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Dias NB, de Souza BM, Cid-Alda F, Dorce VAC, Cocchi FK, Palma MS. Profiling the Linear Peptides of Venom from the Brazilian Scorpion Tityus serrulatus: Structural and Functional Characterization. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2024; 87:480-490. [PMID: 38408354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c01085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Scorpion venoms are a rich source of bioactive peptides, most of which are neurotoxic, with 30 to 70 amino acid residues in their sequences. There are a scarcity of reports in the literature concerning the short linear peptides found in scorpion venoms. This type of peptide toxin may be selectively extracted from the venom using 50% (v/v) acetonitrile. The use of LC-MS and MS/MS enabled the detection of 12 bioactive short linear peptides, of which six were identified as cryptides. These peptides were shown to be multifunctional, causing hemolysis, mast cell degranulation and lysis, edema, pain, and anxiety, increasing the complexity of the envenomation mechanism. Apparently, the natural functions of these peptide toxins are to induce inflammation and discomfort in the victims of scorpion stings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Baptista Dias
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN-UFRO), Universidad de La Frontera (UFRO), Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Bibiana Monson de Souza
- Department of Basic and Applied Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Rio Claro, University of São Paulo State (UNESP), São Paulo 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Cid-Alda
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN-UFRO), Universidad de La Frontera (UFRO), Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | | | - Fernando Kamimura Cocchi
- Department of Basic and Applied Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Rio Claro, University of São Paulo State (UNESP), São Paulo 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Mario Sergio Palma
- Department of Basic and Applied Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Rio Claro, University of São Paulo State (UNESP), São Paulo 13506-900, Brazil
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Powell SB, Swerdlow NR. The Relevance of Animal Models of Social Isolation and Social Motivation for Understanding Schizophrenia: Review and Future Directions. Schizophr Bull 2023; 49:1112-1126. [PMID: 37527471 PMCID: PMC10483472 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbad098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESES Social dysfunction in schizophrenia includes symptoms of withdrawal and deficits in social skills, social cognition, and social motivation. Based on the course of illness, with social withdrawal occurring prior to psychosis onset, it is likely that the severity of social withdrawal/isolation contributes to schizophrenia neuropathology. STUDY DESIGN We review the current literature on social isolation in rodent models and provide a conceptual framework for its relationship to social withdrawal and neural circuit dysfunction in schizophrenia. We next review preclinical tasks of social behavior used in schizophrenia-relevant models and discuss strengths and limitations of existing approaches. Lastly, we consider new effort-based tasks of social motivation and their potential for translational studies in schizophrenia. STUDY RESULTS Social isolation rearing in rats produces profound differences in behavior, pharmacologic sensitivity, and neurochemistry compared to socially reared rats. Rodent models relevant to schizophrenia exhibit deficits in social behavior as measured by social interaction and social preference tests. Newer tasks of effort-based social motivation are being developed in rodents to better model social motivation deficits in neuropsychiatric disorders. CONCLUSIONS While experimenter-imposed social isolation provides a viable experimental model for understanding some biological mechanisms linking social dysfunction to clinical and neural pathology in schizophrenia, it bypasses critical antecedents to social isolation in schizophrenia, notably deficits in social reward and social motivation. Recent efforts at modeling social motivation using effort-based tasks in rodents have the potential to quantify these antecedents, identify models (eg, developmental, genetic) that produce deficits, and advance pharmacological treatments for social motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan B Powell
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs VISN22 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Neal R Swerdlow
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs VISN22 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Reinwald JR, Becker R, Mallien AS, Falfan-Melgoza C, Sack M, Clemm von Hohenberg C, Braun U, Cosa Linan A, Gass N, Vasilescu AN, Tollens F, Lebhardt P, Pfeiffer N, Inta D, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Gass P, Sartorius A, Weber-Fahr W. Neural Mechanisms of Early-Life Social Stress as a Developmental Risk Factor for Severe Psychiatric Disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 84:116-128. [PMID: 29397900 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To explore the domain-general risk factor of early-life social stress in mental illness, rearing rodents in persistent postweaning social isolation has been established as a widely used animal model with translational relevance for neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. Although changes in resting-state brain connectivity are a transdiagnostic key finding in neurodevelopmental diseases, a characterization of imaging correlates elicited by early-life social stress is lacking. METHODS We performed resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging of postweaning