1
|
Tsujita M, Melchior JT, Yokoyama S. Lipoprotein Particles in Cerebrospinal Fluid. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2024; 44:1042-1052. [PMID: 38545782 PMCID: PMC11342562 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.123.318284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The brain is the most lipid-rich organ in the body, and the intricate interplay between lipid metabolism and pathologies associated with neurodegenerative disorders is being increasingly recognized. The brain is bathed in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which, like plasma, contains lipid-protein complexes called lipoproteins that are responsible for extracellular lipid transport. Multiple CSF lipoprotein populations exist, some of which are produced de novo in the central nervous system and others that appear to be generated from protein constituents that are produced in the periphery. These CSF lipoproteins are thought to play key roles in maintaining lipid homeostasis in the central nervous system, while little else is known due to their limited accessibility and their low abundance in CSF. Recent work has provided new insights into the compositional complexity of CSF lipoprotein families and their metabolism in cerebral circulation. The purpose of this review is to summarize our current state of knowledge on the composition, origin, and metabolism of CSF lipoproteins.
Collapse
|
2
|
Laskowitz DT, Van Wyck DW. ApoE Mimetic Peptides as Therapy for Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurotherapeutics 2023; 20:1496-1507. [PMID: 37592168 PMCID: PMC10684461 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-023-01413-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The lack of targeted therapies for traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a compelling clinical unmet need. Although knowledge of the pathophysiologic cascades involved in TBI has expanded rapidly, the development of novel pharmacological therapies has remained largely stagnant. Difficulties in creating animal models that recapitulate the different facets of clinical TBI pathology and flaws in the design of clinical trials have contributed to the ongoing failures in neuroprotective drug development. Furthermore, multiple pathophysiological mechanisms initiated early after TBI that progress in the subacute and chronic setting may limit the potential of traditional approaches that target a specific cellular pathway for acute therapeutic intervention. We describe a reverse translational approach that focuses on translating endogenous mechanisms known to influence outcomes after TBI to develop druggable targets. In particular, numerous clinical observations have demonstrated an association between apolipoprotein E (apoE) polymorphism and functional recovery after brain injury. ApoE has been shown to mitigate the response to acute brain injury by exerting immunomodulatory properties that reduce secondary tissue injury as well as protecting neurons from excitotoxicity. CN-105 represents an apoE mimetic peptide that can effectively penetrate the CNS compartment and retains the neuroprotective properties of the intact protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Laskowitz
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- AegisCN LLC, 701 W Main Street, Durham, NC, 27701, USA
| | - David W Van Wyck
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Van Wyck D, Kolls BJ, Wang H, Cantillana V, Maughan M, Laskowitz DT. Prophylactic treatment with CN-105 improves functional outcomes in a murine model of closed head injury. Exp Brain Res 2022; 240:2413-2423. [PMID: 35841411 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06417-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in military populations is hindered by underreporting and underdiagnosis. Clinical symptoms and outcomes may be mitigated with an effective pre-injury prophylaxis. This study evaluates whether CN-105, a 5-amino acid apolipoprotein E (ApoE) mimetic peptide previously shown to modify the post-traumatic neuroinflammatory response, would maintain its neuroprotective effects if administered prior to closed-head injury in a clinically relevant murine model. CN-105 was synthesized by Polypeptide Inc. (San Diego, CA) and administered to C57-BL/6 mice intravenously (IV) and/or by intraperitoneal (IP) injection at various time points prior to injury while vehicle treated animals received IV and/or IP normal saline. Animals were randomized following injury and behavioral observations were conducted by investigators blinded to treatment. Vestibulomotor function was assessed using an automated Rotarod (Ugo Basile, Comerio, Italy), and hippocampal microglial activation was assessed using F4/80 immunohistochemical staining in treated and untreated mice 7 days post-TBI. Separate, in vivo assessments of the pharmacokinetics was performed in healthy CD-1. IV CN-105 administered prior to head injury improved vestibulomotor function compared to vehicle control-treated animals. CN-105 co-administered by IP and IV dosing 6 h prior to injury also improved vestibulomotor function up to 28 days following injury. Microglia counted in CN-105 treated specimens were significantly fewer (P = 0.03) than in vehicle specimens. CN-105 improves functional outcomes and reduces hippocampal microglial activation when administered prior to injury and could be adapted as a pre-injury prophylaxis for soldiers at high risk for TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Van Wyck
- 3Rd Special Forces Group (A), U.S. Army Special Operations Command, 111 Enduring Freedom Drive (Stop A), Fort Bragg, NC, 28310, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
| | - Bradley J Kolls
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Haichen Wang
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Viviana Cantillana
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | | | - Daniel T Laskowitz
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Aegis-CN LLC., 701 W Main Street, Durham, NC, 27701, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Troutwine BR, Hamid L, Lysaker CR, Strope TA, Wilkins HM. Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer's disease. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:496-510. [PMID: 35256931 PMCID: PMC8897057 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variation in apolipoprotein E (APOE) influences Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. APOE ε4 alleles are the strongest genetic risk factor for late onset sporadic AD. The AD risk is dose dependent, as those carrying one APOE ε4 allele have a 2-3-fold increased risk, while those carrying two ε4 alleles have a 10-15-fold increased risk. Individuals carrying APOE ε2 alleles have lower AD risk and those carrying APOE ε3 alleles have neutral risk. APOE is a lipoprotein which functions in lipid transport, metabolism, and inflammatory modulation. Isoform specific effects of APOE within the brain include alterations to Aβ, tau, neuroinflammation, and metabolism. Here we review the association of APOE with AD, the APOE isoform specific effects within brain and periphery, and potential therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R. Troutwine
- Department of Neurology University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Laylan Hamid
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Colton R. Lysaker
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Taylor A. Strope
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Heather M. Wilkins
- Department of Neurology University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
HDL, ApoA-I and ApoE-Mimetic Peptides: Potential Broad Spectrum Agent for Clinical Use? Int J Pept Res Ther 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-021-10352-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
6
|
Creed J, Cantillana-Riquelme V, Yan BH, Ma S, Chu D, Wang H, Turner DA, Laskowitz DT, Hoffmann U. Argon Inhalation for 24 h After Closed-Head Injury Does not Improve Recovery, Neuroinflammation, or Neurologic Outcome in Mice. Neurocrit Care 2021; 34:833-843. [PMID: 32959200 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-020-01104-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE In recent years, the noble gas argon (Ar) has been extensively studied for its organ protection properties. While mounting in vitro and in vivo evidence indicates that argon provides neuroprotection in ischemic brain injury, its neuroprotective potential in traumatic brain injury (TBI) has not been evaluated in vivo. We tested the hypothesis that prolonged inhalation of 70% or 79% argon for 24 h after closed-head injury (CHI) improves neurologic outcome and overall recovery at 36 days post-injury. We also compared effects of the 30% or 21% residual oxygen on argon's potential neuroprotective capacity. METHODS Adult male C57/black mice (n = 240) were subjected to closed-head traumatic brain injury, followed by inhalation of 70% argon or nitrogen (30% oxygen), or 79% argon or nitrogen (21% oxygen) for 24 h. Neurologic outcome (rotarod, neuroscore, and Morris water maze) was evaluated for up to 36 days post-injury. Histologic parameters of neurologic degeneration (Fluoro-Jade staining) and inflammation (F4/80 microglia immunostaining) were assessed in subgroups at 24 h and on post-injury day 7. RESULTS Our CHI protocol consistently resulted in significant brain injury. After argon inhalation for 24 h at either concentration, mice did not show significant improvement with regard to neuroscores, rotarod performance, Morris water maze performance, or overall recovery (body weight), compared to nitrogen controls, up to 36 days. At 7 days post-injury, histologic markers of neurodegeneration and inflammation, particularly in the hippocampus, consistently demonstrated significant injury. Notably, recovery was reduced in mice treated with the higher oxygen concentration (30%) after CHI compared to 21%. CONCLUSIONS Prolonged argon treatment did not improve neurologic outcome, overall recovery (weight), nor markers of neurodegeneration or neuroinflammation after significant CHI compared to nitrogen. While neuroprotective in predominately ischemic injury, argon did not provide protection after TBI in this model, highlighting the crucial importance of assessing argon's strengths and weaknesses in preclinical models to fully understand its organ protective potential in different pathologies and gas mixtures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Creed
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Bai Hui Yan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Perioperative Organ Protection (CPOP), Duke University Medical Center, Box 3094, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an JiaoTong University, Xi'an, ShaanXi Province, China
| | - Shuang Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Perioperative Organ Protection (CPOP), Duke University Medical Center, Box 3094, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liao Ning, China
| | - Dongmei Chu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Perioperative Organ Protection (CPOP), Duke University Medical Center, Box 3094, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Fifth Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Haichen Wang
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Dennis A Turner
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Perioperative Organ Protection (CPOP), Duke University Medical Center, Box 3094, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Neurobiology, and Biomedical Engineering, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Daniel T Laskowitz
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Perioperative Organ Protection (CPOP), Duke University Medical Center, Box 3094, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Ulrike Hoffmann
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Perioperative Organ Protection (CPOP), Duke University Medical Center, Box 3094, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
The Role of HDL and HDL Mimetic Peptides as Potential Therapeutics for Alzheimer's Disease. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10091276. [PMID: 32899606 PMCID: PMC7563116 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) in the cardiovascular system has been extensively studied and the cardioprotective effects of HDL are well established. As HDL particles are formed both in the systemic circulation and in the central nervous system, the role of HDL and its associated apolipoproteins in the brain has attracted much research interest in recent years. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder and the leading cause of dementia worldwide, for which there currently exists no approved disease modifying treatment. Multiple lines of evidence, including a number of large-scale human clinical studies, have shown a robust connection between HDL levels and AD. Low levels of HDL are associated with increased risk and severity of AD, whereas high levels of HDL are correlated with superior cognitive function. Although the mechanisms underlying the protective effects of HDL in the brain are not fully understood, many of the functions of HDL, including reverse lipid/cholesterol transport, anti-inflammation/immune modulation, anti-oxidation, microvessel endothelial protection, and proteopathy modification, are thought to be critical for its beneficial effects. This review describes the current evidence for the role of HDL in AD and the potential of using small peptides mimicking HDL or its associated apolipoproteins (HDL-mimetic peptides) as therapeutics to treat AD.
