1
|
Xing P, Hao H, Chen J, Qiao X, Song T, Yang X, Weng K, Hou Y, Chen J, Wang Z, Di J, Jiang B, Xing J, Su X. Integrated profiling identifies DXS253E as a potential prognostic marker in colorectal cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2024; 24:213. [PMID: 38890691 PMCID: PMC11186088 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-024-03403-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence suggests that DXS253E is critical for cancer development and progression, but the function and potential mechanism of DXS253E in colorectal cancer (CRC) remain largely unknown. In this study, we evaluated the clinical significance and explored the underlying mechanism of DXS253E in CRC. METHODS DXS253E expression in cancer tissues was investigated using the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases. The Kaplan-Meier plot was used to assess the prognosis of DXS253E. The cBioPortal, MethSurv, and Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER) databases were employed to analyze the mutation profile, methylation, and immune infiltration associated with DXS253E. The biological functions of DXS253E in CRC cells were determined by CCK-8 assay, plate cloning assay, Transwell assay, flow cytometry, lactate assay, western blot, and qRT-PCR. RESULTS DXS253E was upregulated in CRC tissues and high DXS253E expression levels were correlated with poor survival in CRC patients. Our bioinformatics analyses showed that high DXS253E gene methylation levels were associated with the favorable prognosis of CRC patients. Furthermore, DXS253E levels were linked to the expression levels of several immunomodulatory genes and an abundance of immune cells. Mechanistically, the overexpression of DXS253E enhanced proliferation, migration, invasion, and the aerobic glycolysis of CRC cells through the AKT/mTOR pathway. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that DXS253E functions as a potential role in CRC progression and may serve as an indicator of outcomes and a therapeutic target for regulating the AKT/mTOR pathway in CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pu Xing
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery IV, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No.52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Hao Hao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery IV, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No.52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Jiangbo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery IV, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No.52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Xiaowen Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery IV, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No.52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Tongkun Song
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery IV, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No.52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Xinying Yang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery IV, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No.52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Kai Weng
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery IV, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No.52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Yifan Hou
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery IV, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No.52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zaozao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery IV, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No.52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Jiabo Di
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery IV, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No.52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Beihai Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery IV, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No.52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, China.
| | - Jiadi Xing
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery IV, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No.52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, China.
| | - Xiangqian Su
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Beijing Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery IV, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No.52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ciralli B, Malfatti T, Hilscher MM, Leao RN, Cederroth CR, Leao KE, Kullander K. Unraveling the role of Slc10a4 in auditory processing and sensory motor gating: Implications for neuropsychiatric disorders? Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 131:110930. [PMID: 38160852 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, are complex and challenging to study, partly due to the lack of suitable animal models. However, the absence of the Slc10a4 gene, which codes for a monoaminergic and cholinergic associated vesicular transporter protein, in knockout mice (Slc10a4-/-), leads to the accumulation of extracellular dopamine. A major challenge for studying schizophrenia is the lack of suitable animal models that accurately represent the disorder. We sought to overcome this challenge by using Slc10a4-/- mice as a potential model, considering their altered dopamine levels. This makes them a potential animal model for schizophrenia, a disorder known to be associated with altered dopamine signaling in the brain. METHODS The locomotion, auditory sensory filtering and prepulse inhibition (PPI) of Slc10a4-/- mice were quantified and compared to wildtype (WT) littermates. Intrahippocampal electrodes were used to record auditory event-related potentials (aERPs) for quantifying sensory filtering in response to paired-clicks. The channel above aERPs phase reversal was chosen for reliably comparing results between animals, and aERPs amplitude and latency of click responses were quantified. WT and Slc10a4-/- mice were also administered subanesthetic doses of ketamine to provoke psychomimetic behavior. RESULTS Baseline locomotion during auditory stimulation was similar between Slc10a4-/- mice and WT littermates. In WT animals, normal auditory processing was observed after i.p saline injections, and it was maintained under the influence of 5 mg/kg ketamine, but disrupted by 20 mg/kg ketamine. On the other hand, Slc10a4-/- mice did not show significant differences between N40 S1 and S2 amplitude responses in saline or low dose ketamine treatment. Auditory gating was considered preserved since the second N40 peak was consistently suppressed, but with increased latency. The P80 component showed higher amplitude, with shorter S2 latency under saline and 5 mg/kg ketamine treatment in Slc10a4-/- mice, which was not observed in WT littermates. Prepulse inhibition was also decreased in Slc10a4-/- mice when the longer interstimulus interval of 100 ms was applied, compared to WT littermates. CONCLUSION The Slc10a4-/- mice responses indicate that cholinergic and monoaminergic systems participate in the PPI magnitude, in the temporal coding (response latency) of the auditory sensory gating component N40, and in the amplitude of aERPs P80 component. These results suggest that Slc10a4-/- mice can be considered as potential models for neuropsychiatric conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Ciralli
