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Kim JE, Kim TH, Kang TC. EGCG Attenuates CA1 Neuronal Death by Regulating GPx1, NF-κB S536 Phosphorylation and Mitochondrial Dynamics in the Rat Hippocampus following Status Epilepticus. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040966. [PMID: 37107343 PMCID: PMC10136286 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is an antioxidant that directly scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibits pro-oxidant enzymes. Although EGCG protects hippocampal neurons from status epilepticus (SE, a prolonged seizure activity), the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. As the preservation of mitochondrial dynamics is essential for cell viability, it is noteworthy to elucidate the effects of EGCG on impaired mitochondrial dynamics and the related signaling pathways in SE-induced CA1 neuronal degeneration, which are yet unclear. In the present study, we found that EGCG attenuated SE-induced CA1 neuronal death, accompanied by glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPx1) induction. EGCG also abrogated mitochondrial hyperfusion in these neurons by the preservation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2)-dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1)-mediated mitochondrial fission, independent of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activity. Furthermore, EGCG abolished SE-induced nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) serine (S) 536 phosphorylation in CA1 neurons. ERK1/2 inhibition by U0126 diminished the effect of EGCG on neuroprotection and mitochondrial hyperfusion in response to SE without affecting GPx1 induction and NF-κB S536 phosphorylation, indicating that the restoration of ERK1/2-DRP1-mediated fission may be required for the neuroprotective effects of EGCG against SE. Therefore, our findings suggest that EGCG may protect CA1 neurons from SE insults through GPx1-ERK1/2-DRP1 and GPx1-NF-κB signaling pathways, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hyun Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Cheon Kang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
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Meng C, Chen S, He Q, Tan J, Wu J, Zhao J. IKZF3 modulates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by inhibiting neuroinflammation. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 114:109480. [PMID: 36525791 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a key mediator to the pathogenic cascades induced by cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. IKZF3, a key zinc finger transcription factor in the Ikaros family, has already been shown to modulate a wide range of cell functions and the production of inflammatory mediators. However, the effects of IKZF3 on inflammation and the potential mechanism after cerebral I/R injury remain unclear. In this study, we evaluated the effect of IKZF3 on HT-22 cells under oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R) in vitro and in mice with MACO in vivo. We found that IKZF3 expression peaked at 12 h after MCAO and OGD/R, and there was high expression of IKZF3 in brain tissues and HT-22 cells. IKZF3 knockdown exacerbated the damage by OGD-induced HT-22 cells injury and MCAO-induced brain injury in mice by regulating the production of inflammatory factors, which promoted the phosphorylation and nuclear transfer of NF-ĸB and may bind with NF-ĸB-p65 in vivo and in vitro. Our results suggested that IKZF3 may provide a new target in improve neurological recovery and reducing neuroinflammation after cerebral I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changchang Meng
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Shiyu Chen
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Qi He
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Junyi Tan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jingxian Wu
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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Cai M, Lin W. The Function of NF-Kappa B During Epilepsy, a Potential Therapeutic Target. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:851394. [PMID: 35360161 PMCID: PMC8961383 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.851394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional regulator nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) modulates cellular biological activity by binding to promoter regions in the nucleus and transcribing various protein-coding genes. The NF-κB pathway plays a major role in the expressing genes related to inflammation, including chemokines, interleukins, and tumor necrosis factor. It also transcribes genes that can promote neuronal survival or apoptosis. Epilepsy is one of the most common brain disorders and it not only causes death worldwide but also affects the day-to-day life of affected individuals. While epilepsy has diverse treatment options, there remain patients who are not sensitive to the existing treatment methods. Recent studies have implicated the critical role of NF-κB in epilepsy. It is upregulated in neurons, glial cells, and endothelial cells, due to neuronal loss, glial cell proliferation, blood-brain barrier dysfunction, and hippocampal sclerosis through the glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid imbalance, ion concentration changes, and other mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the functional changes caused by the upregulation of NF-κB in the central nervous system during different periods after seizures. This review is the first to deconvolute the complicated functions of NF-κB, and speculate that the regulation of NF-κB can be a safe and effective treatment strategy for epilepsy.
