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Mortensen M, Bright DP, Fagotti J, Dorovykh V, Cerna B, Smart TG. Forty Years Searching for Neurosteroid Binding Sites on GABA A Receptors. Neuroscience 2024:S0306-4522(24)00257-4. [PMID: 38852898 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Brain inhibition is a vital process for controlling and sculpting the excitability of the central nervous system in healthy individuals. This level of control is provided over several timescales and involves the neurotransmitter GABA acting at inhibitory synapses to: rapidly inhibit neurons by activating the GABAA receptor; over a slower timescale, to tonically activate extrasynaptic GABAA receptors to provide a low level of background inhibition; and finally, to activate G-protein coupled GABAB receptors to control transmitter release by inhibiting presynaptic Ca2+ channels whilst providing postsynaptic inhibition via K+ channel activation. From this plethora of roles for GABA and its receptors, the GABAA receptor isoform is of major interest due to its dynamic functional plasticity, which in part, is due to being targeted by modulatory brain neurosteroids derived from sex and stress hormones. This family of neurosteroids can, depending on their structure, potentiate, activate and also inhibit the activity of GABAA receptors to affect brain inhibition. This review tracks the methods that have been deployed in probing GABAA receptors, and charts the sterling efforts made by several groups to locate the key neurosteroid binding sites that affect these important receptors. Increasing our knowledge of these binding sites will greatly facilitate our understanding of the physiological roles of neurosteroids and will help to advance their use as novel therapeutics to combat debilitating brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Mortensen
- University College London, Dept Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Damian P Bright
- University College London, Dept Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Juliane Fagotti
- University College London, Dept Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Valentina Dorovykh
- University College London, Dept Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Barbora Cerna
- University College London, Dept Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor G Smart
- University College London, Dept Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
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2
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Fung MH, Heinrichs-Graham E, Taylor BK, Frenzel MR, Eastman JA, Wang YP, Calhoun VD, Stephen JM, Wilson TW. The development of sensorimotor cortical oscillations is mediated by pubertal testosterone. Neuroimage 2022; 264:119745. [PMID: 36368502 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Puberty is a period of substantial hormonal fluctuations, and pubertal hormones can modulate structural and functional changes in the developing brain. Many previous studies have characterized the neural oscillatory responses serving movement, which include a beta event-related desynchronization (ERD) preceding movement onset, gamma and theta responses coinciding with movement execution, and a post-movement beta-rebound (PMBR) response following movement offset. While a few studies have investigated the developmental trajectories of these neural oscillations serving motor control, the impact of pubertal hormone levels on the maturation of these dynamics has not yet been examined. Since the timing and tempo of puberty varies greatly between individuals, pubertal hormones may uniquely impact the maturation of motor cortical oscillations distinct from other developmental metrics, such as age. In the current study we quantified these oscillations using magnetoencephalography (MEG) and utilized chronological age and measures of endogenous testosterone as indices of development during the transition from childhood to adolescence in 69 youths. Mediation analyses revealed complex maturation patterns for the beta ERD, in which testosterone predicted both spontaneous baseline and ERD power through direct and indirect effects. Age, but not pubertal hormones, predicted motor-related theta, and no relationships between oscillatory responses and developmental metrics were found for gamma or PMBR responses. These findings provide novel insight into how pubertal hormones affect motor-related oscillations, and highlight the continued development of motor cortical dynamics throughout the pubertal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison H Fung
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, USA
| | - Elizabeth Heinrichs-Graham
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, USA; Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Brittany K Taylor
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, USA; Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Michaela R Frenzel
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, USA
| | - Jacob A Eastman
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, USA
| | - Yu-Ping Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Vince D Calhoun
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | - Tony W Wilson
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, USA; Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA.
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3
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Adaptations in the Hippocampus during the Fetal to Neonatal Transition in Guinea Pigs. REPRODUCTIVE MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/reprodmed3020008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(Background) The transition from in utero to ex utero life is associated with rapid changes in the brain that are both protective and required for newborn functional activities, allowing adaption to the changing environment. The current study aimed to reveal new insights into adaptations required for normal ongoing brain development and function after birth. (Methods) Time-mated dams were randomly allocated to fetal collection at gestational age 68 or spontaneous term delivery followed by neonatal collection within 24 h of birth. Immunohistochemistry was performed to examine mature myelin formation and neuronal nuclei coverage. RT-PCR was used to quantify the mRNA expression of key markers of the oligodendrocyte lineage, neuronal development, and GABAergic/glutamatergic pathway maturation. (Results) Mature myelin was reduced in the subcortical white matter of the neonate, whilst neuronal nuclei coverage was increased in both the hippocampus and the overlying cortical region. Increased mRNA expression in neonates was observed for oligodendrocyte and neuronal markers. There were also widespread mRNA changes across the inhibitory GABAergic and excitatory glutamatergic pathways in neonates. (Conclusions) This study has identified important adaptations in the expression of key neurodevelopmental structures, including oligodendrocytes and neurons, that may be essential for appropriate transition in neurodevelopment to the postnatal period.
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4
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Neuropeptidergic control of neurosteroids biosynthesis. Front Neuroendocrinol 2022; 65:100976. [PMID: 34999057 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2021.100976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Neurosteroids are steroids synthesized within the central nervous system either from cholesterol or by metabolic reactions of circulating steroid hormone precursors. It has been suggested that neurosteroids exert pleiotropic activities within the central nervous system, such as organization and activation of the central nervous system and behavioral regulation. It is also increasingly becoming clear that neuropeptides exert pleiotropic activities within the central nervous system, such as modulation of neuronal functions and regulation of behavior, besides traditional neuroendocrinological functions. It was hypothesized that some of the physiological functions of neuropeptides acting within the central nervous system may be through the regulation of neurosteroids biosynthesis. Various neuropeptides reviewed in this study possibly regulate neurosteroids biosynthesis by controlling the activities of enzymes that catalyze the production of neurosteroids. It is now required to thoroughly investigate the neuropeptidergic control mechanisms of neurosteroids biosynthesis to characterize the physiological significance of this new neuroendocrinological phenomenon.
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5
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Thongbuakaew T, Suwansa-Ard S, Chaiyamoon A, Cummins SF, Sobhon P. Sex steroids and steroidogenesis-related genes in the sea cucumber, Holothuria scabra and their potential role in gonad maturation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2194. [PMID: 33500499 PMCID: PMC7838161 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81917-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The sea cucumber Holothuria scabra is an economically valuable marine species which is distributed throughout the Asia-Pacific region. With the natural population declining due to over fishing, aquaculture of this species is deemed necessary. Hence, it is essential to understand the mechanisms regulating the reproduction in order to increase their populations. Sex steroids, including estrogens, androgens and progestogens, play an important role in reproduction in most vertebrates and several invertebrates. It has been proposed that sea cucumbers have the same sex steroids as vertebrates but the steroidogenic pathway in the sea cucumbers is still unclear. In this study, we demonstrated by using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) that sex steroids (estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone) were present in H. scabra neural and gonadal tissues. In silico searches of available sea cucumber transcriptome data identified 26 steroidogenesis-related genes. Comparative analysis of encoded proteins for the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (HscStAR), CYP P450 10, 17 and 3A (HscCYP10, HscCYP17, HscCYP3A) and hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (Hsc3β-HSD, Hsc17β-HSD) with other species was performed to confirm their evolutionary conservation. Gene expression analyses revealed widespread tissue expression. Real-time PCR analysis revealed that HscStAR, HscCYP10, Hsc3β-HSD, and Hsc17β-HSD gene expressions were similar to those in ovaries and testes, which increased during the gonad maturation. HscCYP17 mRNA was increased during ovarian development and its expression declined at late stages in females but continued high level in males. The expression of the HscCYP3A was high at the early stages of ovarian development, but not at other later stages in ovaries, however it remained low in testes. Moreover, a role for steroids in reproduction was confirmed following the effect of sex steroids on vitellogenin (Vtg) expression in ovary explant culture, showing upregulation of Vtg level. Collectively, this study has confirmed the existence of steroids in an echinoderm, as well as characterizing key genes associated with the steroidogenic pathway. We propose that sex steroids might also be associated with the reproduction of H. scabra, and the identification of biosynthetic genes enables future functional studies to be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saowaros Suwansa-Ard
- Genecology Research Centre, School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, 4556, Australia
| | - Arada Chaiyamoon
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Scott F Cummins
- Genecology Research Centre, School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, 4556, Australia
| | - Prasert Sobhon
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
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6
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Shaw JC, Crombie GK, Palliser HK, Hirst JJ. Impaired Oligodendrocyte Development Following Preterm Birth: Promoting GABAergic Action to Improve Outcomes. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:618052. [PMID: 33634057 PMCID: PMC7901941 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.618052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Preterm birth is associated with poor long-term neurodevelopmental and behavioral outcomes, even in the absence of obvious brain injury at the time of birth. In particular, behavioral disorders characterized by inattention, social difficulties and anxiety are common among children and adolescents who were born moderately to late preterm (32-37 weeks' gestation). Diffuse deficits in white matter microstructure are thought to play a role in these poor outcomes with evidence suggesting that a failure of oligodendrocytes to mature and myelinate axons is responsible. However, there remains a major knowledge gap over the mechanisms by which preterm birth interrupts normal oligodendrocyte development. In utero neurodevelopment occurs in an inhibitory-dominant environment due to the action of placentally derived neurosteroids on the GABAA receptor, thus promoting GABAergic inhibitory activity and maintaining the fetal behavioral state. Following preterm birth, and the subsequent premature exposure to the ex utero environment, this action of neurosteroids on GABAA receptors is greatly reduced. Coinciding with a reduction in GABAergic inhibition, the preterm neonatal brain is also exposed to ex utero environmental insults such as periods of hypoxia and excessive glucocorticoid concentrations. Together, these insults may increase levels of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate in the developing brain and result in a shift in the balance of inhibitory: excitatory activity toward excitatory. This review will outline the normal development of oligodendrocytes, how it is disrupted under excitation-dominated conditions and highlight how shifting the balance back toward an inhibitory-dominated environment may improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia C Shaw
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Gabrielle K Crombie
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Hannah K Palliser
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Jonathan J Hirst
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
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7
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Shin T, Hiraoka Y, Yamasaki T, Marth JD, Penninger JM, Kanai-Azuma M, Tanaka K, Kofuji S, Nishina H. MKK7 deficiency in mature neurons impairs parental behavior in mice. Genes Cells 2020; 26:5-17. [PMID: 33098150 PMCID: PMC7839552 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
c‐Jun N‐terminal kinases (JNKs) are constitutively activated in mammalian brains and are indispensable for their development and neural functions. MKK7 is an upstream activator of all JNKs. However, whether the common JNK signaling pathway regulates the brain's control of social behavior remains unclear. Here, we show that female mice in which Mkk7 is deleted specifically in mature neurons (Mkk7flox/floxSyn‐Cre mice) give birth to a normal number of pups but fail to raise them due to a defect in pup retrieval. To explore the mechanism underlying this abnormality, we performed comprehensive behavioral tests. Mkk7flox/floxSyn‐Cre mice showed normal locomotor functions and cognitive ability but exhibited depression‐like behavior. cDNA microarray analysis of mutant brain revealed an altered gene expression pattern. Quantitative RT‐PCR analysis demonstrated that mRNA expression levels of genes related to neural signaling pathways and a calcium channel were significantly different from controls. In addition, loss of neural MKK7 had unexpected regulatory effects on gene expression patterns in oligodendrocytes. These findings indicate that MKK7 has an important role in regulating the gene expression patterns responsible for promoting normal social behavior and staving off depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Shin
