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McNaughton N, Lages YV. Non-human contributions to personality neuroscience: From fish through primates - a concluding editorial overview. PERSONALITY NEUROSCIENCE 2024; 7:e5. [PMID: 38384664 PMCID: PMC10877271 DOI: 10.1017/pen.2024.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
This special issue attempts to integrate personality, psychopathology, and neuroscience as means to improve understanding of specific traits and trait structures in humans. The key strategy is to dive into comparative research using a range of species to provide simple models. This strategy has, as its foundation, the fact that the most basic functions, and their supporting neural systems, are highly conserved in evolution. The papers collected in the issue show that, from fish, through rats, to primates, the homologies in brain systems and underlying functions (despite species-specific forms of expression) allow simpler cases to provide insights into the neurobiology behind more complex ones including human. Our introductory editorial paper to this special issue took a bottom-up approach, starting with the genetics of conserved brain systems and working up to cognition. Here, we deconstruct the different aspects of personality, progressing from more complex ones in primates to least complex in fish. With the primate section, we summarize papers that discuss the factors that contribute to sociability in primates and how they apply to healthy and pathological human personality traits. In the rat section, the focus is driven by psychopathology and the way that "high" strains selected for extreme behaviors can illuminate the neurobiology of motivated responses to environmental cues. The section on fish summarizes papers that look into the most fundamental emotional reactions to the environment that are governed by primitive and conserved brain structures. This raises metatheoretical questions on the nature of traits and to a section that asks "which animals have personalities." We believe that the issue as a whole provides a nuanced answer to this question and shines a new, comparative, light on the interpretation of personality structure and the effects on it of evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. McNaughton
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Y. V. Lages
- Department of Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Bagheri A, Dehshiri M, Bagheri Y, Akhondi-Asl A, Nadjar Araabi B. Brain effective connectome based on fMRI and DTI data: Bayesian causal learning and assessment. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289406. [PMID: 37594972 PMCID: PMC10437876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroscientific studies aim to find an accurate and reliable brain Effective Connectome (EC). Although current EC discovery methods have contributed to our understanding of brain organization, their performances are severely constrained by the short sample size and poor temporal resolution of fMRI data, and high dimensionality of the brain connectome. By leveraging the DTI data as prior knowledge, we introduce two Bayesian causal discovery frameworks -the Bayesian GOLEM (BGOLEM) and Bayesian FGES (BFGES) methods- that offer significantly more accurate and reliable ECs and address the shortcomings of the existing causal discovery methods in discovering ECs based on only fMRI data. Moreover, to numerically assess the improvement in the accuracy of ECs with our method on empirical data, we introduce the Pseudo False Discovery Rate (PFDR) as a new computational accuracy metric for causal discovery in the brain. Through a series of simulation studies on synthetic and hybrid data (combining DTI from the Human Connectome Project (HCP) subjects and synthetic fMRI), we demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed methods and the reliability of the introduced metric in discovering ECs. By employing the PFDR metric, we show that our Bayesian methods lead to significantly more accurate results compared to the traditional methods when applied to the Human Connectome Project (HCP) data. Additionally, we measure the reproducibility of discovered ECs using the Rogers-Tanimoto index for test-retest data and show that our Bayesian methods provide significantly more reliable ECs than traditional methods. Overall, our study's numerical and visual results highlight the potential for these frameworks to significantly advance our understanding of brain functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolmahdi Bagheri
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Dehshiri
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yamin Bagheri
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Akhondi-Asl
- Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Babak Nadjar Araabi
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Li W, Keil A. Sensing fear: fast and precise threat evaluation in human sensory cortex. Trends Cogn Sci 2023; 27:341-352. [PMID: 36732175 PMCID: PMC10023404 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Animal models of threat processing have evolved beyond the amygdala to incorporate a distributed neural network. In human research, evidence has intensified in recent years to challenge the canonical threat circuitry centered on the amygdala, urging revision of threat conceptualization. A strong surge of research into threat processing in the sensory cortex in the past decade has generated particularly useful insights to inform the reconceptualization. Here, synthesizing findings from both animal and human research, we highlight sensitive, specific, and adaptable threat representations in the sensory cortex, arising from experience-based sculpting of sensory coding networks. We thus propose that the human sensory cortex can drive smart (fast and precise) threat evaluation, producing threat-imbued sensory afferents to elicit network-wide threat responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
| | - Andreas Keil
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainsville, FL, USA
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Rawls E, Kummerfeld E, Mueller BA, Ma S, Zilverstand A. The resting-state causal human connectome is characterized by hub connectivity of executive and attentional networks. Neuroimage 2022; 255:119211. [PMID: 35430360 PMCID: PMC9177236 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate a data-driven approach for calculating a "causal connectome" of directed connectivity from resting-state fMRI data using a greedy adjacency search and pairwise non-Gaussian edge orientations. We used this approach to construct n = 442 causal connectomes. These connectomes were very sparse in comparison to typical Pearson correlation-based graphs (roughly 2.25% edge density) yet were fully connected in nearly all cases. Prominent highly connected hubs of the causal connectome were situated in attentional (dorsal attention) and executive (frontoparietal and cingulo-opercular) networks. These hub networks had distinctly different connectivity profiles: attentional networks shared incoming connections with sensory regions and outgoing connections with higher cognitive networks, while executive networks primarily connected to other higher cognitive networks and had a high degree of bidirected connectivity. Virtual lesion analyses accentuated these findings, demonstrating that attentional and executive hub networks are points of critical vulnerability in the human causal connectome. These data highlight the central role of attention and executive control networks in the human cortical connectome and set the stage for future applications of data-driven causal connectivity analysis in psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Rawls
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, USA.