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Kim JE, Park H, Lee JE, Kim TH, Kang TC. PTEN Is Required for The Anti-Epileptic Effects of AMPA Receptor Antagonists in Chronic Epileptic Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165643. [PMID: 32781725 PMCID: PMC7460838 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) is one of the ligand-gated ion channels for glutamate, which is an important player in the generation and spread of seizures. The efficacy of AMPAR functionality is regulated by the trafficking, synaptic targeting, and phosphorylation. Paradoxically, AMPAR expression and its phosphorylation level are decreased in the epileptic hippocampus. Therefore, the roles of AMPAR in seizure onset and neuronal hyperexcitability in ictogenesis remain to be elucidated. In the present study, we found that AMPAR antagonists (perampanel and GYKI 52466) decreased glutamate ionotropic receptor AMPA type subunit 1 (GRIA1) surface expression in the epileptic rat hippocampus. They also upregulated phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) expression and restored to basal levels the upregulated phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT1 phosphorylations. Dipotassium bisperoxovanadium(pic) dihydrate (BpV(pic), a PTEN inhibitor) co-treatment abolished the anti-epileptic effects of perampanel and GYKI 52466. Therefore, our findings suggest that PTEN may be required for the anti-epileptic effects of AMPAR antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Hana Park
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Tae-Hyun Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Tae-Cheon Kang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
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Li S, Gong P, Zhang N, Li X, Tai L, Wang X, Yang Z, Yang J, Zhu X, Zhang X, Li J. 14-3-3 Protein of Neospora caninum Modulates Host Cell Innate Immunity Through the Activation of MAPK and NF-κB Pathways. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:37. [PMID: 30740096 PMCID: PMC6355710 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neospora caninum is an obligate intracellular apicomplexan parasite, the etiologic agent of neosporosis, and a major cause of reproductive loss in cattle. There is still a lack of effective prevention and treatment measures. The 14-3-3 protein is a widely expressed acidic protein that spontaneously forms dimers within apicomplexan parasites. This protein has been isolated and sequenced in many parasites; however, there are few reports about the N. caninum 14-3-3 protein. Here, we successfully expressed and purified a recombinant fusion protein of Nc14-3-3 (rNc14-3-3) and prepared a polyclonal antibody. Immunofluorescence and immunogold electron microscopy studies of tachyzoites or N. caninum-infected cells suggested that 14-3-3 was localized in the cytosol and the membrane. Western blotting analysis indicated that rNc14-3-3 could be recognized by N. caninum-infected mouse sera, suggesting that 14-3-3 may be an infection-associated antigen that is involved in the host immune response. We demonstrated that rNc14-3-3 induced cytokine expression by activating the MAPK and AKT signaling pathways, and inhibitors of p38, ERK, JNK, and AKT could significantly decrease the production of IL-6, IL-12p40, and TNF-α. In addition, phosphorylated nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB/p65) was observed in wild-type peritoneal macrophages (PMs) treated with rNc14-3-3, and the protein level of NF-κB/p65 was reduced in the cytoplasm but increased correspondingly in the nucleus after 2 h of treatment. These results were also observed in deficient in TLR2-/- PMs. Taken together, our results indicated that the N. caninum 14-3-3 protein can induce effective immune responses and stimulate cytokine expression by activating the MAPK, AKT, and NF-κB signaling pathways but did not dependent TLR2, suggesting that Nc14-3-3 is a novel vaccine candidate against neosporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research by Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Pengtao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research by Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research by Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research by Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lixin Tai
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research by Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research by Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhengtao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research by Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ju Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research by Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xingquan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xichen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research by Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research by Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Kim JE, Kang TC. Differential Roles of Mitochondrial Translocation of Active Caspase-3 and HMGB1 in Neuronal Death Induced by Status Epilepticus. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:301. [PMID: 30233331 PMCID: PMC6133957 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Under pathophysiological conditions, aberrant mitochondrial dynamics lead to the different types of neuronal death: excessive mitochondrial fission provokes apoptosis and abnormal mitochondrial elongation induces necrosis. However, the underlying mechanisms how the different mitochondrial dynamics result in the distinct neuronal death patterns have been elusive. In the present study, status epilepticus (SE) evoked excessive mitochondrial fission in parvalbumin (PV) cells (one of GABAergic interneurons) and abnormal mitochondrial elongation in CA1 neurons in the rat hippocampus. These impaired mitochondrial dynamics were accompanied by mitochondrial translocations of active caspase-3 and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) in PV cells and CA1 neurons, respectively. WY14643 (an activator of mitochondrial fission) aggravated SE-induced PV cell loss by enhancing active caspase-3 induction and its mitochondrial translocation, which were attenuated by Mdivi-1 (an inhibitor of mitochondrial fission). Mitochondrial HMGB1 import was not observed in PV cell. In contrast to PV cells, Mdivi-1 deteriorated SE-induced CA1 neuronal death concomitant with mitochondrial HMGB1 translocation, which was abrogated by WY14643. These findings suggest that SE-induced aberrant mitochondrial dynamics may be involved in translocation of active caspase-3 and HMGB1 into mitochondria, which regulate neuronal apoptosis and necrosis, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Tae-Cheon Kang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
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Kim JE, Kang TC. p47Phox/CDK5/DRP1-Mediated Mitochondrial Fission Evokes PV Cell Degeneration in the Rat Dentate Gyrus Following Status Epilepticus. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:267. [PMID: 28919853 PMCID: PMC5585136 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Parvalbumin (PV) is one of the calcium-binding proteins, which plays an important role in the responsiveness of inhibitory neurons to an adaptation to repetitive spikes. Furthermore, PV neurons are highly vulnerable to status epilepticus (SE, prolonged seizure activity), although the underlining mechanism remains to be clarified. In the present study, we found that p47Phox expression was transiently and selectively increased in PV neurons 6 h after SE. This up-regulated p47Phox expression was accompanied by excessive mitochondrial fission. In this time point, CDK5-tyrosine 15 and dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1)-serine 616 phosphorylations were also increased in PV cells. Apocynin (a p47Phox inhibitor) effectively mitigated PV cell loss via inhibition of CDK5/DRP1 phosphorylations and mitochondrial fragmentation induced by SE. Roscovitine (a CDK5 inhibitor) and Mdivi-1 (a DRP1 inhibitor) attenuated SE-induced PV cell loss by inhibiting aberrant mitochondrial fission. These findings suggest that p47Phox/CDK5/DRP1 may be one of the important upstream signaling pathways in PV cell degeneration induced by SE via excessive mitochondrial fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym UniversityChuncheon, South Korea
| | - Tae-Cheon Kang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym UniversityChuncheon, South Korea
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Sun Q, Zhang Y, Huang J, Yu F, Xu J, Peng B, Liu W, Han S, Yin J, He X. DPP4 regulates the inflammatory response in a rat model of febrile seizures. Biomed Mater Eng 2017; 28:S139-S152. [PMID: 28372289 DOI: 10.3233/bme-171635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Febrile seizures (FS) are the most common seizure disorders in children aged 6 months to 5 years. Children suffering from complex FS have a high risk of developing subsequent temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Neuroinflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of FS although the mechanism remains unknown. Our previous study using the Whole Rat Genome Oligo Microarray determined that Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP4) is potentially a related gene in FS rats. In this study, we demonstrated that DPP4 expression was significantly increased at both the protein and mRNA levels after hyperthermia induction. Sitagliptin, a specific enzyme inhibitor of DPP4, remarkably attenuated the severity of seizures in FS rats, and hyperthermia-induced astrocytosis was suppressed after DPP4 inhibition. Furthermore, sitagliptin significantly decreased the levels of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 but not IL-10. In addition, sitagliptin prevented NF-κB activation by decreasing phosphorylation of the p65 subunit. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that DPP4 functions as a critical regulator of neuroinflammation in hyperthermia-induced seizures and the DPP4 inhibitor may be a viable option for FS therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Sun
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yusong Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Yu