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Hiraoka
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tokiwa Yamasaki
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jamey D Marth
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, SBP Medical Discovery Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Josef M Penninger
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Masami Kanai-Azuma
- Department of Experimental Animal Model for Human Disease, Center for Experimental Animals, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohichi Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kofuji
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishina
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
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8
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Fung MH, Taylor BK, Frenzel MR, Eastman JA, Wang YP, Calhoun VD, Stephen JM, Wilson TW. Pubertal Testosterone Tracks the Developmental Trajectory of Neural Oscillatory Activity Serving Visuospatial Processing. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:5960-5971. [PMID: 32577718 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Puberty is a period of substantial hormonal fluctuations that induce dramatic physical, neurological, and behavioral changes. Previous research has demonstrated that pubertal hormones modulate cortical development, as well as sex- and age-specific patterns of cognitive development during childhood and adolescence. However, the influence of pubertal hormones on the brain's functional development, specifically neural oscillatory dynamics, has yet to be fully examined. Thus, in the current study, we used magnetoencephalography to investigate the oscillatory dynamics serving visuospatial perception and attention, and testosterone levels and chronological age as measures of development. Within a sample of typically developing youth, age was associated with changes in alpha, theta, and gamma oscillatory activity. Novel testosterone-by-sex interactions in the gamma range were identified in critical areas of the visual and attention networks. Females had increased gamma activity with increasing testosterone in the right temporal-parietal junction and occipital cortices, while males showed increased gamma activity in the right insula with increasing testosterone. These findings reveal robust developmental alterations in the oscillatory dynamics serving visuospatial processing during childhood and adolescence and provide novel insight into the hormonal basis of sexually dimorphic patterns of functional brain development during the pubertal transition that is at least partially mediated by endogenous testosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison H Fung
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.,Center for Magnetoencephalography, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.,Cognitive Neuroscience of Development & Aging (CoNDA) Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Brittany K Taylor
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.,Center for Magnetoencephalography, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.,Cognitive Neuroscience of Development & Aging (CoNDA) Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Michaela R Frenzel
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.,Center for Magnetoencephalography, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.,Cognitive Neuroscience of Development & Aging (CoNDA) Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Jacob A Eastman
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.,Center for Magnetoencephalography, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.,Cognitive Neuroscience of Development & Aging (CoNDA) Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Yu-Ping Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Vince D Calhoun
- Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA.,Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | | | - Tony W Wilson
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.,Center for Magnetoencephalography, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.,Cognitive Neuroscience of Development & Aging (CoNDA) Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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9
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Richardson BD, Sottile SY, Caspary DM. Mechanisms of GABAergic and cholinergic neurotransmission in auditory thalamus: Impact of aging. Hear Res 2020; 402:108003. [PMID: 32703637 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2020.108003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Age-related hearing loss is a complex disorder affecting a majority of the elderly population. As people age, speech understanding becomes a challenge especially in complex acoustic settings and negatively impacts the ability to accurately analyze the auditory scene. This is in part due to an inability to focus auditory attention on a particular stimulus source while simultaneously filtering out other sound stimuli. The present review examines the impact of aging on two neurotransmitter systems involved in accurate temporal processing and auditory gating in auditory thalamus (medial geniculate body; MGB), a critical brain region involved in the coding and filtering of auditory information. The inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA and its synaptic receptors (GABAARs) are key to maintaining accurate temporal coding of complex sounds, such as speech, throughout the central auditory system. In the MGB, synaptic and extrasynaptic GABAARs mediate fast phasic and slow tonic inhibition respectively, which in turn regulate MGB neuron excitability, firing modes, and engage thalamocortical oscillations that shape coding and gating of acoustic content. Acoustic coding properties of MGB neurons are further modulated through activation of tegmental cholinergic afferents that project to MGB to potentially modulate attention and help to disambiguate difficult to understand or novel sounds. Acetylcholine is released onto MGB neurons and presynaptic terminals in MGB activating neuronal nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs, mAChRs) at a subset of MGB afferents to optimize top-down and bottom-up information flow. Both GABAergic and cholinergic neurotransmission is significantly altered with aging and this review will detail how age-related changes in these circuits within the MGB may impact coding of acoustic stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Richardson
- WWAMI Medical Education, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA; Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
| | - S Y Sottile
- Center for Clinical Research Southern Illinois University - School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, 62702, USA
| | - D M Caspary
- Department of Pharmacology Southern Illinois University - School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, 62702, USA.
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10
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Tonon MC, Vaudry H, Chuquet J, Guillebaud F, Fan J, Masmoudi-Kouki O, Vaudry D, Lanfray D, Morin F, Prevot V, Papadopoulos V, Troadec JD, Leprince J. Endozepines and their receptors: Structure, functions and pathophysiological significance. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 208:107386. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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11
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Hantsoo L, Epperson CN. Allopregnanolone in premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD): Evidence for dysregulated sensitivity to GABA-A receptor modulating neuroactive steroids across the menstrual cycle. Neurobiol Stress 2020; 12:100213. [PMID: 32435664 PMCID: PMC7231988 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2020.100213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is a severe mood disorder with core symptoms (affective lability, irritability, depressed mood, anxiety) and increased sensitivity to stress occurring in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. PMDD can be conceptualized as a disorder of suboptimal sensitivity to neuroactive steroid hormones (NASs). In this review, we describe the role of the NAS allopregnanolone (ALLO), a positive allosteric modulator of the GABAA receptor (GABAA-R), in PMDD's pathophysiology. We review evidence of impaired interaction between ALLO and GABAA-Rs in terms of affective symptom expression, with evidence from rodent and human studies. We discuss evidence of increased luteal phase stress sensitivity as a result of poor ALLO-GABA control of the HPA axis. Finally, we describe how treatments such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and new drugs targeting GABAA-Rs provide evidence for impaired ALLO-GABA function in PMDD. In sum, the literature supports the hypothesis that PMDD pathophysiology is rooted in impaired GABAA-R response to dynamic ALLO fluctuations across the menstrual cycle, manifesting in affective symptoms and poor regulation of physiologic stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liisa Hantsoo
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 550 N, Broadway Street Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - C Neill Epperson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine Anschutz Medical Campus, 13001 E 17th Place, MS F546, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
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12
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Wang T, Ye X, Bian W, Chen Z, Du J, Li M, Zhou P, Cui H, Ding YQ, Qi S, Liao M, Sun C. Allopregnanolone Modulates GABAAR-Dependent CaMKIIδ3 and BDNF to Protect SH-SY5Y Cells Against 6-OHDA-Induced Damage. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 13:569. [PMID: 31998078 PMCID: PMC6970471 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Allopregnanolone (APα), as a functional neurosteroid, exhibits the neuroprotective effect on neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease (PD) through γ-aminobutyric acid A receptor (GABAAR), but it has not been completely understood about its molecular mechanisms. In order to investigate the neuroprotective effect of APα, as well as to clarify its possible molecular mechanisms, SH-SY5Y neuronal cell lines were incubated with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), which has been widely used as an in vitro model for PD, along with APα alone or in combination with GABAAR antagonist (bicuculline, Bic), intracellular Ca2+ chelator (EGTA) and voltage-gated L-type Ca2+ channel blocker (Nifedipine). The viability, proliferation, and differentiation of SH-SY5Y cells, the expression levels of calmodulin (CaM), Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II δ3 (CaMKIIδ3), cyclin-dependent kinase-1 (CDK1) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), as well as the interaction between CaMKIIδ3 and CDK1 or BDNF, were detected by morphological and molecular biological methodology. Our results found that the cell viability and the number of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and TH/BrdU-positive cells in 6-OHDA-treated SH-SY5Y cells were significantly decreased with the concomitant reduction in the expression levels of aforementioned proteins, which were ameliorated following APα administration. In addition, Bic could further increase the number of TH or BrdU-positive cells as well as the expression levels of aforementioned proteins except for TH/BrdU-double positive cells, while EGTA and Nifedipine could attenuate the expression levels of CaM, CaMKIIδ3 and BDNF. Moreover, there existed a direct interaction between CaMKIIδ3 and CDK1 or BDNF. As a result, APα-induced an increase in the number of TH-positive SH-SY5Y cells might be mediated through GABAAR via Ca2+/CaM/CaMKIIδ3/BDNF (CDK1) signaling pathway, which would ultimately facilitate to elucidate PD pathogenesis and hold a promise as an alternative therapeutic target for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Wang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xin Ye
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wei Bian
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhichi Chen
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Juanjuan Du
- Institute of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Mengyi Li
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huairui Cui
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yu-Qiang Ding
- Institute of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shuangshuang Qi
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Min Liao
- Institute of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chenyou Sun
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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13
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Brooks VL, Fu Q, Shi Z, Heesch CM. Adaptations in autonomic nervous system regulation in normal and hypertensive pregnancy. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2020; 171:57-84. [PMID: 32736759 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64239-4.00003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
There is an increase in basal sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) during normal pregnancy; this counteracts profound primary vasodilation. However, pregnancy also impairs baroreflex control of heart rate and SNA, contributing to increased mortality secondary to peripartum hemorrhage. Pregnancy-induced hypertensive disorders evoke even greater elevations in SNA, which likely contribute to the hypertension. Information concerning mechanisms is limited. In normal pregnancy, increased angiotensin II acts centrally to support elevated SNA. Hypothalamic sites, including the subfornical organ, paraventricular nucleus, and arcuate nucleus, are likely (but unproven) targets. Moreover, no definitive mechanisms for exaggerated sympathoexcitation in hypertensive pregnancy have been identified. In addition, normal pregnancy increases gamma aminobutyric acid inhibition of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), a key brainstem site that transmits excitatory inputs to spinal sympathetic preganglionic neurons. Accumulated evidence supports a major role for locally increased production and actions of the neurosteroid allopregnanolone as one mechanism. A consequence is suppression of baroreflex function, but increased basal SNA indicates that excitatory influences predominate in the RVLM. However, many questions remain regarding other sites and factors that support increased SNA during normal pregnancy and, more importantly, the mechanisms underlying excessive sympathoexcitation in life-threatening hypertensive pregnancy disorders such as preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia L Brooks
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.