Collapse
|
8
|
James ML, Komisarow JM, Wang H, Laskowitz DT. Therapeutic Development of Apolipoprotein E Mimetics for Acute Brain Injury: Augmenting Endogenous Responses to Reduce Secondary Injury. Neurotherapeutics 2020; 17:475-483. [PMID: 32318912 PMCID: PMC7283431 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-020-00858-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last few decades, increasing evidence demonstrates that the neuroinflammatory response is a double-edged sword. Although overly robust inflammatory responses may exacerbate secondary tissue injury, inflammatory processes are ultimately necessary for recovery. Traditional drug discovery often relies on reductionist approaches to isolate and modulate specific intracellular pathways believed to be involved in disease pathology. However, endogenous brain proteins are often pleiotropic in order to regulate neuroinflammation and recovery mechanisms. Thus, a process of "backward translation" aims to harness the adaptive properties of endogenous proteins to promote earlier and greater recovery after acute brain injury. One such endogenous protein is apolipoprotein E (apoE), the primary apolipoprotein produced in the brain. Robust preclinical and clinical evidence demonstrates that endogenous apoE produced within the brain modulates the neuroinflammatory response of the acutely injured brain. Thus, one innovative approach to improve outcomes following acute brain injury is administration of exogenous apoE-mimetic drugs optimized to cross the blood-brain barrier. In particular, one promising apoE mimetic peptide, CN-105, has demonstrated efficacy across a wide variety of preclinical models of brain injury and safety and feasibility in early-phase clinical trials. Preclinical and clinical evidence for apoE's neuroprotective effects and downregulation of neuroinflammatory and the resulting translational therapeutic development strategy for an apoE-based therapeutic are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael L James
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jordan M Komisarow
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Haichen Wang
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Daniel T Laskowitz
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Williams T, Borchelt DR, Chakrabarty P. Therapeutic approaches targeting Apolipoprotein E function in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2020; 15:8. [PMID: 32005122 PMCID: PMC6995170 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-020-0358-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the primary genetic risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the presence of the Ɛ4 allele of apolipoprotein E (APOE). APOE is a polymorphic lipoprotein that is a major cholesterol carrier in the brain. It is also involved in various cellular functions such as neuronal signaling, neuroinflammation and glucose metabolism. Humans predominantly possess three different allelic variants of APOE, termed E2, E3, and E4, with the E3 allele being the most common. The presence of the E4 allele is associated with increased risk of AD whereas E2 reduces the risk. To understand the molecular mechanisms that underlie APOE-related genetic risk, considerable effort has been devoted towards developing cellular and animal models. Data from these models indicate that APOE4 exacerbates amyloid β plaque burden in a dose-dependent manner. and may also enhance tau pathogenesis in an isoform-dependent manner. Other studies have suggested APOE4 increases the risk of AD by mechanisms that are distinct from modulation of Aβ or tau pathology. Further, whether plasma APOE, by influencing systemic metabolic pathways, can also possibly alter CNS function indirectly is not complete;y understood. Collectively, the available studies suggest that APOE may impact multiple signaling pathways and thus investigators have sought therapeutics that would disrupt pathological functions of APOE while preserving or enhancing beneficial functions. This review will highlight some of the therapeutic strategies that are currently being pursued to target APOE4 towards preventing or treating AD and we will discuss additional strategies that holds promise for the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tosha Williams
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - David R Borchelt
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.,McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Paramita Chakrabarty
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA. .,McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cao J, Hou J, Ping J, Cai D. Advances in developing novel therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2018; 13:64. [PMID: 30541602 PMCID: PMC6291983 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-018-0299-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD), the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease of aging, affects one in eight older Americans. Nearly all drug treatments tested for AD today have failed to show any efficacy. There is a great need for therapies to prevent and/or slow the progression of AD. The major challenge in AD drug development is lack of clarity about the mechanisms underlying AD pathogenesis and pathophysiology. Several studies support the notion that AD is a multifactorial disease. While there is abundant evidence that amyloid plays a role in AD pathogenesis, other mechanisms have been implicated in AD such as tangle formation and spread, dysregulated protein degradation pathways, neuroinflammation, and loss of support by neurotrophic factors. Therefore, current paradigms of AD drug design have been shifted from single target approach (primarily amyloid-centric) to developing drugs targeted at multiple disease aspects, and from treating AD at later stages of disease progression to focusing on preventive strategies at early stages of disease development. Here, we summarize current strategies and new trends of AD drug development, including pre-clinical and clinical trials that target different aspects of disease (mechanism-based versus non-mechanism based, e.g. symptomatic treatments, lifestyle modifications and risk factor management).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiqing Cao
- James J Peters VA Medical Center, Research & Development, Bronx, NY 10468 USA
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
- The Central Hospital of The Hua Zhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianwei Hou
- James J Peters VA Medical Center, Research & Development, Bronx, NY 10468 USA
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Jing Ping
- The Central Hospital of The Hua Zhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongming Cai
- James J Peters VA Medical Center, Research & Development, Bronx, NY 10468 USA
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
- The Central Hospital of The Hua Zhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Apolipoprotein E as a novel therapeutic neuroprotection target after traumatic spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2017; 299:97-108. [PMID: 29056364 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (apoE), a plasma lipoprotein well known for its important role in lipid and cholesterol metabolism, has also been implicated in many neurological diseases. In this study, we examined the effect of apoE on the pathophysiology of traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). ApoE-deficient mutant (apoE-/-) and wild-type mice received a T9 moderate contusion SCI and were evaluated using histological and behavioral analyses after injury. At 3days after injury, the permeability of spinal cord-blood-barrier, measured by extravasation of Evans blue dye, was significantly increased in apoE-/- mice compared to wild type. The inflammation and spared white matter was also significantly increased and decreased, respectively, in apoE-/- mice compared to the wild type ones. The apoptosis of both neurons and oligodendrocytes was also significantly increased in apoE-/- mice. At 42days after injury, the inflammation was still robust in the injured spinal cord in apoE-/- but not wild type mice. CD45+ leukocytes from peripheral blood persisted in the injured spinal cord of apoE-/- mice. The spared white matter was significantly decreased in apoE-/- mice compared to wild type ones. Locomotor function was significantly decreased in apoE-/- mice compared to wild type ones from week 1 to week 8 after contusion. Treatment of exogenous apoE mimetic peptides partially restored the permeability of spinal cord-blood-barrier in apoE-/- mice after SCI. Importantly, the exogenous apoE peptides decreased inflammation, increased spared white matter and promoted locomotor recovery in apoE-/- mice after SCI. Our results indicate that endogenous apoE plays important roles in maintaining the spinal cord-blood-barrier and decreasing inflammation and spinal cord tissue loss after SCI, suggesting its important neuroprotective function after SCI. Our results further suggest that exogenous apoE mimetic peptides could be a novel and promising neuroprotective reagent for SCI.
