1
|
NODA M, MATSUDA T. Central regulation of body fluid homeostasis. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2022; 98:283-324. [PMID: 35908954 PMCID: PMC9363595 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.98.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular fluids, including blood, lymphatic fluid, and cerebrospinal fluid, are collectively called body fluids. The Na+ concentration ([Na+]) in body fluids is maintained at 135-145 mM and is broadly conserved among terrestrial animals. Homeostatic osmoregulation by Na+ is vital for life because severe hyper- or hypotonicity elicits irreversible organ damage and lethal neurological trauma. To achieve "body fluid homeostasis" or "Na homeostasis", the brain continuously monitors [Na+] in body fluids and controls water/salt intake and water/salt excretion by the kidneys. These physiological functions are primarily regulated based on information on [Na+] and relevant circulating hormones, such as angiotensin II, aldosterone, and vasopressin. In this review, we discuss sensing mechanisms for [Na+] and hormones in the brain that control water/salt intake behaviors, together with the responsible sensors (receptors) and relevant neural pathways. We also describe mechanisms in the brain by which [Na+] increases in body fluids activate the sympathetic neural activity leading to hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu NODA
- Homeostatic Mechanism Research Unit, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Homeostatic Mechanism Research Unit, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan (e-mail: )
| | - Takashi MATSUDA
- Homeostatic Mechanism Research Unit, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
The influence of opioid dependence on salt consumption and related psychological parameters in mice and humans. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 203:19-26. [PMID: 31400713 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The consumption of dietary salt (NaCl) is controlled by neuronal pathways that are modulated by endogenous opioid signalling. The latter is disrupted by chronic use of exogenous opioid receptor agonists, such as morphine. Therefore, opioid dependence may influence salt consumption, which we investigated in two complimentary studies in humans and mice. METHODS Human study: three groups were recruited: i. Individuals who are currently opioid dependent and receiving opioid substitution treatment (OST); ii. Previously opioid dependent individuals, who are currently abstinent, and; iii. Healthy controls with no history of opioid dependence. Participants tasted solutions containing different salt concentrations and indicated levels of salt 'desire', salt 'liking', and perceptions of 'saltiness'. Mouse study: preference for 0.1 M versus 0.2 M NaCl and overall levels of salt consumption were recorded during and after chronic escalating morphine treatment. RESULTS Human study: Abstinent participants' 'desire' for and 'liking' of salt was shifted towards more highly concentrated salt solutions relative to control and OST individuals. Mouse study: Mice increased their total salt consumption during morphine treatment relative to vehicle controls, which persisted for 3 days after cessation of treatment. Preference for 'low' versus 'high' concentrations of salt were unchanged. CONCLUSION These findings suggest a possible common mechanistic cross-sensitization to salt that is present in both mice and humans and builds our understanding of how opioid dependence can influence dietary salt consumption. This research may help inform better strategies to improve the diet and overall wellbeing of the growing number of individuals who develop opioid dependence.
Collapse
|
3
|
Bodnar RJ. Endogenous opioid modulation of food intake and body weight: Implications for opioid influences upon motivation and addiction. Peptides 2019; 116:42-62. [PMID: 31047940 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review is part of a special issue dedicated to Opioid addiction, and examines the influential role of opioid peptides, opioid receptors and opiate drugs in mediating food intake and body weight control in rodents. This review postulates that opioid mediation of food intake was an example of "positive addictive" properties that provide motivational drives to maintain opioid-seeking behavior and that are not subject to the "negative addictive" properties associated with tolerance, dependence and withdrawal. Data demonstrate that opiate and opioid peptide agonists stimulate food intake through homeostatic activation of sensory, metabolic and energy-related In contrast, general, and particularly mu-selective, opioid receptor antagonists typically block these homeostatically-driven ingestive behaviors. Intake of palatable and hedonic food stimuli is inhibited by general, and particularly mu-selective, opioid receptor antagonists. The selectivity of specific opioid agonists to elicit food intake was confirmed through the use of opioid receptor antagonists and molecular knockdown (antisense) techniques incapacitating specific exons of opioid receptor genes. Further extensive evidence demonstrated that homeostatic and hedonic ingestive situations correspondingly altered the