| | - Qi Fu
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, Dallas, TX, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Zhigang Shi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Cheryl M Heesch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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14
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González SL, Coronel MF, Raggio MC, Labombarda F. Progesterone receptor-mediated actions and the treatment of central nervous system disorders: An up-date of the known and the challenge of the unknown. Steroids 2020; 153:108525. [PMID: 31634489 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2019.108525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Progesterone has been shown to exert a wide range of remarkable protective actions in experimental models of central nervous system injury or disease. However, the intimate mechanisms involved in each of these beneficial effects are not fully depicted. In this review, we intend to give the readers a thorough revision on what is known about the participation of diverse receptors and signaling pathways in progesterone-mediated neuroprotective, pro-myelinating and anti-inflammatory outcomes, as well as point out to novel regulatory mechanisms that could open new perspectives in steroid-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana L González
- Laboratorio de Nocicepción y Dolor Neuropático, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, C1428ADN Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, C1121ABG Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - María F Coronel
- Laboratorio de Nocicepción y Dolor Neuropático, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, C1428ADN Buenos Aires, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral, Presidente Perón 1500, B1629AHJ Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María C Raggio
- Laboratorio de Nocicepción y Dolor Neuropático, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, C1428ADN Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Florencia Labombarda
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Neuroendócrina, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, C1428ADN, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, C1121ABG Buenos Aires, Argentina
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15
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Martin J, Plank E, Jungwirth B, Hapfelmeier A, Podtschaske A, Kagerbauer SM. Weak correlations between serum and cerebrospinal fluid levels of estradiol, progesterone and testosterone in males. BMC Neurosci 2019; 20:53. [PMID: 31619164 PMCID: PMC6794746 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-019-0535-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroactive steroids seem to be implicated in a variety of neurophysiological and behavioral processes, such as sleep, learning, memory, stress, feeding and aging. Numerous studies have also addressed this implication in various cerebral disorders and diseases. Yet, the correlation and association between steroids in the periphery, e.g. blood, and the central compartments, e.g. cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), have not yet been comprehensively assessed. As the brain is not directly accessible, and the collection of human CSF usually requires invasive procedures, easier accessible compartments, such as blood, have always attracted attention. However, studies in humans are scarce. In the present study we determined estradiol, progesterone and testosterone levels in CSF and serum of 22 males without cerebral disorders or diseases. Results Samples were taken under conditions corresponding closest to basal conditions with patients expecting only spinal anesthesia and minor surgery. All samples per patient were collected concomitantly. Total estradiol, progesterone and testosterone concentrations were measured by electro-chemiluminescence immunoassay. The strength of correlation was assessed by Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. Correlation analysis revealed merely weak to very weak correlations for estradiol, progesterone and testosterone respectively between the CSF and serum compartments. Conclusions Total steroid levels of estradiol, progesterone and testosterone in CSF and serum of males without neurological disorders were determined. Weak to very weak correlations between CSF and serum were found thus suggesting that concentrations in the periphery do not parallel concentrations in the central compartments. Further research is needed to clarify to what extent and under which conditions serum levels of estradiol, progesterone and testosterone may possibly serve as a biomarker reflecting the respective concentrations in the CSF or in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Martin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675, Munich, Germany.
| | - Eva Plank
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Bettina Jungwirth
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Hapfelmeier
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Statistics und Epidemiology, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Armin Podtschaske
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Simone M Kagerbauer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
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16
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Sharopov S, Winkler P, Uehara R, Lombardi A, Halbhuber L, Okabe A, Luhmann HJ, Kilb W. Allopregnanolone augments epileptiform activity of an in-vitro mouse hippocampal preparation in the first postnatal week. Epilepsy Res 2019; 157:106196. [PMID: 31499340 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2019.106196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the immature brain the neurotransmitter γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) mediates a membrane depolarization and can contribute to both, inhibition and excitation. Therefore the consequences of a positive modulation of GABA(A) receptors by neurosteroids on epileptiform activity are hard to predict. In order to analyze whether neurosteroids attenuate or exaggerate epileptiform activity in the immature brain, we investigated the effect of the neurosteroid allopregnanolone on epileptiform activity in an in-toto hippocampus preparation of early postnatal mice (postnatal days 4-7) using field potential recordings. These in-vitro experiments revealed that 0.5 μmol/L allopregnanolone had no effect on ictal-like epileptiform activity, but increased the occurrence of interictal epileptiform events. The allopregnanolone-induced enhancement of interictal epileptiform activity could be blocked by a selective inhibition of synaptic GABAA receptors. In contrast, allopregnanolone had no effect on interictal epileptiform activity upon enhanced extrasynaptic GABAergic activity. Patch-clamp experiments demonstrated that allopregnanolone prolonged the decay of GABAergic postsynaptic currents, but had no effect on tonic GABAergic currents. We conclude from these results that allopregnanolone can enhance excitability in the immature hippocampus viaprolonged synaptic GABAergic currents. This potential effect of neurosteroids on brain excitability should be considered if they are applied as anticonvulsants to premature or early postnatal babies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salim Sharopov
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, D-55120, Mainz, Germany
| | - Paula Winkler
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, D-55120, Mainz, Germany
| | - Rie Uehara
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan
| | - Aniello Lombardi
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, D-55120, Mainz, Germany
| | - Lisa Halbhuber
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, D-55120, Mainz, Germany
| | - Akihito Okabe
- Department of Molecular Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan; Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Welfare, Seinan Jo Gakuin University, 1-3-5 Ibori, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 803-0835, Japan
| | - Heiko J Luhmann
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, D-55120, Mainz, Germany
| | - Werner Kilb
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, D-55120, Mainz, Germany.
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17
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Walker DI, Perry-Walker K, Finnell RH, Pennell KD, Tran V, May RC, McElrath TF, Meador KJ, Pennell PB, Jones DP. Metabolome-wide association study of anti-epileptic drug treatment during pregnancy. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 363:122-130. [PMID: 30521819 PMCID: PMC7172934 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pregnant women with epilepsy (PWWE) require continuous anti-epileptic drug (AED) treatment to avoid risk to themselves and fetal risks secondary to maternal seizures, resulting in prolonged AED exposure to the developing embryo and fetus. The objectives of this study were to determine whether high-resolution metabolomics is able to link the metabolite profile of PWWE receiving lamotrigine or levetiracetam for seizure control to associated pharmacodynamic (PD) biological responses. Untargeted metabolomic analysis of plasma obtained from 82 PWWE was completed using high-resolution mass spectrometry. Biological alterations due to lamotrigine or levetiracetam monotherapy were determined by a metabolome-wide association study that compared patients taking either drug to those who did not require AED treatment. Metabolic changes associated with AED use were then evaluated by testing for drug-dose associated metabolic variations and pathway enrichment. AED therapy resulted in drug-associated metabolic profiles recognizable within maternal plasma. Both the parent compounds and major metabolites were detected, and each AED was correlated with other metabolic features and pathways. Changes in metabolites and metabolic pathways important to maternal health and linked to fetal neurodevelopment were detected for both drugs, including changes in one‑carbon metabolism, neurotransmitter biosynthesis and steroid metabolism. In addition, decreased levels of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate and tetrahydrofolate were detected in women taking lamotrigine, which is consistent with recent findings showing increased risk of autism spectrum disorder traits in PWWE using AED. These results represent a first step in development of pharmacometabolomic framework with potential to detect adverse AED-related metabolic changes during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas I Walker
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Kayla Perry-Walker
- Department of Obstetrics-Gynecology, Pennsylvania Hospital, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Richard H Finnell
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Kurt D Pennell
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Vilinh Tran
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ryan C May
- The Emmes Corporation, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Thomas F McElrath
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics-Gynecology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kimford J Meador
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Page B Pennell
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Dean P Jones
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States.