Collapse
|
12
|
Tu TM, Kolls BJ, Soderblom EJ, Cantillana V, Ferrell PD, Moseley MA, Wang H, Dawson HN, Laskowitz DT. Apolipoprotein E mimetic peptide, CN-105, improves outcomes in ischemic stroke. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2017; 4:246-265. [PMID: 28382306 PMCID: PMC5376751 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective At present, the absence of a pharmacological neuroprotectant represents an important unmet clinical need in the treatment of ischemic and traumatic brain injury. Recent evidence suggests that administration of apolipoprotein E mimetic therapies represent a viable therapeutic strategy in this setting. We investigate the neuroprotective and anti‐inflammatory properties of the apolipoprotein E mimetic pentapeptide, CN‐105, in a microglial cell line and murine model of ischemic stroke. Methods Ten to 13‐week‐old male C57/BL6 mice underwent transient middle cerebral artery occlusion and were randomly selected to receive CN‐105 (0.1 mg/kg) in 100 μL volume or vehicle via tail vein injection at various time points. Survival, motor‐sensory functional outcomes using rotarod test and 4‐limb wire hanging test, infarct volume assessment using 2,3,5‐Triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining method, and microglial activation in the contralateral hippocampus using F4/80 immunostaining were assessed at various time points. In vitro assessment of tumor necrosis factor‐alpha secretion in a microglial cell line was performed, and phosphoproteomic analysis conducted to explore early mechanistic pathways of CN‐105 in ischemic stroke. Results Mice receiving CN‐105 demonstrated improved survival, improved functional outcomes, reduced infarct volume, and reduced microglial activation. CN‐105 also suppressed inflammatory cytokines secretion in microglial cells in vitro. Phosphoproteomic signals suggest that CN‐105 reduces proinflammatory pathways and lower oxidative stress. Interpretation CN‐105 improves functional and histological outcomes in a murine model of ischemic stroke via modulation of neuroinflammatory pathways. Recent clinical trial of this compound has demonstrated favorable pharmacokinetic and safety profile, suggesting that CN‐105 represents an attractive candidate for clinical translation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Ming Tu
- Department of Neurology Duke University School of Medicine Durham North Carolina; Department of Neurology National Neuroscience Institute Tan Tock Seng Campus Singapore
| | - Brad J Kolls
- Department of Neurology Duke University School of Medicine Durham North Carolina
| | - Erik J Soderblom
- Duke Proteomics Core Facility Center for Genomic and Computational Biology Duke University Durham North Carolina
| | - Viviana Cantillana
- Department of Neurology Duke University School of Medicine Durham North Carolina
| | - Paul Durham Ferrell
- Department of Pathology Duke University School of Medicine Durham North Carolina
| | - M Arthur Moseley
- Duke Proteomics Core Facility Center for Genomic and Computational Biology Duke University Durham North Carolina
| | - Haichen Wang
- Department of Neurology Duke University School of Medicine Durham North Carolina
| | - Hana N Dawson
- Department of Neurology Duke University School of Medicine Durham North Carolina
| | - Daniel T Laskowitz
- Department of Neurology Duke University School of Medicine Durham North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Qin X, You H, Cao F, Wu Y, Peng J, Pang J, Xu H, Chen Y, Chen L, Vitek MP, Li F, Sun X, Jiang Y. Apolipoprotein E Mimetic Peptide Increases Cerebral Glucose Uptake by Reducing Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption after Controlled Cortical Impact in Mice: An 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT Study. J Neurotrauma 2016; 34:943-951. [PMID: 27411737 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) disrupts the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and reduces cerebral glucose uptake. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is believed to play a key role in TBI, and COG1410 has demonstrated neuroprotective activity in several models of TBI. However, the effects of COG1410 on VEGF and glucose metabolism following TBI are unknown. The current study aimed to investigate the expression of VEGF and glucose metabolism effects in C57BL/6J male mice subjected to experimental TBI. The results showed that controlled cortical impact (CCI)-induced vestibulomotor deficits were accompanied by increases in brain edema and the expression of VEGF, with a decrease in cerebral glucose uptake. COG1410 treatment significantly improved vestibulomotor deficits and glucose uptake and produced decreases in VEGF in the pericontusion and ipsilateral hemisphere of injury, as well as in brain edema and neuronal degeneration compared with the control group. These data support that COG1410 may have potential as an effective drug therapy for TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinghu Qin
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University , Luzhou, China .,2 Department of Neurosurgery, People's Hospital of Deyang City , Deyang, China
| | - Hong You
- 3 Department of Oncology, People's Hospital of Deyang City , Deyang, China
| | - Fang Cao
- 4 Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College , Zunyi, China
| | - Yue Wu
- 5 Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, China
| | - Jianhua Peng
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University , Luzhou, China
| | - Jinwei Pang
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University , Luzhou, China
| | - Hong Xu
- 2 Department of Neurosurgery, People's Hospital of Deyang City , Deyang, China
| | - Yue Chen
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University , Luzhou, China
| | - Ligang Chen
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University , Luzhou, China
| | - Michael P Vitek
- 6 Department of Medicine (Neurology), Duke University Medical Center , Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Fengqiao Li
- 7 Cognosci, Inc., Research Triangle Park , North Carolina
| | - Xiaochuan Sun
- 5 Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University , Luzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Klein RC, Acheson SK, Qadri LH, Dawson AA, Rodriguiz RM, Wetsel WC, Moore SD, Laskowitz DT, Dawson HN. Opposing effects of traumatic brain injury on excitatory synaptic function in the lateral amygdala in the absence and presence of preinjury stress. J Neurosci Res 2015; 94:579-89. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C. Klein
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences; Duke University Medical Center; Durham North Carolina
- VISN 6 MIRECC, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Durham North Carolina
| | - Shawn K. Acheson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences; Duke University Medical Center; Durham North Carolina
- Neurobiology Research Laboratory, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Durham North Carolina
| | - Laura H. Qadri
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences; Duke University Medical Center; Durham North Carolina
| | - Alina A. Dawson
- Department of Neurology; Duke University Medical Center; Durham North Carolina
| | - Ramona M. Rodriguiz
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences; Duke University Medical Center; Durham North Carolina
- Mouse Behavioral and Neuroendocrine Analysis Core Facility; Duke University Medical Center; Durham North Carolina
| | - William C. Wetsel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences; Duke University Medical Center; Durham North Carolina
- Mouse Behavioral and Neuroendocrine Analysis Core Facility; Duke University Medical Center; Durham North Carolina
- Departments of Neurobiology and Cell Biology; Duke University Medical Center; Durham North Carolina
| | - Scott D. Moore
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences; Duke University Medical Center; Durham North Carolina
- VISN 6 MIRECC, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Durham North Carolina
| | - Daniel T. Laskowitz
- Department of Neurology; Duke University Medical Center; Durham North Carolina
| | - Hana N. Dawson
- Department of Neurology; Duke University Medical Center; Durham North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite intensive research, neurological morbidity from delayed cerebral ischemia remains common after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). In the current study, we evaluate the neuroprotective effects of a pH-dependent GluN2B subunit-selective NMDA receptor antagonist in a murine model of SAH. METHODS Following induction of SAH, 12 ± 2 week old male C57-BL/6 mice received NP10075, a pH-dependent NMDA receptor antagonist, or vehicle. In a separate series of experiments, NP10075 and the non-pH sensitive NMDA antagonist, NP10191, were administered to normoglycemic and hyperglycemic mice. Both histological (right middle cerebral artery diameter, NeuN, and Fluoro-Jade B staining) and functional endpoints (rotarod latency and neuroseverity score) were evaluated to assess the therapeutic benefit of NP10075. RESULTS Administration of NP10075 was well tolerated and had minimal hemodynamic effects following SAH. Administration of the pH-sensitive NMDA antagonist NP10075, but not NP10191, was associated with a durable improvement in the functional performance of both normoglycemic and hyperglycemic animals. NP10075 was also associated with a reduction in vasospasm in the middle cerebral artery associated with hemorrhage. There was no significant difference between treatment with nimodipine + NP10075, as compared to NP10075 alone. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that use of a pH-dependent NMDA antagonist has the potential to work selectively in areas of ischemia known to undergo acidic pH shifts, and thus may be associated with selective regional efficacy and fewer behavioral side effects than non-selective NMDA antagonists.
Collapse
|
16
|
Wood WG, Li L, Müller WE, Eckert GP. Cholesterol as a causative factor in Alzheimer's disease: a debatable hypothesis. J Neurochem 2014; 129:559-72. [PMID: 24329875 PMCID: PMC3999290 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
High serum/plasma cholesterol levels have been suggested as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Some reports, mostly retrospective epidemiological studies, have observed a decreased prevalence of AD in patients taking the cholesterol lowering drugs, statins. The strongest evidence causally linking cholesterol to AD is provided by experimental studies showing that adding/reducing cholesterol alters amyloid precursor protein (APP) and amyloid beta-protein (Ab) levels. However, there are problems with the cholesterol-AD hypothesis. Cholesterol levels in serum/plasma and brain of AD patients do not support cholesterol as a causative factor in AD.Prospective studies on statins and AD have largely failed to show efficacy. Even the experimental data are open to interpretation given that it is well-established that modification of cholesterol levels has effects on multiple proteins, not only amyloid precursor protein and Ab. The purpose of this review, therefore, was to examine the above-mentioned issues, discuss the pros and cons of the cholesterol-AD hypothesis, involvement of other lipids in the mevalonate pathway, and consider that AD may impact cholesterol homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W. Gibson Wood
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VAMC, Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Walter E. Müller
- Department of Pharmacology, Biocenter Niederursel, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-St. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Gunter P. Eckert
- Department of Pharmacology, Biocenter Niederursel, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-St. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Schmidt V, Carlo AS, Willnow TE. Apolipoprotein E receptor pathways in Alzheimer disease. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2014; 6:255-70. [PMID: 24604742 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease affecting millions of patients worldwide. According to the amyloid cascade hypothesis, the formation of neurotoxic oligomers composed of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides is the main mechanism that causes synaptic dysfunction and, eventually, neuronal cell death in this condition. Intriguingly, apolipoprotein E (apoE), the most important genetic risk factor for sporadic AD, emerges as a key factor that contributes to many aspects of the amyloid cascade including the clearance of Aβ from brain interstitial fluid and the ability of this peptide to form neurotoxic oligomers. Central to the activity of apoE in the healthy and in the diseased brain are apoE receptors that interact with this protein to mediate its multiple cellular and systemic effects. This review describes the molecular interactions that link apoE and its cellular receptors with neuronal viability and function, and how defects in these pathways in the brain promote neurodegeneration. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website. CONFLICT OF INTEREST The authors have declared no conflicts of interest for this article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Schmidt
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lei B, Mace B, Bellows ST, Sullivan PM, Vitek MP, Laskowitz DT, James ML. Interaction between sex and apolipoprotein e genetic background in a murine model of intracerebral hemorrhage. Transl Stroke Res 2014; 3:94-101. [PMID: 23935764 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-012-0176-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests sex and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype separately modify outcomes after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). We test the hypothesis that an interaction exists between sex and APOE polymorphism in modifying outcomes after ICH and is altered by administration of exogenous apoE-mimetic peptide. To define the effects of sex and APOE polymorphism in ICH, we created collagenase-induced ICH in male and female APOETR mice (targeted replacement mice homozygous for APOE3 or APOE4 alleles; n=12/group) and assessed performance on Rotarod (RR) and Morris water maze (MWM). To evaluate hematoma formation, we used hematoxylin and eosin staining at 24 h after injury (n=8/group). Using separate cohorts (n=12/group), apoE-mimetic peptide (COG1410 at 2 mg/kg) was administered after ICH, and mice were assessed by RR and MWM. Female mice outperformed male mice via RR and MWM by over 190% improvement through 7 days (RR) and 32 days (MWM) of testing after ICH (p<0.01). Female APOE3TR mice demonstrated improved function compared with all other groups (p<0.05) without any difference in hematoma volume at 24 h after injury in any group. Administration of a therapeutic apoE-mimetic peptide improved RR latencies through 7 days after ICH in male and female APOE4TR mice and MWM latencies over days 28-32 after ICH in male APOE4TR mice (p<0.05). Sex and APOE polymorphism influence functional outcomes in our murine model of ICH. Moreover, administration of exogenous apoE-mimetic peptide after injury differentially modifies the interaction between sex and APOE polymorphism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beilei Lei
