1
|
Li X, Prudente AS, Prato V, Guo X, Hao H, Jones F, Figoli S, Mullen P, Wang Y, Tonnello R, Lee SH, Shah S, Maffei B, Berta T, Du X, Gamper N. Peripheral gating of pain by glial endozepine. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.20.567848. [PMID: 38045227 PMCID: PMC10690183 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.20.567848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
We report that diazepam binding inhibitor (DBI) is a glial messenger mediating satellite glia-sensory neuron crosstalk in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG). DBI is highly and specifically expressed in satellite glia cells (SGCs) of mice, rat and human, but not in sensory neurons or other DRG-resident cells. Knockdown of DBI results in a robust mechanical hypersensitivity without significant effects on other sensory modalities. In vivo overexpression of DBI in SGCs reduces sensitivity to mechanical stimulation and alleviates mechanical allodynia in neuropathic and inflammatory pain models. We further show that DBI acts as a partial agonist and positive allosteric modulator at the neuronal GABAA receptors, particularly strongly effecting those with a high-affinity benzodiazepine binding site. Such receptors are selectively expressed by a subpopulation of mechanosensitive DRG neurons and these are also more enwrapped with DBI-expressing glia, as compared to other DRG neurons, suggesting a mechanism for specific effect of DBI on mechanosensation. These findings identified a new, peripheral neuron-glia communication mechanism modulating pain signalling, which can be targeted therapeutically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinmeng Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Arthur Silveira Prudente
- Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Vincenzo Prato
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Xianchuan Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Han Hao
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Frederick Jones
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Sofia Figoli
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Pierce Mullen
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Yujin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Raquel Tonnello
- Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Sang Hoon Lee
- Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Shihab Shah
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Benito Maffei
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Temugin Berta
- Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Xiaona Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Nikita Gamper
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jevtovic-Todorovic V, Todorovic SM. The Role of Neuroactive Steroids in Analgesia and Anesthesia: An Interesting Comeback? Biomolecules 2023; 13:1654. [PMID: 38002336 PMCID: PMC10669813 DOI: 10.3390/biom13111654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Published evidence over the past few decades suggests that general anesthetics could be neurotoxins especially when administered at the extremes of age. The reported pathology is not only at the morphological level when examined in very young and aged brains, given that, importantly, newly developing evidence suggests a variety of behavioral impairments. Since anesthesia is unavoidable in certain clinical settings, we should consider the development of new anesthetics. A promising and safe solution could be a new family of anesthetics referred to as neuroactive steroids. In this review, we summarize the currently available evidence regarding their anesthetic and analgesic properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Jevtovic-Todorovic
- Department of Anesthesiology, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Toikumo S, Vickers-Smith R, Jinwala Z, Xu H, Saini D, Hartwell E, Venegas MP, Sullivan KA, Xu K, Jacobson DA, Gelernter J, Rentsch CT, Stahl E, Cheatle M, Zhou H, Waxman SG, Justice AC, Kember RL, Kranzler HR. The genetic architecture of pain intensity in a sample of 598,339 U.S. veterans. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.03.09.23286958. [PMID: 36993749 PMCID: PMC10055465 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.09.23286958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pain is a common problem, with more than one-fifth of adult Americans reporting pain daily or on most days. It adversely affects quality of life and imposes substantial personal and economic costs. Efforts to treat chronic pain using opioids played a central role in precipitating the opioid crisis. Despite an estimated heritability of 25-50%, the genetic architecture of chronic pain is not well characterized, in part because studies have largely been limited to samples of European ancestry. To help address this knowledge gap, we conducted a cross-ancestry meta-analysis of pain intensity in 598,339 participants in the Million Veteran Program, which identified 125 independent genetic loci, 82 of which are novel. Pain intensity was genetically correlated with other pain phenotypes, level of substance use and substance use disorders, other psychiatric traits, education level, and cognitive traits. Integration of the GWAS findings with functional genomics data shows enrichment for putatively causal genes (n = 142) and proteins (n = 14) expressed in brain tissues, specifically in GABAergic neurons. Drug repurposing analysis identified anticonvulsants, beta-blockers, and calcium-channel blockers, among other drug groups, as having potential analgesic effects. Our results provide insights into key molecular contributors to the experience of pain and highlight attractive drug targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvanus Toikumo
- Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rachel Vickers-Smith
- Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Kentucky College of Public Health; Center on Drug and Alcohol Research, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Zeal Jinwala
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Heng Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Divya Saini
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Emily Hartwell
- Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mirko P. Venegas
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Kyle A. Sullivan
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Ke Xu
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Joel Gelernter
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Christopher T. Rentsch
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Eli Stahl
- Regeneron Genetics Center, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Martin Cheatle
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hang Zhou
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Stephen G. Waxman
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Amy C. Justice
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rachel L. Kember
- Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Henry R. Kranzler
- Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Aravagiri K, Ali A, Wang HC, Candido KD, Knezevic NN. Identifying molecular mechanisms of acute to chronic pain transition and potential drug targets. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2022; 26:801-810. [DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2022.2137404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kannan Aravagiri
- Department of Anesthesiology, Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Adam Ali
- Department of Anesthesiology, Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hank C Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kenneth D Candido
- Department of Anesthesiology, Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nebojsa Nick Knezevic
- Department of Anesthesiology, Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sadeghi M, Manaheji H, Zaringhalam J, Haghparast A, Nazemi S, Bahari Z, Noorbakhsh SM. Evaluation of the GABAA Receptor Expression and the Effects of Muscimol on the Activity of Wide Dynamic Range Neurons Following Chronic Constriction Injury of Sciatic Nerve in Rats. Basic Clin Neurosci 2021; 12:651-666. [PMID: 35173919 PMCID: PMC8818116 DOI: 10.32598/bcn.2021.1726.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The modality of γ-aminobutyric acid type a receptors (GABAA) controls dorsal horn neuronal excitability and inhibits sensory information. This study aimed to investigate the expression of the GABAA receptor and the effects of its agonist muscimol on Wide Dynamic Range (WDR) neuronal activity in the Chronic Constriction Injury (CCI) model of neuropathic pain. Methods Adult male Wistar rats weighing 200 to 250 g were used to induce CCI neuropathy. Fourteen days after surgery, muscimol (0.5, 1, and 2 mg/kg IP) was injected. Then, the behavioral tests were performed. After that, the animals were killed, and the lumbar segments of the spinal cords were collected for Western blot analysis of the GABAA receptor α1 subunit expression. The electrophysiological properties of WDR neurons were studied by single-unit recordings in separate groups 14 days after CCI. Results The outcomes indicated the development of thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia after neuropathy; nonetheless, the expression of the GABAA receptor α1 subunit did not change significantly. Moreover, the evoked responses of the WDR neurons to electrical, mechanical, and thermal stimuli increased considerably. Fourteen days after CCI, muscimol administration decreased thermal hyperalgesia, mechanical allodynia, and hyper-responsiveness of the WDR neurons in CCI rats. Conclusion The modulation of the spinal GABAA receptors after nerve injury can offer further insights to design new therapeutic agents to reduce neuropathic pain symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Sadeghi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Homa Manaheji
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jalal Zaringhalam
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Haghparast
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samad Nazemi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Zahra Bahari
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Noorbakhsh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Attenuation of Sensory Transmission Through the Rat Trigeminal Ganglion by GABA Receptor Activation. Neuroscience 2021; 471:80-92. [PMID: 34311018 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
While the trigeminal ganglion is often considered a passive conduit of sensory transmission, neurons and satellite glial cells (SGCs) within it can release neurotransmitters and express neuroreceptors. Some trigeminal ganglion neurons contain the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and express GABA receptors. There is behavioral evidence that increased GABA levels in the trigeminal ganglion decreases nociception, while a loss of GABA receptors results in hyperalgesia, although the neural mechanisms for this remain to be investigated. In this study, the expression of GABA receptors by trigeminal ganglion neurons that innervate rat labial skin and masseter muscle was compared using immunohistochemistry. The effect of intraganglionic administration of GABA receptor agonists was investigated by single unit recording of trigeminal brainstem and ganglion neuron responses to stimulation of the labial skin and/or masseter muscle in anesthetized rats. The mean frequency of expression of GABAA and GABAB receptors by masseter and labial skin ganglion neurons was 62.5% and 92.7%, and 55.4% and 20.3%, respectively. The expression of both GABA receptors was significantly greater in skin ganglion neurons. Masticatory muscle evoked brainstem trigeminal neuron responses were significantly attenuated by intraganglionic injection of muscimol (GABAA) but not baclofen (GABAB). The mechanical sensitivity of slow and fast conducting masticatory muscle afferent fibers was decreased and increased, respectively, by intraganglionic injection of both muscimol and baclofen. Activation of GABAA receptors may exert a gating effect on sensory transmission through the trigeminal ganglion by decreasing putative nociceptive input and enhancing innocuous sensory input.
