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Amini A, Esmaeili F, Golpich M. Possible role of lncRNAs in amelioration of Parkinson's disease symptoms by transplantation of dopaminergic cells. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2024; 10:56. [PMID: 38472261 PMCID: PMC10933336 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-024-00661-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are biomarkers for diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). Since dopaminergic cell transplantation is a clinical method to treat PD, this study investigated the effects of dopaminergic cell therapy on the expression of some lncRNAs and genes related to PD. In this study, Twenty-eight rats were randomly assigned to four experimental groups. The control group (Sal group) received saline injections. The Par group was a PD rat model with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) injection in right striatum (ST). PD animals were transplanted by undifferentiated P19 stem cells (Par-E group), and P19-derived dopaminergic cells (Par-N group). Cell transplant effects were evaluated using behavioral tests (cylinder, open field, and rotarod tests), and histological methods (H&E and Nissl staining, and immunohistochemistry). Moreover, the expression of lncRNAs MALAT1, MEG3, and SNHG1, alongside specific neuronal (synaptophysin) and dopaminergic (tyrosine hydroxylase) markers was evaluated by qRT-PCR. Behavioral and histopathological examinations revealed that cell transplantation partially compensated dopaminergic cell degeneration in ST and substantia nigra (SN) of PD rats. The expression of MALAT1, SNHG1, and MEG3 was decreased in the ST of the Par group, while MEG3 and SNHG1 gene expression was increased in PBMC relative to the Sal group. In PBMC of the Par-N group, all three lncRNAs showed a reduction in their expression. Conversely, MALAT1 and SNHG1 expression was increased in ST tissue, while MEG3 gene expression was decreased compared to the Sal group. In conclusion, dopaminergic cell transplantation could change the lncRNAs expression. Furthermore, it partially improves symptoms in PD rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Amini
- Department of Plant and Animal Biology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - F Esmaeili
- Department of Plant and Animal Biology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - M Golpich
- Department of Plant and Animal Biology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
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Zou T, Jiang S, Yi B, Chen Q, Heng BC, Zhang C. Gelatin methacrylate hydrogel loaded with brain-derived neurotrophic factor enhances small molecule-induced neurogenic differentiation of stem cells from apical papilla. J Biomed Mater Res A 2021; 110:623-634. [PMID: 34590393 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The limited neurogenic potential of adult stem cells and their non-specific lineage differentiation pose major challenges in cell-replacement therapy for neurological disorders. In our previous study, we demonstrated that the neurogenic potential of stem cells from apical papilla (SCAPs) was significantly improved upon induction with a small molecule cocktail. This study attempted to investigate whether neuronal differentiation of SCAPs induced by a small molecule cocktail can be further enhanced in a three-dimensional gelatin methacrylate hydrogel loaded with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF-GelMA). The physiological properties and neural differentiation of SCAPs treated with a combination of small molecules and BDNF-GelMA were evaluated by CCK8, Live/Dead assay, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, western blot and immunocytochemistry. SCAPs embedded in BDNF-GelMA displayed superior morphological characteristics when induced by a small molecule cocktail, similar to neuronal phenotypes as compared to pure GelMA. There was significant upregulation of neural markers including Tuj1 and MAP2 by SCAPs embedded in BDNF-GelMA, as compared to pure GelMA. Hence, GelMA hydrogel loaded with a potent neurotrophic factor (BDNF) provides a conducive scaffold that can further enhance the differentiation of small molecule-treated SCAPs into neuronal-like cells, which may provide a therapeutic platform for the management of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zou
- Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Baicheng Yi
- Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qixin Chen
- Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Chengfei Zhang
- Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Guo Y, Mehrabian Z, Johnson MA, Albers DS, Rich CC, Baumgartner RA, Bernstein SL. Topical Trabodenoson Is Neuroprotective in a Rodent Model of Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (rNAION). Transl Vis Sci Technol 2019; 8:47. [PMID: 31879569 PMCID: PMC6927734 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.8.6.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) is the leading cause of sudden optic nerve-related vision loss currently without effective treatment. We evaluated the neuroprotective potential of ocular (topical) delivery of trabodenoson, a selective A1 receptor mimetic, in a rodent model of NAION (rNAION). Methods Daily topical delivery of 3% trabodenoson or vehicle administered in both eyes 3 days prior to rNAION induction and for 21 days post induction. Retinal appearance and optic nerve head (ONH) edema was evaluated using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Retinal function was evaluated before and after induction by ganzfeld electroretinography (ERG). Brn3a(+) retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) were quantified by stereology. Axonal ultrastructure was evaluated by electron microscopy. Results Trabodenoson-treated eyes had significantly reduced optic nerve (ON) edema compared with vehicle-treated eyes (ANOVA, P < 0.05). Electrophysiologically, there was a nonsignificant trend toward b-wave and oscillatory potential (OP) preservation in the trabodenoson-treated eyes. RGC counts were higher in trabodenoson-treated eyes compared to vehicle (74% versus 47% of the contralateral eye; two-tailed t-test; P = 0.01), as were ON axons. No overt morphologic differences in cell inflammation were observed between vehicle- and trabodenoson-treated ONHs, but trabodenoson-treated ONHs revealed increased expression of astrocyte-related neuroprotective responses. Conclusions Trabodenoson preserves RGCs in the rodent NAION model. While previous clinical trials focused on trabodenoson's ocular antihypertensive effect, our data suggest trabodenoson's primary target may be both the retina and ONH. Selective adenosine A1 agonists may prove an appropriate neuroprotective adjunctive for ischemia-related ON diseases such as NAION and glaucoma. Translational Relevance RGC and ON neuroprotection in ischemic neuropathies may be achievable by topical administration of A1 adenosine agonists rather than by simply relying on intraocular pressure reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Maryland at Baltimore-School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zara Mehrabian