- Multidisciplinary Neuroprotection Laboratories, Duke University, 3094, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wardill HR, Bowen JM, Gibson RJ. New pharmacotherapy options for chemotherapy-induced alimentary mucositis. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2014; 14:347-54. [PMID: 24387716 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2014.874412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chemotherapy-induced alimentary mucositis is an extremely common condition that is caused by a breakdown of the mucosal barrier. It occurs in between 40 - 100% of cancer patients depending on the treatment regimen. Symptoms typically include pain from oral ulceration, vomiting and diarrhoea. Alimentary mucositis often necessitates chemotherapy reductions or treatment breaks, overall potentially compromising survival outcomes. Consequently, alimentary mucositis creates a burden not only on patients' quality of life but also on healthcare costs. Despite this, currently, there is no clinically effective localised/pharmacological therapy intervention strategy to prevent alimentary mucositis. AREAS COVERED Over recent years, a number of novel pharmacotherapy agents have been trialed in various preclinical and clinical settings. This critical review will therefore provide an overview of emerging pharmacotherapies for the treatment of alimentary mucositis following chemotherapy with particular emphasis on studies published in the last 2 years. A Pubmed literature search was conducted to identify eligible articles published before 30 November 2013 and each article was reviewed by all authors. All articles were written in English. EXPERT OPINION Currently, there is no clinically effective localised therapeutic intervention strategy to prevent the condition. New emerging areas of research have recently been proposed to play key roles in the development of alimentary mucositis and these areas may provide researchers and clinicians with new research directions. Hopefully this will continue, and evidence-based informed guidelines can be produced to improve clinical practice management of this condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah R Wardill
- University of Adelaide, School of Medical Sciences, Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology , Adelaide , Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Washington PM, Morffy N, Parsadanian M, Zapple DN, Burns MP. Experimental traumatic brain injury induces rapid aggregation and oligomerization of amyloid-beta in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. J Neurotrauma 2013; 31:125-34. [PMID: 24050316 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2013.3017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Soluble amyloid-beta (Aβ) oligomers are hypothesized to be the pathogenic species in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and increased levels of oligomers in the brain subsequent to traumatic brain injury (TBI) may exacerbate secondary injury pathways and underlie increased risk of developing AD in later life. To determine whether TBI causes Aβ aggregation and oligomerization in the brain, we exposed triple transgenic AD model mice to controlled cortical impact injury and measured levels of soluble, insoluble, and oligomeric Aβ by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) at 1, 3, and 7 days postinjury. TBI rapidly increased levels of both soluble and insoluble Aβ40 and Aβ42 in the injured cortex at 1 day postinjury. We confirmed previous findings that identified damaged axons as a major site of Aβ accumulation using both immunohistochemistry and biochemistry. We also report that soluble Aβ oligomers were significantly increased in the injured cortex, as demonstrated by both ELISA and Western blot. Interestingly, the mouse brain is able to rapidly clear trauma-induced Aβ, with both soluble and insoluble Aβ species returning to sham levels by 7 days postinjury. In conclusion, we demonstrate that TBI causes acute accumulation and aggregation of Aβ in the brain, including the formation of low- and high-molecular-weight Aβ oligomers. The formation and aggregation of Aβ into toxic species acutely after injury may play a role in secondary injury cascades after trauma and, chronically, may contribute to increased risk of developing AD in later life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M Washington
- 1 Laboratory for Brain Injury and Dementia, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center , Washington, DC
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Youmans KL, Tai LM, Nwabuisi-Heath E, Jungbauer L, Kanekiyo T, Gan M, Kim J, Eimer WA, Estus S, Rebeck GW, Weeber EJ, Bu G, Yu C, LaDu MJ. APOE4-specific changes in Aβ accumulation in a new transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer disease. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:41774-86. [PMID: 23060451 PMCID: PMC3516726 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.407957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
APOE4 is the greatest risk factor for Alzheimer disease (AD) and synergistic effects with amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) suggest interactions among apoE isoforms and different forms of Aβ accumulation. However, it remains unclear how the APOE genotype affects plaque morphology, intraneuronal Aβ, soluble Aβ42, and oligomeric Aβ (oAβ), particularly in vivo. As the introduction of human APOE significantly delays amyloid deposition in transgenic mice expressing familial AD (FAD) mutations (FAD-Tg), 5xFAD-Tg mice, which exhibit amyloid deposition by age 2 months, were crossed with apoE-targeted replacement mice to produce the new EFAD-Tg mice. Compared with 5xFAD mice, Aβ deposition was delayed by ∼4 months in the EFAD mice, allowing detection of early changes in Aβ accumulation from 2-6 months. Although plaque deposition is generally greater in E4FAD mice, E2/E3FAD mice have significantly more diffuse and E4FAD more compact plaques. As a first report in FAD-Tg mice, the APOE genotypes had no effect on intraneuronal Aβ accumulation in EFAD mice. In E4FAD mice, total apoE levels were lower and total Aβ levels higher than in E2FAD and E3FAD mice. Profiles from sequential three-step extractions (TBS, detergent, and formic acid) demonstrated that the lower level of total apoE4 is reflected only in the detergent-soluble fraction, indicating that less apoE4 is lipoprotein-associated, and perhaps less lipidated, compared with apoE2 and apoE3. Soluble Aβ42 and oAβ levels were highest in E4FAD mice, although soluble apoE2, apoE3, and apoE4 levels were comparable, suggesting that the differences in soluble Aβ42 and oAβ result from functional differences among the apoE isoforms. Thus, APOE differentially regulates multiple aspects of Aβ accumulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L. Youmans
- From the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Leon M. Tai
- From the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Evelyn Nwabuisi-Heath
- From the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Lisa Jungbauer
- From the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Takahisa Kanekiyo
- the Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida 32224
| | - Ming Gan
- the Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida 32224
| | - Jungsu Kim
- the Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - William A. Eimer
- the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Steve Estus
- the Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - G. William Rebeck
- the Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, D. C. 20057, and
| | - Edwin J. Weeber
- the Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33613
| | - Guojun Bu
- the Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida 32224
| | - Chunjiang Yu
- From the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Mary Jo LaDu
- From the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wang H, Anderson LG, Lascola CD, James ML, Venkatraman TN, Bennett ER, Acheson SK, Vitek MP, Laskowitz DT. ApolipoproteinE mimetic peptides improve outcome after focal ischemia. Exp Neurol 2012; 241:67-74. [PMID: 23219883 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 11/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Growing clinical evidence implicates isoform-specific effects of apolipoprotein E (apoE) in reducing neuroinflammation and mediating adaptive responses following ischemic and traumatic brain injury. However, the intact apoE holoprotein does not cross the blood-brain barrier and thus has limited therapeutic potential. We have created a small peptide, COG1410 (acetyl-AS-Aib-LRKL-Aib-KRLL-amide), derived from the apoE receptor-binding region. COG1410 retains the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective biological properties of the intact holoprotein and penetrates the blood-brain barrier. In the current study, we utilized a murine model of transient focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion to demonstrate that intravenous (IV) administration of COG1410 reduces infarct volume and radiographic progression of infarct, and improves functional outcome as assessed by rotarod when delivered up to 4h after ischemia onset.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haichen Wang
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ghosal K, Stathopoulos A, Thomas D, Phenis D, Vitek MP, Pimplikar SW. The apolipoprotein-E-mimetic COG112 protects amyloid precursor protein intracellular domain-overexpressing animals from Alzheimer's disease-like pathological features. NEURODEGENER DIS 2012; 12:51-8. [PMID: 22965147 DOI: 10.1159/000341299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides derive from the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and play a pivotal role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Our previous work showed that the APP intracellular domain (AICD), which is produced simultaneously with Aβ, also contributes to the development of AD-like features. Studies show that administration of apolipoprotein E (apoE) and apoE-derived small peptide mimetics protect AD mouse models against these AD-like features. However, the effects of apoE-mimetic treatment on AICD-mediated AD-like pathologies remain to be elucidated. OBJECTIVE To study the effects of an apoE mimetic (COG112) on neuroinflammation, hyperphosphorylation of tau and defects in adult neurogenesis in AICD- overexpressing transgenic mice (FeCγ25 line). METHODS Beginning at 1 month of age, animals were administered subcutaneous COG112 3 times per week for 3 months, followed by immunohistochemical analysis for neuroinflammation, neurogenesis and phosphorylated tau. RESULTS Treatment with COG112 significantly reduced neuroinflammation in AICD mice and protected against impaired adult hippocampal neurogenesis. We also found that COG112 treatment reduced hyperphosphorylation and somatodendritic accumulation of tau in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of AICD mice. CONCLUSIONS Reduction of neuroinflammation by the apoE-mimetic COG112 protects against impaired neurogenesis and tau pathology in AICD transgenic mice. These data suggest that neuroinflammation plays an important role in AICD-induced AD-like pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik Ghosal
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Azevedo OGR, Oliveira RAC, Oliveira BC, Zaja-Milatovic S, Araújo CV, Wong DVT, Costa TB, Lucena HBM, Lima RCP, Ribeiro RA, Warren CA, Lima AÂM, Vitek MP, Guerrant RL, Oriá RB. Apolipoprotein E COG 133 mimetic peptide improves 5-fluorouracil-induced intestinal mucositis. BMC Gastroenterol 2012; 12:35. [PMID: 22524518 PMCID: PMC3398852 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-12-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intestinal mucositis is one of the major troublesome side effects of anticancer chemotherapy leading to poor patient compliance. In this study we addressed the role of the novel apolipoprotein E (ApoE) COG 133 mimetic peptide in 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-challenged Swiss mice and IEC-6 cell monolayers. Experiments were also conducted in C57BL6J ApoE knock-out mice to assess the effects of apoE peptide treatment. Methods Experimental groups were as follows: unchallenged controls, 5-FU-challenged mice (450 mg/kg, i.p) with or without the ApoE peptide (0.3, 1, and 3 μM, given twice daily i.p. for 4 days). Mice were sacrificed 3 days after 5-FU challenge. Proximal small intestinal samples were harvested for molecular biology and histological processing. We conducted ELISA assays and RT-PCR to target IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-10, iNOS, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) to assess intestinal inflammation. Cell death and NF-κB assays were also conducted in apoE knock-out mice. In our in vitro models, IEC-6 cells were exposed to 1 mM of 5-FU in glutamine free media with or without the ApoE peptide (0.02, 0.2, 2, 5, 10, and 20 μM). We investigated IEC-6 cell proliferation and migration, 24 h after the 5-FU challenge. Additionally, apoptotic IEC-6 cells were measured by Tunel and flow cytometry. Equimolar doses of the ApoA-I (D4-F) peptide were also used in some experiments for comparative studies. Results Villus blunting and heavy inflammatory infiltrates were seen in the 5-FU-challenged group, findings that were partially ameliorated by the ApoE peptide. We found increased intestinal MPO and pro-inflammatory IL-1β and TNF-α levels, and TNF-α and iNOS transcripts, and reduction of IL-10 following 5-FU treatment, each of which were partially abrogated by the peptide. Improvements were also found in IEC-6 cell apoptosis and migration following ApoE and D-4F treatment. Conclusion Altogether, these findings suggest that the novel ApoE COG 133 mimetic peptide can reduce 5-FU-induced intestinal changes and potentially benefit mucositis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Orleâncio Gomes R Azevedo
- Center for Global Health, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Carter Harrison Bldg MR-6, 625 Crispell Drive, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Traumatic brain injury, microglia, and Beta amyloid. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2012; 2012:608732. [PMID: 22666622 PMCID: PMC3359797 DOI: 10.1155/2012/608732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, there has been growing interest in the association between traumatic brain injury (TBI) and Alzheimer's Disease (AD). TBI and AD share many pathologic features including chronic inflammation and the accumulation of beta amyloid (Aβ). Data from both AD and TBI studies suggest that microglia play a central role in Aβ accumulation after TBI. This paper focuses on the current research on the role of microglia response to Aβ after TBI.