levels and expression of opioid peptides and opioid receptors. Opioid mediation of food intake was controlled by a distributed brain network intimately related to both the appetitive-consummatory sites implicated in food intake as well as sites intimately involved in reward and reinforcement. This emergent system appears to sustain the "positive addictive" properties providing motivational drives to maintain opioid-seeking behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, City University of New York, United States; Psychology Doctoral Program and CUNY Neuroscience Collaborative, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Anesio A, Barbosa SP, De Luca LA, de Paula PM, Colombari DSA, Colombari E, Andrade CAF, Menani JV. Central muscarinic and LPBN mechanisms on sodium intake. Brain Res Bull 2018; 144:14-20. [PMID: 30391542 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Central cholinergic activation stimulates water intake, but also NaCl intake when the inhibitory mechanisms are blocked with injections of moxonidine (α2 adrenergic/imidazoline agonist) into the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN). In the present study, we investigated the involvement of central M1 and M2 muscarinic receptors on NaCl intake induced by pilocarpine (non-selective muscarinic agonist) intraperitoneally combined with moxonidine into the LPBN or by muscimol (GABAA agonist) into the LPBN. Male Holtzman rats with stainless steel cannulas implanted bilaterally in the LPBN and in the lateral ventricle were used. Pirenzepine (M1 muscarinic antagonist, 1 nmol/1 μl) or methoctramine (M2 muscarinic antagonist, 50 nmol/1 μL) injected intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) reduced 0.3 M NaCl and water intake in rats treated with pilocarpine (0.1 mg/100 g of body weight) injected intraperitoneally combined with moxonidine (0.5 nmol/0.2 μL) into the LPBN. In rats treated with muscimol (0.5 nmol/0.2 μL) into the LPBN, methoctramine i.c.v. also reduced 0.3 M NaCl and water intake, however, pirenzepine produced no effect. The results suggest that M1 and M2 muscarinic receptors activate central pathways involved in the control of water and sodium intake that are under the influence of the LPBN inhibitory mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Augusto Anesio
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Silas Pereira Barbosa
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Laurival A De Luca
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Maria de Paula
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Débora S A Colombari
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Colombari
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Carina A F Andrade
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - José V Menani
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mirzaei-Damabi N, Namvar GR, Yeganeh F, Hatam M. α 2 Receptors in the lateral parabrachial nucleus generates the pressor response of the cardiovascular chemoreflex, effects of GABA A receptor. Brain Res Bull 2018; 140:190-196. [PMID: 29775659 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN) is a pontine area involved in cardiovascular chemoreflex. This study was performed to find the effects of reversible synaptic blockade of the LPBN on the chemoreflex responses, and to find the roles of GABAA receptor and α2-adenoreceptor (α2-AR) in chemoreflex. It also aimed to seek possible interaction between GABA and noradrenergic systems of the LPBN in urethane-anesthetized male rats. Cardiovascular chemoreflex was activated by intravenous injection of potassium cyanide (KCN, 80 μg/kg). The cardiovascular responses of chemoreflex were evaluated before (control), 5 and 15 min after microinjection of each drug (100 nl) into the LPBN. Microinjections of cobalt chloride (5 mM), a reversible synaptic blocker, into the LPBN greatly attenuated the chemoreflex pressor and bradycardic responses indicating that the LPBN plays a main role in chemoreflex. Local injection of yohimbine (10 nmol), an α2-AR antagonist, attenuated the pressor response with no effect on bradycardic response, suggesting that α2-adrenoreceptors are involved in producing the pressor response of the chemoreflex. Microinjection of bicuculline methiodide (BMI, 100 pmol), a GABAA antagonist, into the LPBN augmented the pressor response and attenuated the bradycardic response, indicating that GABA inhibits the sympathetic output to the heart and vasculature. Sequential injection of yohimbine and BMI had no significant effect on the pressor response but attenuated the bradycardia. In conclusion, the LPBN is essential for the chemoreflex responses. The pressor response of the chemoreflex, at least partly, is produced by α2- adenoreceptors. GABA in the LPBN inhibits the cardiovascular system. Finally, there is no interaction between GABAergic and adrenergic neurons of the LPBN in producing the cardiovascular chemoreflex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gholam Reza Namvar
- Dept. of Physiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Yeganeh
- Dept. of Physiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Hatam
- Dept. of Physiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
