated data of 134 young and 235 older adults from published and unpublished studies from our lab, we investigated memory performance as an explanation of the eFOK deficit. We show that older adults are less metacognitively sensitive than younger adults for eFOKs which is, at least partly, due to the age-related memory decline. We highlight two non-exclusive explanations: a recollection deficit at play in the first and second order tasks, and a confound between first order performance and the measure used to assess metacognitive sensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Méline Devaluez
- LPNC, CNRS, UMR 5105, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.
| | - Audrey Mazancieux
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, NeuroSpin Center, Institute for Life Sciences Frédéric Joliot, Fundamental Research Division, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, INSERM, Université Paris-Sud, Université, Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Céline Souchay
- LPNC, CNRS, UMR 5105, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Imperio CM, Chua EF. Differential effects of remotely supervised transcranial direct current stimulation on recognition memory depending on task order. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1239126. [PMID: 37635805 PMCID: PMC10450219 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1239126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Prior work has shown positive effects of High Definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) on semantic memory performance and metamemory monitoring accuracy. However, HD-tDCS requires setup by a trained researcher, which is not always feasible. Few studies have used remotely supervised (rs) tDCS in healthy populations, and remote supervision has strong practical benefits. Objective/hypothesis The goal of the current study was to test if previously shown effects of HD-tDCS over the left DLPFC on semantic memory performance and metamemory monitoring accuracy extended to conventional rs-tDCS, which is less focal than HD-tDCS, and to episodic memory and metamemory tasks. Materials and methods A total of 36 healthy participants completed 6 weeks of rs-tDCS sessions, with either active left or right anodal DLPFC stimulation, or sham. Participants completed semantic and episodic memory and metamemory tasks, which each lasted for three consecutive sessions, and session order was counterbalanced across participants. Results Overall, there were no main effects of rs-tDCS on metamemory monitoring accuracy or memory performance for either the semantic or the episodic tasks. However, there were effects of rs-tDCS that depended on the order of completing the episodic and semantic task sessions. When participants completed the semantic task sessions after the episodic task sessions, semantic recognition was greater in the left anodal DLPFC condition. In a parallel effect, when participants completed the episodic task sessions after the semantic task sessions, episodic recognition was greater in the right anodal DLPFC condition. Conclusion Prior experience with tDCS is a factor for effects of rs-tDCS on cognition. Additionally, the current experiment provides evidence for the feasibility of fully remotely supervised tDCS in healthy participants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Casey M. Imperio
- Department of Psychology, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, NY, United States
- Department of Psychology, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Elizabeth F. Chua
- Department of Psychology, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, NY, United States
- Department of Psychology, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Irak M, Soylu C, Yavuz M. Comparing event-related potentials of retrospective and prospective metacognitive judgments during episodic and semantic memory. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1949. [PMID: 36732355 PMCID: PMC9895064 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28595-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
It is unclear whether metacognitive judgments are made on the basis of domain-generality or domain-specificity. In the current study, we compared both behavioral and event-related potential (ERP) correlates of retrospective (retrospective confidence judgments: RCJs), and prospective (feeling of knowing: FOK) metacognitive judgments during episodic and semantic memory tasks in 82 participants. Behavioral results indicated that FOK judgments reflect a domain-specific process, while RCJ reflect a domain-general process. RCJ and FOK judgments produced similar ERP waveforms within the memory tasks, but with different temporal dynamics; thus supporting the hypothesis that retrospective and prospective metacognitive judgments are distinct processes. Our ERP results also suggest that metacognitive judgments are linked to distributed neural substrates, rather than purely frontal lobe functioning. Furthermore, the role of intra-subject and inter-subject differences in metacognitive judgments across and within the memory tasks are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Metehan Irak
- Department of Psychology Brain and Cognition Research Laboratory, Bahçeşehir University, Çırağan Cad. No: 4 Beşiktaş, Istanbul, 34353, Turkey.