- Department of Pathology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Weifang Maternity and Child Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Biwen Peng
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wanhong Liu
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Song Han
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Yin
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaohua He
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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TRPC6-mediated ERK1/2 phosphorylation prevents dentate granule cell degeneration via inhibiting mitochondrial elongation. Neuropharmacology 2017; 121:120-129. [PMID: 28479396 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential canonical channel-6 (TRPC6) is one of Ca2+-permeable non-selective cation channels. In the rat hippocampus, TRPC6 expression is predominantly observed in dentate granule cells (DGC) rather than other hippocampal components. Interestingly, TRPC6 knockdown results in the massive DGC degeneration following status epilepticus (SE), although DGC is one of the resistant neuronal populations to various harmful stresses. However, the molecular events underlying the DGC degeneration induced by TRPC6 knockdown are still unclear. In the present study, TRPC6 knockdown resulted in mitochondrial elongation accompanied by reduction in dynamin-related proteins 1 (DRP1)-S616 phosphorylation. Furthermore, TRPC6 knockdown selectively decreased extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation. Similar to TRPC6 knockdown, ERK1/2 inhibition by U0126 evoked mitochondrial elongation with diminished DRP1-S616 phosphorylation, and facilitated SE-induced DGC degeneration independent of seizure severity. These findings indicate that TRPC6 may regulate mitochondrial dynamics via ERK1/2-mediaed DRP1 activation, which would be involved in DGC invulnerability to SE. Therefore, TRPC6 will be an interesting and important therapeutic target for neurological diseases related to impaired mitochondrial dynamics.
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Kim YJ, Kang TC. The role of TRPC6 in seizure susceptibility and seizure-related neuronal damage in the rat dentate gyrus. Neuroscience 2015; 307:215-30. [PMID: 26327362 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential canonical channel-6 (TRPC6) forms Ca(2+)-permeable non-selective cation channels in neurons. Although TRPC6 plays an important role in neurite outgrowth and neuronal survival during development, TRPC6 expression profiles available to identify distinctive hippocampal neuronal damage and hippocampal excitability in epilepsy are less defined. As compared to normal animals, TRPC6 expression was down-regulated in chronic epileptic rats showing spontaneous recurrent seizures. TRPC6 knockdown increased seizure susceptibility, excitability ratio and paired-pulse inhibition in the dentate gyrus (DG) of normal animals. Furthermore, TRPC6 knockdown promoted programmed neuronal necrosis in dentate granule cells, but prevented it in CA1 and CA3 neurons following status epilepticus. The present data suggest for the first time that TRPC6 may inhibit seizure susceptibility and neuronal vulnerability in the rat DG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-J Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chunchon 200-702, South Korea
| | - T-C Kang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chunchon 200-702, South Korea.
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Bolshakova A, Magnusson KE, Pinaev G, Petukhova O. Functional compartmentalisation of NF-kB-associated proteins in A431 cells. Cell Biol Int 2015; 37:387-96. [PMID: 23408724 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
NF-kB proteins belong to a family of ubiquitous transcription factors involved in a number of cellular responses. While the pathways of NF-kB activation and input into the regulation of gene activity have been comprehensively investigated, its cytoplasmic functions are poorly understood. In this study we addressed effects of the compartmentalisation of NF-kB proteins RelA/p65 and p50 in relation to the inhibitor IkB-a, using fibronectin (FN) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) for environmental stimulation of epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells. We thus assessed the presence of NF-kB family proteins in the cytosol, membrane, nuclear and cytoskeletal fractions with a special attention to the cytoskeletal fraction to define whether NFkB was active or not. Sub-cellular fractionation demonstrated that the proportion of RelA/p65 differed in diverse sub-cellular fractions, and that the cytoskeleton harboured about 7% thereof. Neither the nuclear nor the cytoskeleton fraction did contain IkB-a. The cytoskeleton binding of RelA/p65 and p50 was further confirmed by co-localisation and electron microscopy data. During 30-min EGF stimulation similar dynamics were found for RelA/p65 and IkB-a in the cytosol, RelA/p65 and p50 in the nucleus and p50 and IkB-a in the membrane. Furthermore, EGF stimulation for 30 min resulted in a threefold accumulation of RelA/p65 in cytoskeletal fraction. Our results suggest that nuclear-, membrane- and cytoskeleton-associated NF-kB are dynamic and comprise active pools, whereas the cytoplasmic is more constant and likely non-active due to the presence of IkB-a. Moreover, we discovered the existence of a dynamic, IkB-a-free pool of RelA/p65 associated with cytoskeletal fraction, what argues for a special regulatory role of the cytoskeleton in NF-kB stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Bolshakova