De Oliveira LB, Andrade CA, De Luca LA, Colombari DS, Menani JV. Opioid and α2 adrenergic mechanisms are activated by GABA agonists in the lateral parabrachial nucleus to induce sodium intake. Brain Res Bull 2018; 139:174-181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
7
|
Dadam F, Zádor F, Caeiro X, Szűcs E, Erdei AI, Samavati R, Gáspár R, Borsodi A, Vivas L. The effect of increased NaCl intake on rat brain endogenous μ-opioid receptor signalling. J Neuroendocrinol 2018; 30:e12585. [PMID: 29486102 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies demonstrate the significant role of central β-endorphin and its receptor, the μ-opioid receptor (MOR), in sodium intake regulation. The present study aimed to investigate the possible relationship between chronic high-NaCl intake and brain endogenous MOR functioning. We examined whether short-term (4 days) obligatory salt intake (2% NaCl solution) in rats induces changes in MOR mRNA expression, G-protein activity and MOR binding capacity in brain regions involved in salt intake regulation. Plasma osmolality and electrolyte concentrations after sodium overload and the initial and final body weight of the animals were also examined. After 4 days of obligatory hypertonic sodium chloride intake, there was clearly no difference in MOR mRNA expression and G-protein activity in the median preoptic nucleus (MnPO). In the brainstem, MOR binding capacity also remained unaltered, although the maximal efficacy of MOR G-protein significantly increased. Finally, no significant alterations were observed in plasma osmolality and electrolyte concentrations. Interestingly, animals that received sodium gained significantly less weight than control animals. In conclusion, we found no significant alterations in the MnPO and brainstem in the number of available cell surface MORs or de novo syntheses of MOR after hypertonic sodium intake. The increased MOR G-protein activity following acute sodium overconsumption may participate in the maintenance of normal blood pressure levels and/or in enhancing sodium taste aversion and sodium overload-induced anorexia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Dadam
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - F Zádor
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - X Caeiro
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - E Szűcs
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - A I Erdei
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - R Samavati
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - R Gáspár
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - A Borsodi
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - L Vivas
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Due to the biological importance of sodium and its relative scarcity within many natural environments, 'salt appetite' has evolved whereby dietary salt is highly sought after and palatable when tasted. In addition to peripheral responses, salt depletion is detected within the brain via circumventricular organs and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (HSD2) neurons to increase salt appetite. Salt appetite is comprised of two main components. One component is the incentive salience or motivation for salt (i.e. how much salt is 'wanted'). Incentive salience is dynamic and largely depends on internal homeostatic conditions in combination with the detection of relevant cues. It involves the mesolimbic system and structures such as the central amygdala, and opioid signalling within these regions can increase salt intake in rodents. A second key feature is the hedonic palatability of salt (i.e. how much it is 'liked') when it is tasted. After detection on the tongue, gustatory information passes through the brainstem nucleus of the solitary tract and thalamus, before being consciously detected within the gustatory cerebral cortex. The positive or negative hedonic value of this stimulus is also dynamic, and is encoded by a network including the nucleus accumbens, ventral pallidum, and lateral parabrachial nucleus. Opioid signalling within these areas can alter salt intake, and 'liking'. The overconsumption of dietary salt likely contributes to hypertension and associated diseases, and hence further characterising the role played by opioid signalling has important implications for human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Craig M Smith
- Faculty of Health, The School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia.,The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Andrew J Lawrence
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia. .,The Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lateral parabrachial nucleus and opioid mechanisms of the central nucleus of the amygdala in the control of sodium intake. Behav Brain Res 2017; 316:11-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
10
|
Importance of the central nucleus of the amygdala on sodium intake caused by deactivation of lateral parabrachial nucleus. Brain Res 2015; 1625:238-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
11
|