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil; Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Programme in Genomics and Neurobiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Thawann Malfatti
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil; Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Programme in Genomics and Neurobiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Experimental Audiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus M Hilscher
- Institute for Analysis and Scientific Computing, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Richardson N Leao
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil; Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Programme in Genomics and Neurobiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christopher R Cederroth
- Experimental Audiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katarina E Leao
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil; Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Programme in Genomics and Neurobiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Klas Kullander
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Programme in Genomics and Neurobiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Becker P, Naughton F, Brotherton D, Pacheco-Gomez R, Beckstein O, Cameron AD. Mechanism of substrate binding and transport in BASS transporters. eLife 2023; 12:RP89167. [PMID: 37963091 PMCID: PMC10645422 DOI: 10.7554/elife.89167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The bile acid sodium symporter (BASS) family transports a wide array of molecules across membranes, including bile acids in humans, and small metabolites in plants. These transporters, many of which are sodium-coupled, have been shown to use an elevator mechanism of transport, but exactly how substrate binding is coupled to sodium ion binding and transport is not clear. Here, we solve the crystal structure at 2.3 Å of a transporter from Neisseria meningitidis (ASBTNM) in complex with pantoate, a potential substrate of ASBTNM. The BASS family is characterised by two helices that cross-over in the centre of the protein in an arrangement that is intricately held together by two sodium ions. We observe that the pantoate binds, specifically, between the N-termini of two of the opposing helices in this cross-over region. During molecular dynamics simulations the pantoate remains in this position when sodium ions are present but is more mobile in their absence. Comparison of structures in the presence and absence of pantoate demonstrates that pantoate elicits a conformational change in one of the cross-over helices. This modifies the interface between the two domains that move relative to one another to elicit the elevator mechanism. These results have implications, not only for ASBTNM but for the BASS family as a whole and indeed other transporters that work through the elevator mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Becker
- School of Life Sciences, University of WarwickCoventryUnited Kingdom
| | - Fiona Naughton
- Department of Physics, Arizona State UniversityTempeUnited States
| | | | | | - Oliver Beckstein
- Department of Physics, Arizona State UniversityTempeUnited States
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Becker P, Naughton FB, Brotherton DH, Pacheco-Gomez R, Beckstein O, Cameron AD. Mechanism of substrate binding and transport in BASS transporters. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.02.543391. [PMID: 37645971 PMCID: PMC10461908 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.02.543391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The Bile Acid Sodium Symporter (BASS) family transports a wide array of molecules across membranes, including bile acids in humans, and small metabolites in plants. These transporters, many of which are sodium-coupled, have been shown to use an elevator mechanism of transport, but exactly how substrate binding is coupled to sodium ion binding and transport is not clear. Here we solve the crystal structure at 2.3 Å of a transporter from Neisseria Meningitidis (ASBTNM) in complex with pantoate, a potential substrate of ASBTNM. The BASS family is characterised by two helices that cross-over in the centre of the protein in an arrangement that is intricately held together by two sodium ions. We observe that the pantoate binds, specifically, between the N-termini of two of the opposing helices in this cross-over region. During molecular dynamics simulations the pantoate remains in this position when sodium ions are present but is more mobile in their absence. Comparison of structures in the presence and absence of pantoate demonstrates that pantoate elicits a conformational change in one of the cross-over helices. This modifies the interface between the two domains that move relative to one another to elicit the elevator mechanism. These results have implications, not only for ASBTNM but for the BASS family as a whole and indeed other transporters that work through the elevator mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Becker
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K
| | | | - Deborah H. Brotherton
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K
| | | | - Oliver Beckstein
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287
| | - Alexander D. Cameron
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wannowius M, Karakus E, Aktürk Z, Breuer J, Geyer J. Role of the Sodium-Dependent Organic Anion Transporter (SOAT/SLC10A6) in Physiology and Pathophysiology. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9926. [PMID: 37373074 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The sodium-dependent organic anion transporter (SOAT, gene symbol SLC10A6) specifically transports 3'- and 17'-monosulfated steroid hormones, such as estrone sulfate and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, into specific target cells. These biologically inactive sulfo-conjugated steroids occur in high concentrations in the blood circulation and serve as precursors for the intracrine formation of active estrogens and androgens that contribute to the overall regulation of steroids in many peripheral tissues. Although SOAT expression has been detected in several hormone-responsive peripheral tissues, its quantitative contribution to steroid sulfate uptake in different organs is still not completely clear. Given this fact, the present review provides a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge about the SOAT by summarizing all experimental findings obtained since its first cloning in 2004 and by processing SOAT/SLC10A6-related data from genome-wide protein and mRNA expression databases. In conclusion, despite a significantly increased understanding of the function and physiological significance of the SOAT over the past 20 years, further studies are needed to finally establish it as a potential drug target for endocrine-based therapy of steroid-responsive diseases such as hormone-dependent breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Wannowius