- Department of Cell Cultures, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, St. Petersburg 194064, Russian Federation
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Liang J, Luan Y, Lu B, Zhang H, Luo YN, Ge P. Protection of ischemic postconditioning against neuronal apoptosis induced by transient focal ischemia is associated with attenuation of NF-κB/p65 activation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96734. [PMID: 24800741 PMCID: PMC4011781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Accumulating evidences have demonstrated that nuclear factor κB/p65 plays a protective role in the protection of ischemic preconditioning and detrimental role in lethal ischemia-induced programmed cell death including apoptosis and autophagic death. However, its role in the protection of ischemic postconditioning is still unclear. Methods Rat MCAO model was used to produce transient focal ischemia. The procedure of ischemic postconditioning consisted of three cycles of 30 seconds reperfusion/reocclusion of MCA. The volume of cerebral infarction was measured by TTC staining and neuronal apoptosis was detected by TUNEL staining. Western blotting was used to analyze the changes in protein levels of Caspase-3, NF-κB/p65, phosphor- NF-κB/p65, IκBα, phosphor- IκBα, Noxa, Bim and Bax between rats treated with and without ischemic postconditioning. Laser scanning confocal microscopy was used to examine the distribution of NF-κB/p65 and Noxa. Results Ischemic postconditioning made transient focal ischemia-induced infarct volume decrease obviously from 38.6%±5.8% to 23.5%±4.3%, and apoptosis rate reduce significantly from 46.5%±6.2 to 29.6%±5.3% at reperfusion 24 h following 2 h focal cerebral ischemia. Western blotting analysis showed that ischemic postconditioning suppressed markedly the reduction of NF-κB/p65 in cytoplasm, but elevated its content in nucleus either at reperfusion 6 h or 24 h. Moreover, the decrease of IκBα and the increase of phosphorylated IκBα and phosphorylated NF-κB/p65 at indicated reperfusion time were reversed by ischemic postconditioning. Correspondingly, proapoptotic proteins Caspase-3, cleaved Caspase-3, Noxa, Bim and Bax were all mitigated significantly by ischemic postconditioning. Confocal microscopy revealed that ischemic postconditioning not only attenuated ischemia-induced translocation of NF-κB/p65 from neuronal cytoplasm to nucleus, but also inhibited the abnormal expression of proapoptotic protein Noxa within neurons. Conclusions We demonstrated in this study that the protection of ischemic postconditioning on neuronal apoptosis caused by transient focal ischemia is associated with attenuation of the activation of NF-κB/p65 in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Liang
- Department of Pediatrics, First hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Neuroscience Research Center, First hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yongxin Luan
- Department of Neurosurgery, First hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bin Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, First hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yi-nan Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, First hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Neuroscience Research Center, First hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Pengfei Ge
- Department of Neurosurgery, First hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Neuroscience Research Center, First hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- * E-mail:
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Shin HJ, Kim H, Heo RW, Kim HJ, Choi WS, Kwon HM, Roh GS. Tonicity-responsive enhancer binding protein haplodeficiency attenuates seizure severity and NF-κB-mediated neuroinflammation in kainic acid-induced seizures. Cell Death Differ 2014; 21:1095-106. [PMID: 24608792 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Kainic acid (KA)-induced seizures followed by neuronal death are associated with neuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier (BBB) leakage. Tonicity-responsive enhancer binding protein (TonEBP) is known as a transcriptional factor activating osmoprotective genes, and in brain, it is expressed in neuronal nuclei. Thus dysregulation of TonEBP may be involved in the pathology of KA-induced seizures. Here we used TonEBP heterozygote (+/-) mice to study the roles of TonEBP. Electroencephalographic study showed that TonEBP (+/-) mice reduced seizure frequency and severity compared with wild type during KA-induced status epilepticus. Immunohistochemistry and western blotting analysis showed that KA-induced neuroinflammation and BBB leakage were dramatically reduced in TonEBP (+/-) mice. Similarly, TonEBP-specific siRNA reduced glutamate-induced death in HT22 hippocampal neuronal cells. TonEBP haplodeficiency prevented KA-induced nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 and attenuated inflammation. Our findings identify TonEBP as a critical regulator of neuroinflammation and BBB leakage in KA-induced seizures, which suggests TonEBP as a good therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Shin