Bodnar RJ. Endogenous opioids and feeding behavior: A decade of further progress (2004-2014). A Festschrift to Dr. Abba Kastin. Peptides 2015; 72:20-33. [PMID: 25843025 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Functional elucidation of the endogenous opioid system temporally paralleled the creation and growth of the journal, Peptides, under the leadership of its founding editor, Dr. Abba Kastin. He was prescient in publishing annual and uninterrupted reviews on Endogenous Opiates and Behavior that served as a microcosm for the journal under his stewardship. This author published a 2004 review, "Endogenous opioids and feeding behavior: a thirty-year historical perspective", summarizing research in this field between 1974 and 2003. The present review "closes the circle" by reviewing the last 10 years (2004-2014) of research examining the role of endogenous opioids and feeding behavior. The review summarizes effects upon ingestive behavior following administration of opioid receptor agonists, in opioid receptor knockout animals, following administration of general opioid receptor antagonists, following administration of selective mu, delta, kappa and ORL-1 receptor antagonists, and evaluating opioid peptide and opioid receptor changes in different food intake models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Doctoral Program Cluster, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Pavan CG, Roncari CF, Barbosa SP, De Paula PM, Colombari DS, De Luca LA, Colombari E, Menani JV. Activation of μ opioid receptors in the LPBN facilitates sodium intake in rats. Behav Brain Res 2015; 288:20-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
13
|
Andrade C, De Oliveira L, Andrade-Franzé G, De Luca Jr L, Colombari DS, Menani J. Gabaergic and opioid receptors mediate the facilitation of NaCl intake induced by α2-adrenergic activation in the lateral parabrachial nucleus. Behav Brain Res 2015; 278:535-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
14
|
Andrade CAF, Andrade-Franzé GMF, De Paula PM, De Luca LA, Menani JV. Role of α2-adrenoceptors in the lateral parabrachial nucleus in the control of body fluid homeostasis. Braz J Med Biol Res 2014; 47:11-8. [PMID: 24519089 PMCID: PMC3932968 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20133308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Central α2-adrenoceptors and the pontine lateral parabrachial nucleus
(LPBN) are involved in the control of sodium and water intake. Bilateral injections
of moxonidine (α2-adrenergic/imidazoline receptor agonist) or
noradrenaline into the LPBN strongly increases 0.3 M NaCl intake induced by a
combined treatment of furosemide plus captopril. Injection of moxonidine into the
LPBN also increases hypertonic NaCl and water intake and reduces oxytocin secretion,
urinary sodium, and water excreted by cell-dehydrated rats, causing a positive sodium
and water balance, which suggests that moxonidine injected into the LPBN deactivates
mechanisms that restrain body fluid volume expansion. Pretreatment with specific
α2-adrenoceptor antagonists injected into the LPBN abolishes the
behavioral and renal effects of moxonidine or noradrenaline injected into the same
area, suggesting that these effects depend on activation of LPBN
α2-adrenoceptors. In fluid-depleted rats, the palatability of sodium is
reduced by ingestion of hypertonic NaCl, limiting intake. However, in rats treated
with moxonidine injected into the LPBN, the NaCl palatability remains high, even
after ingestion of significant amounts of 0.3 M NaCl. The changes in behavioral and
renal responses produced by activation of α2-adrenoceptors in the LPBN are
probably a consequence of reduction of oxytocin secretion and blockade of inhibitory
signals that affect sodium palatability. In this review, a model is proposed to show
how activation of α2-adrenoceptors in the LPBN may affect palatability
and, consequently, ingestion of sodium as well as renal sodium excretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C A F Andrade
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Patologia, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, AraraquaraSP, Brasil, Departamento de Fisiologia e Patologia, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brasil
| | - G M F Andrade-Franzé
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Patologia, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, AraraquaraSP, Brasil, Departamento de Fisiologia e Patologia, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brasil
| | - P M De Paula
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Patologia, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, AraraquaraSP, Brasil, Departamento de Fisiologia e Patologia, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brasil
| | - L A De Luca
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Patologia, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, AraraquaraSP, Brasil, Departamento de Fisiologia e Patologia, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brasil
| | - J V Menani