social isolation rats (N = 23) 9 weeks after isolation. Addressing well-established transdiagnostic connectivity changes of psychiatric disorders, we focused on altered frontal and posterior connectivity using a seed-based approach. Then, we examined changes in regional network architecture and global topology using graph theoretical analysis. RESULTS Seed-based analyses demonstrated reduced functional connectivity in frontal brain regions and increased functional connectivity in posterior brain regions of postweaning social isolation rats. Graph analyses revealed a shift of the regional architecture, characterized by loss of dominance of frontal regions and emergence of nonfrontal regions, correlating to our behavioral results, and a reduced modularity in isolation-reared rats. CONCLUSIONS Our result of functional connectivity alterations in the frontal brain supports previous investigations postulating social neural circuits, including prefrontal brain regions, as key pathways for risk for mental disorders arising through social stressors. We extend this knowledge by demonstrating more widespread changes of brain network organization elicited by early-life social stress, namely a shift of hubness and dysmodularity. Our results highly resemble core alterations in neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, autism, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Rochus Reinwald
- Research Group Translational Imaging, Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Robert Becker
- Research Group Translational Imaging, Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anne Stephanie Mallien
- Research Group Animal Models in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Falfan-Melgoza
- Research Group Translational Imaging, Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Sack
- Research Group Translational Imaging, Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Clemm von Hohenberg
- Research Group Translational Imaging, Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Urs Braun
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Research Group Systems Neuroscience in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alejandro Cosa Linan
- Research Group In Silico Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Natalia Gass
- Research Group Translational Imaging, Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrei-Nicolae Vasilescu
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Research Group Animal Models in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fabian Tollens
- Research Group Translational Imaging, Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Lebhardt
- Research Group Translational Imaging, Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Natascha Pfeiffer
- Research Group Animal Models in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dragos Inta
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Research Group Animal Models in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Gass
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Research Group Animal Models in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Sartorius
- Research Group Translational Imaging, Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Weber-Fahr
- Research Group Translational Imaging, Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Shams S, Amlani S, Buske C, Chatterjee D, Gerlai R. Developmental social isolation affects adult behavior, social interaction, and dopamine metabolite levels in zebrafish. Dev Psychobiol 2018; 60:43-56. [PMID: 29091281 PMCID: PMC5747993 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The zebrafish is a social vertebrate and an excellent translational model for a variety of human disorders. Abnormal social behavior is a hallmark of several human brain disorders. Social behavioral problems can arise as a result of adverse early social environment. Little is known about the effects of early social isolation in adult zebrafish. We compared zebrafish that were isolated for either short (7 days) or long duration (180 days) to socially housed zebrafish, testing their behavior across ontogenesis (ages 10, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 days), and shoal cohesion and whole-brain monoamines and their metabolites in adulthood. Long social isolation increased locomotion and decreased shoal cohesion and anxiety in the open-field in adult. Additionally, both short and long social isolation reduced dopamine metabolite levels in response to social stimuli. Thus, early social isolation has lasting effects in zebrafish, and may be employed to generate zebrafish models of human neuropsychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soaleha Shams
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto
| | - Shahid Amlani
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga
| | | | - Diptendu Chatterjee
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga
| | - Robert Gerlai
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga
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5