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Maryland at Baltimore-School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mary A Johnson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Maryland at Baltimore-School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | - Steven L Bernstein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Maryland at Baltimore-School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Sun XL, Chen BY, Zhao HK, Cheng YY, Zheng MH, Duan L, Jiang W, Chen LW. Gas1 up-regulation is inducible and contributes to cell apoptosis in reactive astrocytes in the substantia nigra of LPS and MPTP models. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:180. [PMID: 27391369 PMCID: PMC4938987 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0643-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Reactive astrogliosis is a remarkable pathogenetic hallmark of the brains of Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients, but its progressive fate and regulation mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, growth arrest specific 1 (Gas1), a tumor growth suppressor oncogene, was identified as a novel modulator of the cell apoptosis of reactive astrocytes in primary culture and the injured substantia nigra. Methods Animal models and cell cultures were utilized in the present study. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated animal models were used to detect Gas1 expression in the brain via immunohistochemistry and western blot. Cell cultures were performed to analyze Gas1 functions in the viability and apoptosis of reactive astrocytes and SH-SY5Y cells by double labeling, CCK-8, LDH, TUNEL, flow cytometry, and siRNA knockdown methods. Results Gas1 expressions were significantly elevated in the majority of the reactive astrocytes of the brains with LPS or MPTP insults. In the injured substantia nigras, GFAP-positive astrocytes exhibited higher levels of cleaved caspase-3. In cell culture, the up-regulated Gas1 expression induced apoptosis of reactive astrocytes that were insulted by LPS in combination with interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-a. This effect was confirmed through siRNA knockdown of Gas1 gene expression. Finally and interestingly, the potential underlying signaling pathways were evidently related to an increase in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, the abundant generation of reactive oxygen species and the activation of cleaved caspase-3. Conclusions This study demonstrated that the up-regulation of inducible Gas1 contributed to the apoptosis of reactive astrocytes in the injured nigra. Gas1 signaling may function as a novel regulator of astrogliosis and is thus a potential intervention target for inflammatory events in PD conditions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0643-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Long Sun
- Institute of Neurosciences, Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.,Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bei-Yu Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hai-Kang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Ying-Ying Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Min-Hua Zheng
- Department of Developmental Biology and Genetics, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Li Duan
- Institute of Neurosciences, Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Wen Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Liang-Wei Chen
- Institute of Neurosciences, Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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Machado V, Zöller T, Attaai A, Spittau B. Microglia-Mediated Neuroinflammation and Neurotrophic Factor-Induced Protection in the MPTP Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease-Lessons from Transgenic Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17020151. [PMID: 26821015 PMCID: PMC4783885 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17020151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterised by histopathological and biochemical manifestations such as loss of midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurons and decrease in dopamine levels accompanied by a concomitant neuroinflammatory response in the affected brain regions. Over the past decades, the use of toxin-based animal models has been crucial to elucidate disease pathophysiology, and to develop therapeutic approaches aimed to alleviate its motor symptoms. Analyses of transgenic mice deficient for cytokines, chemokine as well as neurotrophic factors and their respective receptors in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) model of PD have broadened the current knowledge of neuroinflammation and neurotrophic support. Here, we provide a comprehensive review that summarises the contribution of microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in MPTP-induced neurodegeneration. Moreover, we highlight the contribution of neurotrophic factors as endogenous and/or exogenous molecules to slow the progression of midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons and further discuss the potential of combined therapeutic approaches employing neuroinflammation modifying agents and neurotrophic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venissa Machado
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Albertstraße 17, Freiburg 79104, Germany.
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Albertstraße 19A, Freiburg 79104, Germany.
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, Freiburg 79104, Germany.
| | - Tanja Zöller
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Albertstraße 17, Freiburg 79104, Germany.
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, Freiburg 79104, Germany.
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Neuroanatomy, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Albertstraße 17, Freiburg 79104, Germany.
| | - Abdelraheim Attaai
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Albertstraße 17, Freiburg 79104, Germany.
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, Freiburg 79104, Germany.