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Emre Karakus
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Zekeriya Aktürk
- General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, 86159 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Janina Breuer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Joachim Geyer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wannowius M, Karakus E, Geyer J. Functional Analysis of Rare Genetic Variants in the Negative Regulator of Intracellular Calcium Signaling RCAS/SLC10A7. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:741946. [PMID: 34671644 PMCID: PMC8521665 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.741946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The solute carrier family 10 member SLC10A7 is a negative regulator of intracellular calcium signaling (RCAS). In cell culture, SLC10A7 expression is negatively correlated with store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) via the plasma membrane. SLC10A7-deficient cells have significantly increased calcium influx after treatment with thapsigargin for depletion of ER calcium stores, whereas SLC10A7/RCAS overexpression limits calcium influx. Genetic variants in the human SLC10A7 gene are associated with skeletal dysplasia and amelogenesis imperfecta and reveal loss of function on cellular calcium influx. More recently, an additional disease-related genetic variant (P303L) as well as some novel genetic variants (V235F, T221M, I136M, L210F, P285L, and G146S) have been identified. In the present study, these variants were expressed in HEK293 cells to study their subcellular localization and their effect on cellular calcium influx. All variants were properly sorted to the ER compartment and closely co-localized with the STIM protein, a functional component of SOCE. The variants P303L and L210F showed significantly reduced effects on cellular calcium influx compared to the wild type but still maintained some degree of residual activity. This might explain the milder phenotype of patients bearing the P303L variant and might indicate disease potential for the newly identified L210F variant. In contrast, all other variants behaved like the wild type. In conclusion, the occurrence of variants in the SLC10A7 gene should be considered in patients with skeletal dysplasia and amelogenesis imperfecta. In addition to the already established variants, the present study identifies another potential disease-related SLC10A7/RCAS variant, namely, L210F, which seems to be most frequent in South Asian populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Wannowius
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Emre Karakus
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Joachim Geyer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Noppes S, Müller SF, Bennien J, Holtemeyer M, Palatini M, Leidolf R, Alber J, Geyer J. Homo- and heterodimerization is a common feature of the solute carrier family SLC10 members. Biol Chem 2020; 400:1371-1384. [PMID: 31256060 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2019-0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The solute carrier family SLC10 consists of seven members, including the bile acid transporters Na+/taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP) and apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT), the steroid sulfate transporter SOAT as well as four orphan carriers (SLC10A3, SLC10A4, SLC10A5 and SLC10A7). Previously, homodimerization of NTCP, ASBT and SOAT was described and there is increasing evidence that carrier oligomerization is an important regulatory factor for protein sorting and transport function. In the present study, homo- and heterodimerization were systematically analyzed among all SLC10 carriers (except for SLC10A3) using the yeast-two-hybrid membrane protein system. Strong homodimerization occurred for NTCP/NTCP, ASBT/ASBT and SLC10A7/SLC10A7. Heterodimerization was observed for most of the SLC10 carrier combinations. Heterodimerization of NTCP was additionally investigated by co-localization of NTCP-GFP and NTCP-mScarlet with respective SLC10 carrier constructs. NTCP co-localized with SLC10A4, SLC10A5, SOAT and SLC10A7. This co-localization was most pronounced for SLC10A4 and was additionally confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation. Interestingly, SLC10 carrier co-expression decreased the taurocholate transport function of NTCP for most of the analyzed constructs, indicating that SLC10 carrier heterodimerization is of functional relevance. In conclusion, homo- and heterodimerization is a common feature of the SLC10 carriers. The relevance of this finding for regulation and transport function of the SLC10 carriers in vivo needs further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Noppes
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Simon Franz Müller
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Josefine Bennien
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Matthias Holtemeyer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Massimo Palatini
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Regina Leidolf
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Jörg Alber
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Joachim Geyer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Increased endogenous dopamine prevents myopia in mice. Exp Eye Res 2020; 193:107956. [PMID: 32032629 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.107956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Experimental evidence suggests that dopamine (DA) modulates refractive eye growth. We evaluated whether increasing endogenous DA activity using pharmacological or genetic approaches decreased myopia susceptibility in mice. First, we assessed the effects of systemic L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) injections on form deprivation myopia (FDM) in C57BL/6 J (WTC57) mice. WTC57 mice received daily systemic injections of L-DOPA (n = 11), L-DOPA + ascorbic acid (AA, n = 22), AA (n = 20), or Saline (n = 16). Second, we tested transgenic mice with increased or decreased expression of vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2HI, n = 22; WTHI, n = 18; VMAT2LO, n = 18; or WTLO, n = 9) under normal and form deprivation conditions. VMAT2 packages DA into vesicles, affecting DA release. At post-natal day 28 (P28), monocular FD was induced in each genotype. Weekly measurements of refractive error, corneal curvature, and ocular biometry were performed until P42 or P49. WTC57 mice exposed to FD developed a significant myopic shift (treated-contralateral eye) in AA (-3.27 ± 0.73D) or saline (-3.71 ± 0.80D) treated groups that was significantly attenuated by L-DOPA (-0.73 ± 0.90D, p = 0.0002) or L-DOPA + AA (-0.11 ± 0.46D, p = 0.0103). The VMAT2LO mice, with under-expression of VMAT2, were most susceptible to FDM. VMAT2LO mice developed significant myopic shifts to FD after one week compared to VMAT2HI and WT mice (VMAT2LO: -5.48 ± 0.54D; VMAT2HI: -0.52 ± 0.92D, p < 0.05; WT: -2.13 ± 0.78D, p < 0.05; ungoggled control: -0.22 ± 0.24D, p < 0.001). These results indicate that endogenously increasing DA synthesis and release by genetic and pharmacological methods prevents FDM in mice.