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Schiavone S, Morgese MG, Mhillaj E, Bove M, De Giorgi A, Cantatore FP, Camerino C, Tucci P, Maffulli N, Cuomo V, Trabace L. Chronic Psychosocial Stress Impairs Bone Homeostasis: A Study in the Social Isolation Reared Rat. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:152. [PMID: 27375486 PMCID: PMC4896906 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic psychosocial stress is a key player in the onset and aggravation of mental diseases, including psychosis. Although a strong association between this psychiatric condition and other medical co-morbidities has been recently demonstrated, few data on the link between psychosis and bone homeostasis are actually available. The aim of this study was to investigate whether chronic psychosocial stress induced by 4 or 7 weeks of social isolation in drug-naïve male Wistar rats could alter bone homeostasis in terms of bone thickness, mineral density and content, as well as markers of bone formation and resorption (sclerostin, cathepsin K, and CTX-I). We found that bone mineral density was increased in rats exposed to 7 weeks of social isolation, while no differences were detected in bone mineral content and area. Moreover, 7 weeks of social isolation lead to increase of femur thickness with respect to controls, suggesting the development of a hyperostosis condition. Isolated rats showed no changes in sclerostin levels, a marker of bone formation, compared to grouped animals. Conversely, bone resorption markers were significantly altered after 7 weeks of social isolation in terms of decrease in cathepsin K and increase of CTX-I. No alterations were found after 4 weeks of isolation rearing. Our observations suggest that chronic psychosocial stress might affect bone homeostasis, more likely independently from drug treatment. Thus, the social isolation model might help to identify possible new therapeutic targets to treat the burden of chronic psychosocial stress and to attempt alternative therapy choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Schiavone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Foggia Foggia, Italy
| | - Maria G Morgese
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Foggia Foggia, Italy
| | - Emanuela Mhillaj
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, "Sapienza" University of Rome Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Bove
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, "Sapienza" University of Rome Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo De Giorgi
- Dual Diagnosis Unit, Azienda Sanitaria Locale della Provincia di Foggia Foggia, Italy
| | | | - Claudia Camerino
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, "Sapienza" University of RomeRome, Italy; Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of BariBari, Italy
| | - Paolo Tucci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Foggia Foggia, Italy
| | - Nicola Maffulli
- Department of Musculoskeletal Disorders, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of SalernoSalerno, Italy; Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine and DentistryLondon, UK
| | - Vincenzo Cuomo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, "Sapienza" University of Rome Rome, Italy
| | - Luigia Trabace
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Foggia Foggia, Italy
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Scichilone JM, Yarraguntla K, Charalambides A, Harney JP, Butler D. Environmental Enrichment Mitigates Detrimental Cognitive Effects of Ketogenic Diet in Weanling Rats. J Mol Neurosci 2016; 60:1-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-016-0753-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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7
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Powell SB, Swerdlow NR. Social Isolation Rearing and Sensorimotor Gating in Rat Models of Relevance to Schizophrenia. HANDBOOK OF BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800981-9.00009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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8
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Pinnell RC, Almajidy RK, Hofmann UG. Versatile 3D-printed headstage implant for group housing of rodents. J Neurosci Methods 2015; 257:134-8. [PMID: 26456356 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An unfavourable yet necessary side-effect of stereotaxic surgery involves the social isolation of post-surgery rats, in order to protect their wound site or skull-mounted implant from damage. Social isolation can cause a myriad of behavioural and physiological changes that are detrimental to the well-being of rats, with potential negative implications for a range of experimental paradigms. New method. Female Sprague Dawley rats (n=40) were implanted onto the skull with a novel 3D-printed headstage socket that surrounded an electrode connector. The socket accommodated a removable stainless-steel headcap for the purposes of protecting the implant. Rats were pair-housed following surgery, and their behaviour was monitored for up to several weeks under two experimental conditions that involved EEG recording and deep-brain stimulation, as well as behavioural test sessions inside an open-field maze. Rat weights were compared between individually- and pair-housed rats at up to 3 weeks post-surgery. RESULTS These experiments were successfully carried out using pair-housed rats, with no damage or complications observed regarding the implant and its headcap. Rats were able to carry out a range of normal behaviours including running, grooming, foraging and sleeping. Compared to individually-housed rats, pair-housed rats gained less weight over the 3 weeks post-implantation period. Comparison with existing method(s). This method offers additional protection compared to group-housed post-surgical rats that lack the protective headcap. It is also potentially more practical and versatile than a fully-implantable device for the safe post-surgery group housing of rodents. CONCLUSIONS This implant design can reduce the cost of rodent upkeep, whilst potentially avoiding a myriad of behavioural and physiological changes that are known to result from social isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Pinnell
- Medical Centre - University of Freiburg, Department of Neurosurgery, Section for Neuroelectronic Systems, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - R K Almajidy
- Medical Centre - University of Freiburg, Department of Neurosurgery, Section for Neuroelectronic Systems, Freiburg, Germany; Institute for Signal Processing, University of Lubeck, Lubeck, Germany; College of Medicine, University of Diyala, Baqubah, Diyala, Iraq