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18
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Saporito MS, Gruner JA, DiCamillo A, Hinchliffe R, Barker-Haliski M, White HS. Intravenously Administered Ganaxolone Blocks Diazepam-Resistant Lithium-Pilocarpine–Induced Status Epilepticus in Rats: Comparison with Allopregnanolone. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 368:326-337. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.252155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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19
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Nilsson KW, Åslund C, Comasco E, Oreland L. Gene-environment interaction of monoamine oxidase A in relation to antisocial behaviour: current and future directions. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2018; 125:1601-1626. [PMID: 29881923 PMCID: PMC6224008 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-018-1892-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Since the pioneering finding of Caspi and co-workers in 2002 that exposure to childhood maltreatment predicted later antisocial behaviour (ASB) in male carriers of the low-activity MAOA-uVNTR allele, frequent replication studies have been published. Two meta-analyses, one in 2006 and the other in 2014, confirmed the original findings by Caspi and co-workers. In the present paper, we review the literature, note some methodological aspects of candidate gene–environment interaction (cG×E) studies and suggest some future directions. Our conclusions are as follows. (1) The direction of the effect in a cG×E model may differ according to the positive and negative environmental background of the population. (2) There is a predictor-intersection problem such that when measuring one type of maltreatment in a person, other kinds of maltreatment often co-occur. Other forms of abuse are implicitly considered in statistical models; therefore, it is difficult to draw conclusions about the effects of timing and the severity of different forms of stressful life events in relation to ASB. (3) There is also an outcome-intersection problem because of the major intersection of ASB and other forms of mental health problems. It is likely that the G×E with MAOA is related to a common unmeasured factor. (4) For the G×E model, in which the effect of the gene on the outcome variable is dependent on other predictor variables, theoretically, hypothesis-driven statistical modelling is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent W Nilsson
- Centre for Clinical Research, Uppsala University, County Hospital, Västerås, Sweden.
| | - Cecilia Åslund
- Centre for Clinical Research, Uppsala University, County Hospital, Västerås, Sweden
| | - Erika Comasco
- Department of Neuroscience, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Oreland
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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20
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Céspedes Rubio ÁE, Pérez-Alvarez MJ, Lapuente Chala C, Wandosell F. Sex steroid hormones as neuroprotective elements in ischemia models. J Endocrinol 2018; 237:R65-R81. [PMID: 29654072 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Among sex steroid hormones, progesterone and estradiol have a wide diversity of physiological activities that target the nervous system. Not only are they carried by the blood stream, but also they are locally synthesized in the brain and for this reason, estradiol and progesterone are considered 'neurosteroids'. The physiological actions of both hormones range from brain development and neurotransmission to aging, illustrating the importance of a deep understanding of their mechanisms of action. In this review, we summarize key roles that estradiol and progesterone play in the brain. As numerous reports have confirmed a substantial neuroprotective role for estradiol in models of neurodegenerative disease, we focus this review on traumatic brain injury and stroke models. We describe updated data from receptor and signaling events triggered by both hormones, with an emphasis on the mechanisms that have been reported as 'rapid' or 'cytoplasmic actions'. Data showing the therapeutic effects of the hormones, used alone or in combination, are also summarized, with a focus on rodent models of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Finally, we draw attention to evidence that neuroprotection by both hormones might be due to a combination of 'cytoplasmic' and 'nuclear' signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Enrique Céspedes Rubio
- Departamento de Sanidad AnimalGrupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Maria José Pérez-Alvarez
- Departamento de Biología (Fisiología Animal)Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Biología Molecular 'Severo Ochoa'Departamento de Neuropatología Molecular CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)Madrid, Spain
| | - Catalina Lapuente Chala
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades NeurodegenerativasInvestigador Asociado Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Francisco Wandosell
- Centro de Biología Molecular 'Severo Ochoa'Departamento de Neuropatología Molecular CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)Madrid, Spain
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21
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Sharp S, Mitchell SJ, Vallée M, Kuzmanova E, Cooper M, Belelli D, Lambert JJ, Huang JTJ. Isotope Dilution-Based Targeted and Nontargeted Carbonyl Neurosteroid/Steroid Profiling. Anal Chem 2018; 90:5247-5255. [PMID: 29561593 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neurosteroids are brain-derived steroids, capable of rapidly modulating neuronal excitability in a nongenomic manner. Dysregulation of their synthesis or metabolism has been implicated in many pathological conditions. Here, we describe an isotope dilution based targeted and nontargeted (ID-TNT) profiling of carbonyl neurosteroids/steroids. The method combines stable isotope dilution, hydroxylamine derivatization, high-resolution MS scanning, and data-dependent MS/MS analysis, allowing absolute quantification of pregnenolone, progesterone, 5α-dihydroprogesterone, 3α,5α-tetrahydroprogesterone, and 3β,5α-tetrahydroprogesterone, and relative quantification of other carbonyl containing steroids. The utility and validity of this approach was tested in an acute stress mouse model and via pharmacological manipulation of the steroid metabolic pathway with finasteride. We report that brain levels of 3α,5α-tetrahydroprogesterone, a potent enhancer of GABAA receptor (GABAAR-mediated inhibitory function, from control mice is in the 5-40 pmol/g range, a value greater than previously reported. The approach allows the use of data from targeted analysis to guide the normalization strategy for nontargeted data. Furthermore, novel findings, including a striking increase of brain pregnenolone following finasteride administration were discovered in this study. Collectively, our results indicate that this approach has distinct advantages for examining targeted and nontargeted neurosteroid/steroid pathways in animal models and could facilitate a better understanding of the physiological and pathological roles of neurosteroids as modulators of brain excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Sharp
- School of Medicine , University of Dundee , Dundee , DD1 9SY , United Kingdom
| | - Scott J Mitchell
- School of Medicine , University of Dundee , Dundee , DD1 9SY , United Kingdom
| | - Monique Vallée
- Université Bordeaux , Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale , INSERM U1215, F-33000 , Bordeaux , France
| | - Elena Kuzmanova
- School of Medicine , University of Dundee , Dundee , DD1 9SY , United Kingdom
| | - Michelle Cooper
- School of Medicine , University of Dundee , Dundee , DD1 9SY , United Kingdom
| | - Delia Belelli
- School of Medicine , University of Dundee , Dundee , DD1 9SY , United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy J Lambert
- School of Medicine , University of Dundee , Dundee , DD1 9SY , United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey T-J Huang
- School of Medicine , University of Dundee , Dundee , DD1 9SY , United Kingdom
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22
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Taleb O, Patte-Mensah C, Meyer L, Kemmel V, Geoffroy P, Miesch M, Mensah-Nyagan AG. Evidence for effective structure-based neuromodulatory effects of new analogues of neurosteroid allopregnanolone. J Neuroendocrinol 2018; 30. [PMID: 29265686 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The neurosteroid allopregnanolone (AP) modulates neuroendocrine/neurobiological processes, including hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical activities, pain, anxiety, neurogenesis and neuroprotection. These observations raised the hope of developing AP-based therapies against neuroendocrine and/or neurodegenerative disorders. However, the pleiotropic actions of AP, particularly its cell-proliferation-promoting effects, hamper the development of selective/targeted therapies. For example, although AP-induced neurogenesis may serve to compensate neuronal loss in degenerative brains, AP-evoked cell-proliferation is contraindicated for steroid-sensitive cancer patients. To foster progress, we synthesised 4 novel AP analogues of neurosteroids (ANS) designated BR053 (12-oxo-epi-AP), BR297 (O-allyl-epi-AP), BR351 (O-allyl-AP) and BR338 (12-oxo-AP). First, because AP is well-known as allosteric modulator of GABAA receptors (GABAA-R), we used the electrophysiological patch-clamp technique to determine the structure-activity relationship of our ANS on GABAA-activated current in NCB20 cells expressing functional GABAA-R. We found that the addition of 12-oxo-group did not significantly change the respective positive or negative allosteric effects of 3α-AP or 3β-(epi)-AP analogues. Importantly, substitution of the 3α-hydroxyl-group by 3α-O-allyl highly modified the ANS activities. Unlike AP, BR351 induced a long-lasting desensitisation/inhibition of GABAA-R. Interestingly, replacement of the 3β-hydroxyl by 3β-O-allyl (BR297) completely reversed the activity from negative to positive allosteric action. In a second step, we compared the actions of AP and ANS on SH-SY5Y neuronal cell viability/proliferation using MTT-reduction assays. Different dose-response curves were demonstrated for AP and the ANS. By contrast to AP, BR297 was totally devoid of cell-proliferative effect. Finally, we compared AP and ANS abilities to protect against oxidative stress-induced neuronal death pivotally involved in neurodegenerative diseases. Both BR351 and BR297 had notable advantages over AP in protecting SH-SY5Y cells against oxidative stress-induced death. Thus, BR297 appears to be a potent neuroprotective compound devoid of cell-proliferative activity. Altogether, our results suggest promising perspectives for the development of neurosteroid-based selective and effective strategies against neuroendocrine and/or neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Taleb
- Biopathologie de la Myéline, Neuroprotection et Stratégies Thérapeutiques, INSERM U1119, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - C Patte-Mensah
- Biopathologie de la Myéline, Neuroprotection et Stratégies Thérapeutiques, INSERM U1119, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - L Meyer
- Biopathologie de la Myéline, Neuroprotection et Stratégies Thérapeutiques, INSERM U1119, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - V Kemmel
- Biopathologie de la Myéline, Neuroprotection et Stratégies Thérapeutiques, INSERM U1119, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - P Geoffroy
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Synthétique, UMR 7177, Institut de Chimie de l'Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - M Miesch
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Synthétique, UMR 7177, Institut de Chimie de l'Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - A-G Mensah-Nyagan
- Biopathologie de la Myéline, Neuroprotection et Stratégies Thérapeutiques, INSERM U1119, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Li J, Yoshikawa A, Meltzer HY. Replication of rs300774, a genetic biomarker near ACP1, associated with suicide attempts in patients with schizophrenia: Relation to brain cholesterol biosynthesis. J Psychiatr Res 2017; 94:54-61. [PMID: 28668716 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine if three biomarkers for suicide attempts previously identified and replicated in a genome-wide association (GWAS) study of bipolar disorder (BD) suicide attempters also predicted suicide attempts in patients prospectively diagnosed with schizophrenia (SCZ) or schizoaffective disorder (SAD). 162 genetically-verified Caucasian patients with SCZ or SAD were phenotyped for presence (45.7%) or absence of a lifetime suicide attempt. Three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped or partially imputed from a GWAS dataset. After controlling for genetic architecture and gender, we replicated rs300774 (p = 0.012), near ACP1 (acid phosphatase 1), the top predictor of suicide attempts in the BD study. The result of Willour et al. (2012) was replicated in males (p = 0.046) but not in females (p = 0.205). The other two SNPs, rs7296262, and rs10437629, were not associated with suicide attempts in this study. rs300774 could be a cis-eQTL for ACP1, with minor allele carriers having lower expression levels (p = 0.002). This SNP also functioned as a trans-eQTL for genes related to cholesterol biosynthesis and the wnt-β-catenin pathway (p ≤ 0.0001). Further, co-expression analysis of candidate genes in brain suggested ACP1 is important to the regulation of a number of brain mechanisms linked to suicide, including cholesterol synthesis, β-catenin-mediated signaling pathway, serotonin, GABA, and the stress response via ARHGAP35 (p190rhogap), a repressor of glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1) transcription. This study provides an additional validation of rs300774 as a potential transdiagnostic biomarker for suicide attempts and evidence that ACP1 may have an important role in regulation of the multiple systems associated with suicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, United States
| | - Akane Yoshikawa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, United States
| | - Herbert Y Meltzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, United States.