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt.
| | - Björn Spittau
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Albertstraße 17, Freiburg 79104, Germany.
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McCormick AM, Maddipatla MVSN, Shi S, Chamsaz EA, Yokoyama H, Joy A, Leipzig ND. Micropatterned coumarin polyester thin films direct neurite orientation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:19655-19667. [PMID: 25347606 DOI: 10.1021/am5044328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Guidance and migration of cells in the nervous system is imperative for proper development, maturation, and regeneration. In the peripheral nervous system (PNS), it is challenging for axons to bridge critical-sized injury defects to achieve repair and the central nervous system (CNS) has a very limited ability to regenerate after injury because of its innate injury response. The photoreactivity of the coumarin polyester used in this study enables efficient micropatterning using a custom digital micromirror device (DMD) and has been previously shown to be biodegradable, making these thin films ideal for cell guidance substrates with potential for future in vivo applications. With DMD, we fabricated coumarin polyester thin films into 10×20 μm and 15×50 μm micropatterns with depths ranging from 15 to 20 nm to enhance nervous system cell alignment. Adult primary neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes were isolated from rat brain tissue and seeded onto the polymer surfaces. After 24 h, cell type and neurite alignment were analyzed using phase contrast and fluorescence imaging. There was a significant difference (p<0.0001) in cell process distribution for both emergence angle (from the body of the cell) and orientation angle (at the tip of the growth cone) confirming alignment on patterned surfaces compared to control substrates (unpatterned polymer and glass surfaces). The expected frequency distribution for parallel alignment (≤15°) is 14% and the two micropatterned groups ranged from 42 to 49% alignment for emergence and orientation angle measurements, where the control groups range from 12 to 22% for parallel alignment. Despite depths being 15 to 20 nm, cell processes could sense these topographical changes and preferred to align to certain features of the micropatterns like the plateau/channel interface. As a result this initial study in utilizing these new DMD micropatterned coumarin polyester thin films has proven beneficial as an axon guidance platform for future nervous system regenerative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleesha M McCormick
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and ‡Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron , Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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Lui NP, Chen LW, Yung WH, Chan YS, Yung KKL. Endogenous repair by the activation of cell survival signalling cascades during the early stages of rat Parkinsonism. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51294. [PMID: 23251488 PMCID: PMC3520983 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report a previously unknown self repair mechanism during extremely early stages of rat Parkinsonism. Two important cell survival signaling cascades, Phosphatidylinositol-3 kinases (PI3K)/Akt pathway and extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK/MAPK) pathway, could be responsible for this potential endogenous rescue system. In the 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rat, the phosphorylated p44/42 MAPK and its downstream target, the phosphorylated Bad at Ser 112, were up-regulated at post-lesion day 3 and lasted for a couple of weeks. Although the change in the phosphorylated Akt kinase was negligible throughout the studied period, its downstream target, the phosphorylated Bad at 136, was increased from post-lesion day 3 to post-lesion day 14. In the mean time, nestin-positive reactive astrocytes with low levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) appeared at post-lesion day 3 in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rat. BDNF was expressed in both striatum and substantia nigra whereas GDNF was displayed in striatum only. At post-lesion day 14, nestin, BDNF and GDNF expressions were diminished. These neurotrophic factors were believed to initiate the above anti-apoptotic signal transduction cascades as we could see that their expression patterns were similar. The data strongly suggest that there is an endogenous repair effort by evoking the cell survival signaling and possibly via the releases of BDNF and GDNF from nestin-immunoreactive reactive astrocytes. ERK/MAPK pathway was proposed to be the key endogenous neuroprotective mechanisms, particularly in early stages of rat Parkinsonism. However, the self repair effort is only functional within an extremely short time window immediately after onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nga-Ping Lui
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Liang-Wei Chen
- Institute of Neurosciences, The Forth Military Medical University, Xian, PR China
| | - Wing-Ho Yung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Ying-Shing Chan
- Department of Physiology and Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ken Kin-Lam Yung
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
- * E-mail:
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L'Episcopo F, Tirolo C, Testa N, Caniglia S, Morale MC, Deleidi M, Serapide MF, Pluchino S, Marchetti B. Plasticity of subventricular zone neuroprogenitors in MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) mouse model of Parkinson's disease involves cross talk between inflammatory and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways: functional consequences for neuroprotection and repair. J Neurosci 2012; 32:2062-85. [PMID: 22323720 PMCID: PMC3556384 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5259-11.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease (PD), neurogenesis is impaired in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of postmortem human PD brains, in primate nonhuman and rodent models of PD. The vital role of Wingless-type MMTV integration site (Wnt)/β-catenin signaling in the modulation of neurogenesis, neuroprotection, and synaptic plasticity coupled to our recent findings uncovering an active role for inflammation and Wnt/β-catenin signaling in MPTP-induced loss and repair of nigrostriatal dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons prompted us to study the impact of neuroinflammation and the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in the response of SVZ neuroprogenitors (NPCs) in MPTP-treated mice. In vivo experiments, using bromodeoxyuridine and cell-specific markers, and ex vivo time course analyses documented an inverse correlation between the reduced proliferation of NPCs and the generation of new neuroblasts with the phase of maximal exacerbation of microglia reaction, whereas a shift in the microglia proinflammatory phenotype correlated with a progressive NPC recovery. Ex vivo and in vitro experiments using microglia-NPC coculture paradigms pointed to NADPH-oxidase (gpPHOX(91)), a major source of microglial ROS, and reactive nitrogen species as candidate inhibitors of NPC neurogenic potential via the activation of glycogen synthase 3 (pGSK-3β(Tyr216)), leading to loss of β-catenin, a chief downstream transcriptional effector. Accordingly, MPTP/MPP(+) (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) caused β-catenin downregulation and pGSK-3β(Tyr216) overexpression, whereas manipulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling with RNA interference-mediated GSK-3β knockdown or GSK-3β antagonism reversed MPTP-induced neurogenic impairment ex vivo/in vitro or in vivo. Reciprocally, pharmacological modulation of inflammation prevented β-catenin downregulation and restored neurogenesis, suggesting the possibility to modulate this endogenous system with potential consequences for DAergic neuroprotection and self-repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca L'Episcopo
- OASI Institute for Research and Care on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Neuropharmacology Section, 94018 Troina, Italy
| | - Cataldo Tirolo
- OASI Institute for Research and Care on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Neuropharmacology Section, 94018 Troina, Italy
| | - Nunzio Testa
- OASI Institute for Research and Care on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Neuropharmacology Section, 94018 Troina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Caniglia
- OASI Institute for Research and Care on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Neuropharmacology Section, 94018 Troina, Italy
| | - Maria C. Morale
- OASI Institute for Research and Care on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Neuropharmacology Section, 94018 Troina, Italy
| | - Michela Deleidi
- CNS Repair Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria F. Serapide
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Stefano Pluchino
- CNS Repair Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and Stem Cell Initiative, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PY, United Kingdom, and
| | - Bianca Marchetti
- OASI Institute for Research and Care on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Neuropharmacology Section, 94018 Troina, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, Pharmacology Section, Medical School and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
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Takeichi T, Takarada-Iemata M, Hashida K, Sudo H, Okuda T, Kokame K, Hatano T, Takanashi M, Funabe S, Hattori N, Kitamura O, Kitao Y, Hori O. The effect of Ndrg2 expression on astroglial activation. Neurochem Int 2011; 59:21-7. [PMID: 21672576 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2011.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2010] [Revised: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (Ndrg2) is a differentiation- and stress-associated molecule predominantly expressed in astrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS). To study the expression and possible role of Ndrg2 in quiescent and activated astrocytes, mice were administrated with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropypridine (MPTP), a Parkinson disease (PD)-related neurotoxin which causes both neurodegeneration and glial activation. Immunohistological analysis revealed that Ndrg2 was highly expressed in both types of astrocytes, but less so in astrocytes during the early process of activation. Ndrg2 was also expressed in astrocyte-like cells, but not in neurons, in human brains from PD and Cortico-basal degeneration (CBD) patients. In cultured astrocytes, gene silencing of Ndrg2 significantly enhanced the numbers of 5-bromo-2'-deoxy-uridine (BrdU)-incorporated and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive cells, and reduced the length of cell processes and the amount of F-actin. In contrast, adenovirus-mediated overexpression of Ndrg2 significantly reduced the numbers of BrdU-incorporated and PCNA-positive cells, and enhanced the amount of F-actin. Fractionation and immunocytochemical analysis further revealed that Ndrg2 was located in different cellular fractions including the cytosol and cell surface membranes. These results suggest that Ndrg2 may regulate astroglial activation through the suppression of cell proliferation and stabilization of cell morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Takeichi
- Department of Legal Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
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Ding YX, Xia Y, Jiao XY, Duan L, Yu J, Wang X, Chen LW. The TrkB-positive dopaminergic neurons are less sensitive to MPTP insult in the substantia nigra of adult C57/BL mice. Neurochem Res 2011; 36:1759-66. [PMID: 21562748 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0491-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase receptors TrkB and TrkC mediate neuroprotective effects of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophins in the dopaminergic nigro-striatal system, but it is obscure about their responses or expression changes in the injured substantia nigra under Parkinson's disease. In present study, immunofluorescence, Fluoro-Jade staining and laser scanning confocal microscopy were applied to investigate distribution and changes of TrkB and TrkC in the dopamine neurons of the substantia nigra by comparison of control and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model. It