| | - U G Hofmann
- Medical Centre - University of Freiburg, Department of Neurosurgery, Section for Neuroelectronic Systems, Freiburg, Germany
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9
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Denninger JW. Commentary on the Neurobiology of Group Psychotherapy: Group and the Social Brain: Speeding Toward a Neurobiological Understanding of Group Psychotherapy. Int J Group Psychother 2015; 60:595-604. [DOI: 10.1521/ijgp.2010.60.4.595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Effects of experimental housing conditions on recovery of laboratory mice. Lab Anim (NY) 2015; 44:65-70. [PMID: 25602397 DOI: 10.1038/laban.662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The beneficial effects of environment and social support during disease recovery in humans are widely accepted. Because laboratory mice are social animals and are highly motivated to interact with each other and with their environment, it is very likely that environmental and social factors are also beneficial to their recovery from experimental interventions or spontaneous diseases. The beneficial effects of enriched environments have been particularly well analyzed in the field of brain disorders, but several studies suggest that positive social contact and a complex and familiar environment may also support recovery from injury, from invasive procedures such as surgery or from spontaneously occurring diseases. The author reviews relevant publications on the effects of environment and social housing on recovery from disease or surgery in laboratory mice and other rodents. She concludes that in addition to promoting animal welfare, provision of optimal experimental housing conditions might also contribute to the clinical relevance of preclinical animal models by more closely simulating the environmental and social characteristics of disease recovery in humans.
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11
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Prenatal lipopolysaccharide disrupts maternal behavior, reduces nest odor preference in pups, and induces anxiety: Studies of F1 and F2 generations. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 738:342-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Pyter LM, Yang L, McKenzie C, da Rocha JM, Carter CS, Cheng B, Engeland CG. Contrasting mechanisms by which social isolation and restraint impair healing in male mice. Stress 2014; 17:256-65. [PMID: 24689778 DOI: 10.3109/10253890.2014.910761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress modulates vital aspects of immune functioning in both human and non-human animals, including tissue repair. For example, dermal wounds heal more slowly and are associated with prolonged inflammation and increased bacterial load in mice that experience chronic physical restraint. Social stressors also negatively affect healing; however, previous studies suggest that the affected healing mechanisms may be stress model-specific. Here, the effects of either social isolation or physical restraint on dermal wound healing (3.5 mm wounds on the dorsum) were compared in hairless male mice. Social isolation beginning 3 weeks prior to wounding delayed healing comparably to physical restraint (12 h/day for eight days), in spite of marked differences in metabolic and hormonal consequences (i.e. body mass) between the two stress models. Additionally, isolated mice exhibited reductions in wound bacterial load and inflammatory gene expression (interleukin-1beta [IL-1β], monocyte chemoattractant protein [MCP]), whereas restraint significantly increased both of these parameters relative to controls. Experimentally augmenting bacterial concentrations in wounds of isolated mice did not ameliorate healing, whereas this treatment accelerated healing in controls. This work indicates that social isolation and restraint stressors comparably impair healing, but do so through disparate mechanisms and at different phases of healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah M Pyter
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC) , Chicago, IL , USA
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13
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The effects of social isolation on wound healing mechanisms in female mice. Physiol Behav 2014; 127:64-70. [PMID: 24486329 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Various stressors impair wound healing in humans and rodents. For example, social isolation delays wound closure in rodents, but the healing mechanisms that underlie this delay have yet to be identified. Here, the effects of three weeks of social isolation on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responses and healing factors involved in the inflammatory and proliferative phases of wound healing were assessed in adult female hairless mice. Social isolation reduced basal circulating corticosterone concentrations and increased body and thymus weights compared with group-housed controls. Isolation impaired dermal wound closure by up to 30% and reduced initial total wound bacterial load relative to controls. Inflammatory gene expression in the wounds was not affected by the observed differences in wound bacterial load. However, isolation reduced wound gene expression of keratinocyte growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor, which are involved in keratinocyte proliferation/migration and angiogenesis during the proliferative phase of healing. These data indicate that social isolation induces healing impairments that may be attributed to reductions in growth factors necessary for proper skin cell proliferation and blood vessel growth during healing. This healing impairment occurred in the absence of both high wound bacterial load and elevated circulating glucocorticoids, which have previously been hypothesized to be required for stress-impaired healing in mice.