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Patologia, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, AraraquaraSP, Brasil, Departamento de Fisiologia e Patologia, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Menani JV, De Luca LA, Johnson AK. Role of the lateral parabrachial nucleus in the control of sodium appetite. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 306:R201-10. [PMID: 24401989 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00251.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In states of sodium deficiency many animals seek and consume salty solutions to restore body fluid homeostasis. These behaviors reflect the presence of sodium appetite that is a manifestation of a pattern of central nervous system (CNS) activity with facilitatory and inhibitory components that are affected by several neurohumoral factors. The primary focus of this review is on one structure in this central system, the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN). However, before turning to a more detailed discussion of the LPBN, a brief overview of body fluid balance-related body-to-brain signaling and the identification of the primary CNS structures and humoral factors involved in the control of sodium appetite is necessary. Angiotensin II, mineralocorticoids, and extracellular osmotic changes act on forebrain areas to facilitate sodium appetite and thirst. In the hindbrain, the LPBN functions as a key integrative node with an ascending output that exerts inhibitory influences on forebrain regions. A nonspecific or general deactivation of LPBN-associated inhibition by GABA or opioid agonists produces NaCl intake in euhydrated rats without any other treatment. Selective LPBN manipulation of other neurotransmitter systems [e.g., serotonin, cholecystokinin (CCK), corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF), glutamate, ATP, or norepinephrine] greatly enhances NaCl intake when accompanied by additional treatments that induce either thirst or sodium appetite. The LPBN interacts with key forebrain areas that include the subfornical organ and central amygdala to determine sodium intake. To summarize, a model of LPBN inhibitory actions on forebrain facilitatory components for the control of sodium appetite is presented in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose V Menani
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil; and Departments of Psychology, Pharmacology and Health, and Human Physiology and the Cardiovascular Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Roncari CF, David RB, Johnson RF, De Paula PM, Colombari DSA, De Luca LA, Johnson AK, Colombari E, Menani JV. Angiotensinergic and cholinergic receptors of the subfornical organ mediate sodium intake induced by GABAergic activation of the lateral parabrachial nucleus. Neuroscience 2013; 262:1-8. [PMID: 24374079 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Bilateral injections of the GABA(A) agonist muscimol into the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN) induce 0.3 M NaCl and water intake in satiated and normovolemic rats, a response reduced by intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of losartan or atropine (angiotensinergic type 1 (AT₁) and cholinergic muscarinic receptor antagonists, respectively). In the present study, we investigated the effects of the injections of losartan or atropine into the subfornical organ (SFO) on 0.3M NaCl and water intake induced by injections of muscimol into the LPBN. In addition, using intracellular calcium measurement, we also tested the sensitivity of SFO-cultured cells to angiotensin II (ANG II) and carbachol (cholinergic agonist). In male Holtzman rats with cannulas implanted bilaterally into the LPBN and into the SFO, injections of losartan (1 μg/0.1 μl) or atropine (2 nmol/0.1 μl) into the SFO almost abolished 0.3M NaCl and water intake induced by muscimol (0.5 nmol/0.2 μl) injected into the LPBN. In about 30% of the cultured cells of the SFO, carbachol and ANG II increased intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca²⁺](i)). Three distinct cell populations were found in the SFO, i.e., cells activated by either ANG II (25%) or carbachol (2.6%) or by both stimuli (2.3%). The results suggest that the activation of angiotensinergic and cholinergic mechanisms in the SFO is important for NaCl and water intake induced by the deactivation of LPBN inhibitory mechanisms with muscimol injections. They also show that there are cells in the SFO activated by both angiotensinergic and cholinergic stimuli, perhaps those involved in the responses to muscimol into the LPBN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C F Roncari
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil; Department of Psychology, The Cardiovascular Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, The Cardiovascular Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - R B David
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil; Department of Psychology, The Cardiovascular Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, The Cardiovascular Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - R F Johnson
- Department of Psychology, The Cardiovascular Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, The Cardiovascular Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - P M De Paula
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - D S A Colombari
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - L A De Luca
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - A K Johnson