revealed that TrkB and TrkC-immunoreactivities were substantially localized in cytoplasm and cell membrane of the substantia nigra neurons of control adults. While neurons double-labeled with tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)/TrkB, or TH/TrkC were distributed in a large numbers in the substantia nigra of controls, they apparently went down at 36.2-65.7% of normal level, respectively following MPTP insult. In MPTP model, cell apoptosis or degeneration of nigral neurons were confirmed by caspase-3 and Fluoro-Jade staining. More interestingly, TH/TrkB-positive neurons survived more in cell numbers in comparison with that of TH/TrkC-positive ones in the MPTP model. This study has indicated that TrkB-containing dopamine neurons are less sensitive in the substantia nigra of MPTP mouse model, suggesting that specific organization of Trks may be involved in neuronal vulnerability to MPTP insult, and BDNF-TrkB signaling may play more important role in protecting dopamine neurons and exhibit therapeutic potential for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Xiu Ding
- Institute of Neurosciences, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
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Wachter B, Schürger S, Rolinger J, von Ameln-Mayerhofer A, Berg D, Wagner HJ, Kueppers E. Effect of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) on proliferation of glial cells in the rat cortex and striatum: evidence for de-differentiation of resident astrocytes. Cell Tissue Res 2010; 342:147-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-010-1061-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Zermeño V, Espindola S, Mendoza E, Hernández-Echeagaray E. Differential expression of neurotrophins in postnatal C57BL/6 mice striatum. Int J Biol Sci 2009; 5:118-27. [PMID: 19173033 PMCID: PMC2631221 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.5.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2008] [Accepted: 01/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophin expression in early stages of development is crucial for brain assembly and function. In particular, postnatal expression of neurotrophins has not been well documented in the neostriatum and in general neurotrophins or their receptor mRNA's are normally reported, but not protein expression. In the present study, immunocytochemical expression of BDNF, NT-3 and NT-4/5 was characterized in striatal tissue of C57BL/6 mice at postnatal days 10th (P10), 21st (P21), 42nd (P42) and 80th (P80). We found that the expression of BDNF diminished along the postnatal time course we evaluated, while staining for NT-4 increased up to age P42 and remained constant, thereafter in the cell's soma. In contrast, NT-3 was first expressed in the neostriatal bundles and later on, in neostriatal cell somas. These results provide information about differences in the spatial and temporal expression of each neurotrophin in the neostriatum during the first 80th postnatal days. RT-PCR procedures were also carried out to further determine whether protein levels of neurotrophins observed in the neostriatum were under control of gene expression. All neurotrophin mRNAs were expressed and only mRNABDNF was reduced during the postnatal evaluated days. Differences in temporal expression of neurotrophins may be related to the heterochronic development of neostriatal cell populations, but also with the specificity of each neurotrophin modulating different neuronal targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Zermeño
- Unidad de Biomedicina, FES-I, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. De Los Barrios # 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, C. P. 54090 Tlalnepantla, México
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Chung E, Chen L, Chan Y, Yung K. Downregulation of glial glutamate transporters after dopamine denervation in the striatum of 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats. J Comp Neurol 2008; 511:421-37. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.21852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Identification and kainic acid-induced up-regulation of low-affinity p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) in the nigral dopamine neurons of adult rats. Neurochem Int 2008; 53:56-62. [PMID: 18639597 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2008.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Revised: 06/09/2008] [Accepted: 06/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a common and severe debilitating neurological disease that results from massive and progressive degenerative death of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra, but the mechanisms of neuronal degeneration and disease progression remains largely obscure. We are interested in possible implications of low-affinity p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR), which may mediate neuronal apoptosis in the central nervous system, in triggering cell death of the nigral dopamine neurons. The RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry were carried out to detect if p75NTR is expressed in these nigral neurons and up-regulated by kainic acid (KA) insult in adult rats. It revealed p75NTR-positive immunoreactivity in the substantia nigra, and co-localization of p75NTR and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) was found in a large number of substantia nigra neurons beside confirmation of p75NTR in the choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-positive forebrain neurons. Cell count data further indicated that about 47-100% of TH-positive nigral neurons and 98-100% of ChAT-positive forebrain neurons express p75NTR. More interestingly, significant increasing in both p75NTR mRNA and p75NTR-positive neurons occurred rapidly following KA insult in the substantia nigra of animal model. The present study has provided first evidence on p75NTR expression and KA-inducing p75NTR up-regulation in substantia nigra neurons in rodent animals. Taken together with previous data on p75NTR functions in neuronal apoptosis, this study also suggests that p75NTR may play important roles in neuronal cell survival or excitotoxic degeneration of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra in pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease in human beings.
