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Gao T, Liu X, Geng W, Yan C, Wu M, Yang L. The effect of reward expectation on working memory of emotional faces under different levels of cognitive load: an ERP study. Exp Brain Res 2024; 242:769-780. [PMID: 38310175 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-023-06776-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Using event-related potentials (ERPs), this study examined the impact of reward expectations on working memory of emotional faces under different levels of cognitive load in a task combining the N-back paradigm and the reward expectation paradigm. The experiment involved presenting high- or low-reward cues followed by an N-back task for emotional faces with different loads. The accuracy results showed that under a high task load, both reward and emotion effects were significantly observed. However, these effects disappeared under a low task load. Analysis of the ERP data revealed that the early P2 and VPP components exhibited greater responses to fearful faces than to neutral faces. In the later stages, the P3 and LPP components showed greater reactions to high rewards than to low rewards. Additionally, the P2 component was found to be modulated by task load in relation to rewards, the EPN component demonstrated task load modulation with respect to emotions, and the N170 component showed an interaction effect between rewards and emotions. These findings imply that load regulates the reward effect and the emotional superiority effect in the process of working memory for emotional faces. In the cognitive processing of working memory, motivation and emotion jointly influence processing. Emotional factors have a greater impact in the early stage of processing, while motivation factors have a greater impact in the late stage of processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Gao
- School of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang City, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Xintong Liu
- School of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang City, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Wenting Geng
- School of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang City, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Chunping Yan
- School of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang City, 453003, Henan, China.
| | - Meng Wu
- School of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang City, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Lei Yang
- School of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang City, 453003, Henan, China
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Meng Y, Jia S, Liu J, Zhang C, Wang H, Liu Y. The shorter a man is, the more he defends fairness: relative height disadvantage promoting third-party punishment-evidence from inter-brain synchronization. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhae048. [PMID: 38342691 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Third-party punishment occurs in interpersonal interactions to sustain social norms, and is strongly influenced by the characteristics of the interacting individuals. During social interactions, height is the striking physical appearance features first observed, height disadvantage may critically influence men's behavior and mental health. Herein, we explored the influence of height disadvantage on third-party punishment through time-frequency analysis and electroencephalography hyperscanning. Two participants were randomly designated as the recipient and third party after height comparison and instructed to complete third-party punishment task. Compared with when the third party's height is higher than the recipient's height, when the third party's height is lower, the punishment rate and transfer amount were significantly higher. Only for highly unfair offers, the theta power was significantly greater when the third party's height was lower. The inter-brain synchronization between the recipient and the third party was significantly stronger when the third party's height was lower. Compared with the fair and medium unfair offers, the inter-brain synchronization was strongest for highly unfair offers. Our findings indicate that the height disadvantage-induced anger and reputation concern promote third-party punishment and inter-brain synchronization. This study enriches research perspective and expands the application of the theory of Napoleon complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Meng
- School of Psychology and Mental Health, North China University of Science and Technology, 21 Bohai avenue, Caofeidian district, Tangshan 063000, Hebei province, China
| | - Shuyu Jia
- School of Psychology and Mental Health, North China University of Science and Technology, 21 Bohai avenue, Caofeidian district, Tangshan 063000, Hebei province, China
| | - Jingyue Liu
- School of Psychology and Mental Health, North China University of Science and Technology, 21 Bohai avenue, Caofeidian district, Tangshan 063000, Hebei province, China
| | - Chenyu Zhang
- School of Psychology and Mental Health, North China University of Science and Technology, 21 Bohai avenue, Caofeidian district, Tangshan 063000, Hebei province, China
| | - He Wang
- School of Psychology and Mental Health, North China University of Science and Technology, 21 Bohai avenue, Caofeidian district, Tangshan 063000, Hebei province, China
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, 21 Bohai avenue, Caofeidian district,Tangshan 063000, Hebei province, China
| | - Yingjie Liu
- School of Psychology and Mental Health, North China University of Science and Technology, 21 Bohai avenue, Caofeidian district, Tangshan 063000, Hebei province, China
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, 21 Bohai avenue, Caofeidian district,Tangshan 063000, Hebei province, China
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Li P, Wang J, Liu Y. 'The Last Shot'-the shared and distinct brain regions involved in processing unexpectedness of success and failure in the context of social cooperation. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2023; 18:6670972. [PMID: 35979639 PMCID: PMC9949497 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsac049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual success and failure in social cooperation matter not only to oneself but also to teammates. However, the common and distinct neural activities underlying salient success and failure in social cooperation are unclear. In this functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, participants in the social group (Experiment one) cooperated with two human beings during a dice-gambling task, whereas those in the nonsocial group (Experiment two) cooperated with two computers. The social group reported more pride in success and more guilt in failure. The fMRI results in Experiment one demonstrate that left temporoparietal junction (LTPJ) activation increased exclusively with linearly changing unexpected success, whereas increasing anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) activation was only coupled with increasing unexpectedness of failure. Moreover, the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (dMPFC) and left anterior insula were recruited in both success and failure feedback conditions. Dynamic causality model analysis suggested that the dMPFC first received information from the LTPJ and ACC separately and then returned information to these regions. The between-experiment comparison showed more dMPFC activity in social vs nonsocial contexts irrespective of success and failure feedback. Our findings shed light on the common and distinct neural substrates involved in processing success and failure feedback in social cooperation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Brain Function and Psychological Science Research Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Management, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China.,Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, AW 9713, the Netherlands
| | - Yi Liu
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, No. 5268, Renmin Avenue, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China
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The effects of working memory load on feedback processing: Evidence from an event-related potentials (ERP) study. ACTA PSYCHOLOGICA SINICA 2022. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1041.2022.00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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