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24
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Wagels L, Votinov M, Radke S, Clemens B, Montag C, Jung S, Habel U. Blunted insula activation reflects increased risk and reward seeking as an interaction of testosterone administration and the MAOA polymorphism. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 38:4574-4593. [PMID: 28603901 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Testosterone, a male sex hormone, has been suggested to partly explain mixed findings in males and females when investigating behavioral tendencies associated with the MAOA polymorphism. Prior studies indicated that the MAOA polymorphism represents a vulnerability factor for financial risk-taking and harm avoidance and that testosterone increases human risk-taking. We therefore assumed an interactive influence of the MAOA polymorphism and testosterone application on decision making and corresponding neural correlates in a risk and reward context. Stratified for the MAOA polymorphism (S =short, L =long), 103 healthy males were assigned to a placebo or testosterone group (double blind, randomized) receiving a topical gel containing 50 mg testosterone. During a functional MRI scan, the participants performed a sequential decision making task. Our results indicate that testosterone and the MAOA polymorphism jointly influence sequential decision making. The MAOA-S variant was associated with less automatic harm avoidance as reflected in response times on safe decisions. Moreover, after testosterone administration, MAOA-S carriers were more risk-taking. Overall activity in the anterior cingulate cortex, anterior insula and inferior frontal gyrus increased with growing risk for losses. In the anterior insula, testosterone administration mitigated this effect solely in MAOA-S carriers. This might be a reflection of an improved coping during risk-reward conflicts subsequently modulating risky decision making. While the molecular basis is not well defined so far, our results support the assumption of testosterone as a modulatory factor for previously reported sex differences of behavioral associations with the MAOA-S variant. Hum Brain Mapp 38:4574-4593, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Wagels
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 10, Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,JARA-Institute Brain Structure Function Relationship, Research Center Jülich and RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mikhail Votinov
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 10, Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Sina Radke
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,JARA-Institute Brain Structure Function Relationship, Research Center Jülich and RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Clemens
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Montag
- Institue of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,Key laboratory for NeuroInformation/Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Sonja Jung
- Institue of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ute Habel
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,JARA-Institute Brain Structure Function Relationship, Research Center Jülich and RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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25
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Leppä E, Linden AM, Aller MI, Wulff P, Vekovischeva O, Luscher B, Lüddens H, Wisden W, Korpi ER. Increased Motor-Impairing Effects of the Neuroactive Steroid Pregnanolone in Mice with Targeted Inactivation of the GABA A Receptor γ2 Subunit in the Cerebellum. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:403. [PMID: 27833556 PMCID: PMC5081378 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous neurosteroids and neuroactive steroids have potent and widespread actions on the brain via inhibitory GABAA receptors. In recombinant receptors and genetic mouse models their actions depend on the α, β, and δ subunits of the receptor, especially on those that form extrasynaptic GABAA receptors responsible for non-synaptic (tonic) inhibition, but they also act on synaptically enriched γ2 subunit-containing receptors and even on αβ binary receptors. Here we tested whether behavioral sensitivity to the neuroactive steroid agonist 5β-pregnan-3α-ol-20-one is altered in genetically engineered mouse models that have deficient GABAA receptor-mediated synaptic inhibition in selected neuronal populations. Mouse lines with the GABAA receptor γ2 subunit gene selectively deleted either in parvalbumin-containing cells (including cerebellar Purkinje cells), cerebellar granule cells, or just in cerebellar Purkinje cells were trained on the accelerated rotating rod and then tested for motor impairment after cumulative intraperitoneal dosing of 5β-pregnan-3α-ol-20-one. Motor-impairing effects of 5β-pregnan-3α-ol-20-one were strongly increased in all three mouse models in which γ2 subunit-dependent synaptic GABAA responses in cerebellar neurons were genetically abolished. Furthermore, rescue of postsynaptic GABAA receptors in Purkinje cells normalized the effect of the steroid. Anxiolytic/explorative effects of the steroid in elevated plus maze and light:dark exploration tests in mice with Purkinje cell γ2 subunit inactivation were similar to those in control mice. The results suggest that, when the deletion of γ2 subunit has removed synaptic GABAA receptors from the specific cerebellar neuronal populations, the effects of neuroactive steroids solely on extrasynaptic αβ or αβδ receptors lead to enhanced changes in the cerebellum-generated behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elli Leppä
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anni-Maija Linden
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria I Aller
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Peer Wulff
- Institute of Physiology, University of Kiel Kiel, Germany
| | - Olga Vekovischeva
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bernhard Luscher
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA, USA
| | - Hartmut Lüddens
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz Mainz, Germany
| | - William Wisden
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London London, UK
| | - Esa R Korpi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
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26
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Woda A, Picard P, Dutheil F. Dysfunctional stress responses in chronic pain. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 71:127-35. [PMID: 27262345 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Many dysfunctional and chronic pain conditions overlap. This review describes the different modes of chronic deregulation of the adaptive response to stress which may be a common factor for these conditions. Several types of dysfunction can be identified within the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis: basal hypercortisolism, hyper-reactivity, basal hypocortisolism and hypo-reactivity. Neuroactive steroid synthesis is another component of the adaptive response to stress. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulfated form DHEA-S, and progesterone and its derivatives are synthetized in cutaneous, nervous, and adipose cells. They are neuroactive factors that act locally. They may have a role in the localization of the symptoms and their levels can vary both in the central nervous system and in the periphery. Persistent changes in neuroactive steroid levels or precursors can induce localized neurodegeneration. The autonomic nervous system is another component of the stress response. Its dysfunction in chronic stress responses can be expressed by decreased basal parasympathethic activity, increased basal sympathetic activity or sympathetic hyporeactivity to a stressful stimulus. The immune and genetic systems also participate. The helper-T cells Th1 secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1-β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IFN-γ, and TNF-α, whereas Th2 secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines: IL-4, IL-10, IGF-10, IL-13. Chronic deregulation of the Th1/Th2 balance can occur in favor of anti- or pro-inflammatory direction, locally or systemically. Individual vulnerability to stress can be due to environmental factors but can also be genetically influenced. Genetic polymorphisms and epigenetics are the main keys to understanding the influence of genetics on the response of individuals to constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Woda
- Dental faculty, EA 3847, CROC, 11 Boulevard Charles-de-Gaulle, Clermont-Ferrand, France; University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand (CHU), Odontology department, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Pascale Picard
- Pain center, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand (CHU), Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Frédéric Dutheil
- Preventive and Occupational Medicine, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand (CHU), Clermont-Ferrand, France; University Clermont Auvergne, Laboratory of Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise in Physiological and Pathological conditions (AME2P, EA3533), Clermont-Ferrand, France; Australian Catholic University, Faculty of Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; CNRS, UMR 6024, Physiological and Psychosocial Stress, LAPSCO, University Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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27
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London SE. Influences of non-canonical neurosteroid signaling on developing neural circuits. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2016; 40:103-110. [PMID: 27429051 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2016.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Developing neural circuits are especially susceptible to environmental perturbation. Endocrine signaling systems such as steroids provide a mechanism to encode physiological changes and integrate function across various biological systems including the brain. 'Neurosteroids' are synthesized and act within the brain across development. There is a long history of steroids sculpting developing neural circuits; more recently, evidence has demonstrated how neurosteroids influence the early potential for neural circuits to organize and transmit precise information via non-canonical receptor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E London
- University of Chicago, Psychology, 940 E 57th Street, 125C BPSB, Chicago, IL 60637, United States.
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28
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Jiang X, Shu HJ, Krishnan K, Qian M, Taylor AA, Covey DF, Zorumski CF, Mennerick S. A clickable neurosteroid photolabel reveals selective Golgi compartmentalization with preferential impact on proximal inhibition. Neuropharmacology 2016; 108:193-206. [PMID: 27114255 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Anesthetic, GABA-active neurosteroids potently augment GABAA receptor function, leading to important behavioral consequences. Neurosteroids and their synthetic analogues are also models for a wide variety of cell-permeant neuroactive compounds. Cell permeation and compartmentalization raise the possibility that these compounds' actions are influenced by their cellular partitioning, but these contributions are not typically considered experimentally or therapeutically. To examine the interplay between cellular accumulation and pharmacodynamics of neurosteroids, we synthesized a novel chemical biology analogue (bio-active, clickable photolabel) of GABA-active neurosteroids. We discovered that the analogue selectively photo-labels neuronal Golgi in rat hippocampal neurons. The active analogue's selective distribution was distinct from endogenous cholesterol and not completely shared by some non-GABA active, neurosteroid-like analogues. On the other hand, the distribution was not enantioselective and did not require energy, in contrast to other recent precedents from the literature. We demonstrate that the soma-selective accumulation can act as a sink or source for steroid actions at plasma-membrane GABA receptors, altering steady-state and time course of effects at somatic GABAA receptors relative to dendritic receptors. Our results suggest a novel mechanism for compartment-selective drug actions at plasma-membrane receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Jiang
- Departments of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Hong-Jin Shu
- Departments of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kathiresan Krishnan
- Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Mingxing Qian
- Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Amanda A Taylor
- Departments of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Douglas F Covey
- Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatry Research, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Charles F Zorumski
- Departments of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatry Research, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Steven Mennerick
- Departments of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatry Research, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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29
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Santoro A, Mattace Raso G, Taliani S, Da Pozzo E, Simorini F, Costa B, Martini C, Laneri S, Sacchi A, Cosimelli B, Calignano A, Da Settimo F, Meli R. TSPO-ligands prevent oxidative damage and inflammatory response in C6 glioma cells by neurosteroid synthesis. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 88:124-31. [PMID: 27094781 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Translocator protein 18kDa (TSPO) is predominantly located in the mitochondrial outer membrane, playing an important role in steroidogenesis, inflammation, cell survival and proliferation. Its expression in central nervous system, mainly in glial cells, has been found to be upregulated in neuropathology, and brain injury. In this study, we investigated the anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of a group of TSPO ligands from the N,N-dialkyl-2-phenylindol-3-ylglyoxylamide class (PIGAs), highlighting the involvement of neurosteroids in their pharmacological effects. To this aim we used a well-known in vitro model of neurosteroidogenesis: the astrocytic C6 glioma cell line, where TSPO expression and localization, as well as cell response to TSPO ligand treatment, have been established. All PIGAs reduced l-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO)-driven cell cytotoxicity and lipid peroxidation. Moreover, an anti-inflammatory effect was observed due to the reduction of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 induction in LPS/IFNγ challenged cells. Both effects were blunted by aminoglutethimide (AMG), an inhibitor of pregnenolone synthesis, suggesting neurosteroids' involvement in PIGA protective mechanism. Finally, pregnenolone evaluation in PIGA exposed cells revealed an increase in its synthesis, which was prevented by AMG pre-treatment. These findings indicate that these TSPO ligands reduce oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory enzymes in glial cells through the de novo synthesis of neurosteroids, suggesting that these compounds could be potential new therapeutic tools for the treatment of inflammatory-based neuropathologies with beneficial effects possibly comparable to steroids, but potentially avoiding the negative side effects of long-term therapies with steroid hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Santoro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Mattace Raso
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sabrina Taliani
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Barbara Costa
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudia Martini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sonia Laneri
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonia Sacchi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Barbara Cosimelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonio Calignano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Rosaria Meli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
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30
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do Rego JL, Vaudry H. Comparative aspects of neurosteroidogenesis: From fish to mammals. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2016; 227:120-9. [PMID: 26079790 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
It is now clearly established that the central and peripheral nervous systems have the ability to synthesize de novo steroids referred to as neurosteroids. The major evidence for biosynthesis of neuroactive steroids by nervous tissues is based on the expression of enzymes implicated in the formation of steroids in neural cells. The aim of the present review is to summarize the current knowledge regarding the presence of steroidogenic enzymes in the brain of vertebrates and to highlight the very considerable contribution of Professor Kazuyoshi Tsutsui in this domain. The data indicate that expression of steroid-producing enzymes in the brain appeared early during vertebrate evolution and has been preserved from fish to mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Luc do Rego
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), University of Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Hubert Vaudry
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), University of Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France; Neurotrophic Factors and Neuronal Differentiation Team, Inserm U982, University of Rouen, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.