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the relationship between expression level of vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) and myopia, as well as the feasibility of noninvasive myopia diagnosis through imaging VMAT2 in retina by using [18F]fluoropropyl-(+)-dihydrotetrabenazine ([18F]FP-(+)-DTBZ). PROCEDURES The right eyes of ten guinea pigs were deprived of vision to establish form-deprived (FD) myopia and the left eyes were untreated as the self-control eyes. The location and expression level of VMAT2 in the eyes were detected by micro-positron emission tomography (PET)/X-ray computed tomography (CT) imaging through using [18F]FP-(+)-DTBZ. Immunofluorescence staining and Western blot were used to confirm the location and expression level of VMAT2 in the eyes. The concentrations of dopamine (DA) and its metabolites including 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) were also investigated by high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS The right eyes deprived of vision were obviously myopic (- 3.17 ± 1.33 D) after procedure, while the left eyes were hyperopic (4.60 ± 0.83 D, P < 0.0001). The main expressions of VMAT2 in the eyes were located in retina. VMAT2 was significantly reduced in the myopic retina compared to the normal one from PET/CT results (P = 0.0008), which could also be verified by Western blots (P = 0.029). The concentrations of DA, DOPAC, and HVA in the FD eyes were all significantly less than those in the control eyes (P = 0.024, P = 0.018, P = 0.008). As a role of storing and releasing DA in vesicles, VMAT2 was demonstrated positively correlating with the amounts of DA (P = 0.030), DOPAC (P = 0.038), and HVA (P = 0.025) through Pearson's correlation coefficient test. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that [18F]FP-(+)-DTBZ can be used to noninvasively image VMAT2 in retina. The expression level of VMAT2 in retina may act as a new biomarker for myopia diagnosis. The decreasing of VMAT2 expression level may play an important role in the development of myopia through correspondingly reducing the amount of DA in retina.
Collapse
|
10
|
Fietz D. Transporter for sulfated steroid hormones in the testis - expression pattern, biological significance and implications for fertility in men and rodents. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 179:8-19. [PMID: 29017936 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In various tissues, steroid hormones may be sulfated, glucuronidated or otherwise modified. For a long time, these hydrophilic molecules have been considered to be merely inactive metabolites for excretion via bile or urine. Nevertheless, different organs such as the placenta and breast tissue produce large amounts of sulfated steroids. After the discovery of the enzyme steroid sulfatase, which is able to re-activate sulfated steroids, these precursor molecules entered the focus of interest again as a local supply for steroid hormone synthesis with a prolonged half-life compared to their unconjugated counterparts. The first descriptions of this so-called sulfatase pathway in the placenta and breast tissue (with special regards to hormone-dependent breast cancer) were quickly followed by studies of steroid sulfate production and function in the testis. These hydrophilic molecules may not permeate the cell membrane by diffusion in the way that unbound steroids can, but need to be transported through the plasma membrane by transport systems. In the testis, a functional sulfatase pathway requires the expression of specific uptake carrier and efflux transporters in testicular cells, i.e. Sertoli, Leydig and germ cells. Main focus has to be placed on Sertoli cells, as these cells build up the blood-testis barrier. In this review, an overview of carrier expression pattern in the human as well as rodent testis is provided with special interest towards implications on fertility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Fietz
- Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pettersson H, Zarnegar B, Westin A, Persson V, Peuckert C, Jonsson J, Hallgren J, Kullander K. SLC10A4 regulates IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation in vitro and mast cell-mediated reactions in vivo. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1085. [PMID: 28439090 PMCID: PMC5430724 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01121-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells act as sensors in innate immunity and as effector cells in adaptive immune reactions. Here we demonstrate that SLC10A4, also referred to as the vesicular aminergic-associated transporter, VAAT, modifies mast cell degranulation. Strikingly, Slc10a4 -/- bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) had a significant reduction in the release of granule-associated mediators in response to IgE/antigen-mediated activation, whereas the in vitro development of mast cells, the storage of the granule-associated enzyme mouse mast cell protease 6 (mMCP-6), and the release of prostaglandin D2 and IL-6 were normal. Slc10a4-deficient mice had a strongly reduced passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction and a less intense itching behaviour in response to the mast cell degranulator 48/80. Live imaging of the IgE/antigen-mediated activation showed decreased degranulation and that ATP was retained to a higher degree in mast cell granules lacking SLC10A4. Furthermore, ATP was reduced by two thirds in Slc10a4 -/- BMMCs supernatants in response to IgE/antigen. We speculate that SLC10A4 affects the amount of granule-associated ATP upon IgE/antigen-induced mast cell activation, which affect the release of granule-associated mast cell mediators. In summary, SLC10A4 acts as a regulator of degranulation in vitro and of mast cell-related reactions in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Pettersson
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Box 593, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Norbyv, 18A, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Behdad Zarnegar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Box 582, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Annika Westin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Box 582, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Viktor Persson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Box 582, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christiane Peuckert
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Box 593, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jörgen Jonsson
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Box 593, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jenny Hallgren
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Box 582, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Klas Kullander
