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Kikuchi E, Inui T, Su S, Sato Y, Funahashi M. Chemogenetic inhibition of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis suppresses the intake of a preferable and learned aversive sweet taste solution in male mice. Behav Brain Res 2023; 439:114253. [PMID: 36509179 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is established by pairing a taste solution as a conditioned stimulus (CS) with visceral malaise as an unconditioned stimulus (US). CTA decreases the taste palatability of a CS. The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) receives taste inputs from the brainstem. However, the involvement of the BNST in CTA remains unclear. Thus, this study examined the effects of chemogenetic inhibition of the BNST neurons on CS intake after CTA acquisition. An adeno-associated virus was microinjected into the BNST of male C57/BL6 mice to induce the inhibitory designer receptor hM4Di. The mice received a pairing of 0.2% saccharin solution (CS) with 0.3 M lithium chloride (2% BW, intraperitoneal). After conditioning, the administration of clozapine-N-oxide (CNO, 1 mg/kg) significantly enhanced the suppression of CS intake on the retrieval of CTA compared with its intake following saline administration (p < 0.01). We further assessed the effect of BNST neuron inhibition on the intake of water and taste solutions (saccharin, sucralose, sodium chloride, monosodium glutamate, quinine hydrochloride, and citric acid) using naïve (not learned CTA) mice. CNO administration significantly decreased the intake of saccharin and sucralose (p < 0.05). Our results indicate that BNST neurons mediate sweet taste and regulate sweet intake, regardless of whether sweets should be ingested or rejected. BNST neurons may be inhibited in the retrieval of CTA, thereby suppressing CS intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Kikuchi
- Department of Oral Physiology, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan; Department of Orthodontics, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tadashi Inui
- Department of Oral Physiology, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
| | - Shaoyi Su
- Department of Oral Physiology, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Sato
- Department of Orthodontics, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Makoto Funahashi
- Department of Oral Physiology, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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The Basolateral Nucleus of the Amygdala Executes the Parallel Processes of Avoidance and Palatability in the Retrieval of Conditioned Taste Aversion in Male Rats. eNeuro 2019; 6:ENEURO.0004-19.2019. [PMID: 31235467 PMCID: PMC6620391 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0004-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is an essential behavior for animal survival. Conditioned animals show avoidance and decreased palatability to a conditioned stimulus (CS) on CTA retrieval. In this study, we aimed to determine whether the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) is involved in CTA retrieval and whether avoidance and palatability in CTA retrieval are processed in the BLA. We developed an experimental chamber for time-course analysis of the behavior to approach a spout and lick a CS. In this experimental chamber, we analyzed the behavior of male rats following microinjections of GABAA receptor agonist muscimol or saline into the BLA. The rats showed two types of approach behavior: they either (1) approached and licked the spout or (2) approached but did not lick the spout. Muscimol injection into the BLA decreased the frequency of the latter type of approach behavior, indicating that BLA inactivation reduced avoidance to the CS. The muscimol injection into the BLA also significantly increased the consumption of the CS. Lick microstructure analysis demonstrated that intra-BLA muscimol significantly increased licking burst number and size, indicating that BLA inactivation attenuated aversion to the CS as large burst licking is an indicator of high palatability. These results suggest that the increase in CS consumption with intra-BLA muscimol injection was due to alterations in approach and aversive responses to the CS. Therefore, we conclude that the BLA plays an essential role in CTA retrieval by parallel processing of avoidance and palatability.
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Chen F, Zhang T, Qu C, Wang J, Su H, Shi R, Zhu X. The research of synthesis and bioactivity of the novel indanedione anticoagulant rodenticides. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:13833-13838. [PMID: 30377967 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3539-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Three new anticoagulant rodenticides R1, R2, and R3 were designed. The containing fluorine acute toxicity groups was added to 1,3-indandione derivative. Analysis method of synthesized anticoagulant rodenticides were IR, 1H NMR. Acute bioactivity of the new rodenticides was evaluated, including the coefficient of absorb food and median lethal dose (LD50). Average coefficient of absorbed food for R1 was 0.54 and LD50 of R1 was 2.15 mg/kg. Average coefficient of absorbed food for R2 was 0.59 and the acute oral LD50 of R2 was 2.65 mg/kg. Average feeding coefficient of R3 was 0.68 and the acute oral LD50 of R3 was 3.12 mg/kg. Experiments showed that rat's death peak was at about 72 h and rodenticides had good characteristics of acute medicine. The LD50 of three new fluoride anticoagulant rodenticides showed that they had good palatability for big white rats, and they had a strong poison effect on rodent. The result of all experiments proved that the synthesis of 1,3-indan diketone used as parent compound of new anticoagulant rodenticides could replace the current 4-hydroxyl coumarin as parent compound of the second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides. 1,3-Indan diketone would be widely used as parent compound of anticoagulant rodenticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- College of Science, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Zhang