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Medical Research Center for Neural Dysfunction, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - H Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Medical Research Center for Neural Dysfunction, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - R W Heo
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Medical Research Center for Neural Dysfunction, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - H J Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Medical Research Center for Neural Dysfunction, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - W S Choi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Medical Research Center for Neural Dysfunction, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - H M Kwon
- School of Nano-Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - G S Roh
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Medical Research Center for Neural Dysfunction, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
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14
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Kim JE, Ryu HJ, Kim MJ, Kang TC. LIM kinase-2 induces programmed necrotic neuronal death via dysfunction of DRP1-mediated mitochondrial fission. Cell Death Differ 2014; 21:1036-49. [PMID: 24561342 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the aberrant activation of cell cycle proteins has a critical role in neuronal death, effectors or mediators of cyclin D1/cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4)-mediated death signal are still unknown. Here, we describe a previously unsuspected role of LIM kinase 2 (LIMK2) in programmed necrotic neuronal death. Downregulation of p27(Kip1) expression by Rho kinase (ROCK) activation induced cyclin D1/CDK4 expression levels in neurons vulnerable to status epilepticus (SE). Cyclin D1/CDK4 complex subsequently increased LIMK2 expression independent of caspase-3 and receptor interacting protein kinase 1 activity. In turn, upregulated LIMK2 impaired dynamic-related protein-1 (DRP1)-mediated mitochondrial fission without alterations in cofilin phosphorylation/expression and finally resulted in necrotic neuronal death. Inhibition of LIMK2 expression and rescue of DRP1 function attenuated this programmed necrotic neuronal death induced by SE. Therefore, we suggest that the ROCK-p27(Kip1)-cyclin D1/CDK4-LIMK2-DRP1-mediated programmed necrosis may be new therapeutic targets for neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-E Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chunchon, Kangwon-Do 200-702, Republic of Korea
| | - H J Ryu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chunchon, Kangwon-Do 200-702, Republic of Korea
| | - M J Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chunchon, Kangwon-Do 200-702, Republic of Korea
| | - T-C Kang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chunchon, Kangwon-Do 200-702, Republic of Korea
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15
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Kim WI, Ryu HJ, Kim JE, Seo CH, Lee BC, Choi IG, Kang TC. Differential nuclear factor-kappa B phosphorylation induced by lipopolysaccharide in the hippocampus of P2X7 receptor knockout mouse. Neurol Res 2013; 35:369-81. [DOI: 10.1179/1743132812y.0000000137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Won Il Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology
- Institute of Epilepsy ResearchCollege of Medicine, Hallym University, Kangwon-Do, Korea,
| | - Hea Jin Ryu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology
- Institute of Epilepsy ResearchCollege of Medicine, Hallym University, Kangwon-Do, Korea,
| | - Ji-Eun Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology
- Institute of Epilepsy ResearchCollege of Medicine, Hallym University, Kangwon-Do, Korea,
| | | | - Boung Chul Lee
- Department of PsychiatryHangang Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ihn-Geun Choi
- Department of PsychiatryHangang Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae-Cheon Kang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology
- Institute of Epilepsy ResearchCollege of Medicine, Hallym University, Kangwon-Do, Korea,
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16