| | - Can Soylu
- Department of Psychology Brain and Cognition Research Laboratory, Bahçeşehir University, Çırağan Cad. No: 4 Beşiktaş, Istanbul, 34353, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Yavuz
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bastin C, Giacomelli F, Miévis F, Lemaire C, Guillaume B, Salmon E. Anosognosia in Mild Cognitive Impairment: Lack of Awareness of Memory Difficulties Characterizes Prodromal Alzheimer's Disease. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:631518. [PMID: 33868048 PMCID: PMC8044313 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.631518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
While anosognosia is often present in Alzheimer's disease, the degree of awareness of cognitive difficulties in the earlier stages, such as Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), is less clear. Using a questionnaire and Feeling-of-Knowing tasks, the aims of this study were (1) to test the hypothesis that anosognosia is present specifically in prodromal AD stage in patients that, owing to a more severe AD neuropathology, will rapidly progress to overt dementia and (2) to assess the neural bases of self-awareness for memory functioning. A group of 44 patients with amnestic MCI and a group of 29 healthy older participants (CTRL) performed two Feeling-of-Knowing tasks (episodic and semantic FOK) and responded to the Functional Memory Scale (MARS), also completed by one of their relatives. They underwent FDG-PET and structural MRI. The participants were followed clinically for 4 years. At the end of follow-up, 23 patients with MCI developed Alzheimer's disease (converters) and 21 patients still presented symptoms of MCI without progression (non-converters). The analyses focused on the data from inclusion stratified according to clinical status 4 years later (converters, non-converters, CTRL). On the episodic FOK task, converters patients overestimated their ability to later recognize unrecalled words and they showed prediction accuracy (Hamann coefficient) at the level of chance. No difficulty was observed in any group with the semantic FOK task. On the MARS, converters patients had a higher anosognosia score than non-converters patients and CTRL, which did not differ from each other. Correlations between self-awareness scores and neuroimaging data using small volume correction analyses in a priori regions of interest in converters indicated that inaccurate episodic FOK judgments was related to changes in brain areas that might support interpretation of retrieved content for judging the likelihood of recognition. For the MARS, the association between anosognosia and decreased gray matter density of the left inferior prefrontal cortex in converters might indicate poor inhibition over outdated personal knowledge. In amnestic MCI, anosognosia could be an early sign of neurodegeneration in brain areas that would support control mechanisms over memory representations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Bastin
- GIGA-Cyclotron Research Center-in vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,F.R.S.-Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Fabrice Giacomelli
- GIGA-Cyclotron Research Center-in vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Miévis
- GIGA-Cyclotron Research Center-in vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Christian Lemaire
- GIGA-Cyclotron Research Center-in vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Eric Salmon
- GIGA-Cyclotron Research Center-in vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Memory Clinic, CHU Liège, Liège, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Legrand N, Engen SS, Correa CMC, Mathiasen NK, Nikolova N, Fardo F, Allen M. Emotional metacognition: stimulus valence modulates cardiac arousal and metamemory. Cogn Emot 2020; 35:705-721. [PMID: 33342362 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2020.1859993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Emotion alters how we feel, see, and experience the world. In the domain of memory, the emotional valence and arousal of memorised stimuli can modulate both the acuity and content of episodic recall. However, no experiment has investigated whether arousal and valence also influence metacognition for memory (i.e. the process of self-monitoring memories). In a pre-registered study, we applied a novel psychophysiological design together with computational models of metacognition to assess the influence of stimulus valence and arousal on the sensitivity, bias, and efficiency of metamemory. To estimate the role of physiological arousal in mediating these effects, we recorded cardiac measures through pulse oximetry. We found that negative valence substantially decreased both memory performance and subjective confidence, in particular for low arousal words. Simultaneously, we found that emotional valence modulated both heart rate and heart-rate variability (HRV) during recognition memory. Exploratory trial-level analyses further revealed that subjective confidence was encoded in instantaneous heart-rate fluctuations and that this relationship was also modulated by emotional valence. Our results demonstrate that recognition memory and metacognition are influenced by the emotional valence of encoded items and that this correlation is in part related to cardiac activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Legrand
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sebastian Scott Engen