| | | | - Bryon A Mueller
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, USA
| | - Sisi Ma
- Institute for Health Informatics, University of Minnesota, USA
| | - Anna Zilverstand
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, USA; Medical Discovery Team on Addiction, University of Minnesota, USA
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Non-human contributions to personality neuroscience – from fish through primates. An introduction to the special issue. PERSONALITY NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 5:e11. [PMID: 36258777 PMCID: PMC9549393 DOI: 10.1017/pen.2022.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The most fundamental emotional systems that show trait control are evolutionarily old and extensively conserved. Psychology in general has benefited from non-human neuroscience and from the analytical simplicity of behaviour in those with simpler nervous systems. It has been argued that integration between personality, psychopathology, and neuroscience is particularly promising if we are to understand the neurobiology of human experience. Here, we provide some general arguments for a non-human approach being at least as productive in relation to personality, psychopathology, and their interface. Some early personality theories were directly linked to psychopathology (e.g., Eysenck, Panksepp, and Cloninger). They shared a common interest in brain systems that naturally led to the use of non-human data; behavioural, neural, and pharmacological. In Eysenck’s case, this also led to the selective breeding, at the Maudsley Institute, of emotionally reactive and non-reactive strains of rat as models of trait neuroticism or trait emotionality. Dimensional personality research and categorical approaches to clinical disorder then drifted apart from each other, from neuropsychology, and from non-human data. Recently, the conceptualizations of both healthy personality and psychopathology have moved towards a common hierarchical trait perspective. Indeed, the proposed two sets of trait dimensions appear similar and may even be eventually the same. We provide, here, an introduction to this special issue of Personality Neuroscience, where the authors provide overviews of detailed areas where non-human data inform human personality and its psychopathology or provide explicit models for translation to human neuroscience. Once all the papers in the issue have appeared, we will also provide a concluding summary of them.
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Effective Connectivity Study Guiding the Neuromodulation Intervention in Figurative Language Comprehension Using Optical Neuroimaging. Neural Plast 2020; 2020:8882207. [PMID: 33082780 PMCID: PMC7559246 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8882207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study is aimed at establishing links between brain network examination and neural plasticity studies measured by optical neuroimaging. Sixteen healthy subjects were recruited from the University of Macau to test the Granger Prediction Estimation (GPE) method to investigate brain network connectivity during figurative language comprehension. The method is aimed at mapping significant causal relationships across language brain networks, captured by functional near-infrared spectroscopy measurements (fNIRS): (i) definition of regions of interest (ROIs) based on significant channels extracted from spatial activation maps; (ii) inspection of significant causal relationships in temporal resolution, exploring the experimental task agreement; and (iii) early identification of stronger causal relationships that guide neuromodulation intervention, targeting impaired connectivity pathways. Our results propose top-down mechanisms responsible for perceptive-attention engagement in the left anterior frontal cortex and bottom-up mechanism in the right hemispheres during the semantic integration of figurative language. Moreover, the interhemispheric directional flow suggests a right hemisphere engagement in decoding unfamiliar literal sentences and fine-grained integration guided by the left hemisphere to reduce ambiguity in meaningless words. Finally, bottom-up mechanisms seem activated by logographic-semantic processing in literal meanings and memory storage centres in meaningless comprehension. To sum up, our main findings reveal that the Granger Prediction Estimation (GPE) integrated strategy proposes an effective link between assessment and intervention, capable of enhancing the efficiency of the treatment in language disorders and reducing the neuromodulation side effects.