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang S, Du J, Xi D, Shao F, Qiu M, Shao X, Liang Y, Liu B, Jin X, Fang J, Fang J. Role of GABAAR in the Transition From Acute to Chronic Pain and the Analgesic Effect of Electroacupuncture on Hyperalgesic Priming Model Rats. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:691455. [PMID: 34220444 PMCID: PMC8248374 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.691455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is a costly health problem that impairs health-related quality of life when not effectively treated. Regulating the transition from acute to chronic pain is a new therapeutic strategy for chronic pain that presents a major clinical challenge. The underlying mechanisms of pain transition are not entirely understood, and strategies for preventing this transition are lacking. Here, a hyperalgesic priming model was used to study the potential mechanism by which γ-aminobutyric acid receptor type A (GABAAR) in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) contributes to pain transition. Furthermore, electroacupuncture (EA), a modern method of acupuncture, was administered to regulate pain transition, and the mechanism underlying EA’s regulatory effect was investigated. Hyperalgesic priming was induced by intraplanar injection of carrageenan (Car)/prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). The decrease in mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) induced by PGE2 returned to baseline 4 h after injection in NS + PGE2 group, and still persisted 24 h after injection in Car + PGE2 group. Lower expression of GABAAR in the lumbar DRG was observed in the model rats. Furthermore, activating or blocking GABAAR could reversed the long-lasting hyperalgesia induced by Car/PGE2 injection or produced a persistent hyperalgesia. In addition, GABAAR may be involved in Protein Kinase C epsilon (PKCε) activation in the DRG, a mark molecular of pain transition. EA considerably increased the mechanical pain thresholds of hyperalgesic priming model mammals in both the acute and chronic phases. Furthermore, EA upregulated the expression of GABAAR and inhibited the activation of PKCε in the DRG. In addition, peripheral administration of picrotoxin blocked the analgesic effect of EA on the model rats and abolished the regulatory effect of EA on PKCε activation. These findings suggested that GABAAR plays a key role in both the transition from acute to chronic pain and the analgesic effect of EA on hyperalgesic priming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junying Du
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Danning Xi
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fangbing Shao
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengting Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaomei Shao
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Liang
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Boyi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaomin Jin
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Jianqiao Fang
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junfan Fang
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hadtstein F, Vrolijk M. Vitamin B-6-Induced Neuropathy: Exploring the Mechanisms of Pyridoxine Toxicity. Adv Nutr 2021; 12:1911-1929. [PMID: 33912895 PMCID: PMC8483950 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin B-6 in the form of pyridoxine (PN) is commonly used by the general population. The use of PN-containing supplements has gained lots of attention over the past years as they have been related to the development of peripheral neuropathy. In light of this, the number of reported cases of adverse health effects due to the use of vitamin B-6 have increased. Despite a long history of study, the pathogenic mechanisms associated with PN toxicity remain elusive. Therefore, the present review is focused on investigating the mechanistic link between PN supplementation and sensory peripheral neuropathy. Excessive PN intake induces neuropathy through the preferential injury of sensory neurons. Recent reports on hereditary neuropathy due to pyridoxal kinase (PDXK) mutations may provide some insight into the mechanism, as genetic deficiencies in PDXK lead to the development of axonal sensory neuropathy. High circulating concentrations of PN may lead to a similar condition via the inhibition of PDXK. The mechanism behind PDXK-induced neuropathy is unknown; however, there is reason to believe that it may be related to γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmission. Compounds that inhibit PDXK lead to convulsions and reductions in GABA biosynthesis. The absence of central nervous system-related symptoms in PDXK deficiency could be due to differences in the regulation of PDXK, where PDXK activity is preserved in the brain but not in peripheral tissues. As PN is relatively impermeable to the blood-brain barrier, PDXK inhibition would similarly be confined to the peripheries and, as a result, GABA signaling may be perturbed within peripheral tissues, such as sensory neurons. Perturbed GABA signaling within sensory neurons may lead to excitotoxicity, neurodegeneration, and ultimately, the development of peripheral neuropathy. For several reasons, we conclude that PDXK inhibition and consequently disrupted GABA neurotransmission is the most plausible mechanism of toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Hadtstein
- University College Venlo, Campus Venlo, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wilke BU, Kummer KK, Leitner MG, Kress M. Chloride - The Underrated Ion in Nociceptors. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:287. [PMID: 32322187 PMCID: PMC7158864 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In contrast to pain processing neurons in the spinal cord, where the importance of chloride conductances is already well established, chloride homeostasis in primary afferent neurons has received less attention. Sensory neurons maintain high intracellular chloride concentrations through balanced activity of Na+-K+-2Cl– cotransporter 1 (NKCC1) and K+-Cl– cotransporter 2 (KCC2). Whereas in other cell types activation of chloride conductances causes hyperpolarization, activation of the same conductances in primary afferent neurons may lead to inhibitory or excitatory depolarization depending on the actual chloride reversal potential and the total amount of chloride efflux during channel or transporter activation. Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons express a multitude of chloride channel types belonging to different channel families, such as ligand-gated, ionotropic γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) or glycine receptors, Ca2+-activated chloride channels of the anoctamin/TMEM16, bestrophin or tweety-homolog family, CLC chloride channels and transporters, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) as well as volume-regulated anion channels (VRACs). Specific chloride conductances are involved in signal transduction and amplification at the peripheral nerve terminal, contribute to excitability and action potential generation of sensory neurons, or crucially shape synaptic transmission in the spinal dorsal horn. In addition, chloride channels can be modified by a plethora of inflammatory mediators affecting them directly, via protein-protein interaction, or through signaling cascades. Since chloride channels as well as mediators that modulate chloride fluxes are regulated in pain disorders and contribute to nociceptor excitation and sensitization it is timely and important to emphasize their critical role in nociceptive primary afferents in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bettina U Wilke
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kai K Kummer
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael G Leitner
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michaela Kress
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gradwell MA, Callister RJ, Graham BA. Reviewing the case for compromised spinal inhibition in neuropathic pain. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2019; 127:481-503. [PMID: 31641856 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-019-02090-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A striking and debilitating property of the nervous system is that damage to this tissue can cause chronic intractable pain, which persists long after resolution of the initial insult. This neuropathic form of pain can arise from trauma to peripheral nerves, the spinal cord, or brain. It can also result from neuropathies associated with disease states such as diabetes, human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS, herpes, multiple sclerosis, cancer, and chemotherapy. Regardless of the origin, treatments for neuropathic pain remain inadequate. This continues to drive research into the underlying mechanisms. While the literature shows that dysfunction in numerous loci throughout the CNS can contribute to chronic pain, the spinal cord and in particular inhibitory signalling in this region have remained major research areas. This review focuses on local spinal inhibition provided by dorsal horn interneurons, and how such inhibition is disrupted during the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Gradwell
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - R J Callister
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - B A Graham
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.
- Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sandercock DA, Barnett MW, Coe JE, Downing AC, Nirmal AJ, Di Giminiani P, Edwards SA, Freeman TC. Transcriptomics Analysis of Porcine Caudal Dorsal Root Ganglia in Tail Amputated Pigs Shows Long-Term Effects on Many Pain-Associated Genes. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:314. [PMID: 31620455 PMCID: PMC6760028 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tail amputation by tail docking or as an extreme consequence of tail biting in commercial pig production potentially has serious implications for animal welfare. Tail amputation causes peripheral nerve injury that might be associated with lasting chronic pain. The aim of this study was to investigate the short- and long-term effects of tail amputation in pigs on caudal DRG gene expression at different stages of development, particularly in relation to genes associated with nociception and pain. Microarrays were used to analyse whole DRG transcriptomes from tail amputated and sham-treated pigs 1, 8, and 16 weeks following tail treatment at either 3 or 63 days of age (8 pigs/treatment/age/time after treatment; n = 96). Tail amputation induced marked changes in gene expression (up and down) compared to sham-treated intact controls for all treatment ages and time points after tail treatment. Sustained changes in gene expression in tail amputated pigs were still evident 4 months after tail injury. Gene correlation network analysis revealed two co-expression clusters associated with amputation: Cluster A (759 down-regulated) and Cluster B (273 up-regulated) genes. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis identified 124 genes in Cluster A and 61 genes in Cluster B associated with both “inflammatory pain” and “neuropathic pain.” In Cluster A, gene family members of ion channels e.g., voltage-gated potassium channels (VGPC) and receptors e.g., GABA receptors, were significantly down-regulated compared to shams, both of which are linked to increased peripheral nerve excitability after axotomy. Up-regulated gene families in Cluster B were linked to transcriptional regulation, inflammation, tissue remodeling, and regulatory neuropeptide activity. These findings, demonstrate that tail amputation causes sustained transcriptomic expression changes in caudal DRG cells involved in inflammatory and neuropathic pain pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dale A Sandercock
- Animal and Veterinary Science Research Group, Scotland's Rural College, Roslin Institute Building, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mark W Barnett
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer E Coe
- Animal and Veterinary Science Research Group, Scotland's Rural College, Roslin Institute Building, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alison C Downing
- Edinburgh Genomics, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ajit J Nirmal
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Pierpaolo Di Giminiani
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Sandra A Edwards
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Tom C Freeman
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Koetsier E, Franken G, Debets J, Heijmans L, van Kuijk SMJ, Linderoth B, Joosten EA, Maino P. Mechanism of dorsal root ganglion stimulation for pain relief in painful diabetic polyneuropathy is not dependent on GABA release in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. CNS Neurosci Ther 2019; 26:136-143. [PMID: 31334605 PMCID: PMC6930820 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS It is hypothesized that dorsal root ganglion stimulation (DRGS), sharing some of the mechanisms of traditional spinal cord stimulation (SCS) of the dorsal columns, induces γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) release from interneurons in the spinal dorsal horn. METHODS We used quantitative immunohistochemical analysis in order to investigate the effect of DRGS on intensity of intracellular GABA-staining levels in the L4-L6 spinal dorsal horn of painful diabetic polyneuropathy (PDPN) animals. To establish the maximal pain relieving effect, we tested for mechanical hypersensitivity to von Frey filaments and animals received 30 minutes of DRGS at day 3 after implantation of the electrode. One day later, 4 Sham-DRGS animals and four responders-to-DRGS received again 30 minutes of DRGS and were perfused at the peak of DRGS-induced pain relief. RESULTS No significant difference in GABA-immunoreactivity was observed between DRGS and Sham-DRGS in lamina 1-3 of the spinal levels L4-6 neither ipsilaterally nor contralaterally. CONCLUSIONS Dorsal root ganglion stimulation does not induce GABA release from the spinal dorsal horn cells, suggesting that the mechanisms underlying DRGS in pain relief are different from those of conventional SCS. The modulation of a GABA-mediated "Gate Control" in the DRG itself, functioning as a prime Gate of nociception, is suggested and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Koetsier
- Pain Management Center, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Regional Hospital of Lugano, Lugano, Switzerland.,Division of Anaesthesiology, Department of Acute Medicine, Regional Hospital of Lugano, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Glenn Franken
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Translational Neuroscience, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), University of Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques Debets
- Muroidean Facility, School of Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lonne Heijmans
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), University of Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sander M J van Kuijk
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technology Assessment, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bengt Linderoth
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elbert A Joosten
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Translational Neuroscience, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), University of Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Paolo Maino
- Pain Management Center, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Regional Hospital of Lugano, Lugano, Switzerland.,Division of Anaesthesiology, Department of Acute Medicine, Regional Hospital of Lugano, Lugano, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Qiao LN, Yang YS, Liu JL, Zhu J, Tan LH, Shi YN, Zhu B, Rong PJ. Contribution of GABAergic modulation in DRGs to electroacupuncture analgesia in incisional neck pain rats. J Pain Res 2019; 12:405-416. [PMID: 30705606 PMCID: PMC6342219 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s180165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Acupuncture therapy is effective for relieving postoperative pain. Our previous study showed that electroacupuncture (EA) at Futu (LI18) and Hegu (LI4)–Neiguan (PC6) could alleviate incisional neck pain, which was related with its effect in upregulating γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) expression in cervical (C3–6) dorsal root ganglions (DRGs); but whether its receptor subsets GABAAα2R and GABABR1 in C3–6 DRGs are involved in EA analgesia or not, it remains unknown. Materials and methods Seventy-five male Sprague Dawley rats were randomized to normal control, model, LI18, LI4–PC6, and Zusanli (ST36)–Yanglingquan (GB34) groups. The incisional neck pain model was established by making a longitudinal incision along the midline of the rats’ neck, followed by repeated mechanical stimulation. EA was applied to bilateral LI18, LI4–PC6, or ST36–GB34 for 30 minutes at 4, 24, and 48 hours after operation. The thermal pain threshold of the neck was detected by a tail-flick unit, and the C3–6 DRGs were removed for assaying the immunoactivity of substance P (SP), GABAAα2R, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP; a marker of satellite glial cells [SGCs]), and GABABR1 and the expression of GABAAα2R and GABABR1 mRNA and proteins using immunofluorescence, real-time PCR, and Western blotting, respectively. Results The cervical thermal pain threshold was significantly lower in the model group than the normal group (P<0.001), indicating hyperalgesia after neck incision, and was considerably increased in both EA-LI18 and LI4–PC6 groups (P<0.001), but not in ST36–GB34 group compared with model group (P>0.05). Immunofluorescence staining showed that GABAAα2 R expressed on SP+ neurons, and GABABR1 on SGCs. EA of LI18 and LI4–PC6 markedly suppressed the modeling-induced upregulation of the immunoactivity of SP (P<0.001 and P<0.01, respectively) and GFAP (P<0.01 and P<0.001, respectively) and significantly reversed neck incision–induced downregulation of the expression of GABAAα2R and GABABR1 mRNAs and proteins (P<0.05). Conclusion EA of LI18 and LI4–PC6 has an analgesic effect in incisional neck pain rats, which is related to its effects in upregulating GABAergic inhibitory modulation on nociceptive peptidergic neurons and SGCs in cervical DRGs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Na Qiao
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China, ;
| | - Yong Sheng Yang
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China, ;
| | - Jun Ling Liu
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China, ;
| | - Jiang Zhu
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lian Hong Tan
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China, ;
| | - Yi Nan Shi
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China, ;
| | - Bing Zhu
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China, ;
| | - Pei Jing Rong
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China, ;
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Jang IJ, Davies AJ, Akimoto N, Back SK, Lee PR, Na HS, Furue H, Jung SJ, Kim YH, Oh SB. Acute inflammation reveals GABA A receptor-mediated nociception in mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons via PGE 2 receptor 4 signaling. Physiol Rep 2018; 5:5/8/e13178. [PMID: 28438981 PMCID: PMC5408276 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) depolarizes dorsal root ganglia (DRG) primary afferent neurons through activation of Cl− permeable GABAA receptors but the physiologic role of GABAA receptors in the peripheral terminals of DRG neurons remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of peripheral GABAA receptors in nociception using a mouse model of acute inflammation. In vivo, peripheral administration of the selective GABAA receptor agonist muscimol evoked spontaneous licking behavior, as well as spinal wide dynamic range (WDR) neuron firing, after pre‐conditioning with formalin but had no effect in saline‐treated mice. GABAA receptor‐mediated pain behavior after acute formalin treatment was abolished by the GABAA receptor blocker picrotoxin and cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin. In addition, treatment with prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was sufficient to reveal muscimol‐induced licking behavior. In vitro, GABA induced sub‐threshold depolarization in DRG neurons through GABAA receptor activation. Both formalin and PGE2 potentiated GABA‐induced Ca2+ transients and membrane depolarization in capsaicin‐sensitive nociceptive DRG neurons; these effects were blocked by the prostaglandin E2 receptor 4 (EP4) antagonist AH23848 (10 μmol/L). Furthermore, potentiation of GABA responses by PGE2 was prevented by the selective Nav1.8 antagonist A887826 (100 nmol/L). Although the function of the Na+‐K+‐2Cl‐ co‐transporter NKCC1 was required to maintain the Cl‐ ion gradient in isolated DRG neurons, NKCC1 was not required for GABAA receptor‐mediated nociceptive behavior after acute inflammation. Taken together, these results demonstrate that GABAA receptors may contribute to the excitation of peripheral sensory neurons in inflammation through a combined effect involving PGE2‐EP4 signaling and Na+ channel sensitization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- In Jeong Jang
- Pain Laboratory, Dental Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology and Physiology School of Dentistry Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Alexander J Davies
- Pain Laboratory, Dental Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology and Physiology School of Dentistry Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nozomi Akimoto
- Department of Information Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Seung Keun Back
- Department of Physiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Pharmacology and Biotechnology, College of Medical Engineering Konyang University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Pa Reum Lee