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Nanna Kildahl Mathiasen
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Niia Nikolova
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Francesca Fardo
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Danish Pain Research Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Micah Allen
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Psychiatry, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chi SY, Chua EF, Kieschnick DW, Rabin LA. Retrospective metamemory monitoring of semantic memory in community-dwelling older adults with subjective cognitive decline and mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2020; 32:429-463. [PMID: 33106082 DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2020.1831552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In neurodegenerative conditions, better memory/cognitive awareness, indexed by greater "metamemory monitoring accuracy", is linked to stronger cognitive remediation outcomes. Differences in metamemory monitoring accuracy in predementia conditions, which could inform treatment effectiveness, have not been systematically investigated. We utilized a retrospective confidence judgment (RCJ) task for general knowledge recognition in community-dwelling older adults: 106 cognitively healthy (HC), 68 subjective cognitive decline (SCD) despite intact neuropsychological function, 14 amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), and 31 non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment (naMCI). Participants gave confidence ratings after making recognition responses to general knowledge questions. Recognition accuracy, confidence levels, and absolute and relative RCJ accuracy (i.e., metamemory monitoring accuracy) were analysed. Compared to HC and SCD, absolute RCJ accuracy was significantly poorer in both MCI groups but relative RCJ accuracy was significantly poorer in naMCI, but not aMCI. This novel result may be driven by lower confidence for correct recognition responses in naMCI and suggests that poorer RCJ accuracy in naMCI may be attributable to poorer performance monitoring. We discuss results in relation to the possibility that individuals in distinct preclinical dementia conditions, who have different levels of memory/cognitive awareness, may differentially benefit from cognitive remediation strategies tailored to their levels of memory/cognitive awareness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Y Chi
- Psychology Department, Queens College of the City University of New York, Queens, NY, USA.,Psychology Department, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.,Psychology Department, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, USA.,Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Framework Associates, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth F Chua
- Psychology Department, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.,Psychology Department, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Dustin W Kieschnick
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Laura A Rabin
- Psychology Department, Queens College of the City University of New York, Queens, NY, USA.,Psychology Department, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.,Psychology Department, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, USA.,Einstein Aging Study, Neurology Department, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mazancieux A, Dinze C, Souchay C, Moulin CJA. Metacognitive domain specificity in feeling-of-knowing but not retrospective confidence. Neurosci Conscious 2020; 2020:niaa001. [PMID: 32123576 PMCID: PMC7043299 DOI: 10.1093/nc/niaa001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has converged on the idea that metacognitive evaluations of memory dissociate between semantic and episodic memory tasks, even if the type of metacognitive judgement is held constant. This often observed difference has been the basis of much theoretical reasoning about the types of cues available when making metacognitive judgements of memory and how metacognition is altered in memory pathologies. Here, we sought to revisit the difference between episodic and semantic feeling-of-knowing (FOK) judgements in the light of recent research which has supported a domain general account of metacognition. One hundred participants performed classical episodic and semantic memory tasks with FOK judgements and confidence judgements. Using the meta-d' framework, we applied a hierarchical Bayesian model to estimate metacognitive sensitivity and cross-task covariance. Results revealed a significant correlation in metacognitive efficiency (meta-d'/d') between the episodic memory task and the semantic memory task for confidence judgements; however, no evidence was found for a cross-task correlation for FOK judgements. This supports the view that FOK judgements are based on different cues in semantic and episodic memory, whereas confidence judgements are domain general.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Mazancieux
- Laboratoire de Psychologie et NeuroCognition (LPNC) CNRS 5105, 1251 Avenue Centrale, St Martin d'Hères, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38040 Grenoble, France
| | - Claire Dinze
- Laboratoire de Psychologie et NeuroCognition (LPNC) CNRS 5105, 1251 Avenue Centrale, St Martin d'Hères, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38040 Grenoble, France
| | - Céline Souchay