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Box 593, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Xu Y, Wang Q, Li D, Wu Z, Li D, Lu K, Zhao Y, Sun Y. Protective effect of lithium chloride against hypoglycemia-induced apoptosis in neuronal PC12 cell. Neuroscience 2016; 330:100-8. [PMID: 27241942 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Hypoglycemia is defined by an arbitrary plasma glucose level lower than 3.9mmol/L and is a most common and feared adverse effect of treatment of diabetes mellitus. Emerging evidences demonstrated that hypoglycemia could induce enhanced apoptosis. Lithium chloride (LiCl), a FDA approved drug clinically used for treatment of bipolar disorders, is recently proven having neuroprotection against various stresses in the cellular and animal models of neural disorders. Here, we have established a hypoglycemia model in vitro and assessed the neuroprotective efficacy of LiCl against hypoglycemia-induced apoptosis and the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms. Our studies showed that LiCl protects against hypoglycemia-induced neurotoxicity in vitro. Exposure to hypoglycemia results in enhanced apoptosis and the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms involved inhibition of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway by decreasing wnt3a levels, β-catenin levels and increasing GSK-3β levels, which was confirmed by the use of Wnt-specific activator LiCl. Hypoglycemia-induced apoptosis were significantly reversed by LiCl, leading to increased cell survival. LiCl also alters the expression/levels of the Wnt pathway genes/proteins, which were reduced due to exposed to hypoglycemia. Overall, our results conclude that LiCl provides neuroprotection against hypoglycemia-induced apoptosis via activation of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhen Xu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Central Hospital of Tai'an, Taishan Medical College, Tai'an, Shandong Province, China
| | - Dongsheng Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenghua Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dawei Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaili Lu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuwu Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yongning Sun
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Melief EJ, Gibbs JT, Li X, Morgan RG, Keene CD, Montine TJ, Palmiter RD, Darvas M. Characterization of cognitive impairments and neurotransmitter changes in a novel transgenic mouse lacking Slc10a4. Neuroscience 2016; 324:399-406. [PMID: 27001174 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
An orphan member of the solute carrier (SLC) family SLC10, SLC10A4 has been found to be enriched in midbrain and brainstem neurons and has been found to co-localize with and to affect dopamine (DA) homeostasis. We generated an SLC10A4 knockout mouse (Slc10a4(Δ/Δ)) using Cre-targeted recombination, and characterized behavioral measures of motor and cognitive function as well as DA and acetylcholine (ACh) levels in midbrain and brainstem. In agreement with previous studies, Slc10a4 mRNA was preferentially expressed in neurons in the brains of wild-type (Slc10a4(+/+)) mice and was enriched in dopaminergic and cholinergic regions. Slc10a4(Δ/Δ) mice had no impairment in motor function or novelty-induced exploratory behaviors but performed significantly worse in measures of spatial memory and cognitive flexibility. Slc10a4(Δ/Δ) mice also did not differ from Slc10a4(+/+) in measures of anxiety. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) measures on tissue punches taken from the dorsal and ventral striatum reveal a decrease in DA content and a corresponding increase in the metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), indicating an increase in DA turnover. Punches taken from the brainstem revealed a decrease in ACh as compared with Slc10a4(+/+) littermates. Together, these data indicate that loss of SLC10A4 protein results in neurotransmitter imbalance and cognitive impairment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E J Melief
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, United States
| | - J T Gibbs
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, United States
| | - X Li
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, United States
| | - R G Morgan
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, United States
| | - C D Keene
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, United States
| | - T J Montine
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, United States
| | - R D Palmiter
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, United States; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, United States
| | - M Darvas
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gladwin TE, Wiers CE, Wiers RW. Cognitive neuroscience of cognitive retraining for addiction medicine: From mediating mechanisms to questions of efficacy. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2015; 224:323-44. [PMID: 26822365 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2015.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive retraining or cognitive bias modification (CBM) involves having subjects repeatedly perform a computerized task designed to reduce the impact of automatic processes that lead to harmful behavior. We first discuss the theory underlying CBM and provide a brief overview of important research progress in its application to addiction. We then focus on cognitive- and neural-mediating mechanisms. We consider recent criticism of both CBM and its theoretical foundations. Evaluations of CBM could benefit from considering theory-driven factors that may determine variations in efficacy, such as motivation. Concerning theory, while there is certainly room for fundamental advances in current models, we argue that the basic view of impulsive behavior and its control remains a useful and productive heuristic. Finally, we briefly discuss some interesting new directions for CBM research: enhancement of training via transcranial direct current stimulation, online training, and gamification, i.e., the use of gameplay elements to increase motivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Gladwin
- Addiction Development and Psychopathology (ADAPT) Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Research Centre-Military Mental Health, Ministry of Defense, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Corinde E Wiers
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu, Berlin, Germany; National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Reinout W Wiers