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31
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32
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Romo-Parra H, Blaesse P, Sosulina L, Pape HC. Neurosteroids increase tonic GABAergic inhibition in the lateral section of the central amygdala in mice. J Neurophysiol 2015; 113:3421-31. [PMID: 25787948 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00045.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurosteroids are formed de novo in the brain and can modulate both inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmission. Recent evidence suggests that the anxiolytic effects of neurosteroids are mediated by the amygdala, a key structure for emotional and cognitive behaviors. Tonic inhibitory signaling via extrasynaptic type A γ-aminobutyric acid receptors (GABA(A)Rs) is known to be crucially involved in regulating network activity in various brain regions including subdivisions of the amygdala. Here we provide evidence for the existence of tonic GABAergic inhibition generated by the activation of δ-subunit-containing GABA(A)Rs in neurons of the lateral section of the mouse central amygdala (CeAl). Furthermore, we show that neurosteroids play an important role in the modulation of tonic GABAergic inhibition in the CeAl. Taken together, these findings provide new mechanistic insights into the effects of pharmacologically relevant neurosteroids in the amygdala and might be extrapolated to the regulation of anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Romo-Parra
- Institute of Physiology I, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - P Blaesse
- Institute of Physiology I, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - L Sosulina
- Institute of Physiology I, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - H-C Pape
- Institute of Physiology I, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
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33
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Barth C, Villringer A, Sacher J. Sex hormones affect neurotransmitters and shape the adult female brain during hormonal transition periods. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:37. [PMID: 25750611 PMCID: PMC4335177 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex hormones have been implicated in neurite outgrowth, synaptogenesis, dendritic branching, myelination and other important mechanisms of neural plasticity. Here we review the evidence from animal experiments and human studies reporting interactions between sex hormones and the dominant neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, dopamine, GABA and glutamate. We provide an overview of accumulating data during physiological and pathological conditions and discuss currently conceptualized theories on how sex hormones potentially trigger neuroplasticity changes through these four neurochemical systems. Many brain regions have been demonstrated to express high densities for estrogen- and progesterone receptors, such as the amygdala, the hypothalamus, and the hippocampus. As the hippocampus is of particular relevance in the context of mediating structural plasticity in the adult brain, we put particular emphasis on what evidence could be gathered thus far that links differences in behavior, neurochemical patterns and hippocampal structure to a changing hormonal environment. Finally, we discuss how physiologically occurring hormonal transition periods in humans can be used to model how changes in sex hormones influence functional connectivity, neurotransmission and brain structure in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Barth
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany
| | - Arno Villringer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany ; Clinic of Cognitive Neurology, University of Leipzig Leipzig, Germany ; Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig Leipzig, Germany ; Integrated Research and Treatment Center Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig Leipzig, Germany ; Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Mind and Brain Institute Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Sacher
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany ; Clinic of Cognitive Neurology, University of Leipzig Leipzig, Germany
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34
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Zhang P, Xie MQ, Ding YQ, Liao M, Qi SS, Chen SX, Gu QQ, Zhou P, Sun CY. Allopregnanolone enhances the neurogenesis of midbrain dopaminergic neurons in APPswe/PSEN1 mice. Neuroscience 2015; 290:214-26. [PMID: 25637494 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An earlier study has demonstrated that exogenous allopregnanolone (APα) can reverse the reduction of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) of 3-month-old male triple transgenic Alzheimer's disease mouse (3xTgAD). This paper is focused on further clarifying the origin of these new-born TH-positive neurons induced by exogenous APα treatment. We performed a deeper research in another AD mouse model, 4-month-old male APPswe/PSEN1 double transgenic AD mouse (2xTgAD) by measuring APα concentration and counting immunopositive neurons using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and unbiased stereology. It was found that endogenous APα level and the number of TH-positive neurons were reduced in the 2xTgAD mice, and these reductions were present prior to the appearance of β-amyloid (Aβ)-positive plaques. Furthermore, a single 20mg/kg of exogenous APα treatment prevented the decline of total neurons, TH-positive neurons and TH/bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) double-positive neurons in the SNpc of 2xTgAD mice although the decreased intensity of TH-positive fibers was not rescued in the striatum. It was also noted that exogenous APα administration had an apparent increase in the doublecortin (DCX)-positive neurons and DCX/BrdU double-positive neurons of subventricular zone (SVZ), as well as in the percentage of neuronal nuclear antigen (NeuN)/BrdU double-positive neurons of the SNpc in the 2xTgAD mice. These findings indicate that a lower level of endogenous APα is implicated in the loss of midbrain dopaminergic neurons in the 2xTgAD mice, and exogenous APα-induced a significant increase in the new-born dopaminergic neurons might be derived from the proliferating and differentiation of neural stem niche of SVZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325035, China; Institute of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325035, China
| | - M Q Xie
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325035, China; Institute of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325035, China
| | - Y-Q Ding
- Institute of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325035, China
| | - M Liao
- Institute of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325035, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325035, China
| | - S S Qi
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325000, China
| | - S X Chen
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325035, China
| | - Q Q Gu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325035, China; Institute of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325035, China
| | - P Zhou
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325035, China
| | - C Y Sun
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325035, China; Institute of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325035, China.
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Liu L, Mao D, Liu L, Huang Y, Bo T. Effects of progesterone on glutamate transporter 2 and gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter 1 expression in the developing rat brain after recurrent seizures. Neural Regen Res 2015; 7:2036-42. [PMID: 25624835 PMCID: PMC4296423 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.26.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Seizures were induced by flurothyl inhalation. Rats were intramuscularly treated with progesterone after each seizure. Results demonstrated that glutamate transporter 2 and γ-aminobutyric acid transporter 1 expression levels were significantly increased in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of the developing rat brain following recurrent seizures. After progesterone treatment, glutamate transporter 2 protein expression was upregulated, but γ-aminobutyric acid transporter 1 levels decreased. These results suggest that glutamate transporter 2 and γ-aminobutyric acid transporter 1 are involved in the pathological processes of epilepsy. Progesterone can help maintain a balance between excitatory and inhibitory systems by modulating the amino acid transporter system, and protect the developing brain after recurrent seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjuan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Dingan Mao
- Department of Pediatrics, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Liqun Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Tao Bo
- Department of Pediatrics, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
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Seljeset S, Laverty D, Smart TG. Inhibitory Neurosteroids and the GABAA Receptor. DIVERSITY AND FUNCTIONS OF GABA RECEPTORS: A TRIBUTE TO HANNS MÖHLER, PART A 2015; 72:165-87. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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Pomara C, Neri M, Bello S, Fiore C, Riezzo I, Turillazzi E. Neurotoxicity by synthetic androgen steroids: oxidative stress, apoptosis, and neuropathology: A review. Curr Neuropharmacol 2015; 13:132-45. [PMID: 26074748 PMCID: PMC4462038 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13666141210221434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are synthetic substances derived from testosterone that are largely employed due to their trophic effect on muscle tissue of athletes at all levels. Since a great number of organs and systems are a target of AAS, their adverse effects are primarily on the following systems: reproductive, hepatic, musculoskeletal, endocrine, renal, immunological, infectious, cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and hematological. Neuropsychiatric and behavioral effects as a result of AAS abuse are well known and described in the literature. Mounting evidence exists suggesting that in addition to psychiatric and behavioral effects, non-medical use of AAS carries neurodegenerative potential. Although, the nature of this association remains largely unexplored, recent animal studies have shown the recurrence of this AAS effect, ranging from neurotrophin unbalance to increased neuronal susceptibility to apoptotic stimuli. Experimental and animal studies strongly suggest that apoptotic mechanisms are at least in part involved in AAS-induced neurotoxicity. Furthermore, a great body of evidence is emerging suggesting that increased susceptibility to cellular oxidative stress could play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative disorders and cognitive impairment. As in other drug-evoked encephalopathies, the key mechanisms involved in AAS - induced neuropathology could represent a target for future neuroprotective strategies. Progress in the understanding of these mechanisms will provide important insights into the complex pathophysiology of AAS-induced neurodegeneration, and will pave the way for forthcoming studies. Supplementary to abandoning the drug abuse that represents the first step in reducing the possibility of irreversible brain damage in AAS abusers, neuroprotective strategies have to be developed and implemented in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristoforo Pomara
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
- Department of Anatomy, University of Malta. Msida, Malta
| | - Margherita Neri
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Stefania Bello
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Carmela Fiore
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Irene Riezzo
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Emanuela Turillazzi
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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Soma KK, Rendon NM, Boonstra R, Albers HE, Demas GE. DHEA effects on brain and behavior: insights from comparative studies of aggression. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 145:261-72. [PMID: 24928552 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Historically, research on the neuroendocrinology of aggression has been dominated by the paradigm that the brain receives sex steroid hormones, such as testosterone (T), from the gonads, and then these gonadal hormones modulate behaviorally relevant neural circuits. While this paradigm has been extremely useful for advancing the field, recent studies reveal important alternatives. For example, most vertebrate species are seasonal breeders, and many species show aggression outside of the breeding season, when the gonads are regressed and circulating levels of gonadal steroids are relatively low. Studies in diverse avian and mammalian species suggest that adrenal dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), an androgen precursor and prohormone, is important for the expression of aggression when gonadal T synthesis is low. Circulating DHEA can be converted into active sex steroids within the brain. In addition, the brain can synthesize sex steroids de novo from cholesterol, thereby uncoupling brain steroid levels from circulating steroid levels. These alternative mechanisms to provide sex steroids to specific neural circuits may have evolved to avoid the costs of high circulating T levels during the non-breeding season. Physiological indicators of season (e.g., melatonin) may allow animals to switch from one neuroendocrine mechanism to another across the year. DHEA and neurosteroids are likely to be important for the control of multiple behaviors in many species, including humans. These studies yield fundamental insights into the regulation of DHEA secretion, the mechanisms by which DHEA affects behavior, and the brain regions and neural processes that are modulated by DHEA. It is clear that the brain is an important site of DHEA synthesis and action. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Essential role of DHEA'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran K Soma
- Departments of Psychology and Zoology, Graduate Program in Neuroscience, and the Brain Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4.