Collapse
|
26
|
Sharifov OF, Nayyar G, Garber DW, Handattu SP, Mishra VK, Goldberg D, Anantharamaiah GM, Gupta H. Apolipoprotein E mimetics and cholesterol-lowering properties. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2012; 11:371-81. [PMID: 22149316 DOI: 10.2165/11594190-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a ligand for clearance of lipoprotein remnants such as chylomicrons and very low-density lipoproteins. It has anti-atherogenic and anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, there is extensive ongoing research to create peptides that can mimic properties of apoE. A number of synthetic peptides that encompass different regions of apoE have been studied for inhibiting inflammatory states, including Alzheimer disease. However, peptides that clear atherogenic lipoproteins, analogous to apoE, via enhanced hepatic uptake have not been previously reviewed. Toward this end, we describe the design and studies of a dual-domain apoE mimetic peptide, Ac-hE18A-NH(2). This peptide consists of residues 141-150, the putative receptor-binding region of human apoE, covalently linked to a well characterized class A amphipathic helix, 18A, which has no sequence homology to any other exchangeable apolipoprotein sequences. It demonstrates dramatic effects in reducing plasma cholesterol levels in dyslipidemic mouse and rabbit models. We discuss the scientific rationale and review the literature for the design and efficacy of the peptide. Analogous to apoE, this peptide bypasses the low-density lipoprotein receptor for the hepatic uptake of atherogenic lipoproteins via heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG). ApoE mimetics such as Ac-hE18A-NH(2) may therefore restore or replace ligands in genetically induced hyperlipidemias to enable reduction in atherogenic lipoproteins via HSPG even in the absence of functional low-density lipoprotein receptors. Therefore, this and similar peptides may be useful in the treatment of dyslipidemic disorders such as familial hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oleg F Sharifov
- Departments of Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and the Atherosclerosis Research Unit, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sivanandam TM, Thakur MK. Traumatic brain injury: a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012; 36:1376-81. [PMID: 22390915 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2011] [Revised: 02/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) constitutes a major global health and socio-economic problem with neurobehavioral sequelae contributing to long-term disability. It causes brain swelling, axonal injury and hypoxia, disrupts blood brain barrier function and increases inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, neurodegeneration and leads to cognitive impairment. Epidemiological studies show that 30% of patients, who die of TBI, have Aβ plaques which are pathological features of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Thus TBI acts as an important epigenetic risk factor for AD. This review focuses on AD related genes which are expressed during TBI and its relevance to progression of the disease. Such understanding will help to diagnose the risk of TBI patients to develop AD and design therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thamil Mani Sivanandam
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Rossello XS, Igbavboa U, Weisman GA, Sun GY, Wood WG. AP-2β regulates amyloid beta-protein stimulation of apolipoprotein E transcription in astrocytes. Brain Res 2012; 1444:87-95. [PMID: 22325097 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Two key players involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD) are amyloid beta protein (Aβ) and apolipoprotein E (apoE). Aβ increases apoE protein levels in astrocytes which is associated with cholesterol trafficking, neuroinflammatory responses and Aβ clearance. The mechanism for the increase in apoE protein abundance is not understood. Based on different lines of evidence, we propose that the beta-adrenergic receptor (βAR), cAMP and the transcription factor activator protein-2 (AP-2) are contributors to the Aβ-induced increase in apoE abundance. This hypothesis was tested in mouse primary astrocytes and in cells transfected with an apoE promoter fragment with binding sites for AP-2. Aβ(42) induced a time-dependent increase in apoE mRNA and protein levels which were significantly inhibited by βAR antagonists. A novel finding was that Aβ incubation significantly reduced AP-2α levels and significantly increased AP-2β levels in the nuclear fraction. The impact of Aβ-induced translocation of AP-2 into the nucleus was demonstrated in cells expressing AP-2 and incubated with Aβ(42). AP-2 expressing cells had enhanced activation of the apoE promoter region containing AP-2 binding sites in contrast to AP-2 deficient cells. The transcriptional upregulation of apoE expression by Aβ(42) may be a neuroprotective response to Aβ-induced cytotoxicity, consistent with apoE's role in cytoprotection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ximena S Rossello
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VAMC, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Crawford F, Crynen G, Reed J, Mouzon B, Bishop A, Katz B, Ferguson S, Phillips J, Ganapathi V, Mathura V, Roses A, Mullan M. Identification of plasma biomarkers of TBI outcome using proteomic approaches in an APOE mouse model. J Neurotrauma 2011; 29:246-60. [PMID: 21895520 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2011.1789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The current lack of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for traumatic brain injury (TBI) confounds treatment and management of patients and is of increasing concern as the TBI population grows. We have generated plasma proteomic profiles from mice receiving TBI by controlled cortical impact at either 1.3 mm or 1.8 mm depth, comparing these against those of sham injured-animals to identify plasma biomarkers specific to mild or severe TBI at 24 hours, 1 month, or 3 months post-injury. To identify possible prognostic biomarkers, we used apolipoprotein E (APOE)3 and APOE4 transgenic mice, which demonstrate relatively favorable and unfavorable outcomes respectively, following TBI. Using a quantitative proteomics approach (isobaric tagging for relative and absolute quantitation--iTRAQ) we have identified proteins that are significantly modulated as a function of TBI and also in response to the TBI*APOE genotype interaction, the latter representing potential prognostic biomarkers. These preliminary data clearly demonstrate plasma protein changes that are not only injury dependent but also interaction dependent. Importantly, these results demonstrate the presence of TBI-dependent and interaction-dependent plasma proteins at a 3-month time point, which is a considerable time post-injury in the mouse model, and will potentially be of significance for combat veterans receiving assessment at extended periods post-injury. Furthermore, our identification of clusters of functionally related proteins indicates disturbance of particular biological modules, which potentially increases their value beyond that of solitary biomarkers.