- Pain Laboratory, Dental Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology and Physiology School of Dentistry Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Heung Sik Na
- Department of Physiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hidemasa Furue
- Department of Information Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Sung Jun Jung
- Department of Physiology, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Ho Kim
- Pain Laboratory, Dental Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology and Physiology School of Dentistry Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seog Bae Oh
- Pain Laboratory, Dental Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology and Physiology School of Dentistry Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea .,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Brown DA. Norman Bowery's discoveries about extrasynaptic and asynaptic GABA systems and their significance. Neuropharmacology 2017; 136:3-9. [PMID: 29128306 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Before discovering the GABA-B receptor, Norman Bowery completed a series of studies on an extrasynaptic or asynaptic "GABA system" in the rat superior cervical sympathetic ganglion. First, he discovered an uptake system for GABA in neuroglial cells in the ganglia and in peripheral nerves, with a different substrate specificity than that in neurons. Second, he showed that accumulated GABA in sympathetic glial cells was metabolized to succinate by a transaminase enzyme. Third, he provided detailed structure-activity information about compounds activating an extrasynaptic GABA-A receptor on neurons in the rat sympathetic ganglion. Fourth, he showed that some amino acid substrates for the neuroglial transporter could indirectly stimulate neurons by releasing GABA from adjacent glial cells, and that GABA could also be released from neuroglial cells by membrane depolarization. In this review, these discoveries are briefly described and updated and some of their implications assessed. This article is part of the "Special Issue Dedicated to Norman G. Bowery".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Brown
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Qian Y, Cao Y, Deng B, Yang G, Li J, Xu R, Zhang D, Huang J, Rao Y. Sleep homeostasis regulated by 5HT2b receptor in a small subset of neurons in the dorsal fan-shaped body of drosophila. eLife 2017; 6:26519. [PMID: 28984573 PMCID: PMC5648528 DOI: 10.7554/elife.26519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying sleep homeostasis is limited. We have taken a systematic approach to study neural signaling by the transmitter 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in drosophila. We have generated knockout and knockin lines for Trh, the 5-HT synthesizing enzyme and all five 5-HT receptors, making it possible for us to determine their expression patterns and to investigate their functional roles. Loss of the Trh, 5HT1a or 5HT2b gene decreased sleep time whereas loss of the Trh or 5HT2b gene diminished sleep rebound after sleep deprivation. 5HT2b expression in a small subset of, probably a single pair of, neurons in the dorsal fan-shaped body (dFB) is functionally essential: elimination of the 5HT2b gene from these neurons led to loss of sleep homeostasis. Genetic ablation of 5HT2b neurons in the dFB decreased sleep and impaired sleep homeostasis. Our results have shown that serotonergic signaling in specific neurons is required for the regulation of sleep homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Qian
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biology, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute For Brain Research, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Cao
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biology, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute For Brain Research, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Bowen Deng
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biology, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute For Brain Research, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biology, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute For Brain Research, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayun Li
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biology, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute For Brain Research, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Xu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Juan Huang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Rao
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biology, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute For Brain Research, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Circulating miR-23b-3p, miR-145-5p and miR-200b-3p are potential biomarkers to monitor acute pain associated with laminitis in horses. Animal 2017; 12:366-375. [PMID: 28689512 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731117001525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) are emerging as promising biomarkers for several disorders and related pain. In equine practice, acute laminitis is a common disease characterised by intense pain that severely compromises horse welfare. Recently, the Horse Grimace Scale (HGS), a facial expression-based pain coding system, was shown to be a valid welfare indicator to identify pain linked to acute laminitis. The present study aimed to: determine whether miRNAs can be used as biomarkers for acute pain in horses (Equus caballus) affected by laminitis; integrate miRNAs to their target genes and to categorise target genes for biological processes; gather additional evidence on concurrent validity of HGS by investigating how it correlates to miRNAs. Nine horses presenting acute laminitis with no prior treatment were recruited. As control group, nine healthy horses were further included in the experimental design. Samples were collected from horses with laminitis at admission before any treatment ('pre-treatment') and 7 days after routine laminitis treatment ('post-treatment'). The expression levels of nine circulating miRNAs, namely hsa-miR-532-3p, hsa-miR-219-5p, mmu-miR-134-5p, mmu-miR-124a-3p, hsa-miR-200b-3p, hsa-miR-146a-5p, hsa-miR-23b-3p, hsa-miR-145-5p and hsa-miR-181a-5p, were detected and assessed as potential biomarkers of pain by quantitative PCR using TaqMan® probes. The area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) was then used to evaluate the diagnostic performance of miRNAs. Molecular data were integrated with HGS scores assessed by one trained treatment and time point blind veterinarian. The comparative analysis demonstrated that the levels of miR-23b-3p (P=0.029), miR-145-5p (P=0.015) and miR-200b-3p (P=0.023) were significantly higher in pre-treatment and the AUCs were 0.854, 0.859 and 0.841, respectively. MiR-200b-3p decreased after routine laminitis treatment (P=0.043). Combining two miRNAs in a panel, namely miR-145-5p and miR-200b-3p, increased efficiency in distinguishing animals with acute pain from controls. In addition, deregulated miRNAs were positively correlated to HGS scores. Computational target prediction and functional enrichment identified common biological pathways between different miRNAs. In particular, the glutamatergic pathway was affected by all three miRNAs, suggesting a crucial role in the pathogenesis of pain. In conclusion, the dynamic expression of circulating miR-23b-3p, miR-145-5p and miR-200b-3p was detected in horses with acute laminitis and miRNAs can be considered potentially promising pain biomarkers. Further studies are needed in order to assess their relevancy in other painful conditions severely compromising horse welfare. An important implication would be the possibility to use them for the concurrent validation of non-invasive indicators of pain in horses.
Collapse
|
18
|
Wang LJ, Wang Y, Chen MJ, Tian ZP, Lu BH, Mao KT, Zhang L, Zhao L, Shan LY, Li L, Si JQ. Effects of niflumic acid on γ-aminobutyric acid-induced currents in isolated dorsal root ganglion neurons of neuropathic pain rats. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:1373-1380. [PMID: 28810599 PMCID: PMC5526125 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Niflumic acid (NFA) is a type of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Neuropathic pain is caused by a decrease in presynaptic inhibition mediated by γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). In the present study, a whole-cell patch-clamp technique and intracellular recording were used to assess the effect of NFA on GABA-induced inward current in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons of a chronic constriction injury (CCI) model. It was observed that 1–1,000 µmol/l GABA induced a concentration-dependent inward current in DRG neurons. Compared with pseudo-operated rats, the thermal withdrawal latency (TWL) of CCI rats significantly decreased (P<0.01); however, the TWLs of each NFA group (50 and 300 µmol/l) were significantly longer than that of the CCI group (P<0.01). In the CCI group, the response evoked by GABA (10−6-10−3 mol/l) was reduced in a concentration dependent manner compared with a normal control group (P<0.01), and the current amplitudes of CCI rats activated by the same concentrations of GABA (10−6-10−3 mol/l) were significantly decreased compared with the control group (P<0.05). The inward currents activated by 100 µmol/l GABA were suppressed by treatment with 1, 10 and 100 µmol/l NFA (5.32±3.51, 33.8±5.20, and 52.2±6.32%, respectively; P<0.05). The inverse potentials of GABA-induced currents were 9.87±1.32 and 9.64±1.24 mV with and without NFA, respectively (P<0.05). Pre-treatment with NFA exerted a strong inhibitory effect on the peak value of GABA-induced current, and the GABA-induced response was inhibited by the same concentrations of NFA (1, 10 and 100 µmol/l) in the control and CCI groups (P<0.05). The results suggest that NFA reduced the primary afferent depolarization (PAD) associated with neuropathic pain and mediated by the GABAA receptor. NFA may regulate neuropathic pain by inhibiting dorsal root reflexes, which are triggered PAD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jie Wang
- Department of Physiology, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Physiology, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China.,The Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China.,Department of Physiology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Meng-Jie Chen
- Department of Physiology, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
| | - Zhen-Pu Tian
- Department of Physiology, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
| | - Bi-Han Lu
- Department of Physiology, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
| | - Ke-Tao Mao
- Department of Physiology, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China.,The Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China.,The Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Physiology, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China.,The Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
| | - Li-Ya Shan
- Department of Physiology, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China.,The Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Physiology, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China.,The Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Qiang Si