- Addiction Development and Psychopathology (ADAPT) Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Schmidt S, Moncada M, Burger S, Geyer J. Expression, sorting and transport studies for the orphan carrier SLC10A4 in neuronal and non-neuronal cell lines and in Xenopus laevis oocytes. BMC Neurosci 2015; 16:35. [PMID: 26084360 PMCID: PMC4472396 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-015-0174-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background SLC10A4 belongs to the solute carrier family SLC10 whose founding members are the Na+/taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP, SLC10A1) and the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT, SLC10A2). These carriers maintain the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids between the liver and the gut. SLC10A4 was identified as a novel member of the SLC10 carrier family with the highest phylogenetic relationship to NTCP. The SLC10A4 protein was detected in synaptic vesicles of cholinergic and monoaminergic neurons of the peripheral and central nervous system, suggesting a transport function for any kind of neurotransmitter. Therefore, in the present study, we performed systematic transport screenings for SLC10A4 and also aimed to identify the vesicular sorting domain of the SLC10A4 protein. Results We detected a vesicle-like expression pattern of the SLC10A4 protein in the neuronal cell lines SH-SY5Y and CAD. Differentiation of these cells to the neuronal phenotype altered neither SLC10A4 gene expression nor its vesicular expression pattern. Functional transport studies with different neurotransmitters, bile acids and steroid sulfates were performed in SLC10A4-transfected HEK293 cells, SLC10A4-transfected CAD cells and in Xenopus laevis oocytes. For these studies, transport by the dopamine transporter DAT, the serotonin transporter SERT, the choline transporter CHT1, the vesicular monoamine transporter VMAT2, the organic cation transporter Oct1, and NTCP were used as positive control. SLC10A4 failed to show transport activity for dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, histamine, acetylcholine, choline, acetate, aspartate, glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid, pregnenolone sulfate, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, estrone-3-sulfate, and adenosine triphosphate, at least in the transport assays used. When the C-terminus of SLC10A4 was replaced by the homologous sequence of NTCP, the SLC10A4-NTCP chimeric protein revealed clear plasma membrane expression in CAD and HEK293 cells. But this chimera also did not show any transport activity, even when the N-terminal domain of SLC10A4 was deleted by mutagenesis. Conclusions Although different kinds of assays were used to screen for transport function, SLC10A4 failed to show transport activity for a series of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, indicating that SLC10A4 does not seem to represent a typical neurotransmitter transporter such as DAT, SERT, CHT1 or VMAT2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Schmidt
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Marcela Moncada
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Simone Burger
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Joachim Geyer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Larhammar M, Patra K, Blunder M, Emilsson L, Peuckert C, Arvidsson E, Rönnlund D, Preobraschenski J, Birgner C, Limbach C, Widengren J, Blom H, Jahn R, Wallén-Mackenzie Å, Kullander K. SLC10A4 is a vesicular amine-associated transporter modulating dopamine homeostasis. Biol Psychiatry 2015; 77:526-36. [PMID: 25176177 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neuromodulatory transmitters, biogenic amines, have profound effects on multiple neurons and are essential for normal behavior and mental health. Here we report that the orphan transporter SLC10A4, which in the brain is exclusively expressed in presynaptic vesicles of monoaminergic and cholinergic neurons, has a regulatory role in dopamine homeostasis. METHODS We used a combination of molecular and behavioral analyses, pharmacology, and in vivo amperometry to assess the role of SLC10A4 in dopamine-regulated behaviors. RESULTS We show that SLC10A4 is localized on the same synaptic vesicles as either vesicular acetylcholine transporter or vesicular monoamine transporter 2. We did not find evidence for direct transport of dopamine by SLC10A4; however, synaptic vesicle preparations lacking SLC10A4 showed decreased dopamine vesicular uptake efficiency. Furthermore, we observed an increased acidification in synaptic vesicles isolated from mice overexpressing SLC10A4. Loss of SLC10A4 in mice resulted in reduced striatal serotonin, noradrenaline, and dopamine concentrations and a significantly higher dopamine turnover ratio. Absence of SLC10A4 led to slower dopamine clearance rates in vivo, which resulted in accumulation of extracellular dopamine. Finally, whereas SLC10A4 null mutant mice were slightly hypoactive, they displayed hypersensitivity to administration of amphetamine and tranylcypromine. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that SLC10A4 is a vesicular monoaminergic and cholinergic associated transporter that is important for dopamine homeostasis and neuromodulation in vivo. The discovery of SLC10A4 and its role in dopaminergic signaling reveals a novel mechanism for neuromodulation and represents an unexplored target for the treatment of neurological and mental disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Martina Blunder
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lina Emilsson
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Emma Arvidsson
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Daniel Rönnlund
- Department of Biomolecular Physics, Applied Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julia Preobraschenski
- Department of Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Jerker Widengren
- Department of Biomolecular Physics, Applied Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans Blom
- Department of Biomolecular Physics, Applied Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Reinhard Jahn
- Department of Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Klas Kullander
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden..
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Fukushima N, Yokouchi K, Kawagishi K, Karasawa M, Kuroiwa M, Moriizumi T. Two specific tongue regions receive bilateral hypoglossal innervation: a study in neonatal rat pups. Arch Oral Biol 2014; 60:432-8. [PMID: 25540849 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the functional role of bilateral hypoglossal (XII) nerve innervation of the tongue. MATERIALS AND METHODS The possibility of bilateral innervation of XII nerve in the tongue was examined using postmortem fibre tracing in normal neonatal rats. In addition, immunohistochemical testing for synaptophysin or vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) was carried out in unilaterally XII nerve-resected neonatal rats. RESULTS Postmortem fibre tracing revealed constant distribution of the nerve fibres extending across the midline and existence of bilateral innervated area in the rostroventral and caudodorsal regions of the tongue. Synaptophysin-positive and VAChT-positive nerve terminals were also distributed continuously from the XII nerve-intact to the nerve-resected side across the midline of the tongue. The contralaterally projecting VAChT-positive nerve terminals were more numerous in suckling P2 rats (6.6 ± 0.5/section) than those in non-suckling P2 rats (4.9 ± 0.3/section) 24 h after nerve resection. Furthermore, the contralaterally projecting VAChT-positive nerve terminals were more numerous in P7 rats with nerve resection on P1 (6.3 ± 0.2/section) than those in P7 rats with nerve resection on P6 (3.1 ± 0.8/section). CONCLUSION We concluded that neonatal rats have two specific tongue regions receiving bilateral XII innervation, which allowed suckling in unilaterally XII nerve-resected neonatal rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nanae Fukushima
- Department of Anatomy, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan.