- Laboratoire de Psychologie et NeuroCognition (LPNC) CNRS 5105, 1251 Avenue Centrale, St Martin d'Hères, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38040 Grenoble, France
| | - Chris J A Moulin
- Laboratoire de Psychologie et NeuroCognition (LPNC) CNRS 5105, 1251 Avenue Centrale, St Martin d'Hères, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38040 Grenoble, France
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Irak M, Soylu C, Turan G. Comparing electrophysiological correlates of judgment of learning and feeling of knowing during face-name recognition. Cogn Neuropsychol 2020; 36:336-357. [PMID: 31928316 DOI: 10.1080/02643294.2019.1707650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the event-related potential (ERP) correlates of two metacognitive judgments, namely judgment of learning (JOL) and feeling of knowing (FOK) induced by a face-name recognition (FNR) task in 60 participants. The FNR produced N170 and P100 components at posterior, and an N100 component at anterior electrodes. Posterior P200, anterior N200 components were recorded during JOL and FOK judgments. Our data showed that ERP correlates of JOL and FOK emerge as rapidly as 200 ms following stimulus presentation, and these two metacognitive judgments are based on both perceptual fluency and conflict processes. However, these ERP components affected by the degree of JOL and FOK judgments. Thus, we concluded that even though JOL and FOK judgments produced similar ERP wave forms temporal dynamics of these two judgments are different. Also, our results support the hypothesis that metacognitive judgments are linked to distributed neural substrates rather than strictly to frontal lobe function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Metehan Irak
- Department of Psychology, Bahçeşehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Can Soylu
- Department of Psychology, Bahçeşehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gözem Turan
- Institute of Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Irak M, Soylu C, Turan G, Çapan D. Neurobiological basis of feeling of knowing in episodic memory. Cogn Neurodyn 2019; 13:239-256. [PMID: 31168329 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-019-09520-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Feeling of knowing (FOK) is a metacognitive process which allows individuals to predict the likelihood that they will be able to remember, in the future, information which they currently cannot recall. Although FOK provides evidence for the mechanisms of metacognitive systems, the neurobiological basis of FOK is still unclear. We investigated the neural correlates of FOK induced by an episodic memory task in 77 younger adult participants. Data were gathered using event-related potentials (ERPs). ERP components during high, low, extremely high and extremely low FOK judgments were analyzed. Stimulus-locked ERP analyses indicated that FOK judgment was associated with greater positivity for P200 component at frontal, central, and parietal electrode zones and greater negativity for the N200 component at parietal electrode zones. Furthermore, results revealed that amplitude of the ERP components for FOK judgments were affected by the level of FOK judgment. Results suggest that ERP components of FOK judgment observed within a 200 ms time window support the perceptual fluency-based model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Metehan Irak
- 1Department of Psychology, Brain and Cognition Research Laboratory, Bahçeşehir University, Çırağan Cad. No: 4 Beşiktaş, 34353 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Can Soylu
- 1Department of Psychology, Brain and Cognition Research Laboratory, Bahçeşehir University, Çırağan Cad. No: 4 Beşiktaş, 34353 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gözem Turan
- 1Department of Psychology, Brain and Cognition Research Laboratory, Bahçeşehir University, Çırağan Cad. No: 4 Beşiktaş, 34353 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dicle Çapan
- 2Department of Psychology, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sarıyer, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li Y, Kong F, Ji M, Luo Y, Lan J, You X. Shared and Distinct Neural Bases of Large- and Small-Scale Spatial Ability: A Coordinate-Based Activation Likelihood Estimation Meta-Analysis. Front Neurosci 2019; 12:1021. [PMID: 30686987 PMCID: PMC6335367 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.01021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Spatial ability is vital for human survival and development. However, the relationship between large-scale and small-scale spatial ability remains poorly understood. To address this issue from a novel perspective, we performed an activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies to determine the shared and distinct neural bases of these two forms of spatial ability. Methods: We searched Web of Science, PubMed, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar for studies regarding "spatial ability" published within the last 20 years (January 1988 through June 2018). A final total of 103 studies (Table 1) involving 2,085 participants (male = 1,116) and 2,586 foci were incorporated into the meta-analysis. Results: Large-scale spatial ability was associated with activation in the limbic lobe, posterior lobe, occipital lobe, parietal lobe, right anterior lobe, frontal lobe, and right sub-lobar area. Small-scale spatial ability was associated with activation in the parietal lobe, occipital lobe, frontal