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Watanabe Y, Kato H, Araki T. Protective action of neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitor in the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Metab Brain Dis 2008; 23:51-69. [PMID: 18030609 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-007-9080-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2007] [Accepted: 04/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effects of 7-nitroindazole on the dopaminergic system in mice after 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) treatment. The mice received four intraperitoneal injections of MPTP (20 mg/kg) at 2 h-intervals. Administration of 7-nitroindazole showed dose-dependent neuroprotective effects against striatal dopamine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) depletion 7 days after MPTP treatment. Behavioral testing showed that MPTP-treated mice exhibited motor deficits in the catalepsy test after 7 days, but 7-nitroindazole prevented the appearance of motor abnormalities in this test. The MPTP-treated mice exhibited the loss of tyrosine hydroxylase-containing dopaminergic neurons in mice after 1, 3 and 7 days, but 7-nitroindazole-treated mice showed a protective effect. GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein)-positive astrocytes were accumulated in the striatum 3 and 7 days and in the substantia nigra 1, 3 and 7 days after MPTP treatment. In contrast, 7-nitroindazole prevented a significant increase in the number of GFAP-positive astrocytes in the striatum and substantia nigra after MPTP treatment. The reactive astrocytes in the striatum and substantia nigra after MPTP treatment increased the production of S100beta protein, which is thought to promote neuronal damage, but 7-nitoindazole suppressed the expression of S100 beta protein. Activation of microglia, with an increase in staining intensity and morphological changes, was observed in the striatum and substantia nigra 1 and 3 days after MPTP treatment, but 7-nitroindazole prevented a significant increase in the number of isolectin B(4) positive microglia in the striatum and substantia nigra. On the other hand, nestin-immunoreactive cells were increased significantly in the striatum 3 and 7 days after MPTP treatment. 7-Nitroindazole treatment facilitated nestin expression in the striatum 7 days after MPTP treatment. Thus, nNOS inhibitor 7-nitroindazole protected dopaminergic neurons against MPTP neurotoxicity in mice and ameliorated neurological deficits. The results suggest that the neuroprotection is mediated though the modulation of glial activation, including the inhibition of S100beta synthesis and the prevention of microglial activation. These results suggest the therapeutic strategy targeted to glial modulation with 7-nitoindazole offers a great potential for the development of new neuroprotective therapies for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Watanabe
- Department of Neurobiology and Therapeutics, Graduate School and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokushima, 1-78 Sho-machi, Tokushima, Japan
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Wei LC, Shi M, Cao R, Chen LW, Chan YS. Nestin small interfering RNA (siRNA) reduces cell growth in cultured astrocytoma cells. Brain Res 2008; 1196:103-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2007] [Revised: 11/03/2007] [Accepted: 11/08/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Delayed treatment with arundic acid reduces the MPTP-induced neurotoxicity in mice. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2008; 28:417-30. [PMID: 18204968 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-007-9241-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2007] [Accepted: 11/07/2007] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The authors investigated the protective effects of a novel astrocyte-modulating agent, arundic acid, in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahyropyridine (MPTP) mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Male mice received four intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of MPTP (20 mg/kg) at 2 h intervals. The content of dopamine and its metabolites in the striatum was reduced markedly 7 days after MPTP treatment. The delayed treatment with arundic acid (30 mg/kg, i.p.) administered 3, 4, 5 and 6 days after MPTP treatment did not affect the depletion of dopamine and its metabolites in the striatum. Our immunohistochemical study with anti-tyrosine hydroxylase antibody, anti-neuronal nuclei antibody, anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein antibody, anti-S 100beta antibody and anti-nestin antibody showed that the delayed treatment with arundic acid had a protective effect against MPTP-induced neuronal damage in the striatum and the substantia nigra of mice. Furthermore, this agent ameliorated the severe reductions in number of isolectin reactive microglia in the striatum and the substantia nigra 7 days after MPTP treatment. These results demonstrate that the inhibition of S 100beta synthesis in astrocytes may be the major component of the beneficial effect of arundic acid. Thus, our present findings provide that the therapeutic strategies targeted to astrocytic modulation with arundic acid offers a great potential for restoring the functional capacity of the surviving dopaminergic neurons in individuals affected with Parkinson's disease.