- College of Science, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chuang Qu
- College of Science, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinming Wang
- College of Science, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Su
- College of Science, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruofan Shi
- College of Science, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingyu Zhu
- College of Science, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, People's Republic of China
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Imaging neuronal pathways with 52Mn PET: Toxicity evaluation in rats. Neuroimage 2017; 158:112-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Chen F, Liu L, Bai Z, Zhang T, Zhao K. Synthesis and biological activity of the novel indanedione anticoagulant rodenticides containing fluorine. Bioengineered 2017; 8:92-98. [PMID: 27759485 PMCID: PMC5172494 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2016.1227628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, 3 fluorinated intermediates of drug were synthesized: (M1), (M2), (M3). Three new anticoagulant rodenticides were designed which were based on 4-hydroxycoumarin or 1,3-indandione, added acute toxicity groups containing fluorine. The structures of synthesized compounds were analyzed and proved by FT-IR spectroscopy and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR). The compounds were also evaluated for their anticoagulant and acute biologic activity. In addition, both the acute orally toxicity and the feeding indexes of R1 and R2 were tested. The result of the experiment proved that the new synthesis of 1, 3 - indan diketone for maternal new anticoagulant rodenticide can replace the current 4 - hydroxyl coumarin as the mother of the second generation anticoagulant rodenticide and 1, 3 - indan diketone for maternal new anticoagulant rodenticides will have a good development prospect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, Shenyang City, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, Shenyang City, People's Republic of China
| | - Zengguo Bai
- Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, Shenyang City, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianhua Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, Shenyang City, People's Republic of China
| | - Keke Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, Shenyang City, People's Republic of China
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Inui T, Shimura T. Activation of mu-opioid receptors in the ventral pallidum decreases the negative hedonic evaluation of a conditioned aversive taste in rats. Behav Brain Res 2016; 320:391-399. [PMID: 27825896 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) causes a shift in the hedonic evaluation of a conditioned stimulus (CS) from positive to negative, and reduces the CS intake. Mu-opioid receptors (MORs) in the ventral pallidum (VP) are known to be involved in the hedonic evaluation of positive rewarding stimuli; however, their involvement in evaluation of a negative aversive stimulus is still unclear. To explore the neural mechanisms of the negative hedonic evaluation of the CS in CTA, we examined the effects of the activation of VP MORs on the behavioral responses of rats to a CS. Rats implanted with guide cannulae into the bilateral VP received a pairing of 5mM saccharin solution as a CS with an intraperitoneal injection of 0.15M lithium chloride as an unconditioned stimulus. On the test day, after microinjections of MOR agonist [D-Ala2, N-MePhe4, Gly-ol]-enkephalin (DAMGO) into the VP, we observed the behavioral responses to the intraorally infused CS solution. The DAMGO injections caused a larger number of ingestive taste reactivity responses to the CS solution. We also measured the consumption of the CS solution in a separate group of rats, using a single-bottle test. The DAMGO injected rats drank a higher volume of the CS solution than the saline injected rats. These results indicate that the activation of MORs in the VP results in the attenuation of aversion to the CS solution, thereby inducing the larger CS intake. Therefore, it is likely that VP MORs are involved in not only positive but also negative hedonic evaluation.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology
- Animals
- Avoidance Learning/drug effects
- Conditioning, Classical/drug effects
- Conditioning, Classical/physiology
- Conditioning, Psychological/drug effects
- Drinking/drug effects
- Drug Delivery Systems
- Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-/pharmacology
- Globus Pallidus/drug effects
- Globus Pallidus/metabolism
- Lithium Chloride/pharmacology
- Male
- Microinjections
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
- Saccharin/administration & dosage
- Taste/drug effects
- Taste/physiology
- Taste Perception/drug effects
- Taste Perception/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Inui
- Division of Behavioral Physiology, Department of Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan.