lobe, right posterior lobe, and left sub-lobar area. Furthermore, conjunction analysis revealed overlapping regions in the sub-gyrus, right superior frontal gyrus, right superior parietal lobule, right middle occipital gyrus, right superior occipital gyrus, left inferior occipital gyrus, and precuneus. The contrast analysis demonstrated that the parahippocampal gyrus, left lingual gyrus, culmen, right middle temporal gyrus, left declive, left superior occipital gyrus, and right lentiform nucleus were more strongly activated during large-scale spatial tasks. In contrast, the precuneus, right inferior frontal gyrus, right precentral gyrus, left inferior parietal lobule, left supramarginal gyrus, left superior parietal lobule, right inferior occipital gyrus, and left middle frontal gyrus were more strongly activated during small-scale spatial tasks. Our results further indicated that there is no absolute difference in the cognitive strategies associated with the two forms of spatial ability (egocentric/allocentric). Conclusion: The results of the present study verify and expand upon the theoretical model of spatial ability proposed by Hegarty et al. Our analysis revealed a shared neural basis between large- and small-scale spatial abilities, as well as specific yet independent neural bases underlying each. Based on these findings, we proposed a more comprehensive version of the behavioral model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience, Xi'an, China
| | - Feng Kong
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience, Xi'an, China
| | - Ming Ji
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience, Xi'an, China
| | - Yangmei Luo
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience, Xi'an, China
| | - Jijun Lan
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience, Xi'an, China
| | - Xuqun You
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience, Xi'an, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Effects of HD-tDCS on memory and metamemory for general knowledge questions that vary by difficulty. Brain Stimul 2016; 10:231-241. [PMID: 27876306 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability to monitor one's own memory is an important feature of normal memory and is an aspect of 'metamemory'. Lesion studies have shown dissociations between memory and metamemory, but only single dissociations have been shown using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). One potential reason that only single dissociations have been shown is that tDCS effects may be moderated by task difficulty. OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS We used high definition (HD) tDCS to test for dissociable roles of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and anterior temporal lobe (ATL) in semantic long-term memory and metamemory tasks. We also tested whether general knowledge question difficulty moderated the effects of HD-tDCS. METHODS Across 3 sessions, participants received active HD-tDCS over the left DLPFC or left ATL, or sham HD-tDCS during general knowledge recall and recognition tests, and a 'feeling-of-knowing' metamemory task. General knowledge questions were blocked by difficulty. Repeated measures ANOVAs were used to examine the effects of HD-tDCS on memory and metamemory tasks by memory question difficulty. RESULTS HD-tDCS over the ATL led to improved recall compared to DLPFC and sham HD-tDCS, and this occurred only for medium difficulty questions. In contrast, for non-recalled questions, HD-tDCS over the DLPFC led to improved recognition accuracy and improved feeling-of-knowing accuracy compared to ATL and sham HD-tDCS, and this was not moderated by memory question difficulty. CONCLUSION (S) HD-tDCS can be used to dissociate the roles of the ATL and DLPFC in different memory and 'metamemory' tasks. The effects of HD-tDCS on task may be moderated by task difficulty, depending on the nature of the task and site of stimulation.
Collapse
|
14
|
Electrical stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex improves memory monitoring. Neuropsychologia 2016; 85:74-9. [PMID: 26970142 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The ability to accurately monitor one's own memory is an important feature of normal memory function. Converging evidence from neuroimaging and lesion studies have implicated the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in memory monitoring. Here we used high definition transcranial direct stimulation (HD-tDCS), a non-invasive form of brain stimulation, to test whether the DLPFC has a causal role in memory monitoring, and the nature of that role. We used a metamemory monitoring task, in which participants first attempted to recall the answer to a general knowledge question, then gave a feeling-of-knowing (FOK) judgment, followed by a forced choice recognition task. When participants received DLPFC stimulation, their feeling-of-knowing judgments were better predictors of memory performance, i.e., they had better memory monitoring accuracy, compared to stimulation of a control site, the anterior temporal lobe (ATL). Effects of DLPFC stimulation were specific to monitoring accuracy, as there was no significant increase in memory performance, and if anything, there was poorer memory performance with DLPFC stimulation. Thus we have demonstrated a causal role for the DLPFC in memory monitoring, and showed that electrically stimulating the left DLPFC led people to more accurately monitor and judge their own memory.