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Thompson WH, Nair R, Oya H, Esteban O, Shine JM, Petkov CI, Poldrack RA, Howard M, Adolphs R. A data resource from concurrent intracranial stimulation and functional MRI of the human brain. Sci Data 2020; 7:258. [PMID: 32759965 PMCID: PMC7406507 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-020-00595-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Mapping the causal effects of one brain region on another is a challenging problem in neuroscience that we approached through invasive direct manipulation of brain function together with concurrent whole-brain measurement of the effects produced. Here we establish a unique resource and present data from 26 human patients who underwent electrical stimulation during functional magnetic resonance imaging (es-fMRI). The patients had medically refractory epilepsy requiring surgically implanted intracranial electrodes in cortical and subcortical locations. One or multiple contacts on these electrodes were stimulated while simultaneously recording BOLD-fMRI activity in a block design. Multiple runs exist for patients with different stimulation sites. We describe the resource, data collection process, preprocessing using the fMRIPrep analysis pipeline and management of artifacts, and provide end-user analyses to visualize distal brain activation produced by site-specific electrical stimulation. The data are organized according to the brain imaging data structure (BIDS) specification, and are available for analysis or future dataset contributions on openneuro.org including both raw and preprocessed data.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Thompson
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - R Nair
- Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - H Oya
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - O Esteban
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | - J M Shine
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - C I Petkov
- Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - R A Poldrack
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | - M Howard
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - R Adolphs
- Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
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Kobayashi M, Ikeda T, Tokuda T, Monden Y, Nagashima M, Mizushima SG, Inoue T, Shimamura K, Ujiie Y, Arakawa A, Kuroiwa C, Ishijima M, Kishimoto Y, Kanazawa S, Yamagata T, Yamaguchi MK, Sakuta R, Dan I. Acute administration of methylphenidate differentially affects cortical processing of emotional facial expressions in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder children as studied by functional near-infrared spectroscopy. NEUROPHOTONICS 2020; 7:025003. [PMID: 32377545 PMCID: PMC7201297 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.7.2.025003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Significance: It has been reported that children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have impairment in the recognition of angry but not of happy facial expressions, and they show atypical cortical activation patterns in response to facial expressions. However, little is known about neural mechanisms underlying the impaired recognition of facial expressions in school-aged children with ADHD and the effects of acute medication on their processing of facial expressions. Aim: We aimed to investigate the possibility that acute administration of methylphenidate (MPH) affects processing of facial expressions in ADHD children. Approach: We measured the hemodynamic changes in the bilateral temporo-occipital areas of ADHD children observing the happy and angry facial expressions before and 1.5 h after MPH or placebo administration in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design study. Results: We found that, regardless of medication, happy expressions induced increased oxyhemoglobin (oxy-Hb) responses in the right inferior occipital region but not in the superior temporal region. For angry expressions, oxy-Hb responses increased after MPH administration, but not after placebo administration, in the left inferior occipital area, whereas there was no significant activation before MPH administration. Conclusions: Our results suggest that (1) ADHD children consistently recruit the right inferior occipital regions to process happy expressions and (2) MPH administration to ADHD children enhances cortical activation in the left inferior occipital regions when they process angry expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Kobayashi
- Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Developmental Disability Center, Department of Functioning and Disability, Kagiya-cho, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
- RISTEX (Research Institute of Science and Technology for Society) Group, Kasuga, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ikeda
- RISTEX (Research Institute of Science and Technology for Society) Group, Kasuga, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Jichi Medical University, Department of Pediatrics, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tokuda
- RISTEX (Research Institute of Science and Technology for Society) Group, Kasuga, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Chuo University, Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Kasuga, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukifumi Monden
- RISTEX (Research Institute of Science and Technology for Society) Group, Kasuga, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Jichi Medical University, Department of Pediatrics, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
- Chuo University, Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Kasuga, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
- International University of Health and Welfare, Department of Pediatrics, Iguchi, Nasushiobara, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Masako Nagashima
- RISTEX (Research Institute of Science and Technology for Society) Group, Kasuga, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Jichi Medical University, Department of Pediatrics, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Sakae G. Mizushima