- Department of Psychology, The Cardiovascular Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, The Cardiovascular Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - E Colombari
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - J V Menani
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gasparini S, Gomide JMC, Andrade-Franzé GMF, Totola LT, De Luca LA, Colombari DSA, De Paula PM, Moreira TS, Menani JV. Facilitation of sodium intake by combining noradrenaline into the lateral parabrachial nucleus with prazosin peripherally. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2013; 111:111-9. [PMID: 24041937 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Injections of noradrenaline into the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN) increase arterial pressure and 1.8% NaCl intake and decrease water intake in rats treated with the diuretic furosemide (FURO) combined with a low dose of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor captopril (CAP). In the present study, we investigated the influence of the pressor response elicited by noradrenaline injected into the LPBN on FURO+CAP-induced water and 1.8% NaCl intake. Male Holtzman rats with bilateral stainless steel guide-cannulas implanted into LPBN were used. Bilateral injections of noradrenaline (40 nmol/0.2 μl) into the LPBN increased FURO+CAP-induced 1.8% NaCl intake (12.2±3.5, vs., saline: 4.2±0.8 ml/180 min), reduced water intake and strongly increased arterial pressure (50±7, vs. saline: 1±1 mmHg). The blockade of the α1 adrenoceptors with the prazosin injected intraperitoneally abolished the pressor response and increased 1.8% NaCl and water intake in rats treated with FURO+CAP combined with noradrenaline injected into the LPBN. The deactivation of baro and perhaps volume receptors due to the cardiovascular effects of prazosin is a mechanism that may facilitate water and NaCl intake in rats treated with FURO+CAP combined with noradrenaline injected into the LPBN. Therefore, the activation of α2 adrenoceptors with noradrenaline injected into the LPBN, at least in dose tested, may not completely remove the inhibitory signals produced by the activation of the cardiovascular receptors, particularly the signals that result from the extra activation of these receptors with the increase of arterial pressure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Gasparini
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yan J, Li J, Yan J, Sun H, Wang Q, Chen K, Sun B, Wei X, Song L, Zhao X, Wei S, Han L. Activation of μ-opioid receptors in the central nucleus of the amygdala induces hypertonic sodium intake. Neuroscience 2013; 233:28-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
19
|
Asnar DS, Roncari CF, De Luca LA, de Paula PM, Colombari DS, Menani JV. Involvement of central cholinergic mechanisms on sodium intake induced by gabaergic activation of the lateral parabrachial nucleus. Neurosci Lett 2013; 534:188-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
20
|
Andrade C, Margatho L, Andrade-Franzé G, De Luca L, Antunes-Rodrigues J, Menani J. Moxonidine into the lateral parabrachial nucleus reduces renal and hormonal responses to cell dehydration. Neuroscience 2012; 208:69-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
21
|
Nascimento AIR, Ferreira HS, Saraiva RM, Almeida TS, Fregoneze JB. Central kappa opioid receptors modulate salt appetite in rats. Physiol Behav 2012; 106:506-14. [PMID: 22484111 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The role of the central opioid system in the control of water and salt intake is complex, with both stimulatory and inhibitory effects having been observed. The aim of the present study was to investigate the participation of the central κ-opioid receptors in the control of salt appetite. Male Wistar rats were submitted to two different experimental protocols: sodium deficit produced by the diuretic, furosemide, and brain angiotensinergic stimulation in rats under normal sodium balance. Lateral ventricle (LV) injections of Nor-binaltorphimine (Nor-BNI) at different doses (5, 10 and 20 nmol) inhibited hypertonic saline solution (1.5%) intake in sodium-depleted rats. The salt appetite induced by an LV injection of angiotensin II (Ang II) (10 ng) was also blocked by Nor-BNI injections into the LV, while no significant change was observed in water intake. Furthermore, the decrease in salt intake seems not to have been due to a general inhibition of locomotor activity or to any change in palatability, since central administration of Nor-BNI failed to modify the intake of a 0.1% saccharin solution when the animals were submitted to a "dessert test" or to induce any significant locomotor deficit in the open-field test. Also the central administration of Nor-BNI was unable to modify blood pressure in sodium-depleted animals. The present results suggest that activation of endogenous κ-opioid receptors modulates salt appetite induced by sodium depletion and by central angiotensinergic stimulation in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A I R Nascimento