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Chen LW, Wang YQ, Bian GL, Wei LC, Yung KL. Neurokinin-3 peptide instead of neurokinin-1 synergistically exacerbates kainic acid-inducing degeneration of neurons in the substantia nigra of mice. J Neurochem 2007; 105:203-16. [PMID: 18021294 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.05132.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Neurokinin peptides neurokinin-1 (NK1), neurokinin-3 (NK3), and related receptors are abundantly distributed in the substantia nigra (SN) and evidenced by their possible roles in the Parkinson's disease. Differential intervention roles of NK3 on kainic acid (KA)-induced neuronal injury in the SN of mice were thus in vitro and in vivo studied by Fluoro-Jade C (FJC) staining, immunohistochemistry to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) or phospho-NMDA receptor, and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. It revealed that (i) in contrast to protective effect of NK1 agonist septide that reduced FJC-positive degenerative neurons and lesion volume insulted by KA, NK3 agonist senktide significantly increased FJC-positive ones and lesion volume, and this effect was sufficiently reversed by NK3 antagonist SB218795; (ii) similarly, senktide reduced TH-positive neurons and this effect was antagonized by SB218795, but septide increased TH-positive ones; (iii) mechanistic observation showed differential influences of NK1 and NK3 agonists on phosphorylated-NMDA receptor subunit 1 (phospho-NMDAR1) and glial fibrillary acidic protein-expressing astrocytes, i.e. senktide enhanced of NMDA receptor phosphorylation and astrocyte activity, while septide reduced NMDA receptor phosphorylation and astrocytic response; (iv) cell culture further confirmed the exacerbating effect of NK3 agonist on KA-induced lesion of nigral cells or dopaminergic neurons, in which administration of senktide alone did not show significant cell toxicity. This study presents new evidence that neurokinin NK3 instead of NK1 synergistically exacerbate excitotoxic neuronal degeneration in the SN in a dose-dependent manner and possibly through modulation of NMDA receptor phosphorylation and astrocyte activity, suggesting their potential significance in novel pharmaceutical therapy against Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Wei Chen
- Institute of Neurosciences, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
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Bian GL, Wei LC, Shi M, Wang YQ, Cao R, Chen LW. Fluoro-Jade C can specifically stain the degenerative neurons in the substantia nigra of the 1-methy-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro pyrindine-treated C57BL/6 mice. Brain Res 2007; 1150:55-61. [PMID: 17397812 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.02.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2006] [Revised: 02/16/2007] [Accepted: 02/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fluoro-Jade C, a new-developed fluorescent dye, has been successfully applied for identification of neuronal degeneration in the substantia nigra of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro pyridine (MPTP)-treated mice in the present study. The animal model was first prepared by intraperitoneal injection of neurotoxicant MPTP that can specifically induce degeneration of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra of C57BL/6 mice. Fluoro-Jade C was then utilized to stain the midbrain sections and semiquantitation analysis was carried out in comparison with controls. It revealed that Fluoro-Jade C-positive cells showed strong green color in neuronal profile and were observed in the substantia nigra of MPTP-treated mice whereas they were not detected in that of controls. The Fluoro-Jade C-positive cells were mostly shrunken or smaller-sized in their cell bodies in comparing with that of normal dopamine neurons of controls. In the midbrain of MPTP-treated mice, Fluoro-Jade C-positive neuronal cells were exclusively distributed in the substantia nigra pars compacta, but rarely seen in the ventral tegemental area where dopamine neurons were numerously distributed. Double-labeling experiments indicated that a population of Fluoro-Jade C-positive cells (23%) exhibited neuron-specific nuclear protein-immunoreactivity and none of them showed immunoreactivity to glial cell marker glial fibrillary acid protein. However, most of Fluoro-Jade C-positive degenerative neurons (98%) lost their immunoreactivity to dopaminergic marker tyrosine hydroxylase in the substantia nigra of MPTP-treated mice. Taken together with previous observations, this study has presented that Fluoro-Jade C can be sensitively and specifically utilized to identify the neuronal degeneration in the substantia nigra of rodent animals receiving MPTP insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gan-Lan Bian
- Institute of Neurosciences, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China
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20
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Abstract
Dopamine is an important neurotransmitter implicated in the regulation of mood, motivation and movement. We have reviewed here recent data suggesting that dopamine, in addition to being a neurotransmitter, also plays a role in the regulation of endogenous neurogenesis in the adult mammalian brain. In addition, we approach a highly controversial question: can the adult human brain use neurogenesis to replace the dopaminergic neurones in the substantia nigra that are lost in Parkinson's disease?
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Borta
- Experimental Neurology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
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Embury JE, Charron CE, Martynyuk A, Zori AG, Liu B, Ali SF, Rowland NE, Laipis PJ. PKU is a reversible neurodegenerative process within the nigrostriatum that begins as early as 4 weeks of age in Pah(enu2) mice. Brain Res 2006; 1127:136-50. [PMID: 17112485 PMCID: PMC1992743 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.09.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2006] [Accepted: 09/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a common genetic disorder in humans that arises from deficient activity of phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH), which catalyzes the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine. There is a resultant hyperphenylalanemia with subsequent impairment in cognitive abilities, executive functions and motor coordination. The neuropathogenesis of the disease has not been completely elucidated, however, oxidative stress is considered to be a key feature of the disease process. Hyperphenylalanemia also adversely affects monoaminergic metabolism in the brain. For this reason we chose to evaluate the nigrostriatum of Pah(enu2) mice, to determine if alterations of monoamine metabolism resulted in morphologic nigrostriatal pathology. Furthermore, we believe that recent developments in adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based vectors have greatly increased the potential for long-term gene therapy and may be a viable alternative to dietary treatment for this metabolic disorder. In this study we identified neurodegenerative changes with regenerative responses in the nigrostriatum of Pah(enu2) mice that are consistent with oxidative injury and occurred as early as 4 weeks of age. These neuropathologic changes were reversed following portal vein delivery of a recombinant adeno-associated virus-mouse phenylalanine hydroxylase-woodchuck hepatitis virus post-transcriptional response element (rAAV-mPAH-WPRE) vector to Pah(enu2) mice and corresponded to rapid reduction of serum Phe levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Embury