- Department of Physiology, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China.,The Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University Medical College, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China.,Department of Physiology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China.,Department of Physiology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Qiao LN, Liu JL, Tan LH, Yang HL, Zhai X, Yang YS. Effect of electroacupuncture on thermal pain threshold and expression of calcitonin-gene related peptide, substance P and γ-aminobutyric acid in the cervical dorsal root ganglion of rats with incisional neck pain. Acupunct Med 2017; 35:276-283. [PMID: 28600329 PMCID: PMC5561363 DOI: 10.1136/acupmed-2016-011177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Objective Acupuncture therapy effectively reduces post-surgical pain, but its mechanism of action remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate whether expression of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and the neuropeptides substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the primary sensory neurons of cervical dorsal root ganglia (DRG) are involved in electroacupuncture (EA)-induced analgesia in a rat model of incisional neck pain. Methods The pain model was established by making a longitudinal midline neck incision in 60 rats. Another 15 rats underwent sham surgery (normal group). Post-incision, 15 rats remained untreated (model group) and 45 rats underwent EA (frequency 2/100 Hz, intensity 1 mA) at bilateral LI18, LI4-PC6 or ST36-GB34 (n=15 each) for 30 min at 4 hours, 24 hours, and 48 hours post-surgery, followed by thermal pain threshold (PT) measurement. 30 min later, the rats were euthanased and cervical (C3-6) DRGs removed for measurement of immunoreactivity and mRNA expression of SP/CGRP and the GABAergic neuronal marker glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD67). Results Thermal PT was significantly lower in the model group versus the normal group and increased in the LI18 and LI4-PC6 groups but not the ST36-GB34 group compared with the model group. Additionally, EA at LI18 and LI4-PC6 markedly suppressed neck incision-induced upregulation of mRNA/protein expression of SP/CGRP, and upregulated mRNA/protein expression of GAD67 in the DRGs of C3-6 segments. Conclusions EA at LI18/LI4-PC6 increases PT in rats with incisional neck pain, which is likely related to downregulation of pronociceptive mediators SP/CGRP and upregulation of the inhibitory transmitter GABA in the primary sensory neurons of cervical DRGs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Qiao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Acu-Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun-Ling Liu
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Acu-Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lian-Hong Tan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Acu-Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Long Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Acu-Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute of Acupuncture and Massage, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xu Zhai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Acu-Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Sheng Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Acu-Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Du X, Hao H, Yang Y, Huang S, Wang C, Gigout S, Ramli R, Li X, Jaworska E, Edwards I, Deuchars J, Yanagawa Y, Qi J, Guan B, Jaffe DB, Zhang H, Gamper N. Local GABAergic signaling within sensory ganglia controls peripheral nociceptive transmission. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:1741-1756. [PMID: 28375159 PMCID: PMC5409786 DOI: 10.1172/jci86812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The integration of somatosensory information is generally assumed to be a function of the central nervous system (CNS). Here we describe fully functional GABAergic communication within rodent peripheral sensory ganglia and show that it can modulate transmission of pain-related signals from the peripheral sensory nerves to the CNS. We found that sensory neurons express major proteins necessary for GABA synthesis and release and that sensory neurons released GABA in response to depolarization. In vivo focal infusion of GABA or GABA reuptake inhibitor to sensory ganglia dramatically reduced acute peripherally induced nociception and alleviated neuropathic and inflammatory pain. In addition, focal application of GABA receptor antagonists to sensory ganglia triggered or exacerbated peripherally induced nociception. We also demonstrated that chemogenetic or optogenetic depolarization of GABAergic dorsal root ganglion neurons in vivo reduced acute and chronic peripherally induced nociception. Mechanistically, GABA depolarized the majority of sensory neuron somata, yet produced a net inhibitory effect on the nociceptive transmission due to the filtering effect at nociceptive fiber T-junctions. Our findings indicate that peripheral somatosensory ganglia represent a hitherto underappreciated site of somatosensory signal integration and offer a potential target for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, China; The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hebei Province; Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Han Hao
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, China; The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hebei Province; Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yuehui Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, China; The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hebei Province; Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Sha Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, China; The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hebei Province; Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Caixue Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, China; The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hebei Province; Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Sylvain Gigout
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Rosmaliza Ramli
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Xinmeng Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, China; The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hebei Province; Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ewa Jaworska
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Edwards
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Jim Deuchars
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Yuchio Yanagawa
- Department of Genetic and Behavioral Neuroscience, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine and Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Jinlong Qi
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, China; The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hebei Province; Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Bingcai Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, China; The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hebei Province; Shijiazhuang, China
| | - David B. Jaffe
- Department of Biology, UTSA Neurosciences Institute, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Hailin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, China; The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hebei Province; Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Nikita Gamper
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, China; The Key Laboratory of New Drug Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hebei Province; Shijiazhuang, China
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Given the clinical significance of pain disorders and the relative ineffectiveness of current therapeutics, it is important to identify alternative means of modulating nociception. The most obvious pharmacological targets are the ion channels that facilitate nervous transmission from pain sensors in the periphery to the processing regions within the brain and spinal cord. In order to design effective pharmacological tools for this purpose, however, it is first necessary to understand how these channels are regulated. A growing area of research involves the investigation of the role that trace metals and endogenous redox agents play in modulating the activity of a diverse group of ion channels within the pain pathway. In the present review, the most recent literature concerning trace metal and redox regulation of T-type calcium channels, NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors, GABAA (γ-aminobutyric acid A) receptors and TRP (transient receptor potential) channels are described to gain a comprehensive understanding of the current state of the field as well as to provide a basis for future thought and experimentation.
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhang XL, Lee KY, Priest BT, Belfer I, Gold MS. Inflammatory mediator-induced modulation of GABAA currents in human sensory neurons. Neuroscience 2015; 310:401-9. [PMID: 26415765 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to characterize the properties of A-type GABA receptor (GABAA receptor) currents in human sensory neurons. Neurons were obtained from adult organ donors. GABAA currents were recorded in isolated neurons. Both large inactivating low-affinity currents and smaller persistent high-affinity currents were present in all of the 129 neurons studied from 15 donors. The kinetics of human GABAA currents were slower than those in rat sensory neurons. GABA currents were completely blocked by bicuculline (10 μM), and persistent currents were activated by the δ-subunit-preferring agonist, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo[5,4-c]pyridine-3-ol (THIP). The GABA current equilibrium potential was ∼ 20 mV more hyperpolarized than in rat neurons. Both low- and high-affinity currents were increased by inflammatory mediators but via different second messenger pathways. These results highlight potentially important species differences in the properties of ion channels present in their native environment and suggest the use of human sensory neurons may be a valuable tool to test compounds prior to use in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X-L Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - K-Y Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - B T Priest
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - I Belfer
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - M S Gold
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Obradović ALJ, Scarpa J, Osuru HP, Weaver JL, Park JY, Pathirathna S, Peterkin A, Lim Y, Jagodic MM, Todorovic SM, Jevtovic-Todorovic V. Silencing the α2 subunit of γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors in rat dorsal root ganglia reveals its major role in antinociception posttraumatic nerve injury. Anesthesiology 2015; 123:654-67. [PMID: 26164299 PMCID: PMC4568754 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000000767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropathic pain (NPP) is likely the result of repetitive high-frequency bursts of peripheral afferent activity leading to long-lasting changes in synaptic plasticity in the spinal dorsal horn. Drugs that promote γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) activity in the dorsal horn provide partial relief of neuropathic symptoms. The authors examined how in vivo silencing of the GABA receptor type A (GABAA) α2 gene in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) controls NPP. METHODS After crush injury to the right sciatic nerve of female rats, the α2 GABAA antisense and mismatch oligodeoxynucleotides or NO-711 (a GABA uptake inhibitor) were applied to the L5 DRG. In vivo behavioral assessment of nociception was conducted before the injury and ensuing 10 days (n = 4 to 10). In vitro quantification of α2 GABAA protein and electrophysiological studies of GABAA currents were performed on acutely dissociated L5 DRG neurons at relevant time points (n = 6 to 14). RESULTS NPP postcrush injury of a sciatic nerve in adult female rats coincides with significant down-regulation of the α2 subunit expression in the ipsilateral DRG (approximately 30%). Selective down-regulation of α2 expression in DRGs significantly worsens mechanical (2.55 ± 0.75 to 5.16 ± 1.16) and thermal (7.97 ± 0.96 to 5.51 ± 0.75) hypersensitivity in crush-injured animals and causes development of significant mechanical (2.33 ± 0.40 to 5.00 ± 0.33) and thermal (10.80 ± 0.29 to 7.34 ± 0.81) hypersensitivity in sham animals (data shown as mean ± SD). Conversely, up-regulation of endogenous GABA via blockade of its uptake in DRG alleviates NPP. CONCLUSION The GABAA receptor in the DRG plays an important role in pathophysiology of NPP caused by sciatic nerve injury and represents promising target for novel pain therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar LJ Obradović
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Belgrade School of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Joseph Scarpa
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hari P Osuru
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Janelle L Weaver
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Ji-Yong Park
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sriyani Pathirathna
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Alexander Peterkin
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Yunhee Lim
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Sanggye Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, Inje University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Miljenko M Jagodic
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Slobodan M Todorovic
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Vesna Jevtovic-Todorovic