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Southwest Bahia, 45200-000, Jequié, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ahlgren JK, Hayward LF. Role of lateral parabrachial opioid receptors in exercise-induced modulation of the hypotensive hemorrhage response in conscious male rats. Behav Brain Res 2012; 226:404-10. [PMID: 21985861 PMCID: PMC3221778 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Some of the benefits of exercise appear to be mediated through modulation of neuronal excitability in central autonomic control circuits. Previously, we identified that six weeks of voluntary wheel running had a protective effect during hemorrhage (HEM), limiting both the hypotensive phase of HEM and enhancing recovery. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the role of opioid release in the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN) on the response to severe HEM in chronically exercised (EX, voluntary) versus sedentary (SED) controls. Male Sprague Dawley rats were allowed either free access to running wheels (EX) or normal cage conditions (SED). After 6 weeks of "training" animals were instrumented with a bilateral cannula directed toward the dorsolateral pons and arterial catheters. After a recovery period, animals underwent central microinjection of either vehicle (VEH; n=3/group) or the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone (NAL; n=6/group) followed by withdrawal of 30% of their total estimated blood volume. Following VEH injection, the drop in MAP during and following HEM was significantly attenuated in the EX vs SED animals. Alternatively, NAL microinjection in the dorsolateral pons (20 μM, 200-500 nl) reversed the beneficial effect of EX on the HEM response. NAL microinjection in SED rats did not significantly alter the response to HEM. These data suggest chronic voluntary EX has a beneficial effect on the autonomic response to severe HEM which is mediated, in part, via EX-induced plasticity of the opioid system within the dorsolateral pons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joslyn K Ahlgren
- University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Dept. of Physiological Sciences, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Natriorexigenic effect of baclofen is reduced by AT1 receptor blockade in the lateral parabrachial nucleus. Brain Res Bull 2011; 86:348-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Revised: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
24
|
Changes in taste reactivity to intra-oral hypertonic NaCl after lateral parabrachial injections of an α2-adrenergic receptor agonist. Physiol Behav 2011; 104:702-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
25
|
Na+ appetite induced by depleting extracellular fluid volume activates the enkephalin/mu-opioid receptor system in the rat forebrain. Neuroscience 2011; 192:398-412. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
26
|
Da Silva CZC, Menani JV, Callera JC. AT1 receptor blockade in the lateral parabrachial nucleus reduces the effects of muscimol on sodium intake. Brain Res 2011; 1403:28-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Revised: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
27
|
De Oliveira LB, Kimura EH, Callera JC, De Luca LA, Colombari DSA, Menani JV. Baclofen into the lateral parabrachial nucleus induces hypertonic sodium chloride and sucrose intake in rats. Neuroscience 2011; 183:160-70. [PMID: 21419196 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
GABA(A) and GABA(B) receptors are present in the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN), a pontine area involved with inhibitory mechanisms related to the control of sodium appetite. Activation of GABA(A) receptors in the LPBN induces strong ingestion of 0.3 M sodium chloride (NaCl) in normonatremic and euhydrated rats. In the present study, we investigated the effects of the GABA(B) receptor agonist baclofen, injected alone or combined with GABA(A) or GABA(B) receptor antagonists into the LPBN on 0.3 M NaCl, water, 0.06 M sucrose and food intake in normonatremic and euhydrated rats. Male Holtzman rats with stainless steel cannulas implanted bilaterally in the LPBN were used. In normonatremic and euhydrated rats, bilateral injections of baclofen (0.5 nmol/0.2 μl) into the LPBN induced 0.3 M NaCl (24.0±3.1 vs. saline: 2.0±0.8 ml/240 min) and water intake (10.6±1.4 vs. saline: 3.5±0.7 ml/240 min) in a two-bottle test. Injections of GABA(B) receptor antagonists CGP 35348 (50 nmol/0.2 μl) or 2-hydroxysaclofen (5 nmol/0.2 μl) or GABA(A) receptor antagonist bicuculline (1.6 nmol/0.2 μl) into the LPBN reduced 0.3 M NaCl (14.1±4.7 ml/240 min; 9.97±2.5 ml/210 min; 8.8±5.9 ml/240 min, respectively) and water intake induced by baclofen injected into the LPBN. Baclofen (0.5 nmol/0.2 μl) injected into the LPBN also induced 0.06 M sucrose intake (21.8±5.9 vs. saline: 5.0±2.6 ml/180 min). Urinary volume and sodium excretion had a tendency to decrease after baclofen injection into the LPBN, whereas arterial pressure and food intake were not affected. The results show that baclofen injected into the LPBN, in normonatremic and euhydrated rats, produces a natriorexigenic effect dependent on GABA(A) and GABA(B) receptor activation. The natriorexigenic effect is not secondary to alterations in blood pressure or sodium urinary excretion. In addition, baclofen injected into the LPBN also induces 0.06 M sucrose intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L B De Oliveira