Collapse
|
30
|
Zhang XM, Mao XJ, Zhang HL, Zheng XY, Pham T, Adem A, Winblad B, Mix E, Zhu J. Overexpression of apolipoprotein E4 increases kainic-acid-induced hippocampal neurodegeneration. Exp Neurol 2011; 233:323-32. [PMID: 22079154 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (apoE) has an intricate biological function in modulating immune responses and apoE isoforms exhibit diverse effects on neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory disorders. In the present study, we investigated the individual roles of apoE isoforms in the kainic acid (KA)-induced hippocampal neurodegeneration with focus on immune response and microglia functions. ApoE2, 3 and 4 transgenic mice as well as wild-type (WT) mice were treated with KA by intranasal route. ApoE4 overexpressing mice revealed several peculiarities as compared with other transgenic mice and WT mice, i.e. (1) they had more severe KA-induced seizures than apoE2 and 3 mice, (2) they exhibited neuron loss in hippocampus that was higher than in apoE2, 3 and WT mice, (3) KA administration resulted in higher counts of their head drops in the cross-area of elevated plus-maze, (4) they showed lower KA-induced rearing activity than apoE2 mice in the open-field test, (5) their KA-induced microglial expression of MHC-II and CD86 was elevated compared to apoE3 mice, (6) the KA-induced increase of microglial iNOS was higher than that in the other groups of mice, and (7) the TNF-α and IL-6 expression was decreased 7 days after KA application compared to untreated mice and mice treated 1 day with KA. However, the signaling pathway of NFκB or Akt seemed not to be involved in apoE-isoform dependent susceptibility to KA-induced neurotoxicity. In conclusion, over-expression of apoE4 deteriorated KA-induced hippocampal neurodegeneration in C57BL/6 mice, which might result from a higher up-regulation of microglia activation compared to apoE2 and 3 transgenic mice and WT mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Mei Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Namjoshi D, Stukas S, Wellington CL. ABCA1, apoE and apoA-I as potential therapeutic targets for treating Alzheimer’s disease. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2011. [DOI: 10.2217/nmt.11.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY The association between apoE genotype and risk and age of onset for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) was first discovered in 1993. Innumerable studies since then have defined Aβ-dependent and Aβ-independent roles for apoE in AD pathogenesis. Although therapeutic approaches that specifically target apoE are not yet developed for AD, apoE may have a more fundamental role in brain physiology than previously appreciated. ApoE is the major apolipoprotein in the CNS, coordinating the uptake and delivery of lipids among various cell types in the brain. ApoE receives lipids from the membrane-bound cholesterol and phospholipid transporter ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1). Genetic and pharmacological methods to enhance ABCA1 activity generate lipid-rich apoE particles and provide cognitive and neuropathological benefits in animal models of AD. Recent studies on apoA-I, which is the major lipid acceptor for ABCA1 in peripheral tissues and is also present in the CNS, suggest that increasing apoA-I function may also have neuroprotective effects. In this article, we will discuss the potential of ABCA1, apoE and apoA-I as therapeutic targets for the treatment of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhananjay Namjoshi
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Sophie Stukas
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Chrzaszcz M, Venkatesan C, Dragisic T, Watterson DM, Wainwright MS. Minozac treatment prevents increased seizure susceptibility in a mouse "two-hit" model of closed skull traumatic brain injury and electroconvulsive shock-induced seizures. J Neurotrauma 2011; 27:1283-95. [PMID: 20486807 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2009.1227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms linking traumatic brain injury (TBI) to post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) are not known and no therapy for prevention of PTE is available. We used a mouse closed-skull midline impact model to test the hypotheses that TBI increases susceptibility to seizures in a "two-hit" injury model, and that suppression of cytokine upregulation after the first hit will attenuate the increased susceptibility to the second neurological insult. Adult male CD-1 mice underwent midline closed skull pneumatic impact. At 3 and 6 h after impact or sham procedure, the mice were injected IP with either Minozac (Mzc), a suppressor of proinflammatory cytokine upregulation, or vehicle (saline). On day 7 after sham operation or TBI, seizures were induced using electroconvulsive shock (ECS), and susceptibility to seizures was measured by the current required for seizure induction. Activation of glia, neuronal injury, and metallothionein-immunoreactive cells were quantified in the hippocampus by immunohistochemical methods. Neurobehavioral function over 14-day recovery was quantified using the Barnes maze. Following TBI there was a significant increase in susceptibility to seizures induced by ECS, and this susceptibility was prevented by suppression of cytokine upregulation with Mzc. Astrocyte activation, metallothionein expression, and neurobehavioral impairment were also increased in the two-hit group subjected to combined TBI and ECS. These enhanced responses in the two-hit group were also prevented by suppression of proinflammatory cytokine upregulation with Mzc. These data implicate glial activation in the mechanisms of epileptogenesis after TBI, and identify a potential therapeutic approach to attenuate the delayed neurological sequelae of TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- MaryAnn Chrzaszcz
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Loane DJ, Washington PM, Vardanian L, Pocivavsek A, Hoe HS, Duff KE, Cernak I, Rebeck GW, Faden AI, Burns MP. Modulation of ABCA1 by an LXR agonist reduces β-amyloid levels and improves outcome after traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2011; 28:225-36. [PMID: 21175399 PMCID: PMC3037807 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2010.1595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) increases brain beta-amyloid (Aβ) in humans and animals. Although the role of Aβ in the injury cascade is unknown, multiple preclinical studies have demonstrated a correlation between reduced Aβ and improved outcome. Therefore, therapeutic strategies that enhance Aβ clearance may be beneficial after TBI. Increased levels of ATP-binding cassette A1 (ABCA1) transporters can enhance Aβ clearance through an apolipoprotein E (apoE)-mediated pathway. By measuring Aβ and ABCA1 after experimental TBI in C57BL/6J mice, we found that Aβ peaked early after injury (1-3 days), whereas ABCA1 had a delayed response (beginning at 3 days). As ABCA1 levels increased, Aβ levels returned to baseline levels-consistent with the known role of ABCA1 in Aβ clearance. To test if enhancing ABCA1 levels could block TBI-induced Aβ, we treated TBI mice with the liver X-receptor (LXR) agonist T0901317. Pre- and post-injury treatment increased ABCA1 levels at 24 h post-injury, and reduced the TBI-induced increase in Aβ. This reduction in Aβ was not due to decreased amyloid precursor protein processing, or a shift in the solubility of Aβ, indicating enhanced clearance. T0901317 also limited motor coordination deficits in injured mice and reduced brain lesion volume. These data indicate that activation of LXR can reduce Aβ accumulation after TBI, and is accompanied by improved functional recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J. Loane
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock Trauma and Anesthesiology Research, National Study Center for Trauma and EMS, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Lilit Vardanian
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C
| | - Ana Pocivavsek
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C
| | - Hyang-Sook Hoe
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C
| | - Karen E. Duff
- Department of Pathology, Taub Institute for Alzheimer Disease Research, and Integrative Neuroscience New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Ibolja Cernak
- Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, Maryland
| | - G. William Rebeck
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C
| | - Alan I. Faden
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock Trauma and Anesthesiology Research, National Study Center for Trauma and EMS, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mark P. Burns
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Elliott DA, Weickert CS, Garner B. Apolipoproteins in the brain: implications for neurological and psychiatric disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 51:555-573. [PMID: 21423873 DOI: 10.2217/clp.10.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The brain is the most lipid-rich organ in the body and, owing to the impermeable nature of the blood-brain barrier, lipid and lipoprotein metabolism within this organ is distinct from the rest of the body. Apolipoproteins play a well-established role in the transport and metabolism of lipids within the CNS; however, evidence is emerging that they also fulfill a number of functions that extend beyond lipid transport and are critical for healthy brain function. The importance of apolipoproteins in brain physiology is highlighted by genetic studies, where apolipoprotein gene polymorphisms have been identified as risk factors for several neurological diseases. Furthermore, the expression of brain apolipoproteins is significantly altered in several brain disorders. The purpose of this article is to provide an up-to-date assessment of the major apolipoproteins found in the brain (ApoE, ApoJ, ApoD and ApoA-I), covering their proposed roles and the factors influencing their level of expression. Particular emphasis is placed on associations with neurological and psychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Elliott
- Prince of Wales Medical Research Institute, Randwick, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
James ML, Wang H, Venkatraman T, Song P, Lascola CD, Laskowitz DT. Brain natriuretic peptide improves long-term functional recovery after acute CNS injury in mice. J Neurotrauma 2010; 27:217-28. [PMID: 19803787 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2009.1022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
There is emerging evidence to suggest that brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) is elevated after acute brain injury, and that it may play an adaptive role in recovery through augmentation of cerebral blood flow (CBF). Through a series of experiments, we tested the hypothesis that the administration of BNP after different acute mechanisms of central nervous system (CNS) injury could improve functional recovery by improving CBF. C57 wild-type mice were exposed to either pneumatic-induced closed traumatic brain injury (TBI) or collagenase-induced intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). After injury, either nesiritide (hBNP) (8 microg/kg) or normal saline were administered via tail vein injection at 30 min and 4 h. The mice then underwent functional neurological testing via rotorod latency over the following 5 days and neurocognitive testing via Morris water maze testing on days 24-28. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was assessed by laser Doppler from 25 to 90 min after injury. After ICH, mRNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and histochemical staining were performed during the acute injury phase (<24 h) to determine the effects on inflammation. Following TBI and ICH, administration of hBNP was associated with improved functional performance as assessed by rotorod and Morris water maze latencies (p < 0.01). CBF was increased (p < 0.05), and inflammatory markers (TNF-alpha and IL-6; p < 0.05), activated microglial (F4/80; p < 0.05), and neuronal degeneration (Fluoro-Jade B; p < 0.05) were reduced in mice receiving hBNP. hBNP improves neurological function in murine models of TBI and ICH, and was associated with enhanced CBF and downregulation of neuroinflammatory responses. hBNP may represent a novel therapeutic strategy after acute CNS injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael L James