| | - Tsuyoshi Shimura
- Division of Behavioral Physiology, Department of Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
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Itoga CA, Berridge KC, Aldridge JW. Ventral pallidal coding of a learned taste aversion. Behav Brain Res 2015; 300:175-83. [PMID: 26615907 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The hedonic value of a sweet food reward, or how much a taste is 'liked', has been suggested to be encoded by neuronal firing in the posterior ventral pallidum (VP). Hedonic impact can be altered by psychological manipulations, such as taste aversion conditioning, which can make an initially pleasant sweet taste become perceived as disgusting. Pairing nausea-inducing LiCl injection as a Pavlovian unconditioned stimulus (UCS) with a novel taste that is normally palatable as the predictive conditioned stimulus (CS+) suffices to induce a learned taste aversion that changes orofacial 'liking' responses to that sweet taste (e.g., lateral tongue protrusions) to 'disgust' reactions (e.g., gapes) in rats. We used two different sweet tastes of similar initial palatability (a sucrose solution and a polycose/saccharin solution, CS ± assignment was counterbalanced across groups) to produce a discriminative conditioned aversion. Only one of those tastes (arbitrarily assigned and designated as CS+) was associatively paired with LiCl injections as UCS to form a conditioned aversion. The other taste (CS-) was paired with mere vehicle injections to remain relatively palatable as a control sweet taste. We recorded the neural activity in VP in response to each taste, before and after aversion training. We found that the safe and positively hedonic taste always elicited excitatory increases in firing rate of VP neurons. By contrast, aversion learning reversed the VP response to the 'disgusting' CS+ taste from initial excitation into a conditioned decrease in neuronal firing rate after training. Such neuronal coding of hedonic impact by VP circuitry may contribute both to normal pleasure and disgust, and disruptions of VP coding could result in affective disorders, addictions and eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy A Itoga
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | - Kent C Berridge
- Psychology Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - J Wayne Aldridge
- Psychology Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Systemic mechanism of taste, flavour and palatability in brain. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 175:3133-47. [PMID: 25733187 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1488-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Taste is considered as one of the five traditional senses and has the ability to detect the flavour of food and certain minerals. Information of taste is transferred to the cortical gustatory area for identification and discrimination of taste quality. Animals have memory recognition power to maintain the familiar foods which are already encountered. Animal shows neophobic response when it encounters novel taste and shows no hesitation when the food is known to be safe. Palatability is the hedonic reward provided by foods and fluids. Palatability is closely related to neurochemicals, and this chemical influences the consumption of food and fluid. Even though, the food is palatable that can become aversive and avoided as a consequence of postingestional unpleasant experience such as malaise. This review presents the overall view on brain mechanisms of taste, flavour and palatability.
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Inui T, Shimura T. Delta-opioid receptor blockade in the ventral pallidum increases perceived palatability and consumption of saccharin solution in rats. Behav Brain Res 2014; 269:20-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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10
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Activation of efferents from the basolateral amygdala during the retrieval of conditioned taste aversion. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2013; 106:210-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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11
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Eschenko O, Evrard HC, Neves RM, Beyerlein M, Murayama Y, Logothetis NK. Tracing of noradrenergic projections using manganese-enhanced MRI. Neuroimage 2012; 59:3252-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 10/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Yamamoto T, Ueji K. Brain mechanisms of flavor learning. Front Syst Neurosci 2011; 5:76. [PMID: 21922004 PMCID: PMC3166791 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2011.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Once the flavor of the ingested food (conditioned stimulus, CS) is associated with a preferable (e.g., good taste or nutritive satisfaction) or aversive (e.g., malaise with displeasure) signal (unconditioned stimulus, US), animals react to its subsequent exposure by increasing or decreasing ingestion to the food. These two types of association learning (preference learning vs. aversion learning) are known as classical conditioned reactions which are basic learning and memory phenomena, leading selection of food and proper food intake. Since the perception of flavor is generated by interaction of taste and odor during food intake, taste and/or odor are mainly associated with bodily signals in the flavor learning. After briefly reviewing flavor learning in general, brain mechanisms of conditioned taste aversion is described in more detail. The CS-US association leading to long-term potentiation in the amygdala, especially in its basolateral nucleus, is the basis of establishment of conditioned taste aversion. The novelty of the CS detected by the cortical gustatory area may be supportive in CS-US association. After the association, CS input is conveyed through the amygdala to different brain regions including the hippocampus for contextual fear formation, to the supramammillary and thalamic paraventricular nuclei for stressful anxiety or memory dependent fearful or stressful emotion, to the reward system to induce aversive expression to the CS, or hedonic shift from positive to negative, and to the CS-responsive neurons in the gustatory system to enhance the responsiveness to facilitate to detect the harmful stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yamamoto
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Kio UniversityNara, Japan
| | - Kayoko Ueji
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Kio UniversityNara, Japan
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Schaefers ATU, Winter Y. Rapid task acquisition of spatial-delayed alternation in an automated T-maze by mice. Behav Brain Res 2011; 225:56-62. [PMID: 21741996 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The spatial-delayed alternation task using a T-maze is the standard method for testing working memory in rodents and is widely used. Until now, however, there has been a gap in the understanding of the underlying brain mechanisms. The development of new manganese-enhanced brain imaging methods now permit a more specific examination of these mechanisms by allowing behavioural brain stimulation to take place outside the MRI scanner and the scan identifying the activation of specific brain regions to take place subsequently. The requirements for this method are a frequent repetition of the behaviour of interest, a control group that differs in only one task parameter and the minimization of unspecific environmental factors to avoid irrelevant stimulation. To meet these requirements, a fully automated spatial-delayed alternation task in a T-maze was developed that used identity detectors and automated gates to route mice individually from their social home cage to the T-maze. An experimental and a control group of mice were trained in procedures that differed only in the parameter "working-memory based alternation". Our data demonstrate that both groups can be trained concurrently with a rapid procedure using the automated T-maze. With its high level of stimulation, the minimization of unspecific stimulation through environmental factors and the simultaneous training of a control group that differs in only one task parameter our set-up and procedure met the requirements of new imaging techniques for the study of the influence of a specific cognitive component of spatial-delayed alternation on activity in specific brain regions.
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