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Guo D, Hu J. Spinal presynaptic inhibition in pain control. Neuroscience 2014; 283:95-106. [PMID: 25255936 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The gate control theory proposed that the nociceptive sensory information transmitted to the brain relies on an interplay between the inputs from nociceptive and non-nociceptive primary afferent fibers. Both inputs are normally under strong inhibitory control in the spinal cord. Under healthy conditions, presynaptic inhibition activated by non-nociceptive fibers modulates the afferent input from nociceptive fibers onto spinal cord neurons, while postsynaptic inhibition controls the excitability of dorsal horn neurons, and silences the non-nociceptive information flow to nociceptive-specific (NS) projection neurons. However, under pathological conditions, this spinal inhibition may be altered and lead to chronic pain. This review summarizes our knowledge of presynaptic inhibition in pain control, with particular focus on how its alteration after nerve or tissue injury contributes to neuropathic or inflammatory pain syndromes, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Guo
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (CIN), Otfried-Mueller-Straße 25, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - J Hu
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (CIN), Otfried-Mueller-Straße 25, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wang F, Stefano GB, Kream RM. Epigenetic modification of DRG neuronal gene expression subsequent to nerve injury: etiological contribution to complex regional pain syndromes (Part II). Med Sci Monit 2014; 20:1188-200. [PMID: 25027291 PMCID: PMC4106931 DOI: 10.12659/msm.890707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cumulating evidence indicated that nerve injury-associated cellular and molecular changes play an essential role in contributing to the development of pathological pain, and more recent findings implicated the critical role of epigenetic mechanisms in pain-related sensitization in the DRG subsequent to nerve injury. In this part of the dyad review (Part II), we reviewed and paid special attention on the etiological contribution of DGR gene expression modulated by epigenetic mechanisms of CRPS. As essential effectors to different molecular activation, we first discussed the activation of various signaling pathways that subsequently from nerve injury, and in further illustrated the fundamental and functional underpinnings of nerve injury-induced pain, in which we argued for the potential epigenetic mechanisms in response to sensitizing stimuli or injury. Therefore, understanding the specific mediating factors that influence individual epigenetic differences contributing to pain sensitivity and responsiveness to analgesics possesses crucial clinical implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fuzhou Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China (mainland)
| | - George B Stefano
- Neuroscience Research Institute, State University of New York at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, China (mainland)
| | - Richard M Kream
- Neuroscience Research Institute, State University of New York at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, China (mainland)
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Obradovic AL, Hwang SM, Scarpa J, Hong SJ, Todorovic SM, Jevtovic-Todorovic V. CaV3.2 T-type calcium channels in peripheral sensory neurons are important for mibefradil-induced reversal of hyperalgesia and allodynia in rats with painful diabetic neuropathy. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91467. [PMID: 24705276 PMCID: PMC3976247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently showed that streptozotocin (STZ) injections in rats lead to the development of painful peripheral diabetic neuropathy (PDN) accompanied by enhancement of CaV3.2 T-type calcium currents (T-currents) and hyperexcitability in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Here we used the classical peripherally acting T-channel blocker mibefradil to examine the role of CaV3.2 T-channels as pharmacological targets for treatment of painful PDN. When administered intraperitoneally (i.p.), at clinically relevant doses, mibefradil effectively alleviated heat, cold and mechanical hypersensitivities in STZ-treated diabetic rats in a dose-dependent manner. We also found that CaV3.2 antisense (AS)-treated diabetic rats exhibit a significant decrease in painful PDN compared with mismatch antisense (MIS)-treated diabetic rats. Co-treatment with mibefradil (9 mg/kg i.p.) resulted in reversal of heat, cold and mechanical hypersensitivity in MIS-treated but not in AS-treated diabetic rats, suggesting that mibefradil and CaV3.2 AS share the same cellular target. Using patch-clamp recordings from acutely dissociated DRG neurons, we demonstrated that mibefradil similarly blocked T-currents in diabetic and healthy rats in a voltage-dependent manner by stabilizing inactive states of T-channels. We conclude that antihyperalgesic and antiallodynic effects of mibefradil in PDN are at least partly mediated by inhibition of CaV3.2 channels in peripheral nociceptors. Hence, peripherally acting voltage-dependent T-channel blockers could be very useful in the treatment of painful symptoms of PDN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Lj. Obradovic
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sung Mi Hwang
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Joseph Scarpa
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Sung Jun Hong
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Slobodan M. Todorovic
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Vesna Jevtovic-Todorovic
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Parenti C, Turnaturi R, Aricò G, Gramowski-Voss A, Schroeder OHU, Marrazzo A, Prezzavento O, Ronsisvalle S, Scoto GM, Ronsisvalle G, Pasquinucci L. The multitarget opioid ligand LP1's effects in persistent pain and in primary cell neuronal cultures. Neuropharmacology 2013; 71:70-82. [PMID: 23541722 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Persistent pain states, such as those caused by nerve injury or inflammation, are associated with altered sensations, allodynia and hyperalgesia, that are resistant to traditional analgesics. A contribution to development and maintenance in altered pain perception comes from nociceptive processing and descending modulation from supraspinal sites. A multitarget ligand seems to be useful for pain relief with a decreased risk of adverse events and a considerable analgesic efficacy. The multitarget MOR agonist-DOR antagonist LP1, (3-[(2R,6R,11R)-8-hydroxy-6,11-dimethyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2,6-methano-3-benazocin-3(2H)-yl]-N-phenylpropanamide, is a central acting antinociceptive agent with low potential to induce tolerance. LP1 was tested in models of neuropathic pain - induced by chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the left sciatic nerve - and inflammatory pain - produced by intraplantar injection of carrageenan. In CCI rats, subcutaneous (s.c.) LP1 (3 mg/kg) showed a significant antiallodynic effect, measured with von Frey filaments, and antihyperalgesic effect, evoked in response to a radiant heat stimulus with plantar test. Analogously, LP1 significantly reduced allodynic and hyperalgesic thresholds in a model of inflammatory pain induced by carrageenan. To evaluate the contribution of opioid receptor subtypes in LP1 antinociceptive effects, the multitarget LP1 profile was assessed using selective opioid antagonists. Moreover, functional electrophysiological in vitro assays, using primary cortical and spinal cord networks, allowed to define the "pharmacological fingerprint" of LP1. The EC₅₀ values in this functional screening seem to confirm LP1 as a potent opioid ligand (EC₅₀ = 0.35 fM and EC₅₀ = 44 pM in spinal cord and frontal cortex, respectively). Using a NeuroProof data-base of well characterised reference compounds, a similarity profile of LP1 to opioid and non-opioid drugs involved in pain modulation was detected. Our studies seem to support that multitarget ligand approach should be useful for persistent pain conditions in which mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia are significant components of the nociceptive response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Parenti
- Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Heterogenous GABAB receptor-mediated pathways are involved in the local GABAergic system of the rat trigeminal ganglion: Possible involvement of KCTD proteins. Neuroscience 2012; 218:344-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
29
|
Feng Y, Guo N, Sun Q, Chen X, Liu J, Lai R, Huang F. Open-label study of combination therapy with isoniazid for management of refractory neuropathic pain. J Clin Neurosci 2012; 19:1130-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2011.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 09/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
30
|
Szczot M, Czyzewska MM, Appendino G, Mozrzymas JW. Modulation of GABAergic synaptic currents and current responses by α-thujone and dihydroumbellulone. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2012; 75:622-629. [PMID: 22364543 DOI: 10.1021/np200863q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
α-Thujone (1a), a constituent of wormwood, has been suspected to cause adverse psychoactive reactions in addicted drinkers of absinthe. While the content of 1a in absinthe is too low for such effects, at higher doses it can indeed induce seizures and inhibit GABA(A) receptors (GABA(A)Rs). The effect of 1a on GABAergic synaptic currents and the mechanisms by which it modulates GABA(A)Rs remain unknown. To address these issues, cultured hippocampal neurons were used to investigate the action of 1a on GABAergic miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs) and on responses to exogenous GABA applications. Since lipophilic compounds often show nonspecific actions related to their hydrophobicity, the action of 1a was compared to that of dihydroumbellulone (2), a configurationally pseudoenantiomeric constitutional isomer. α-Thujone (1a) reduced mIPSC frequency and amplitude and also moderately affected their kinetics, indicating both pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms. Analysis of current responses to exogenous GABA revealed that 1a reduced their amplitude, affecting their onset, desensitization, and deactivation, suggesting an effect on receptor gating. In contrast, 2 caused only a weak or negligible effect on GABAergic currents, supporting the effects of 1a on GABAergic inhibition as being due to specific interactions with GABA(A)Rs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Szczot
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Biophysics, Wrocław Medical University, ul. Chałubińskiego 3, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Puri J, Vinothini P, Reuben J, Bellinger LL, Ailing L, Peng YB, Kramer PR. Reduced GABA(A) receptor α6 expression in the trigeminal ganglion alters inflammatory TMJ hypersensitivity. Neuroscience 2012; 213:179-90. [PMID: 22521829 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Trigeminal ganglia neurons express the GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha 6 (Gabrα6) but the role of this particular subunit in orofacial hypersensitivity is unknown. In this report the function of Gabrα6 was tested by reducing its expression in the trigeminal ganglia and measuring the effect of this reduction on inflammatory temporomandibular joint (TMJ) hypersensitivity. Gabrα6 expression was reduced by infusing the trigeminal ganglia of male Sprague Dawley rats with small interfering RNA (siRNA) having homology to either the Gabrα6 gene (Gabrα6 siRNA) or no known gene (control siRNA). Sixty hours after siRNA infusion the rats received a bilateral TMJ injection of complete Freund's adjuvant to induce an inflammatory response. Hypersensitivity was then quantitated by measuring meal duration, which lengthens when hypersensitivity increases. Neuronal activity in the trigeminal ganglia was also measured by quantitating the amount of phosphorylated ERK. Rats in a different group that did not have TMJ inflammation had an electrode placed in the spinal cord at the level of C1 sixty hours after siRNA infusion to record extracellular electrical activity of neurons that responded to TMJ stimulation. Our results show that Gabrα6 was expressed in both neurons and satellite glia of the trigeminal ganglia and that Gabrα6 positive neurons within the trigeminal ganglia have afferents in the TMJ. Gabrα6 siRNA infusion reduced Gabrα6 gene expression by 30% and significantly lengthened meal duration in rats with TMJ inflammation. Gabrα6 siRNA infusion also significantly increased p-ERK expression in the trigeminal ganglia of rats with TMJ inflammation and increased electrical activity in the spinal cord of rats without TMJ inflammation. These results suggest that maintaining Gabrα6 expression was necessary to inhibit primary sensory afferents in the trigeminal pathway and reduce inflammatory orofacial nociception.