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14
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Driessen TM, Zhao C, Whittlinger A, Williams H, Gammie SC. Endogenous CNS expression of neurotensin and neurotensin receptors is altered during the postpartum period in outbred mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e83098. [PMID: 24416154 PMCID: PMC3885409 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotensin (NT) is a neuropeptide identical in mice and humans that is produced and released in many CNS regions associated with maternal behavior. NT has been linked to aspects of maternal care and previous studies have indirectly suggested that endogenous NT signaling is altered in the postpartum period. In the present study, we directly examine whether NT and its receptors exhibit altered gene expression in maternal relative to virgin outbred mice using real time quantitative PCR (qPCR) across multiple brain regions. We also examine NT protein levels using anti-NT antibodies and immunohistochemistry in specific brain regions. In the medial preoptic area (MPOA), which is critical for maternal behaviors, mRNA of NT and NT receptor 3 (Sort1) were significantly up-regulated in postpartum mice compared to virgins. NT mRNA was also elevated in postpartum females in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis dorsal. However, in the lateral septum, NT mRNA was down-regulated in postpartum females. In the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), Ntsr1 expression was down-regulated in postpartum females. Neurotensin receptor 2 (Ntsr2) expression was not altered in any brain region tested. In terms of protein expression, NT immunohistochemistry results indicated that NT labeling was elevated in the postpartum brain in the MPOA, lateral hypothalamus, and two subregions of PVN. Together, these findings indicate that endogenous changes occur in NT and its receptors across multiple brain regions, and these likely support the emergence of some maternal behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terri M. Driessen
- Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Changjiu Zhao
- Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Anna Whittlinger
- Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Horecia Williams
- Department of Animal Science, Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Stephen C. Gammie
- Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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Yang L, Engeland CG, Cheng B. Social isolation impairs oral palatal wound healing in sprague-dawley rats: a role for miR-29 and miR-203 via VEGF suppression. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72359. [PMID: 23951316 PMCID: PMC3739786 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the effects of social isolation on oral mucosal healing in rats, and to determine if wound-associated genes and microRNAs (miRNAs) may contribute to this response. Methods Rats were group housed or socially isolated for 4 weeks before a 3.5 mm wound was placed on the hard oral palate. Wound closure was assessed daily and tissues were collected for determination of gene expression levels and miRNAs (i.e., miR-29a,b,c and miR-203). The predicted target of these microRNAs (i.e., vascular endothelial growth factor A, VEGFA) was functionally validated. Results Social isolation stress delayed the healing process of oral palatal mucosal wounds in rats. Lower mRNA levels of interleukin-1β (IL1β), macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP1α), fibroblast growth factor 7 (FGF7), and VEGFA were found in the biopsied tissues of isolated animals on days 1 and/or 3 post-wounding. Intriguingly, the isolated rats persistently exhibited higher levels of miR-29 family members and miR-203. Our results confirmed that VEGFA is a direct target of these miRNAs, as both miR-29a,c and miR-203 strongly and specifically suppressed endogenous VEGFA expression in vitro. Conclusions This study in rats demonstrates for the first time that social isolation delays oral mucosal healing, and suggests a potential role for healing-associated gene and miRNA interactions during this process via modulation of VEGF expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linglan Yang
- Department of Oral Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Christopher G. Engeland
- Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Women, Child, Family Health Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Bin Cheng
- Department of Oral Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail:
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Petrovszki Z, Adam G, Tuboly G, Kekesi G, Benedek G, Keri S, Horvath G. Characterization of gene–environment interactions by behavioral profiling of selectively bred rats: The effect of NMDA receptor inhibition and social isolation. Behav Brain Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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17