| | - Nikki M Rendon
- Department of Biology, Program in Neuroscience, and Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Rudy Boonstra
- Centre for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada M1C 1A4
| | - H Elliott Albers
- Neuroscience Institute, and Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Gregory E Demas
- Department of Biology, Program in Neuroscience, and Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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Holmberg E, Johansson M, Bäckström T, Haage D. Allopregnanolone preferentially induces energy-rich food intake in male Wistar rats. Physiol Rep 2014; 2:2/12/e12190. [PMID: 25501437 PMCID: PMC4332196 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is an increasing problem and identification of the driving forces for overeating of energy‐rich food is important. Previous studies show that the stress and sex steroid allopregnanolone has a hyperphagic effect on both bland food and palatable food. If allopregnanolone induces a preference for more palatable or for more energy‐rich food is not known. The aim of this study was to elucidate the influence of allopregnanolone on food preference. Male Wistar rats were subjected to two different food preference tests: a choice between standard chow and cookies (which have a higher energy content and also are more palatable than chow), and a choice between a low caloric sucrose solution and standard chow (which has a higher energy content and is less palatable than sucrose). Food intake was measured for 1 h after acute subcutaneous injections of allopregnanolone. In the choice between cookies and chow allopregnanolone significantly increased only the intake of cookies. When the standard chow was the item present with the highest caloric load, the chow intake was increased and allopregnanolone had no effect on intake of the 10% sucrose solution. The increased energy intakes induced by the high allopregnanolone dose compared to vehicle were very similar in the two tests, 120% increase for cookies and 150% increase for chow. It appears that in allopregnanolone‐induced hyperphagia, rats choose the food with the highest energy content regardless of its palatability. We show that allopregnanolone increased the consumption of the more calorie dense food offered in different food preference situations, while palatability was of secondary importance. Thus, it seems as allopregnanolone treatment could favor ingestion of a more energy‐rich diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellinor Holmberg
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Umeå Neurosteroid Research Center, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Maja Johansson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Umeå Neurosteroid Research Center, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Torbjörn Bäckström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Umeå Neurosteroid Research Center, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - David Haage
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Umeå Neurosteroid Research Center, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Quast C, Reif A, Brückl T, Pfister H, Weber H, Mattheisen M, Cichon S, Lang T, Hamm A, Fehm L, Ströhle A, Arolt V, Domschke K, Kircher T, Wittchen HU, Pauli P, Gerlach AL, Alpers GW, Deckert J, Rupprecht R, Binder EB, Erhardt A. Gender-specific association of variants in the AKR1C1 gene with dimensional anxiety in patients with panic disorder: additional evidence for the importance of neurosteroids in anxiety? Depress Anxiety 2014; 31:843-50. [PMID: 24390875 DOI: 10.1002/da.22229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurosteroids are synthesized both in brain and peripheral steroidogenic tissue from cholesterol or steroidal precursors. Neurosteroids have been shown to be implicated in neural proliferation, differentiation, and activity. Preclinical and clinical studies also suggest a modulatory role of neurosteroids in anxiety-related phenotypes. However, little is known about the contribution of genetic variants in genes relevant for the neurosteroidogenesis to anxiety disorders. METHODS We performed an association analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in five genes related to the neurosteroidal pathway with emphasis on progesterone and allopregnanolone biosynthesis (steroid-5-alpha-reductase 1A (SRD5A1), aldo-keto reductase family 1 C1-C3 (AKR1C1-AKR1C3) and translocator protein 18 kDA (TSPO) with panic disorder (PD) and dimensional anxiety in two German PD samples (cases N = 522, controls N = 1,115). RESULTS Case-control analysis for PD and SNPs in the five selected genes was negative in the combined sample. However, we detected a significant association of anticipatory anxiety with two intronic SNPs (rs3930965, rs41314625) located in the gene AKR1C1 surviving correction for multiple testing in PD patients. Stratification analysis for gender revealed a female-specific effect of the associations of both SNPs. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest a modulatory effect of AKR1C1 activity on anxiety levels, most likely through changes in progesterone and allopregnanolone levels within and outside the brain. In summary, this is the first evidence for the gender-specific implication of the AKR1C1 gene in the expression of anticipatory anxiety in PD. Further analyses to unravel the functional role of the SNPs detected here and replication analyses are needed to validate our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Quast
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
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Liu S, Wu H, Xue G, Ma X, Wu J, Qin Y, Hou Y. Metabolic alteration of neuroactive steroids and protective effect of progesterone in Alzheimer's disease-like rats. Neural Regen Res 2014; 8:2800-10. [PMID: 25206601 PMCID: PMC4146013 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.30.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A correlation between metabolic alterations of neuroactive steroids and Alzheimer's disease remains unknown. In the present study, amyloid beta (Aβ) 25–35 (Aβ25–35) injected into the bilateral hippocampus CA1 region significantly reduced learning and memory. At the biochemical level, hippocampal levels of pregnenolone were significantly reduced with Aβ25–35 treatment. Furthermore, progesterone was considerably decreased in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, and 17β-estradiol was significantly elevated. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing that Aβ25–35, a main etiological factor of Alzheimer's disease, can alter the level and metabolism of neuroactive steroids in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, which are brain regions significantly involved in learning and memory. Aβ25–35 exposure also increased the expression of inflammatory mediators, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β. However, subcutaneous injection of progesterone reversed the upregulation of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β in a dose-dependent manner. Concomitant with improved cognitive abilities, progesterone blocked Aβ-mediated inflammation and increased the survival rate of hippocampal pyramidal cells. We thus hypothesize that Aβ-mediated cognitive deficits may occur via changes in neuroactive steroids. Moreover, our findings provide a possible therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer's disease via neuroactive steroids, particularly progesterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Liu
- Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei Province, China
| | - Honghai Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Bethune International Peace Hospital of Chinese PLA, Shijiazhuang 050082, Hebei Province, China
| | - Gai Xue
- Department of Pharmacy, Bethune International Peace Hospital of Chinese PLA, Shijiazhuang 050082, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xin Ma
- Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei Province, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yabin Qin
- Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yanning Hou
- Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei Province, China ; Department of Pharmacy, Bethune International Peace Hospital of Chinese PLA, Shijiazhuang 050082, Hebei Province, China
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Mortensen M, Iqbal F, Pandurangan AP, Hannan S, Huckvale R, Topf M, Baker JR, Smart TG. Photo-antagonism of the GABAA receptor. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4454. [PMID: 25072879 PMCID: PMC4124873 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotransmitter receptor trafficking is fundamentally important for synaptic transmission and neural network activity. GABAA receptors and inhibitory synapses are vital components of brain function, yet much of our knowledge regarding receptor mobility and function at inhibitory synapses is derived indirectly from using recombinant receptors, antibody-tagged native receptors and pharmacological treatments. Here we describe the use of a set of research tools that can irreversibly bind to and affect the function of recombinant and neuronal GABAA receptors following ultraviolet photoactivation. These compounds are based on the competitive antagonist gabazine and incorporate a variety of photoactive groups. By using site-directed mutagenesis and ligand-docking studies, they reveal new areas of the GABA binding site at the interface between receptor β and α subunits. These compounds enable the selected inactivation of native GABAA receptor populations providing new insight into the function of inhibitory synapses and extrasynaptic receptors in controlling neuronal excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Mortensen
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Favaad Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Arun P. Pandurangan
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Crystallography/Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck College, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Saad Hannan
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Rosemary Huckvale
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Maya Topf
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Crystallography/Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck College, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - James R. Baker
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Trevor G. Smart
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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Role of GABA-active neurosteroids in the efficacy of metyrapone against cocaine addiction. Behav Brain Res 2014; 271:269-76. [PMID: 24959859 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has demonstrated a complicated role for stress and HPA axis activation in potentiating various cocaine-related behaviors in preclinical models of drug dependence. However, the investigation of several antiglucocorticoid therapies has yielded equivocal results in reducing cocaine-related behaviors, possibly because of varying mechanisms of actions. Specifically, research suggests that metyrapone (a corticosterone synthesis inhibitor) may reduce cocaine self-administration in rats via a nongenomic, extra-adrenal mechanism without altering plasma corticosterone. In the current experiments, male rats were trained to self-administer cocaine infusions and food pellets in a multiple, alternating schedule of reinforcement. Metyrapone pretreatment dose-dependently decreased cocaine self-administration as demonstrated previously. Pharmacological inhibition of neurosteroid production by finasteride had significant effects on cocaine self-administration, regardless of metyrapone pretreatment. However, metyrapone's effects on cocaine self-administration were significantly attenuated with bicuculline pretreatment, suggesting a role for GABA-active neurosteroids in cocaine-reinforced behaviors. In vitro binding data also confirmed that metyrapone does not selectively bind to GABA-related proteins. The results of these experiments support the hypothesis that metyrapone may increase neurosteroidogenesis to produce effects on cocaine-related behaviors.