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, PO Box 100245, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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Pang TYC, Stam NC, Nithianantharajah J, Howard ML, Hannan AJ. Differential effects of voluntary physical exercise on behavioral and brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression deficits in Huntington's disease transgenic mice. Neuroscience 2006; 141:569-584. [PMID: 16716524 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2006] [Revised: 03/15/2006] [Accepted: 04/06/2006] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder caused by a mutation of the huntingtin gene and involves progressive motor abnormalities (including chorea), cognitive deficits (dementia) as well as psychiatric symptoms. We have previously demonstrated that environmental enrichment slows the onset and progression of Huntington's disease in transgenic mice. Here, we investigated the effects of enhanced physical exercise on disease progression and brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression. Standard-housed Huntington's disease mice developed phenotypic rear-paw clasping by 16 weeks of age, displayed abnormal rearing behavior, deficits in motor co-ordination and of spatial working memory. Huntington's disease mice with access to running wheels exhibited delayed onset of rear-paw clasping, normalized levels of rearing behavior and amelioration of the cognitive deficits. However, in contrast to our previous environmental enrichment studies, there was no rescue of motor coordination deficits in wheel-running Huntington's disease mice. An abnormal accumulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor protein in the frontal cortex of Huntington's disease mice was unaffected by running. Striatal and hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor protein levels were unchanged. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA levels were reduced in the anterior cortex, striatum and hippocampus of Huntington's disease mice, and only striatal deficits were ameliorated by running. Overall, we show that voluntary physical exercise delays the onset of Huntington's disease and the decline in cognitive ability. In addition, our results reveal that some aspects of hippocampal dependent memory are not entirely reliant on sustained hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Y C Pang
- Howard Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - N C Stam
- Howard Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - J Nithianantharajah
- Howard Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - M L Howard
- Howard Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - A J Hannan
- Howard Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Aoki H, Hara A, Nakagawa S, Motohashi T, Hirano M, Takahashi Y, Kunisada T. Embryonic stem cells that differentiate into RPE cell precursors in vitro develop into RPE cell monolayers in vivo. Exp Eye Res 2006; 82:265-74. [PMID: 16150443 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2005.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2005] [Revised: 06/16/2005] [Accepted: 06/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A culture system to generate eye-like structures consisting of lens, neural retina, and retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) cells from undifferentiated embryonic stem cells has been established. Precursors of RPE cells that differentiated in the cultures were responsive to Wnt2b signaling and identified retrospectively to form secondary colonies consisting of only RPE-like cells in eye-like structures. These transplanted eye-like structures were capable of populating the developing chick eye as neuronal retina and RPE cells. The outgrowth of a single cell layer of mature RPE cells from the grafted eye-like structures confirmed the existence of precursors for RPE cells. These results suggest that the eye-like structures resulted from the normal developmental pathway responsible for generating eyes in vivo. If a functional effect of these cells can be established, such eye-like structures may be potentially used to establish therapy models for various eye diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Aoki
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration and Advanced Medical Science, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
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Chen LW, Zhang JP, Kwok-Yan Shum D, Chan YS. Localization of nerve growth factor, neurotrophin-3, and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in nestin-expressing reactive astrocytes in the caudate-putamen of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-treated C57/Bl mice. J Comp Neurol 2006; 497:898-909. [PMID: 16802332 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
To address the hypothesis that reactive astrocytes in the basal ganglia of an animal model of Parkinson's disease serve neurotrophic roles, we studied the expression pattern of neurotrophic factors in the basal ganglia of C57/Bl mice that had been treated with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) to induce the degeneration of nigral dopamine neurons and parkinsonism. MPTP induced significant neuronal degeneration in the substantia nigra pars compacta as detected with Fluoro-Jade B staining, and this was accompanied by an increase in nestin-expressing astrocytes within the caudate-putamen. The number of nestin-positive reactive astrocytes in the caudate-putamen peaked within 3-5 days following MPTP treatment and then declined progressively toward the basal level by 21 days after treatment. Immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy confirmed coexpression of nestin or Ki-67 (cell proliferation marker) in glial fibrillary acid protein-positive astrocytes in the caudate-putamen. Double immunolabeling further revealed immunoreactivities for nerve growth factor (NGF), neurotrophin-3 (NT3), and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in nestin-positive reactive astrocytes. Semiquantification of data obtained from mice 5 days after MPTP injection indicated that the majority of nestin-expressing cells expressed NGF (92%), NT3 (90%), or GDNF (86%). Our results present novel evidence of neurotrophic features among reactive astrocytes in the dopamine-depleted striatum. These nestin-expressing reactive astrocytes may therefore play neurotrophic roles in neural remodeling of the basal ganglia in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Wei Chen
- Institute of Neurosciences, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China.
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