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Bonab AA, Fricchione JG, Gorantla S, Vitalo AG, Auster ME, Levine SJ, Scichilone JM, Hegde M, Foote W, Fricchione GL, Denninger JW, Yarmush DM, Fischman AJ, Yarmush ML, Levine JB. Isolation rearing significantly perturbs brain metabolism in the thalamus and hippocampus. Neuroscience 2012; 223:457-64. [PMID: 22835621 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Psychosocial neglect during childhood severely impairs both behavioral and physical health. The isolation rearing model in rodents has been employed by our group and others to study this clinical problem at a basic level. We previously showed that immediate early gene (IEG) expression in the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is decreased in isolation-reared (IR) compared to group-reared (GR) rats. In the current study, we sought to evaluate: (1) whether these changes in IEG expression would be detected by the measurement of brain glucose metabolism using positron emission tomography (PET) with fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) and (2) whether PET FDG could illuminate other brain regions with different glucose metabolism in IR compared to GR rats. We found that there were significant differences in FDG uptake in the hippocampus that were consistent with our findings for IEG expression (decreased mean FDG uptake in IR rats). In contrast, in the mPFC, the FDG uptake between IR and GR rats did not differ. Finally, we found decreased mean FDG uptake in the thalamus of the IR rats, a region we had not previously examined. The results suggest that PET FDG has the potential to be utilized as a biomarker of molecular changes in the hippocampus. Further, the differences found in thalamic brain FDG uptake suggest that further investigation of this region at the molecular and cellular levels may provide an important insight into the neurobiological basis of the adverse clinical outcomes found in children exposed to psychosocial deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Bonab
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, United States
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18
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Vitalo AG, Gorantla S, Fricchione JG, Scichilone JM, Camacho J, Niemi SM, Denninger JW, Benson H, Yarmush ML, Levine JB. Environmental enrichment with nesting material accelerates wound healing in isolation-reared rats. Behav Brain Res 2012; 226:606-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Estradiol modulates medial prefrontal cortex and amygdala activity during fear extinction in women and female rats. Biol Psychiatry 2011; 70:920-7. [PMID: 21762880 PMCID: PMC3197763 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 04/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Men and women differ in their ability to extinguish fear. Fear extinction requires the activation of brain regions, including the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and amygdala. Could estradiol modulate the activity of these brain regions during fear extinction? METHODS All rat experiments were conducted in naturally cycling females. Rats underwent fear conditioning on Day 1. On Day 2, they underwent extinction training during the metestrus phase of the cycle (low estrogen and progesterone). Extinction recall was assessed on Day 3. Systemic injections of estrogen receptor-beta and -alpha agonists and of estradiol were administered at different time points to assess their influence on extinction consolidation and c-Fos expression in the vmPFC and amygdala. In parallel, healthy naturally cycling women underwent an analogous fear conditioning extinction training in a 3T functional magnetic resonance scanner. Measurement of their estradiol levels and skin conductance responses were obtained throughout the experiment. RESULTS In female rats, administration of the estrogen-receptor beta (but not alpha) agonist facilitated extinction recall. Immediate (but not delayed) postextinction training administration of estradiol facilitated extinction memory consolidation and increased c-Fos expression in the vmPFC while reducing it in the amygdala. In parallel, natural variance in estradiol in premenopausal cycling women modulated vmPFC and amygdala reactivity and facilitated extinction recall. CONCLUSIONS We provide translational evidence that demonstrates the influence of endogenous and exogenous estradiol on the fear extinction network. Our data suggest that women's endogenous hormonal status should be considered in future neurobiological research related to anxiety and mood disorders.