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Enriquez-Algeciras M, Bhattacharya SK. Lipidomic mass spectrometry and its application in neuroscience. World J Biol Chem 2013; 4:102-110. [PMID: 24340133 PMCID: PMC3856305 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v4.i4.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Central and peripheral nervous systems are lipid rich tissues. Lipids, in the context of lipid-protein complexes, surround neurons and provide electrical insulation for transmission of signals allowing neurons to remain embedded within a conducting environment. Lipids play a key role in vesicle formation and fusion in synapses. They provide means of rapid signaling, cell motility and migration for astrocytes and other cell types that surround and play supporting roles neurons. Unlike many other signaling molecules, lipids are capable of multiple signaling events based on the different fragments generated from a single precursor during each event. Lipidomics, until recently suffered from two major disadvantages: (1) level of expertise required an overwhelming amount of chemical detail to correctly identify a vast number of different lipids which could be close in their chemical reactivity; and (2) high amount of purified compounds needed by analytical techniques to determine their structures. Advances in mass spectrometry have enabled overcoming these two limitations. Mass spectrometry offers a great degree of simplicity in identification and quantification of lipids directly extracted from complex biological mixtures. Mass spectrometers can be regarded to as mass analyzers. There are those that separate and analyze the product ion fragments in space (spatial) and those which separate product ions in time in the same space (temporal). Databases and standardized instrument parameters have further aided the capabilities of the spatial instruments while recent advances in bioinformatics have made the identification and quantification possible using temporal instruments.
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Plescia F, Sardo P, Rizzo V, Cacace S, Marino RAM, Brancato A, Ferraro G, Carletti F, Cannizzaro C. Pregnenolone sulphate enhances spatial orientation and object discrimination in adult male rats: evidence from a behavioural and electrophysiological study. Behav Brain Res 2013; 258:193-201. [PMID: 24149069 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neurosteroids can alter neuronal excitability interacting with specific neurotransmitter receptors, thus affecting several functions such as cognition and emotionality. In this study we investigated, in adult male rats, the effects of the acute administration of pregnenolone-sulfate (PREGS) (10mg/kg, s.c.) on cognitive processes using the Can test, a non aversive spatial/visual task which allows the assessment of both spatial orientation-acquisition and object discrimination in a simple and in a complex version of the visual task. Electrophysiological recordings were also performed in vivo, after acute PREGS systemic administration in order to investigate on the neuronal activation in the hippocampus and the perirhinal cortex. Our results indicate that, PREGS induces an improvement in spatial orientation-acquisition and in object discrimination in the simple and in the complex visual task; the behavioural responses were also confirmed by electrophysiological recordings showing a potentiation in the neuronal activity of the hippocampus and the perirhinal cortex. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that PREGS systemic administration in rats exerts cognitive enhancing properties which involve both the acquisition and utilization of spatial information, and object discrimination memory, and also correlates the behavioural potentiation observed to an increase in the neuronal firing of discrete cerebral areas critical for spatial learning and object recognition. This provides further evidence in support of the role of PREGS in exerting a protective and enhancing role on human memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio Plescia
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother and Child Care "Giuseppe D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, V. Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy
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Holmberg E, Bäckström T, Johansson M, Löfgren M, Haage D. Allopregnanolone induces a diurnally dependent hyperphagic effect and alters feeding latency and duration in male Wistar rats. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2013; 208:400-9. [PMID: 23510409 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic transmission from the hypothalamus is essential for normal feeding regulation, and hyperphagia can be induced by local application of GABAA -receptor agonists to different feeding-associated brain areas. The food intake in rats varies diurnally and that may influence the effect of GABAA -receptor active compounds. The progesterone metabolite allopregnanolone is a highly potent endogenous positive modulator of the GABAA receptor. Therefore, it is easy to envisage that allopregnanolone would have a hyperphagic effect, but earlier reports in rat have given ambiguous results. However, a contributing factor for the discrepancy may be the time point of the diurnal cycle in which the experiments were performed. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of allopregnanolone on intake of standard chow in male Wistar rats at different time points of the day. METHODS Chow intake was measured after acute administration of allopregnanolone, and feeding behaviour was analysed to detect meal patterns. RESULTS We found that allopregnanolone increased chow intake by up to four times in the dark part of the 24-h cycle. The rats ate significantly more, and the effect of allopregnanolone was more prominent in the active (dark) compared with the inactive (light) period. Allopregnanolone also reduced feeding latency and prolonged the meal duration compared with vehicle. CONCLUSION Allopregnanolone seems to act at several levels of feeding regulation, that is, to initiate feeding and to prolong the duration of a meal, thereby increasing the meal size, especially in the dark period of the 24-h cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Holmberg
- Umeå Neurosteroid Research Center; Department of Clinical Sciences, Obstetrics and Gynaecology; Umeå University; Umeå; Sweden
| | - T. Bäckström
- Umeå Neurosteroid Research Center; Department of Clinical Sciences, Obstetrics and Gynaecology; Umeå University; Umeå; Sweden
| | - M. Johansson
- Umeå Neurosteroid Research Center; Department of Clinical Sciences, Obstetrics and Gynaecology; Umeå University; Umeå; Sweden
| | - M. Löfgren
- Umeå Neurosteroid Research Center; Department of Clinical Sciences, Obstetrics and Gynaecology; Umeå University; Umeå; Sweden
| | - D. Haage
- Umeå Neurosteroid Research Center; Department of Clinical Sciences, Obstetrics and Gynaecology; Umeå University; Umeå; Sweden
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Christian CA, Huguenard JR. Sniffer patch laser uncaging response (SPLURgE): an assay of regional differences in allosteric receptor modulation and neurotransmitter clearance. J Neurophysiol 2013; 110:1722-31. [PMID: 23843428 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00319.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Allosteric modulators exert actions on neurotransmitter receptors by positively or negatively altering the effective response of these receptors to their respective neurotransmitter. γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) type A ionotropic receptors (GABAARs) are major targets for allosteric modulators such as benzodiazepines, neurosteroids, and barbiturates. Analysis of substances that produce similar effects has been hampered by the lack of techniques to assess the localization and function of such agents in brain slices. Here we describe measurement of the sniffer patch laser uncaging response (SPLURgE), which combines the sniffer patch recording configuration with laser photolysis of caged GABA. This methodology enables the detection of allosteric GABAAR modulators endogenously present in discrete areas of the brain slice and allows for the application of exogenous GABA with spatiotemporal control without altering the release and localization of endogenous modulators within the slice. Here we demonstrate the development and use of this technique for the measurement of allosteric modulation in different areas of the thalamus. Application of this technique will be useful in determining whether a lack of modulatory effect on a particular category of neurons or receptors is due to insensitivity to allosteric modulation or a lack of local release of endogenous ligand. We also demonstrate that this technique can be used to investigate GABA diffusion and uptake. This method thus provides a biosensor assay for rapid detection of endogenous GABAAR modulators and has the potential to aid studies of allosteric modulators that exert effects on other classes of neurotransmitter receptors, such as glutamate, acetylcholine, or glycine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Christian
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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Craiu D. What is special about the adolescent (JME) brain? Epilepsy Behav 2013; 28 Suppl 1:S45-51. [PMID: 23756479 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2012.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) involves cortico-thalamo-cortical networks. Thalamic, frontal gray matter, connectivity, and neurotransmitter disturbances have been demonstrated by structural/functional imaging studies. Few patients with JME show mutations in genes coding ion channels or GABAA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) receptor subunits. Recent research points to EFHC1 gene mutations leading to microdysgenesis and possible aberrant circuitry. Imaging studies have shown massive structural/functional changes of normally developing adolescent brain structures maturing at strikingly different rates and times. Gray matter (GM) volume diminishes in cortical areas (frontal and parietal) and deep structures (anterior thalamus, putamen, and caudate). Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) findings support continued microstructural change in WM (white matter) during late adolescence with robust developmental changes in thalamocortical connectivity. The GABAA receptor distribution and specific receptor subunits' expression patterns change with age from neonate to adolescent/adult, contributing to age-related changes in brain excitability. Hormonal influence on brain structure development during adolescence is presented. Possible implications of brain changes during adolescence on the course of JME are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Craiu
- Pediatric Neurology Clinic, Alexandru Obregia Clinical Hospital, Carol Davila University of Medicine, Bucharest, Romania.
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Arevalo MA, Santos-Galindo M, Acaz-Fonseca E, Azcoitia I, Garcia-Segura LM. Gonadal hormones and the control of reactive gliosis. Horm Behav 2013; 63:216-21. [PMID: 22401743 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes and microglia respond to central nervous system (CNS) injury with changes in morphology, proliferation, migration and expression of inflammatory regulators. This phenomenon is known as reactive gliosis. Activation of astrocytes and microglia after acute neural insults, such as stroke or traumatic CNS injury, is considered to be an adaptive response that contributes to minimize neuronal damage. However, reactive gliosis may amplify CNS damage under chronic neurodegenerative conditions. Progesterone, estradiol and testosterone have been shown to control reactive gliosis in different models of CNS injury, modifying the number of reactive astrocytes and reactive microglia and the expression of anti-inflammatory and proinflammatory mediators. The actions of gonadal hormones on reactive gliosis involve different mechanisms, including the modulation of the activity of steroid receptors, such as estrogen receptors α and β, the regulation of nuclear factor-κB mediated transcription of inflammatory molecules and the recruitment of the transcriptional corepressor c-terminal binding protein to proinflammatory promoters. In addition, the Parkinson's disease related gene parkin and the endocannabinoid system also participate in the regulation of reactive gliosis by estradiol. The control exerted by gonadal hormones on reactive gliosis may affect the response of neural tissue to trauma and neurodegeneration and may contribute to sex differences in the manifestation of neurodegenerative diseases. However, the precise functional consequences of the regulation of reactive gliosis by gonadal hormones under acute and chronic neurodegenerative conditions are still not fully clarified.
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Molina-Hernández M, Téllez-Alcántara NP, Olivera-López JI, Jaramillo MT. Estrous cycle variation in anxiolytic-like effects of topiramate in Wistar rats in two animal models of anxiety-like behavior. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2013; 103:631-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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