| | - Kumiko Yokouchi
- Department of Anatomy, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Kyutaro Kawagishi
- Department of Anatomy, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Mika Karasawa
- Department of Anatomy, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Masafumi Kuroiwa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Moriizumi
- Department of Anatomy, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Patra K, Lyons DJ, Bauer P, Hilscher MM, Sharma S, Leão RN, Kullander K. A role for solute carrier family 10 member 4, or vesicular aminergic-associated transporter, in structural remodelling and transmitter release at the mouse neuromuscular junction. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 41:316-27. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - David J. Lyons
- Department of Neuroscience; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Pavol Bauer
- Department of Neuroscience; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Markus M. Hilscher
- Department of Neuroscience; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
- The Beijer Laboratory for Gene and Neurosciences; Uppsala Sweden
- Brain Institute; Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte; Natal Brazil
| | - Swati Sharma
- Department of Neuroscience; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Richardson N. Leão
- Department of Neuroscience; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
- The Beijer Laboratory for Gene and Neurosciences; Uppsala Sweden
- Brain Institute; Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte; Natal Brazil
| | - Klas Kullander
- Department of Neuroscience; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ye R, Carneiro AMD, Han Q, Airey D, Sanders-Bush E, Zhang B, Lu L, Williams R, Blakely RD. Quantitative trait loci mapping and gene network analysis implicate protocadherin-15 as a determinant of brain serotonin transporter expression. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2014; 13:261-75. [PMID: 24405699 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Presynaptic serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) transporters (SERT) regulate 5-HT signaling via antidepressant-sensitive clearance of released neurotransmitter. Polymorphisms in the human SERT gene (SLC6A4) have been linked to risk for multiple neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder and autism. Using BXD recombinant inbred mice, a genetic reference population that can support the discovery of novel determinants of complex traits, merging collective trait assessments with bioinformatics approaches, we examine phenotypic and molecular networks associated with SERT gene and protein expression. Correlational analyses revealed a network of genes that significantly associated with SERT mRNA levels. We quantified SERT protein expression levels and identified region- and gender-specific quantitative trait loci (QTLs), one of which associated with male midbrain SERT protein expression, centered on the protocadherin-15 gene (Pcdh15), overlapped with a QTL for midbrain 5-HT levels. Pcdh15 was also the only QTL-associated gene whose midbrain mRNA expression significantly associated with both SERT protein and 5-HT traits, suggesting an unrecognized role of the cell adhesion protein in the development or function of 5-HT neurons. To test this hypothesis, we assessed SERT protein and 5-HT traits in the Pcdh15 functional null line (Pcdh15(av-) (3J) ), studies that revealed a strong, negative influence of Pcdh15 on these phenotypes. Together, our findings illustrate the power of multidimensional profiling of recombinant inbred lines in the analysis of molecular networks that support synaptic signaling, and that, as in the case of Pcdh15, can reveal novel relationships that may underlie risk for mental illness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Alexander SPH, Benson HE, Faccenda E, Pawson AJ, Sharman JL, Spedding M, Peters JA, Harmar AJ. The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14: transporters. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 170:1706-96. [PMID: 24528242 PMCID: PMC3892292 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14 provides concise overviews of the key properties of over 2000 human drug targets with their pharmacology, plus links to an open access knowledgebase of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. The full contents can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.12444/full. Transporters are one of the seven major pharmacological targets into which the Guide is divided, with the others being G protein-coupled receptors, ligand-gated ion channels, ion channels, catalytic receptors, nuclear hormone receptors and enzymes. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading. A new landscape format has easy to use tables comparing related targets. It is a condensed version of material contemporary to late 2013, which is presented in greater detail and constantly updated on the website www.guidetopharmacology.org, superseding data presented in previous Guides to Receptors and Channels. It is produced in conjunction with NC-IUPHAR and provides the official IUPHAR classification and nomenclature for human drug targets, where appropriate. It consolidates information previously curated and displayed separately in IUPHAR-DB and the Guide to Receptors and Channels, providing a permanent, citable, point-in-time record that will survive database updates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen PH Alexander
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical SchoolNottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Helen E Benson
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Elena Faccenda
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Adam J Pawson
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Joanna L Sharman
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | | | - John A Peters
- Neuroscience Division, Medical Education Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of DundeeDundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Anthony J Harmar
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Díaz-Morán S, Palència M, Mont-Cardona C, Cañete T, Blázquez G, Martínez-Membrives E, López-Aumatell R, Sabariego M, Donaire R, Morón I, Torres C, Martínez-Conejero JA, Tobeña A, Esteban FJ, Fernández-Teruel A. Gene expression in hippocampus as a function of differential trait anxiety levels in genetically heterogeneous NIH-HS rats. Behav Brain Res 2013; 257:129-39. [PMID: 24095878 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To identify genes involved in the development/expression of anxiety/fear, we analyzed the gene expression profile in the hippocampus of genetically heterogeneous NIH-HS rats. The NIH-HS rat stock is a unique genetic resource for the fine mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) to very small genomic regions, due to the high amount of genetic recombinants accumulated along more than 50 breeding generations, and for the same reason it can be expected that those genetically heterogeneous rats should be especially useful for studying differential gene expression as a function of anxiety, fearfulness or other complex traits. We selected high- and low-anxious NIH-HS rats according to the number of avoidance responses they performed in a single 50-trial session of the two-way active avoidance task. Rats were also tested in unconditioned anxiety/fearfulness tests, i.e. the