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van Harmelen AL, van Tol MJ, van der Wee NJA, Veltman DJ, Aleman A, Spinhoven P, van Buchem MA, Zitman FG, Penninx BWJH, Elzinga BM. Reduced medial prefrontal cortex volume in adults reporting childhood emotional maltreatment. Biol Psychiatry 2010; 68:832-8. [PMID: 20692648 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Revised: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood emotional maltreatment (CEM) has been associated with a profound and enduring negative impact on behavioral and emotional functioning. Animal models have shown that adverse rearing conditions, such as maternal separation, can induce a cascade of long-term structural alterations in the brain, particularly in the hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex. However, in humans, the neurobiological correlates of CEM are unknown. METHODS Using high-resolution T1-weighted 3T magnetic resonance imaging, anatomical scans and a whole-brain optimized voxel-based morphometry approach, we examined whether healthy control subjects and unmedicated patients with depression and/or anxiety disorders reporting CEM before age 16 (n = 84; age: mean = 38.7) displayed structural brain changes compared with control subjects and patients who reported no childhood abuse (n = 97; age: mean = 36.6). RESULTS We found that self-reported CEM is associated with a significant reduction in predominantly left dorsal medial prefrontal cortex volume, even in the absence of physical or sexual abuse during childhood. In addition, reduced medial prefrontal cortex in individuals reporting CEM is present in males and females, independent of concomitant psychopathology. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we show that CEM is associated with profound reductions of medial prefrontal cortex volume, suggesting that sustained inhibition of growth or structural damage can occur after exposure to CEM. Given the important role of the medial prefrontal cortex in the regulation of emotional behavior, our finding might provide an important link in understanding the increased emotional sensitivity in individuals reporting CEM.
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Sui Z, Yang R, Liu B, Gu T, Zhao Z, Shi D, Chang D. Chemical analysis of Agaricus blazei polysaccharides and effect of the polysaccharides on IL-1β mRNA expression in skin of burn wound-treated rats. Int J Biol Macromol 2010; 47:155-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2010.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Revised: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Haupt M, Schaefers AT. Effects of postweaning social and physical deprivation on locomotor activity patterns and explorative behavior in female CD-1 mice. Dev Psychobiol 2010; 52:383-93. [DOI: 10.1002/dev.20439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Vitalo A, Fricchione J, Casali M, Berdichevsky Y, Hoge EA, Rauch SL, Berthiaume F, Yarmush ML, Benson H, Fricchione GL, Levine JB. Nest making and oxytocin comparably promote wound healing in isolation reared rats. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5523. [PMID: 19436750 PMCID: PMC2677672 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2008] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental enrichment (EE) fosters attachment behavior through its effect on brain oxytocin levels in the hippocampus and other brain regions, which in turn modulate the hypothalamic-pituitary axis (HPA). Social isolation and other stressors negatively impact physical healing through their effect on the HPA. Therefore, we reasoned that: 1) provision of a rat EE (nest building with Nestlets) would improve wound healing in rats undergoing stress due to isolation rearing and 2) that oxytocin would have a similar beneficial effect on wound healing. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In the first two experiments, we provided isolation reared rats with either EE or oxytocin and compared their wound healing to group reared rats and isolation reared rats that did not receive Nestlets or oxytocin. In the third experiment, we examined the effect of Nestlets on open field locomotion and immediate early gene (IEG) expression. We found that isolation reared rats treated with Nestlets a) healed significantly better than without Nestlets, 2) healed at a similar rate to rats treated with oxytocin, 3) had decreased hyperactivity in the open field test, and 4) had normalized IEG expression in brain hippocampus. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This study shows that when an EE strategy or oxytocin is given to isolation reared rats, the peripheral stress response, as measured by burn injury healing, is decreased. The findings indicate an association between the effect of nest making on wound healing and administration of the pro-bonding hormone oxytocin. Further elucidation of this animal model should lead to improved understanding of how EE strategies can ameliorate poor wound healing and other symptoms that result from isolation stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Vitalo
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Benson Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Engineering and Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Shriners Burns Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Fricchione
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Benson Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Engineering and Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Shriners Burns Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Monica Casali