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Lv R, Xu X, Luo Z, Shen N, Wang F, Zhao Y. Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) inhibits the overexpression of MCP-1 and attenuates microglial activation in the hippocampus of a pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus rat model. Exp Ther Med 2013; 7:39-45. [PMID: 24348761 PMCID: PMC3861516 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2013.1397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) on MCP-1 expression and microglial activation in the hippocampus of a rat model of pilocarpine (PILO)-induced status epilepticus (SE). Moreover, seizure susceptibility, frequency and severity as well as brain damage were analyzed and changes in behavior were recorded. Chemokine MCP-1 expression and microglial activation were detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Fluoro-Jade C (FJC) and NeuN staining were used for the evaluation of tissue damage. Our results showed that although SE resulted in the upregulation of MCP-1 and microglial activation in the rat hippocampus 24 h after seizure onset, pretreatment with PDTC significantly inhibited the MCP-1 overexpression and attenuated the microglial activation. These effects were accompanied by neurodegenerative amelioration. To the best of our knowledge, these findings indicated for the first time that the activation of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway may contribute to MCP-1 upregulation and microglial activation in the context of epilepsy. PDTC was also shown to exert anticonvulsant activity and to have a neuroprotective effect on the hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions, potentially through attenuating microglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rilang Lv
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai East Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200210, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai East Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200210, P.R. China ; Department of Neurology, Shanghai Pudong New Area Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai 201318, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Luo
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai East Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200210, P.R. China
| | - Nan Shen
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai East Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200210, P.R. China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Yongbo Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
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17
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Cheng YL, Park JS, Manzanero S, Choi Y, Baik SH, Okun E, Gelderblom M, Fann DYW, Magnus T, Launikonis BS, Mattson MP, Sobey CG, Jo DG, Arumugam TV. Evidence that collaboration between HIF-1α and Notch-1 promotes neuronal cell death in ischemic stroke. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 62:286-95. [PMID: 24141018 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings suggest that Notch-1 signaling contributes to neuronal death in ischemic stroke, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), a global regulator of cellular responses to hypoxia, can interact with Notch and modulate its signaling during hypoxic stress. Here we show that Notch signaling interacts with the HIF-1α pathway in the process of ischemic neuronal death. We found that a chemical inhibitor of the Notch-activating enzyme, γ-secretase, and a HIF-1α inhibitor, protect cultured cortical neurons against ischemic stress, and combined inhibition of Notch-1 and HIF-1α further decreased neuronal death. HIF-1α and Notch intracellular domain (NICD) are co-expressed in the neuronal nucleus, and co-immunoprecipitated in cultured neurons and in brain tissue from mice subjected to focal ischemic stroke. Overexpression of NICD and HIF-1α in cultured human neural cells enhanced cell death under ischemia-like conditions, and a HIF-1α inhibitor rescued the cells. RNA interference-mediated depletion of endogenous NICD and HIF-1α also decreased cell death under ischemia-like conditions. Finally, mice treated with inhibitors of γ-secretase and HIF-1α exhibited improved outcome after focal ischemic stroke, with combined treatment being superior to individual treatments. Additional findings suggest that the NICD and HIF-1α collaborate to engage pro-inflammatory and apoptotic signaling pathways in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lin Cheng
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore; School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jong-Sung Park
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Silvia Manzanero
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Yuri Choi
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Ha Baik
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Eitan Okun
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Mathias Gelderblom
- Department of Neurology, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr, 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - David Yang-Wei Fann
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Tim Magnus
- Department of Neurology, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr, 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bradley S Launikonis
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Mark P Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christopher G Sobey
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Dong-Gyu Jo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea.