Collapse
|
15
|
Souchay C, Smith SJ. Subjective states associated with retrieval failures in Parkinson's disease. Conscious Cogn 2013; 22:795-805. [PMID: 23727890 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Instances in which we cannot retrieve information immediately but know that the information might be retrieved later are subjective states that accompany retrieval failure. These are expressed in feeling-of-knowing (FOK) and Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) experiences. In Experiment 1, participants with Parkinson's disease (PD) and older adult controls were given general questions and asked to report when they experienced a TOT state and to give related information about the missing word. The PD group experienced similar levels of TOTs but provided less correct peripheral information related to the target when in a TOT state. In Experiment 2, participants were given a Semantic (general knowledge questions) and an Episodic (word pairs) FOK task. PD patients failed to accurately predict their future memory performance (FOK) in response to both episodic and semantic cues. Results are interpreted in the context of recent frameworks of memory and metacognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celine Souchay
- LEAD UMR CNRS 5022, Universite de Bourgogne, Esplanade Erasme, Pole AAFE, 21065 Dijon, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tanaka A, Funahashi S. Macaque monkeys exhibit behavioral signs of metamemory in an oculomotor working memory task. Behav Brain Res 2012; 233:256-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
17
|
Neural correlates of metacognitive monitoring during episodic and semantic retrieval. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2012; 12:599-609. [DOI: 10.3758/s13415-012-0096-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
18
|
Do Lam ATA, Axmacher N, Fell J, Staresina BP, Gauggel S, Wagner T, Olligs J, Weis S. Monitoring the mind: the neurocognitive correlates of metamemory. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30009. [PMID: 22242196 PMCID: PMC3252366 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory performance in everyday life is often far from perfect and therefore needs to be monitored and controlled by metamemory evaluations, such as judgments of learning (JOLs). JOLs support monitoring for goal-directed modification of learning. Behavioral studies suggested retrieval processes as providing a basis for JOLs. Previous functional imaging research on JOLs found a dissociation between processes underlying memory prediction, located in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and actual encoding success, located in the medial temporal lobe. However, JOL-specific neural correlates could not be identified unequivocally, since JOLs were given simultaneously with encoding. Here, we aimed to identify the neurocognitive basis of JOLs, i.e., the cognitive processes and neural correlates of JOL, separate from initial encoding. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we implemented a face-name paired associative design. In general, we found that actual memory success was associated with increased brain activation of the hippocampi bilaterally, whereas predicted memory success was accompanied by increased activation in mPFC, orbital frontal and anterior cingulate cortices. Masking brain activation during predicted memory success with activation during retrieval success revealed BOLD increases of the mPFC. Our findings indicate that JOLs actually incorporate retrieval processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne T A Do Lam
- Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Alzheimer's disease and memory-monitoring impairment: Alzheimer's patients show a monitoring deficit that is greater than their accuracy deficit. Neuropsychologia 2011; 49:2609-18. [PMID: 21620877 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We assessed the ability of two groups of patients with mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) and two groups of older adults to monitor the likely accuracy of recognition judgments and source identification judgments about who spoke something earlier. Alzheimer's patients showed worse performance on both memory judgments and were less able to monitor with confidence ratings the likely accuracy of both kinds of memory judgments, as compared to a group of older adults who experienced the identical study and test conditions. Critically, however, when memory performance was made comparable between the AD patients and the older adults (e.g., by giving AD patients extra exposures to the study materials), AD patients were still greatly impaired at monitoring the likely accuracy of their recognition and source judgments. This result indicates that the monitoring impairment in AD patients is actually worse than their memory impairment, as otherwise there would have been no differences between the two groups in monitoring performance when there were no differences in accuracy. We discuss the brain correlates of this memory-monitoring deficit and also propose a Remembrance-Evaluation model of memory-monitoring.
Collapse
|