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Benson Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Engineering and Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Shriners Burns Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yevgeny Berdichevsky
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Engineering and Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Shriners Burns Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A. Hoge
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Scott L. Rauch
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Francois Berthiaume
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Engineering and Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Shriners Burns Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Martin L. Yarmush
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Engineering and Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Shriners Burns Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Herbert Benson
- Department of Medicine Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Benson Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gregory L. Fricchione
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Benson Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John B. Levine
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Benson Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Engineering and Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Shriners Burns Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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White IM, Minamoto T, Odell JR, Mayhorn J, White W. Brief exposure to methamphetamine (METH) and phencyclidine (PCP) during late development leads to long-term learning deficits in rats. Brain Res 2009; 1266:72-86. [PMID: 19245799 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2008] [Revised: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to methamphetamine (METH) and phencyclidine (PCP) during early development is thought to produce later behavioral deficits. We postulated that exposure to METH and PCP during later development would produce similar behavioral deficits, particularly learning deficits in adulthood. Wistar rats were treated with METH (9 mg/kg), PCP (9 mg/kg), or saline during later development, postnatal days (PD) 50-51, and subsequent behavioral changes were examined including: locomotor activity during the acute drug state (PD 50-51) and the post-drug phase (PD 50-80); social interaction on PD 54-80; and spatial discrimination and reversal in adulthood (after PD 90). METH and PCP differentially affected locomotion during the acute state, but not during the post-drug phase. METH decreased social interaction throughout tests two weeks after drug treatment, whereas PCP decreased social interaction only during the first 8 min of tests. Neither METH nor PCP impaired initial acquisition of spatial discrimination. However, reversal was significantly impaired by PCP, whereas METH produced a mild deficit, compared to controls. Our data provide evidence that exposure to PCP and METH during later development lead to enduring cognitive deficits in adulthood. Selective impairment of reversal may reflect neurological damage in the prefrontal cortex due to early exposure to drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilsun M White
- Department of Psychology, GH601-K, 150 University Blvd Morehead State University Morehead, KY 40351, USA.
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Parekkadan B, Berdichevsky Y, Irimia D, Leeder A, Yarmush G, Toner M, Levine JB, Yarmush ML. Cell-cell interaction modulates neuroectodermal specification of embryonic stem cells. Neurosci Lett 2008; 438:190-5. [PMID: 18467031 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.03.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2007] [Revised: 02/26/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The controlled differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) cells is of utmost interest to their clinical, biotechnological, and basic science use. Many investigators have combinatorially assessed the role of specific soluble factors and extracellular matrices in guiding ES cell fate, yet the interaction between neighboring cells in these heterogeneous cultures has been poorly defined due to a lack of conventional tools to specifically uncouple these variables. Herein, we explored the role of cell-cell interactions during neuroectodermal specification of ES cells using a microfabricated cell pair array. We tracked differentiation events in situ, using an ES cell line expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the regulation of the Sox1 gene promoter, an early marker of neuroectodermal germ cell commitment in the adult forebrain. We observed that a previously specified Sox1-GFP+ cell could induce the specification of an undifferentiated ES cell. This induction was modulated by the two cells being in contact and was dependent on the age of previously specified cell prior to coculture. A screen of candidate cell adhesion molecules revealed that the expression of connexin (Cx)-43 correlated with the age-dependent effect of cell contact in cell pair experiments. ES cells deficient in Cx-43 showed aberrant neuroectodermal specification and lineage commitment, highlighting the importance of gap junctional signaling in the development of this germ layer. Moreover, this study demonstrates the integration of microscale culture techniques to explore the biology of ES cells and gain insight into relevant developmental processes otherwise undefined due to bulk culture methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biju Parekkadan
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and the Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA, USA
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