| | - Thiruma V Arumugam
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore; School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Kim JE, Kim DS, Jin Ryu H, Il Kim W, Kim MJ, Won Kim D, Young Choi S, Kang TC. The effect of P2X7 receptor activation on nuclear factor-κB phosphorylation induced by status epilepticus in the rat hippocampus. Hippocampus 2013; 23:500-14. [PMID: 23564500 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor-kappa B (NFκB) signal is essential for neuronal survival and its activation may protect neuron against various stimuli. Since purinergic signals activate NFκB through the P2X7 receptor, we investigated the distinct pattern of NF-κB phosphorylation in neurons by P2X7 receptor activation following status epilepticus (SE) in an effort to understand the role of P2X7 receptor in epileptogenic insult. In non-SE animals, 2'(3')-O-(4-benzoyl)benzoyl adenosine 5'-triphosphate (BzATP, a P2X7R agonist) treatment increased only p52-Ser869 NF-κB phosphorylation in neuron. Following SE, p52-Ser865, p52-Ser869, p65-Ser276, p65-Ser311, p65-Ser468, and p65-Ser529 NF-κB phosphorylation was significantly decreased in CA1 and CA3 neurons. However, BzATP treatment prevented reductions in p65-Ser276, p65-Ser311, p65-Ser529, and p52-Ser869 NF-κB phosphorylations in CA1 and/or CA3 neurons induced by SE. Furthermore, BzATP treatment reduced SE-induced p65-Ser311, p65-Ser468, p65-Ser536, and p52-Ser869 NF-κB phosphorylations in astrocytes. These findings indicate that P2X7 functions may be involved in the regulation of SE-induced reactive astrocytes and neuronal degeneration via NF-κB phosphorylations in response to pilocarpine-induced SE in the rat hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chunchon, Kangwon-Do, South Korea
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The effect of levetiracetam on status epilepticus-induced neuronal death in the rat hippocampus. Seizure 2013; 22:368-77. [PMID: 23490457 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Levetiracetam has been reported to be well tolerated and effective in status epilepticus (SE) refractory to benzodiazepine. Because of little preclinical or clinical data concerning the outcomes of LEV in SE-induced neuronal death and vasogenic edema, we investigated the effect of LEV on SE-induced injury in comparison to diazepam (DZP), and valproate (VPA). METHODS Two hours after pilocarpine-induced SE, rats were given one of the following drugs; (1) DZP, (2) LEV, (3) VPA, (4) DZP+LEV, (5) DZP+VPA, and (6) DZP+oxiracetam. Three-four days after SE, neuronal damage and vasogenic edema were evaluated by Fluoro-Jade B (FJB) staining and serum-protein extravasation, respectively. RESULTS LEV (≥50 mg/kg) was effective to protect neuronal damage from SE in comparison to DZP and VPA. LEV as an add-on drug with DZP could not alleviate neuronal damage as compared to LEV alone. VPA (≥100 mg/kg) was effective to protect neuronal damage from SE, as compared to DZP. VPA as an add-on drug with DZP reduced neuronal damage, as compared to DZP alone. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that LEV may negatively interact with DZP, and be more effective to prevent SE-induced neuronal death as a first line drug than as a second line therapy after BDZ treatment.
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20
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Sohn EJ, Kim DW, Kim MJ, Jeong HJ, Shin MJ, Ahn EH, Kwon SW, Kim YN, Kim DS, Han KH, Park J, Hwang HS, Eum WS, Choi SY. PEP-1–metallothionein-III protein ameliorates the oxidative stress-induced neuronal cell death and brain ischemic insults. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1820:1647-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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21
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The reverse roles of transient receptor potential canonical channel-3 and -6 in neuronal death following pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2012; 33:99-109. [PMID: 22926417 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-012-9875-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential canonical channel (TRPC) is a nonselective cation channel permeable to Ca(2+), which is expressed in many cell types, including neurons. However, the alterations in TRPC receptor expressions in response to status epilepticus (SE) have not been explored. Therefore, the present study was designated to elucidate the roles of TRPC3 and TRPC6 in neuronal death following SE. In non-SE animals, TRPC3 and TRPC6 immunoreactivity was abundantly detected in the dendrites of pyramidal cells and the cell bodies of dentate granule cells. Following SE, TRPC3 expression was significantly elevated in CA1-, CA3 pyramidal cells, and dentate granule cells, while TRPC6 expression was reduced in these regions. Pyrazole-3 (a TRPC3 inhibitor) effectively prevented up-regulation of neuronal TRPC3 expression induced by SE. Hyperforin (a TRPC6 activator) effectively prevented down-regulation of neuronal TRPC6 expression induced by SE. In addition, both Pyr3 and hyperforin effectively protected neuronal damages from SE. Therefore, the present study yields novel information regarding the role of TRPC3 and 6 in epileptogenic insults and suggests that TRPC 3 and 6 may be involved in neurodegeneration following SE.
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