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Luo J, Maréchal JD, Wärmländer S, Gräslund A, Perálvarez-Marín A. In silico analysis of the apolipoprotein E and the amyloid beta peptide interaction: misfolding induced by frustration of the salt bridge network. PLoS Comput Biol 2010; 6:e1000663. [PMID: 20140182 PMCID: PMC2816681 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 12/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and the aggregation processes of the amyloid β (Aβ) peptide has been shown to be crucial for Alzheimer's disease (AD). The presence of the ApoE4 isoform is considered to be a contributing risk factor for AD. However, the detailed molecular properties of ApoE4 interacting with the Aβ peptide are unknown, although various mechanisms have been proposed to explain the physiological and pathological role of this relationship. Here, computer simulations have been used to investigate the process of Aβ interaction with the N-terminal domain of the human ApoE isoforms (ApoE2, ApoE3 and ApoE4). Molecular docking combined with molecular dynamics simulations have been undertaken to determine the Aβ peptide binding sites and the relative stability of binding to each of the ApoE isoforms. Our results show that from the several ApoE isoforms investigated, only ApoE4 presents a misfolded intermediate when bound to Aβ. Moreover, the initial α-helix used as the Aβ peptide model structure also becomes unstructured due to the interaction with ApoE4. These structural changes appear to be related to a rearrangement of the salt bridge network in ApoE4, for which we propose a model. It seems plausible that ApoE4 in its partially unfolded state is incapable of performing the clearance of Aβ, thereby promoting amyloid forming processes. Hence, the proposed model can be used to identify potential drug binding sites in the ApoE4-Aβ complex, where the interaction between the two molecules can be inhibited. Unraveling the molecular details of the interaction between apolipoprotein E and the amyloid β peptide will yield insights into the relationship between Alzheimer's disease and lipid transport and metabolism. The isoform E4 of apolipoprotein E has been shown to be closely related to Alzheimer's disease. We have therefore used a computational approach to depict a detailed interaction map for this peptide-lipoprotein interaction. The simulation shows that the specific formation of the lipoprotein isoform E4 and the peptide complex affects the structure of the lipoprotein and the peptide. We suggest that this is related to some of the pathogenic effects in Alzheimer's disease. Our results provide a molecular model to work with for the design of potential therapeutic agents capable of modulating this interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinghui Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jean-Didier Maréchal
- Unitat de Química Física, Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Sebastian Wärmländer
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Astrid Gräslund
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alex Perálvarez-Marín
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Unitat de Biofísica, Departament de Bioquímica i de Biologia Molecular i Centre d'Estudis en Biofísica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Wible EF, Laskowitz DT. Statins in traumatic brain injury. Neurotherapeutics 2010; 7:62-73. [PMID: 20129498 PMCID: PMC5084113 DOI: 10.1016/j.nurt.2009.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2009] [Revised: 11/17/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common cause of long-term neurological morbidity, with devastating personal and societal consequences. At present, no pharmacological intervention clearly improves outcomes, and therefore a compelling unmet clinical need remains. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, or "statins," offer a potential novel therapeutic strategy for TBI. Statins are well tolerated, easy to administer, and have a long clinical track record in critically ill patients. Their side effects are well defined and easily monitored. Preclinical studies have shown significant benefit of statins in models of TBI and related disease processes, including cerebral ischemia, intracerebral hemorrhage, and subarachnoid hemorrhage. In fact, multiple mechanisms have been defined by which statins may exert benefit after acute brain injury. Statins are currently positioned to be translated into clinical trials in acute brain injury and have the potential to improve outcomes after TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elissa F. Wible
- grid.26009.3d0000000419367961Department of Medicine (Neurology), Duke University School of Medicine, 27710 Durham, North Carolina
| | - Daniel T. Laskowitz
- grid.26009.3d0000000419367961Department of Medicine (Neurology), Duke University School of Medicine, 27710 Durham, North Carolina
- grid.26009.3d0000000419367961Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, 27710 Durham, North Carolina
- grid.26009.3d0000000419367961Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, 27710 Durham, North Carolina
- grid.189509.c0000000100241216Duke University Medical Center, Box 2900, 27710 Durham, NC
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Moran LM, Taylor HG, Ganesalingam K, Gastier-Foster JM, Frick J, Bangert B, Dietrich A, Nuss KE, Rusin J, Wright M, Yeates KO. Apolipoprotein E4 as a predictor of outcomes in pediatric mild traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2009; 26:1489-95. [PMID: 19645623 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2008.0767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The epsilon4 allele of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene has been linked to negative outcomes among adults with traumatic brain injury (TBI) across the spectrum of severity, with preliminary evidence suggesting a similar pattern among children. This study investigated the relationship of the APOE epsilon4 allele to outcomes in children with mild TBI. Participants in this prospective, longitudinal study included 99 children with mild TBI between the ages of 8 and 15 recruited from consecutive admissions to Emergency Departments at two large children's hospitals. Outcomes were assessed acutely in the Emergency Department and at follow-ups at 2 weeks, 3 months, and 12 months post-injury. Among the 99 participants, 28 had at least one epsilon4 allele. Children with and without an epsilon4 allele did not differ demographically. Children with an epsilon4 allele were significantly more likely than those without an epsilon4 allele to have a Glasgow Coma Scale score of less than 15, but the groups did not differ on any other measures of injury severity. Those with an epsilon4 allele exhibited better performance than children without an epsilon4 allele on a test of constructional skill, but the groups did not differ on any other neuropsychological tests. Children with and without an epsilon4 allele also did not differ on measures of post-concussive symptoms. Overall, the findings suggest that the APOE epsilon4 allele is not consistently related to the outcomes of mild TBI in children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Moran
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Sarantseva S, Timoshenko S, Bolshakova O, Karaseva E, Rodin D, Schwarzman AL, Vitek MP. Apolipoprotein E-mimetics inhibit neurodegeneration and restore cognitive functions in a transgenic Drosophila model of Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8191. [PMID: 19997607 PMCID: PMC2782140 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mutations of the amyloid precursor protein gene (APP) are found in familial forms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and some lead to the elevated production of amyloid-β-protein (Aβ). While Aβ has been implicated in the causation of AD, the exact role played by Aβ and its APP precursor are still unclear. Principal Findings In our study, Drosophila melanogaster transgenics were established as a model to analyze AD-like pathology caused by APP overexpression. We demonstrated that age related changes in the levels and pattern of synaptic proteins accompanied progressive neurodegeneration and impairment of cognitive functions in APP transgenic flies, but that these changes may be independent from the generation of Aβ. Using novel peptide mimetics of Apolipoprotein-E, COG112 or COG133 proved to be neuroprotective and significantly improved the learning and memory of APP transgenic flies. Conclusions The development of neurodegeneration and cognitive deficits was corrected by injections of COG112 or COG133, novel mimetics of apolipoprotein-E (apoE) with neuroprotective activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Sarantseva
- Petersburg Institute of Nuclear Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gatchina, Russia
| | - Svetlana Timoshenko
- Petersburg Institute of Nuclear Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gatchina, Russia
| | - Olga Bolshakova
- Petersburg Institute of Nuclear Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gatchina, Russia
| | - Eugenia Karaseva
- Petersburg Institute of Nuclear Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gatchina, Russia
| | - Dmitry Rodin
- Petersburg Institute of Nuclear Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gatchina, Russia
| | - Alexander L. Schwarzman
- Petersburg Institute of Nuclear Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gatchina, Russia
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Michael P. Vitek
- Division of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Cognosci, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Crutcher KA, Lilley HN, Anthony SR, Zhou W, Narayanaswami V. Full-length apolipoprotein E protects against the neurotoxicity of an apoE-related peptide. Brain Res 2009; 1306:106-15. [PMID: 19836363 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Revised: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E was found to protect against the neurotoxic effects of a dimeric peptide derived from the receptor-binding region of this protein (residues 141-149). Both apoE3 and apoE4 conferred protection but the major N-terminal fragment of each isoform did not. Nor was significant protection provided by bovine serum albumin or apoA-I. Full-length apoE3 and apoE4 also inhibited the uptake of a fluorescent-labeled derivative of the peptide, suggesting that the mechanism of inhibition might involve competition for cell surface receptors/proteoglycans that mediate endocytosis and/or signaling pathways. These results might bear on the question of the role of apoE in neuronal degeneration, such as occurs in Alzheimer's disease where apoE4 confers a significantly greater risk of pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K A Crutcher
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
James ML, Blessing R, Bennett E, Laskowitz DT. Apolipoprotein E modifies neurological outcome by affecting cerebral edema but not hematoma size after intracerebral hemorrhage in humans. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2009; 18:144-9. [PMID: 19251191 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2008.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2008] [Revised: 09/10/2008] [Accepted: 09/12/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To address the mechanisms by which apoE polymorphism affects functional outcome after intracerebral hemorrhage in humans, we tested the hypothesis that the presence of the APOE4 allele results in amplified inflammatory responses and increased cerebral edema. METHODS We prospectively enrolled and collected data on 21 adult patients consecutively admitted to Duke University Hospital with supratentorial intracerebral hematoma including hemorrhage volume, midline shift, modified Rankin Score, Glasgow Outcome Score, and APOE genotype. Hemorrhage size (cm(3)) and midline shift (mm), at the level of the thalamus, were measured by computed tomography within 36 hours of admission. Rankin and Glasgow Scores were determined at discharge. Student's t-test was used to analyze hemorrhage size, midline shift, and Glasgow Outcome Score and logistical regression were used to measure allele affect on modified Rankin Score. When analyzing modified Rankin Score, patients were grouped by favorable outcome (0-2) or unfavorable (3-6). RESULTS Out of 21 patients, 11 possessed at least 1 APOE4 allele (APOE4+). There was no difference in hemorrhage volume (25.8 v 38.3 mm for APOE4- v APOE4+, respectively) between the groups, but there was a significant difference in midline shift (P = .04, 0.7 v 4 mm). Functional outcomes were worse for the patients possessing at least 1 APOE4 allele (P = .04) CONCLUSION The presence of APOE4 is associated with poor functional outcomes in humans after intracerebral hemorrhage. Our data suggest that the mechanism for this may be increased cerebral edema and not larger hematoma volume.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael L James
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Lanterna LAL, Biroli F. Significance of apolipoprotein E in subarachnoid hemorrhage: neuronal injury, repair, and therapeutic perspectives--a review. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2009; 18:116-23. [PMID: 19251187 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2008.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) strikes individuals at a young age with devastating neurologic consequences. Classic formulations that correlate complications and outcome with clinical variables do not explain all the heterogeneity that is usually found in clinical practice. The role of genetic predisposition has recently been investigated. Particular attention has been paid to the apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype that encodes for a polymorphic protein existing as 3 isoforms (apoE2, apoE3, apoE4), products of alleles E2, E3, and E4 at a single gene locus. ApoE is produced by astrocytes and exerts complex neuroprotective functions that make it a hub of the biochemical network of SAH. The neuroprotective effectiveness of the apoE4 isoform is reduced with respect to the others and this has made the E4 allele a risk factor candidate. Recently published observational studies and meta-analyses suggested that the APOE genotype may strongly improve the usual predictive model with the possibility of optimizing clinical decisions according to the individual's needs. Furthermore, the clinical results, together with new biological insights, suggest that SAH may be a possible candidate for the ongoing research on apoE-based neuroprotective therapy. This article reviews the clinical studies, analyzes their methodology, and surveys the biological links between the physiopathology of SAH and apoE and the possible prospects.