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Purinergic mechanisms of lateral parabrachial nucleus facilitate sodium depletion-induced NaCl intake. Brain Res 2010; 1372:49-58. [PMID: 21129366 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.11.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Revised: 11/13/2010] [Accepted: 11/20/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Purinergic receptors are present in the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN), a pontine structure involved in the control of sodium intake. In the present study, we investigated the effects of α,β-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate (α,β-methylene ATP, selective P2X purinergic agonist) alone or combined with pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid (PPADS, P2X purinergic antagonist) or suramin (non-selective P2 purinergic antagonist) injected into the LPBN on sodium depletion-induced 1.8% NaCl intake. Male Holtzman rats with stainless steel cannulas implanted into the LPBN were used. Sodium depletion was induced by treating rats with the diuretic furosemide (20mg/kg of body weight) followed by 24h of sodium-deficient diet. Bilateral injections of α,β-methylene ATP (2.0 and 4.0nmol/0.2μl) into the LPBN increased sodium depletion-induced 1.8% NaCl intake (25.3±0.8 and 26.5±0.9ml/120min, respectively, vs. saline: 15.2±1.3ml/120min). PPADS (4nmol/0.2μl) alone into the LPBN did not change 1.8% NaCl intake, however, pretreatment with PPADS into the LPBN abolished the effects of α,β-methylene ATP on 1.8% NaCl intake (16.9±0.9ml/120min). Suramin (2.0nmol/0.2μl) alone into the LPBN reduced sodium depletion-induced 1.8% NaCl intake (5.7±1.9ml/120min, vs. saline: 15.5±1.1ml/120min), without changing 2% sucrose intake or 24h water deprivation-induced water intake. The combination of suramin and α,β-methylene ATP into the LPBN produced no change of 1.8% NaCl intake (15.2±1.2ml/120min). The results suggest that purinergic P2 receptor activation in the LPBN facilitates NaCl intake, probably by restraining LPBN mechanisms that inhibit sodium intake.
Collapse
|
29
|
Lesions in the central amygdala impair sodium intake induced by the blockade of the lateral parabrachial nucleus. Brain Res 2010; 1332:57-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 03/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
30
|
Andrade-Franzé G, Andrade C, De Luca L, De Paula P, Menani J. Lateral parabrachial nucleus and central amygdala in the control of sodium intake. Neuroscience 2010; 165:633-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2009] [Revised: 10/08/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
31
|
Abstract
This paper is the 31st consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2008 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (Section 2), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (Section 3); stress and social status (Section 4); tolerance and dependence (Section 5); learning and memory (Section 6); eating and drinking (Section 7); alcohol and drugs of abuse (Section 8); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (Section 9); mental illness and mood (Section 10); seizures and neurologic disorders (Section 11); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (Section 12); general activity and locomotion (Section 13); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (Section 14); cardiovascular responses (Section 15); respiration and thermoregulation (Section 16); and immunological responses (Section 17).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY 11367, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Leshem M. Biobehavior of the human love of salt. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2008; 33:1-17. [PMID: 18708089 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Revised: 07/23/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We are beginning to understand why humans ingest so much salt. Here we address three issues: The first is whether our salt appetite is similar to that in animals, which we understand well. Our analysis suggests that this is doubtful, because of important differences between human and animal love of salt. The second issue then becomes how our predilection for salt is determined, for which we have a partial description, resting on development, conditioning, habit, and dietary culture. The last issue is the source of individual variation in salt avidity. We have partial answers to that too in the effects of perinatal sodium loss, sodium loss teaching us to seek salt, and gender. Other possibilities are suggested. From animal sodium appetite we humans may retain the lifelong enhancement of salt intake due to perinatal sodium loss, and a predisposition to learn the benefits of salt when in dire need. Nevertheless, human salt intake does not fit the biological model of a regulated sodium appetite. Indeed this archetypal 'wisdom of the body' fails us in all that has to do with behavioral regulation of this most basic need.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Micah Leshem
- Psychology Department, University of Haifa, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|