- RISTEX (Research Institute of Science and Technology for Society) Group, Kasuga, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Chuo University, Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Kasuga, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Inoue
- RISTEX (Research Institute of Science and Technology for Society) Group, Kasuga, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Dokkyo Medical University, Child Development and Psychosomatic Medicine Center, Minamikoshigaya, Koshigaya, Saitama, Japan
| | - Keiichi Shimamura
- RISTEX (Research Institute of Science and Technology for Society) Group, Kasuga, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Dokkyo Medical University, Child Development and Psychosomatic Medicine Center, Minamikoshigaya, Koshigaya, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuta Ujiie
- RISTEX (Research Institute of Science and Technology for Society) Group, Kasuga, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Chuo University, Research and Development Initiative, Kasuga, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akari Arakawa
- RISTEX (Research Institute of Science and Technology for Society) Group, Kasuga, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Dokkyo Medical University, Child Development and Psychosomatic Medicine Center, Minamikoshigaya, Koshigaya, Saitama, Japan
| | - Chie Kuroiwa
- RISTEX (Research Institute of Science and Technology for Society) Group, Kasuga, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Dokkyo Medical University, Child Development and Psychosomatic Medicine Center, Minamikoshigaya, Koshigaya, Saitama, Japan
| | - Mayuko Ishijima
- Jichi Medical University, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yuki Kishimoto
- Chuo University, Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Kasuga, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - So Kanazawa
- RISTEX (Research Institute of Science and Technology for Society) Group, Kasuga, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Japan Women’s University, Department of Psychology, Nishi-Ikuta, Tama, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takanori Yamagata
- Jichi Medical University, Department of Pediatrics, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Masami K. Yamaguchi
- RISTEX (Research Institute of Science and Technology for Society) Group, Kasuga, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Chuo University, Department of Psychology, Higashinakano, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Sakuta
- RISTEX (Research Institute of Science and Technology for Society) Group, Kasuga, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Dokkyo Medical University, Child Development and Psychosomatic Medicine Center, Minamikoshigaya, Koshigaya, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ippeita Dan
- RISTEX (Research Institute of Science and Technology for Society) Group, Kasuga, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Chuo University, Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Kasuga, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Sabatinelli D, Frank DW. Assessing the Primacy of Human Amygdala-Inferotemporal Emotional Scene Discrimination with Rapid Whole-Brain fMRI. Neuroscience 2019; 406:212-224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Hur J, Stockbridge MD, Fox AS, Shackman AJ. Dispositional negativity, cognition, and anxiety disorders: An integrative translational neuroscience framework. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2019; 247:375-436. [PMID: 31196442 PMCID: PMC6578598 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
When extreme, anxiety can become debilitating. Anxiety disorders, which often first emerge early in development, are common and challenging to treat, yet the underlying mechanisms have only recently begun to come into focus. Here, we review new insights into the nature and biological bases of dispositional negativity, a fundamental dimension of childhood temperament and adult personality and a prominent risk factor for the development of pediatric and adult anxiety disorders. Converging lines of epidemiological, neurobiological, and mechanistic evidence suggest that dispositional negativity increases the likelihood of psychopathology via specific neurocognitive mechanisms, including attentional biases to threat and deficits in executive control. Collectively, these observations provide an integrative translational framework for understanding the development and maintenance of anxiety disorders in adults and youth and set the stage for developing improved intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyoen Hur
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States.
| | | | - Andrew S Fox
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States; California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Alexander J Shackman
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States; Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States; Maryland Neuroimaging Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States.
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Abstract
Emotions play a central role in human experience. Over time, methods for manipulating emotion have become increasingly refined and techniques for making sense of the underlying neurobiology have become ever more powerful and precise, enabling new insights into the organization of emotions in the brain. Yet recent years have witnessed a remarkably vigorous debate about the nature and origins of emotion, with leading scientists raising compelling concerns about the canon of facts and principles that has inspired and guided the field for the past quarter century. Here, we consider ways in which recent neuroimaging research informs this dialogue. By focusing attention on the most important outstanding questions about the nature of emotion and the architecture of the emotional brain, we hope to stimulate the kinds of work that will be required to move the field forward. Addressing these questions is critical, not just for understanding the mind, but also for elucidating the root causes of many of its disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Shackman
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA; Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA; Maryland Neuroimaging Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA.