Collapse
|
43
|
Crawford F, Wood M, Ferguson S, Mathura V, Gupta P, Humphrey J, Mouzon B, Laporte V, Margenthaler E, O'Steen B, Hayes R, Roses A, Mullan M. Apolipoprotein E-genotype dependent hippocampal and cortical responses to traumatic brain injury. Neuroscience 2009; 159:1349-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2008] [Revised: 01/14/2009] [Accepted: 01/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
44
|
Remaley AT, Amar M, Sviridov D. HDL-replacement therapy: mechanism of action, types of agents and potential clinical indications. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2009; 6:1203-15. [PMID: 18939908 DOI: 10.1586/14779072.6.9.1203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
HDL-replacement therapy is a promising new treatment strategy involving the acute administration of HDL to rapidly stabilize patients at imminent risk for developing a myocardial infarction, such as those with acute coronary syndrome. This review will first focus on the anti-atherogenic mechanisms for HDL, such as the stimulation of the reverse cholesterol transport pathway, and then discuss the other potential beneficial biological effects of HDL on atherosclerosis. The various types of HDL-replacement therapies that are being investigated and developed will be reviewed and ongoing clinical trials and other possible clinical indications for HDL-replacement therapy besides the prevention of myocardial infarction will also be described. Finally, HDL-replacement therapy will be put into perspective by summarizing the current gaps in our knowledge of HDL metabolism and identifying challenges for future research in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan T Remaley
- National Institutes of Health, Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Pulmonary and Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-21508, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Toma HS, Murina AT, Areaux RG, Neumann DM, Bhattacharjee PS, Foster TP, Kaufman HE, Hill JM. Ocular HSV-1 latency, reactivation and recurrent disease. Semin Ophthalmol 2008; 23:249-73. [PMID: 18584563 DOI: 10.1080/08820530802111085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ocular infection with HSV-1 continues to be a serious clinical problem despite the availability of effective antivirals. Primary infection with HSV-1 can involve ocular and adenaxial sites and can manifest as blepharitis, conjunctivitis, or corneal epithelial keratitis. After initial ocular infection, HSV-1 can establish latent infection in the trigeminal ganglia for the lifetime of the host. During latency, the viral genome is retained in the neuron without producing viral proteins. However, abundant transcription occurs at the region encoding the latency-associated transcript, which may play significant roles in the maintenance of latency as well as neuronal reactivation. Many host and viral factors are involved in HSV-1 reactivation from latency. HSV-1 DNA is shed into tears and saliva of most adults, but in most cases this does not result in lesions. Recurrent disease occurs as HSV-1 is carried by anterograde transport to the original site of infection, or any other site innervated by the latently infected ganglia, and can reinfect the ocular tissues. Recurrent corneal disease can lead to corneal scarring, thinning, stromal opacity and neovascularization and, eventually, blindness. In spite of intensive antiviral and anti-inflammatory therapy, a significant percentage of patients do not respond to chemotherapy for herpetic necrotizing stromal keratitis. Therefore, the development of therapies that would reduce asymptomatic viral shedding and lower the risks of recurrent disease and transmission of the virus is key to decreasing the morbidity of ocular herpetic disease. This review will highlight basic HSV-1 virology, and will compare the animal models of latency, reactivation, and recurrent ocular disease to the current clinical data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hassanain S Toma
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112-2234, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Zhou W, Xu D, Peng X, Zhang Q, Jia J, Crutcher KA. Meta-analysis of APOE4 allele and outcome after traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2008; 25:279-90. [PMID: 18373478 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2007.0489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is conflicting evidence regarding a possible association between the apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) allele and the consequences of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Our aim was to carry out a meta-analysis of cohort studies of sufficient rigor to determine whether the presence of the APOE4 allele contributes to initial injury severity and/or poor outcome following TBI. MEDLINE, EMBase, CBMdisc, and CNKI databases were searched for literature published from January 1993 to October 2007. Of the 100 identified studies, 14 cohort studies were selected for analysis based on comprehensive quality assessment using a standardized scale. Data from the 14 eligible cohort studies included a total of 2527 participants, 736 with and 1791 without the APOE4 allele. The APOE4 allele was not associated with initial injury severity of TBI. The pooled RR were 1.11 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.91 to 1.35) for severe injury, 1.06 (95% CI, 0.86-1.31) for moderate injury and 0.93 (95% CI, 0.81-1.06) for mild injury. However, the APOE4 allele was significantly associated with a poor outcome of TBI at 6 months after injury (RR = 1.36; 95% CI, 1.04-1.78). The association remained significant in sensitivity tests. This meta-analysis indicates that the presence of the APOE4 allele is not associated with the initial severity of brain injury following TBI but is associated with increased risk of poor long-term outcome at 6 months after injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Lloyd E, Somera-Molina K, Van Eldik LJ, Watterson DM, Wainwright MS. Suppression of acute proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine upregulation by post-injury administration of a novel small molecule improves long-term neurologic outcome in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury. J Neuroinflammation 2008; 5:28. [PMID: 18590543 PMCID: PMC2483713 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-5-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2008] [Accepted: 06/30/2008] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) with its associated morbidity is a major area of unmet medical need that lacks effective therapies. TBI initiates a neuroinflammatory cascade characterized by activation of astrocytes and microglia, and increased production of immune mediators including proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. This inflammatory response contributes both to the acute pathologic processes following TBI including cerebral edema, in addition to longer-term neuronal damage and cognitive impairment. However, activated glia also play a neuroprotective and reparative role in recovery from injury. Thus, potential therapeutic strategies targeting the neuroinflammatory cascade must use careful dosing considerations, such as amount of drug and timing of administration post injury, in order not to interfere with the reparative contribution of activated glia. METHODS We tested the hypothesis that attenuation of the acute increase in proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines following TBI would decrease neurologic injury and improve functional neurologic outcome. We used the small molecule experimental therapeutic, Minozac (Mzc), to suppress TBI-induced up-regulation of glial activation and proinflammatory cytokines back towards basal levels. Mzc was administered in a clinically relevant time window post-injury in a murine closed-skull, cortical impact model of TBI. Mzc effects on the acute increase in brain cytokine and chemokine levels were measured as well as the effect on neuronal injury and neurobehavioral function. RESULTS Administration of Mzc (5 mg/kg) at 3 h and 9 h post-TBI attenuates the acute increase in proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine levels, reduces astrocyte activation, and the longer term neurologic injury, and neurobehavioral deficits measured by Y maze performance over a 28-day recovery period. Mzc-treated animals also have no significant increase in brain water content (edema), a major cause of the neurologic morbidity associated with TBI. CONCLUSION These results support the hypothesis that proinflammatory cytokines contribute to a glial activation cycle that produces neuronal dysfunction or injury following TBI. The improvement in long-term functional neurologic outcome following suppression of cytokine upregulation in a clinically relevant therapeutic window indicates that selective targeting of neuroinflammation may lead to novel therapies for the major neurologic morbidities resulting from head injury, and indicates the potential of Mzc as a future therapeutic for TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Lloyd
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Memorial Hospital, 2300 Children's Plaza, Chicago, IL 60614, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Laskowitz DT, Vitek MP. Apolipoprotein E and neurological disease: therapeutic potential and pharmacogenomic interactions. Pharmacogenomics 2008; 8:959-69. [PMID: 17716229 DOI: 10.2217/14622416.8.8.959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The apolipoprotein E (apoE) polymorphism is emerging as a uniquely important genetic modifier that affects functional outcome from both acute and chronic neurological injuries. Recent attention has focused on common denominator mechanisms by which apoE might affect brain injury and/or brain repair responses in clinically diverse diseases. Although endogenous apoE likely serves several adaptive functions in the injured CNS, there is growing evidence that its effect on modifying brain inflammatory responses and providing protection from excitotoxic injury may be central to its protective properties. A more complete understanding of the role that apoE plays in the injured brain has led to novel therapeutic strategies for both acute and chronic neurological disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Laskowitz
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Medicine (Neurology), Box 2900, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Crawford FC, Wood M, Ferguson S, Mathura VS, Faza B, Wilson S, Fan T, O'Steen B, Ait-Ghezala G, Hayes R, Mullan MJ. Genomic analysis of response to traumatic brain injury in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (APPsw). Brain Res 2007; 1185:45-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2007] [Revised: 09/11/2007] [Accepted: 09/12/2007] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
50
|
Wainwright MS. Pharmacogenomics of Alzheimer’s disease and cerebral palsy: implications of the apolipoprotein E genotype. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2007. [DOI: 10.2217/14796708.2.4.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Wainwright
- Children’s Memorial Hospital, Division of Neurology, No. 51, 2300 Children’s Plaza, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
| |
Collapse
|