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Puri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Baylor College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston Avenue, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Rosiglitazone ameliorates the histological parameters of the dorsal root ganglion and functional assessment after sciatic nerve injury in the rat. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2012; 154:533-40. [PMID: 22116455 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-011-1236-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigates the effects of rosiglitazone (a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma) on the histological parameters of the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and the recovery potential of the injured sciatic nerve in rats using stereological methods. METHODS The rats were divided into four groups including control, sham-operated, sciatic nerve crush (SNC), and SNC + rosiglitazone treatment (5 mg/kg body weight/day). The sciatic functional index (SFI) was used to evaluate functional recovery. The main DRG neurons were defined as either A cells (the larger cell with a central nucleolus in the nucleus and granulated cytoplasm) or B cells (the smaller cell with multiple peripherally located nucleoli and homogenous cytoplasm). Satellite cells (supporting) surround the neuron cell body. RESULTS The volume and surface of A and B cells decreased in the SNC group compared to the sham-operated group. In the SNC + rosiglitazone group, the volume of A and B cells decreased to a lesser extent, and was 30% and 48% higher in comparison with the SCN group. In the SNC + rosiglitazone rats the surface of the A and B cells decreased to a minor extent, and was 45% and 21% higher in comparison with the SNC animals. In rosiglitazone-treated rats the number of the A, B, and satellite cells decreased less, and was 38%, 34%, and 29% higher than in the SNC rats. The SFI score improved in SNC + rosiglitazone rats in comparison with non-treated animals. CONCLUSION Rosiglitazone has an ameliorative effect on the DRG and enhances the functional recovery after SNC in rats.
Collapse
|
33
|
Naik AK, Latham JR, Obradovic A, Jevtovic-Todorovic V. Dorsal root ganglion application of muscimol prevents hyperalgesia and stimulates myelin protein expression after sciatic nerve injury in rats. Anesth Analg 2011; 114:674-82. [PMID: 22190549 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0b013e31823fad7e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral nerve injuries may result in debilitating pain that is poorly responsive to conventional treatment. Neuropathic pain induced by peripheral nerve injury is caused, in part, by ectopic discharges from the injury site or the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) resulting in enhanced central input and central hyperexcitability. A heterogeneous family of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)(A) channels is important in quieting neuronal excitability. We have recently reported that in vivo modulation of GABAergic neurons in DRG can alter the course of neuropathic pain development after peripheral nerve injury. It seems that direct application of a potent GABA(A) agonist, muscimol, to the ipsilateral DRG prevents the development of hyperalgesia in rats subjected to a sciatic nerve crush injury. In addition to potentially curtailing hyperexcitability, GABAergic stimulation upregulated expression of peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22), a key component of the basal lamina. PMP22 expression correlates with peripheral myelin formation and nerve regeneration. METHODS Because of the importance of PMP22 for the formation and stability of myelin, and the fact that PMP22 expression could be GABAergically modulated, we examined whether direct DRG application of muscimol can restore PMP22 protein expression and the integrity of nerve fibers after crush injury of a sciatic nerve. RESULTS Using adult female rats and a crush injury model, we found that GABAergic modulation in the ipsilateral DRG restores PMP22 protein expression in the distal segment of the sciatic nerve and improves myelin stability in the basal membrane of nerve fibers, thus giving the morphological appearance of lessened nerve injury or faster nerve fiber regeneration. Both the enhanced PMP22 protein expression and morphological improvements coincide with the abolishment of thermal and mechanical hypersensitivity. CONCLUSIONS The DRG could be a promising therapeutic target in nerve regeneration and pain alleviation after crush injury of a myelinated peripheral nerve.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ajit K Naik
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health System, PO Box 800710, Charlottesville, VA 22980, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Noorafshan A, Omidi A, Karbalay-Doust S, Aliabadi E, Dehghani F. Effects of curcumin on the dorsal root ganglion structure and functional recovery after sciatic nerve crush in rat. Micron 2011; 42:449-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
35
|
Huang Y, Liu X, Dong L, Liu Z, He X, Liu W. Development of viral vectors for gene therapy for chronic pain. PAIN RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2011; 2011:968218. [PMID: 22110937 PMCID: PMC3200086 DOI: 10.1155/2011/968218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pain is a major health concern that affects millions of people. There are no adequate long-term therapies for chronic pain sufferers, leading to significant cost for both society and the individual. The most commonly used therapy for chronic pain is the application of opioid analgesics and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, but these drugs can lead to addiction and may cause side effects. Further studies of the mechanisms of chronic pain have opened the way for development of new treatment strategies, one of which is gene therapy. The key to gene therapy is selecting safe and highly efficient gene delivery systems that can deliver therapeutic genes to overexpress or suppress relevant targets in specific cell types. Here we review several promising viral vectors that could be applied in gene transfer for the treatment of chronic pain and further discuss the possible mechanisms of genes of interest that could be delivered with viral vectors for the treatment of chronic pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Huang
- School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Donghu Road #185, Wuchang, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xin Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Wuhan University, Donghu Road #185, Wuchang, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Lanlan Dong
- School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Donghu Road #185, Wuchang, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Zhongchun Liu
- School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Donghu Road #185, Wuchang, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xiaohua He
- School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Donghu Road #185, Wuchang, Wuhan 430071, China
- Research Center of Food and Drug Evaluation, Wuhan University, Donghu Road #185, Wuchang, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Wanhong Liu
- School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Donghu Road #185, Wuchang, Wuhan 430071, China
- Research Center of Food and Drug Evaluation, Wuhan University, Donghu Road #185, Wuchang, Wuhan 430071, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Allopregnanolone prevents and suppresses oxaliplatin-evoked painful neuropathy: Multi-parametric assessment and direct evidence. Pain 2011; 152:170-181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2010.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Revised: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|
37
|
Gong KR, Cao FL, He Y, Gao CY, Wang DD, Li H, Zhang FK, An YY, Lin Q, Chen J. Enhanced excitatory and reduced inhibitory synaptic transmission contribute to persistent pain-induced neuronal hyper-responsiveness in anterior cingulate cortex. Neuroscience 2010; 171:1314-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
38
|
Patte-Mensah C, Meyer L, Schaeffer V, Mensah-Nyagan AG. Selective regulation of 3α-hydroxysteroid oxido-reductase expression in dorsal root ganglion neurons: A possible mechanism to cope with peripheral nerve injury-induced chronic pain. Pain 2010; 150:522-534. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2010.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Revised: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
39
|
Meyer L, Patte-Mensah C, Taleb O, Mensah-Nyagan AG. Cellular and functional evidence for a protective action of neurosteroids against vincristine chemotherapy-induced painful neuropathy. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:3017-34. [PMID: 20431905 PMCID: PMC11115743 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0372-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Revised: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Painful neuropathy is a major side-effect limiting cancer chemotherapy. Therefore, novel strategies are required to suppress the neuropathic effects of anticancer drugs without altering their chemotherapeutic effectiveness. By combining biochemical, neuroanatomical/neurochemical, electrophysiological and behavioral methods, we demonstrated that progesterone-derived neurosteroids including 5alpha-dihydroprogesterone and 3alpha,5alpha-tetrahydroprogesterone suppressed neuropathic symptoms evoked in naive rats by vincristine. Neurosteroids counteracted vincristine-induced alterations in peripheral nerves including 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase, neurofilament-200 kDa and intraepidermal nerve fiber repression, nerve conduction velocity, and pain transmission abnormalities (allodynia/hyperalgesia). In skin-tumor rats generated with carcinosarcoma-cells, vincristine, which suppressed the skin tumor and restored normal blood concentration of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), reproduced neuropathic side-effects. Administered alone, neurosteroids did not affect the tumor and VEGF level. Combined with vincristine, neurosteroids preserved vincristine anti-tumor action but counteracted vincristine-induced neural side-effects. Together, these results provide valuable insight into the cellular and functional mechanisms underlying anticancer drug-induced neuropathy and suggest a neurosteroid-based strategy to eradicate painful neuropathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Meyer
- Equipe Stéroïdes, Neuromodulateurs et Neuropathologies, Bâtiment 3 de la Faculté de Médecine, EA-4438 Université de Strasbourg, 11 rue Humann, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Christine Patte-Mensah
- Equipe Stéroïdes, Neuromodulateurs et Neuropathologies, Bâtiment 3 de la Faculté de Médecine, EA-4438 Université de Strasbourg, 11 rue Humann, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Omar Taleb
- Equipe Stéroïdes, Neuromodulateurs et Neuropathologies, Bâtiment 3 de la Faculté de Médecine, EA-4438 Université de Strasbourg, 11 rue Humann, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Ayikoe Guy Mensah-Nyagan
- Equipe Stéroïdes, Neuromodulateurs et Neuropathologies, Bâtiment 3 de la Faculté de Médecine, EA-4438 Université de Strasbourg, 11 rue Humann, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
Neuropathic pain, a severe chronic pain condition characterized by a complex pathophysiology, is a largely unmet medical need. Ion channels, which underlie cell excitability, are heavily implicated in the biological mechanisms that generate and sustain neuropathic pain. This review highlights the biological evidence supporting the involvement of voltage-, proton- and ligand-gated ion channels in the neuropathic pain setting. Ion channel modulators at different research or development stages are reviewed and referenced. Ion channel modulation is one of the main avenues to achieve novel, improved neuropathic pain treatments. Voltage-gated sodium and calcium channel and glutamate receptor modulators are likely to produce new, improved agents in the future. Rationally targeting subtypes of known ion channels, tackling recently discovered ion channel targets or combining drugs with different mechanism of action will be primary sources of new drugs in the longer term.