elevated zero-maze and a "novel-cage activity" test. Three weeks after behavioral testing, the hippocampus was dissected and prepared for the microarray study. There appeared 29 down-regulated and 37 up-regulated SNC-related genes (fold-change>|2.19|, FDR<0.05) in the "Low-anxious" vs. the "High-anxious" group. Regression analyses (stepwise) revealed that differential expression of some genes could be predictive of anxiety/fear responses. Among those genes for which the present results suggest a link with individual differences in trait anxiety, nine relevant genes (Avpr1b, Accn3, Cd74, Ltb, Nrg2, Oprdl1, Slc10a4, Slc5a7 and RT1-EC12), tested for validation through qRT-PCR, have either neuroendocrinological or neuroinmunological/inflammation-related functions, or have been related with the hippocampal cholinergic system, while some of them have also been involved in the modulation of anxiety or stress-related (neurobiological and behavioral) responses (i.e. Avpr1b, Oprdl1). The present work confirms the usefulness of NIH-HS rats as a good animal model for research on the neurogenetic basis or mechanisms involved in anxiety and/or fear, and suggest that some MHC-(neuroinmunological/inflammation)-related pathways, as well as the cholinergic system within the hippocampus, may play a role in shaping individual differences in trait anxiety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sira Díaz-Morán
- Medical Psychology Unit, Department of Psychiatry & Forensic Medicine, Institute of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
The solute carrier family 10 (SLC10): beyond bile acid transport. Mol Aspects Med 2013; 34:252-69. [PMID: 23506869 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The solute carrier (SLC) family 10 (SLC10) comprises influx transporters of bile acids, steroidal hormones, various drugs, and several other substrates. Because the seminal transporters of this family, namely, sodium/taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP; SLC10A1) and the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT; SLC10A2), were primarily bile acid transporters, the term "sodium bile salt cotransporting family" was used for the SLC10 family. However, this notion became obsolete with the finding of other SLC10 members that do not transport bile acids. For example, the sodium-dependent organic anion transporter (SOAT; SLC10A6) transports primarily sulfated steroids. Moreover, NTCP was shown to also transport steroids and xenobiotics, including HMG-CoA inhibitors (statins). The SLC10 family contains four additional members, namely, P3 (SLC10A3; SLC10A3), P4 (SLC10A4; SLC10A4), P5 (SLC10A5; SLC10A5) and SLC10A7 (SLC10A7), several of which were unknown or considered hypothetical until approximately a decade ago. While their substrate specificity remains undetermined, great progress has been made towards their characterization in recent years. Explicitly, SLC10A4 may participate in vesicular storage or exocytosis of neurotransmitters or mastocyte mediators, whereas SLC10A5 and SLC10A7 may be involved in solute transport and SLC10A3 may have a role as a housekeeping protein. Finally, the newly found role of bile acids in glucose and energy homeostasis, via the TGR5 receptor, sheds new light on the clinical relevance of ASBT and NTCP. The present mini-review provides a brief summary of recent progress on members of the SLC10 family.
Collapse
|
23
|
Borges K. Slc10A4 - what do we know about the function of this "secret ligand carrier" protein? Exp Neurol 2013; 248:258-61. [PMID: 23810836 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This commentary discusses the possible functions of a relatively newly described solute carrier protein, Slc10a4, in regards to a recent article by Zelano et al. (2013) published in the January issue of Experimental Neurology, 239, 73-81. Slc10a4 belongs to the sodium-bile acid cotransporter family (Slc10), but does not show plasma membrane transport activity of bile acids and related molecules. It is co-localized with synaptic vesicle transporters for acetylcholine and dopamine. In Slc10a4 lacking mice, Zelano et al. found increased excitability in hippocampal slices and in vivo responses to pilocarpine, but not kainate. These findings are critically examined here. This author speculates on the possible function of Slc10a4, but remains partial about "specific effects of Slc10a4 in cholinergic systems". It is hoped that approaches targeting human SLC10A4 can be discovered for potential clinical use in neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia and addiction. Conversely, some side effects are expected due to peripheral Slc10a4 localization in sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves, as well as mast cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Borges
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Skerman Building 65, St Lucia QLD 4072, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Döring B, Lütteke T, Geyer J, Petzinger E. The SLC10 carrier family: transport functions and molecular structure. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2013. [PMID: 23177985 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394316-3.00004-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The SLC10 family represents seven genes containing 1-12 exons that encode proteins in humans with sequence lengths of 348-477 amino acids. Although termed solute carriers (SLCs), only three out of seven (i.e. SLC10A1, SLC10A2, and SLC10A6) show sodium-dependent uptake of organic substrates across the cell membrane. These include the uptake of bile salts, sulfated steroids, sulfated thyroidal hormones, and certain statin drugs by SLC10A1 (Na(+)-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP)), the uptake of bile salts by SLC10A2 (apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT)), and uptake of sulfated steroids and sulfated taurolithocholate by SLC10A6 (sodium-dependent organic anion transporter (SOAT)). The other members of the family are orphan carriers not all localized in the cell membrane. The name "bile acid transporter family" arose because the first two SLC10 members (NTCP and ASBT) are carriers for bile salts that establish their enterohepatic circulation. In recent years, information has been obtained on their 2D and 3D membrane topology, structure-transport relationships, and on the ligand and sodium-binding sites. For SLC10A2, the putative 3D morphology was deduced from the crystal structure of a bacterial SLC10A2 analog, ASBT(NM). This information was used in this chapter to calculate the putative 3D structure of NTCP. This review provides first an introduction to recent knowledge about bile acid synthesis and newly found bile acid hormonal functions, and then describes step-by-step each individual member of the family in terms of expression, localization, substrate pattern, as well as protein topology with emphasis on the three functional SLC10 carrier members.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Döring
- SLC10 family research group, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Biomedical Research Center (BFS), Giessen, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zelano J, Mikulovic S, Patra K, Kühnemund M, Larhammar M, Emilsson L, Leao R, Kullander K. The synaptic protein encoded by the gene Slc10A4 suppresses epileptiform activity and regulates sensitivity to cholinergic chemoconvulsants. Exp Neurol 2013; 239:73-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|