| | - Tor D Wager
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA; Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
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12
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Bielczyk NZ, Uithol S, van Mourik T, Anderson P, Glennon JC, Buitelaar JK. Disentangling causal webs in the brain using functional magnetic resonance imaging: A review of current approaches. Netw Neurosci 2019; 3:237-273. [PMID: 30793082 PMCID: PMC6370462 DOI: 10.1162/netn_a_00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past two decades, functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) has been used to relate neuronal network activity to cognitive processing and behavior. Recently this approach has been augmented by algorithms that allow us to infer causal links between component populations of neuronal networks. Multiple inference procedures have been proposed to approach this research question but so far, each method has limitations when it comes to establishing whole-brain connectivity patterns. In this paper, we discuss eight ways to infer causality in fMRI research: Bayesian Nets, Dynamical Causal Modelling, Granger Causality, Likelihood Ratios, Linear Non-Gaussian Acyclic Models, Patel's Tau, Structural Equation Modelling, and Transfer Entropy. We finish with formulating some recommendations for the future directions in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Z. Bielczyk
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Sebo Uithol
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Bernstein Centre for Computational Neuroscience, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tim van Mourik
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Paul Anderson
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey C. Glennon
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan K. Buitelaar
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Sanchez-Romero R, Ramsey JD, Zhang K, Glymour MRK, Huang B, Glymour C. Estimating feedforward and feedback effective connections from fMRI time series: Assessments of statistical methods. Netw Neurosci 2019; 3:274-306. [PMID: 30793083 PMCID: PMC6370458 DOI: 10.1162/netn_a_00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We test the adequacies of several proposed and two new statistical methods for recovering the causal structure of systems with feedback from synthetic BOLD time series. We compare an adaptation of the first correct method for recovering cyclic linear systems; Granger causal regression; a multivariate autoregressive model with a permutation test; the Group Iterative Multiple Model Estimation (GIMME) algorithm; the Ramsey et al. non-Gaussian methods; two non-Gaussian methods by Hyvärinen and Smith; a method due to Patel et al.; and the GlobalMIT algorithm. We introduce and also compare two new methods, Fast Adjacency Skewness (FASK) and Two-Step, both of which exploit non-Gaussian features of the BOLD signal. We give theoretical justifications for the latter two algorithms. Our test models include feedback structures with and without direct feedback (2-cycles), excitatory and inhibitory feedback, models using experimentally determined structural connectivities of macaques, and empirical human resting-state and task data. We find that averaged over all of our simulations, including those with 2-cycles, several of these methods have a better than 80% orientation precision (i.e., the probability of a directed edge is in the true structure given that a procedure estimates it to be so) and the two new methods also have better than 80% recall (probability of recovering an orientation in the true structure).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph D. Ramsey
- Department of Philosophy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Philosophy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Biwei Huang
- Department of Philosophy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Clark Glymour
- Department of Philosophy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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14
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Development of the Social Brain: From Mechanisms to Principles. MINNESOTA SYMPOSIA ON CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119461746.ch6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Hamann S. Integrating Perspectives on Affective Neuroscience: Introduction to the Special Section on the Brain and Emotion. EMOTION REVIEW 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1754073918783259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this special section, three target articles present three different perspectives on emotion and how it is implemented in the human brain. Fundamental issues are discussed such as the nature and organization of emotion’s representation in the brain and the best approaches for elucidating emotion’s neural basis. Comments and author replies further discuss these issues and explore their interconnections. A common theme of the target articles and commentaries is that multiple approaches and perspectives must be integrated across all levels of analysis to understand the neural basis of emotion.
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Dynamic Interactions between Emotion Perception and Action Preparation for Reacting to Social Threat: A Combined cTBS-fMRI Study. eNeuro 2018; 5:eN-NWR-0408-17. [PMID: 29971249 PMCID: PMC6027957 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0408-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Expressions of emotion are powerful triggers for situation-appropriate responses by the observer. Of particular interest regarding the preparation of such adaptive actions are parietal and premotor cortices, given their potential for interaction with the amygdala (AMG), which is known to play a crucial role in the processing of affective information and in motor response. We set out to disentangle the respective roles of the inferior parietal lobule (IPL) and ventral premotor cortex (PMv) in humans in the processing of emotional body expressions by assessing remote effects of continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) in the action network and in AMG. Participants were presented with blocks of short videos showing either angry or neutral whole-body actions. The experiment consisted of three fMRI sessions: two sessions were preceded by stimulation of either right IPL (rIPL) or right PMv (rPMv); and a third session assessed baseline activity. Interestingly, whereas at baseline the left AMG did not differentiate between neutral and angry body postures, a significant difference between these conditions emerged after stimulation of either rIPL or rPMv, with much larger responses to angry than to neutral stimuli. In addition, the effects of cTBS stimulation and emotion were also observed in two other action-relevant areas, the supplementary motor area and the superior parietal cortex. Together, these results show how areas involved in action and emotion perception and in action preparation interact dynamically.
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