Collapse
|
41
|
Pesaresi M, Maschi O, Giatti S, Garcia-Segura LM, Caruso D, Melcangi RC. Sex differences in neuroactive steroid levels in the nervous system of diabetic and non-diabetic rats. Horm Behav 2010; 57:46-55. [PMID: 19422828 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2009.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Revised: 04/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Neuropathy and encephalopathy represent important complications of diabetes. Recent observations obtained in experimental models have suggested that, in male rats, neuroactive steroids are protective agents and that their levels in peripheral (PNS) and central (CNS) nervous system are strongly affected by the disease. It is interesting to highlight that incidence, progression and severity of diabetic neuropathy and diabetic encephalopathy are different in the two sexes. Consequently, it is important to determine the changes in neuroactive steroid levels in the PNS and the CNS of both males and females. To this aim, we have evaluated the levels of neuroactive steroids such as, pregnenolone, progesterone and its metabolites, testosterone and its metabolites, and dehydroepiandrosterone in different CNS regions (i.e., cerebral cortex, cerebellum and spinal cord) and in the sciatic nerve of control and diabetic (i.e., induced by streptozotocin) male and female rats. Data obtained by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry indicate that the levels of neuroactive steroids show sex and regional differences in control animals. Streptozotocin-induced diabetes resulted in a strong general decrease in neuroactive steroid levels, in both the PNS and the CNS. In addition, the effects of diabetes on neuroactive steroid levels also show sex and regional differences. These findings may have strong implications for the development of new sex-oriented therapies for the treatment of diabetic neuropathy and diabetic encephalopathy, based on the use of neuroactive steroids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Pesaresi
- Department of Endocrinology, Pathophysiology, and Applied Biology - Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Shim S, Ming GL. Roles of channels and receptors in the growth cone during PNS axonal regeneration. Exp Neurol 2009; 223:38-44. [PMID: 19833126 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Revised: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neurons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) are known to maintain a regenerative capacity and will normally regenerate their axons within a permissive growth environment. The success of regeneration in the PNS largely depends on maintenance of the supportive basal lamina membrane, efficient removal of axonal and myelin debris by macrophages and Schwann cells, expression of neurotrophic factors by Schwann cells, and up-regulation of the intrinsic growth program in PNS neurons. The PNS regenerative process is well characterized through initial Wallerian degeneration followed by axonal sprouting, formation of neuronal growth cones, active axonal growth to the target, and finally sensory and motor functional recovery. The initiation and maintenance of active growth cones during peripheral nerve regeneration recapitulate many aspects of early neural development and are achieved through the activation of complex signaling cascades, involving various receptors, channels, cytoplasmic signaling cascades, as well as transcriptional and translational programs. This review focuses on roles of cell surface ion channels and receptors in the growth cone during Wallerian degeneration and axon regeneration in the PNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sangwoo Shim
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, BRB 779, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Vit JP, Ohara PT, Sundberg C, Rubi B, Maechler P, Liu C, Puntel M, Lowenstein P, Castro M, Jasmin L. Adenovector GAD65 gene delivery into the rat trigeminal ganglion produces orofacial analgesia. Mol Pain 2009; 5:42. [PMID: 19656360 PMCID: PMC2734545 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-5-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Accepted: 08/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Our goal is to use gene therapy to alleviate pain by targeting glial cells. In an animal model of facial pain we tested the effect of transfecting the glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) gene into satellite glial cells (SGCs) of the trigeminal ganglion by using a serotype 5 adenovector with high tropisms for glial cells. We postulated that GABA produced from the expression of GAD would reduce pain behavior by acting on GABA receptors on neurons within the ganglion. Results Injection of adenoviral vectors (AdGAD65) directly into the trigeminal ganglion leads to sustained expression of the GAD65 isoform over the 4 weeks observation period. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that adenovirus-mediated GAD65 expression and GABA synthesis were mainly in SGCs. GABAA and GABAB receptors were both seen in sensory neurons, yet only GABAA receptors decorated the neuronal surface. GABA receptors were not found on SGCs. Six days after injection of AdGAD65 into the trigeminal ganglion, there was a statistically significant decrease of pain behavior in the orofacial formalin test, a model of inflammatory pain. Rats injected with control virus (AdGFP or AdLacZ) had no reduction in their pain behavior. AdGAD65-dependent analgesia was blocked by bicuculline, a selective GABAA receptor antagonist, but not by CGP46381, a selective GABAB receptor antagonist. Conclusion Transfection of glial cells in the trigeminal ganglion with the GAD gene blocks pain behavior by acting on GABAA receptors on neuronal perikarya.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Vit
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Yuan WX, Chen SR, Chen H, Pan HL. Stimulation of alpha(1)-adrenoceptors reduces glutamatergic synaptic input from primary afferents through GABA(A) receptors and T-type Ca(2+) channels. Neuroscience 2008; 158:1616-24. [PMID: 19068225 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2008] [Revised: 11/07/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the descending noradrenergic system inhibits nociceptive transmission in the spinal cord. Although both alpha(1)- and alpha(2)-adrenoceptors in the spinal cord are involved in the modulation of nociceptive transmission, it is not clear how alpha(1)-adrenoceptors regulate excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission at the spinal level. In this study, inhibitory and excitatory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs and EPSCs, respectively) were recorded from lamina II neurons in rat spinal cord slices. The specific alpha(1)-adrenoceptor agonist phenylephrine significantly increased the frequency of GABAergic spontaneous IPSCs in a concentration dependent manner, and this effect was abolished by the alpha(1)-adrenoceptor antagonist 2-(2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy)ethylaminomethyl-1,4-benzodioxane (WB4101). Phenylephrine also significantly reduced the amplitude of monosynaptic and polysynaptic EPSCs evoked from primary afferents. The inhibitory effect of phenylephrine on evoked monosynaptic glutamatergic EPSCs was largely blocked by the GABA(A) receptor antagonist picrotoxin and, to a lesser extent, by the GABA(B) receptor antagonist CGP55845. Furthermore, blocking T-type Ca(2+) channels with amiloride or mibefradil diminished the inhibitory effect produced by phenylephrine or the GABA(A) receptor agonist muscimol on monosynaptic EPSCs evoked from primary afferents. Collectively, these findings suggest that activation of alpha(1)-adrenoceptors in the spinal cord increases synaptic GABA release, which attenuates glutamatergic input from primary afferents mainly through GABA(A) receptors and T-type Ca(2+) channels. This mechanism of presynaptic inhibition in the spinal cord may be involved in the regulation of nociception by the descending noradrenergic system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W-X Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|