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Israel LL, Braubach O, Shatalova ES, Chepurna O, Sharma S, Klymyshyn D, Galstyan A, Chiechi A, Cox A, Herman D, Bliss B, Hasen I, Ting A, Arechavala R, Kleinman MT, Patil R, Holler E, Ljubimova JY, Koronyo-Hamaoui M, Sun T, Black KL. Exposure to environmental airborne particulate matter caused wide-ranged transcriptional changes and accelerated Alzheimer's-related pathology: A mouse study. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 187:106307. [PMID: 37739136 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Air pollution poses a significant threat to human health, though a clear understanding of its mechanism remains elusive. In this study, we sought to better understand the effects of various sized particulate matter from polluted air on Alzheimer's disease (AD) development using an AD mouse model. We exposed transgenic Alzheimer's mice in their prodromic stage to different sized particulate matter (PM), with filtered clean air as control. After 3 or 6 months of exposure, mouse brains were harvested and analyzed. RNA-seq analysis showed that various PM have differential effects on the brain transcriptome, and these effects seemed to correlate with PM size. Many genes and pathways were affected after PM exposure. Among them, we found a strong activation in mRNA Nonsense Mediated Decay pathway, an inhibition in pathways related to transcription, neurogenesis and survival signaling as well as angiogenesis, and a dramatic downregulation of collagens. Although we did not detect any extracellular Aβ plaques, immunostaining revealed that both intracellular Aβ1-42 and phospho-Tau levels were increased in various PM exposure conditions compared to the clean air control. NanoString GeoMx analysis demonstrated a remarkable activation of immune responses in the PM exposed mouse brain. Surprisingly, our data also indicated a strong activation of various tumor suppressors including RB1, CDKN1A/p21 and CDKN2A/p16. Collectively, our data demonstrated that exposure to airborne PM caused a profound transcriptional dysregulation and accelerated Alzheimer's-related pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liron L Israel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States of America
| | - Oliver Braubach
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States of America
| | - Ekaterina S Shatalova
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States of America
| | - Oksana Chepurna
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States of America
| | - Sachin Sharma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States of America
| | - Dmytro Klymyshyn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States of America
| | - Anna Galstyan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States of America
| | - Antonella Chiechi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States of America
| | - Alysia Cox
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States of America
| | - David Herman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of California, Irvine 92697, United States of America
| | - Bishop Bliss
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of California, Irvine 92697, United States of America
| | - Irene Hasen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of California, Irvine 92697, United States of America
| | - Amanda Ting
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of California, Irvine 92697, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Arechavala
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of California, Irvine 92697, United States of America
| | - Michael T Kleinman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of California, Irvine 92697, United States of America
| | - Rameshwar Patil
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States of America
| | - Eggehard Holler
- Terasaki Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90024, United States of America
| | | | - Maya Koronyo-Hamaoui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States of America; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Applied Cell Biology and Physiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States of America
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States of America.
| | - Keith L Black
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States of America.
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2
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Wu Y, Meng W, Guan M, Zhao X, Zhang C, Fang Q, Zhang Y, Sun Z, Cai M, Huang D, Yang X, Yu Y, Cui Y, He S, Chai R. Pitavastatin protects against neomycin-induced ototoxicity through inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:963083. [PMID: 35992197 PMCID: PMC9381809 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.963083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Irreversible injury to inner ear hair cells induced by aminoglycoside antibiotics contributes to the formation of sensorineural hearing loss. Pitavastatin (PTV), a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, has been reported to exert neuroprotective effects. However, its role in aminoglycoside-induced hearing loss remains unknown. The objectives of this study were to investigate the beneficial effects, as well as the mechanism of action of PTV against neomycin-induced ototoxicity. We found that PTV remarkably reduced hair cell loss in mouse cochlear explants and promoted auditory HEI-OC1 cells survival after neomycin stimulation. We also observed that the auditory brainstem response threshold that was increased by neomycin was significantly reduced by pretreatment with PTV in mice. Furthermore, neomycin-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress in hair cells was attenuated by PTV treatment through inhibition of PERK/eIF2α/ATF4 signaling. Additionally, we found that PTV suppressed the RhoA/ROCK/JNK signal pathway, which was activated by neomycin stimulation in HEI-OC1 cells. Collectively, our results showed that PTV might serve as a promising therapeutic agent against aminoglycoside-induced ototoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Zhongda Hospital, Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Meng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Nanjing Tongren Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming Guan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolong Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Department of Neurobiology, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiaojun Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Zhongda Hospital, Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuhua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Zhongda Hospital, Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zihui Sun
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Nanjing Tongren Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingjing Cai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Nanjing Tongren Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dongdong Huang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Nanjing Tongren Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuechun Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yafeng Yu
- Department of Otolaryngology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yafeng Yu,
| | - Yong Cui
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, South Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Yong Cui,
| | - Shuangba He
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Nanjing Tongren Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Shuangba He,
| | - Renjie Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Zhongda Hospital, Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Renjie Chai,
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3
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Nguyen B, Bix G, Yao Y. Basal lamina changes in neurodegenerative disorders. Mol Neurodegener 2021; 16:81. [PMID: 34876200 PMCID: PMC8650282 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00502-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurodegenerative disorders are a group of age-associated diseases characterized by progressive degeneration of the structure and function of the CNS. Two key pathological features of these disorders are blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown and protein aggregation. MAIN BODY The BBB is composed of various cell types and a non-cellular component---the basal lamina (BL). Although how different cells affect the BBB is well studied, the roles of the BL in BBB maintenance and function remain largely unknown. In addition, located in the perivascular space, the BL is also speculated to regulate protein clearance via the meningeal lymphatic/glymphatic system. Recent studies from our laboratory and others have shown that the BL actively regulates BBB integrity and meningeal lymphatic/glymphatic function in both physiological and pathological conditions, suggesting that it may play an important role in the pathogenesis and/or progression of neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we focus on changes of the BL and its major components during aging and in neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). First, we introduce the vascular and lymphatic systems in the CNS. Next, we discuss the BL and its major components under homeostatic conditions, and summarize their changes during aging and in AD, PD, and ALS in both rodents and humans. The functional significance of these alterations and potential therapeutic targets are also reviewed. Finally, key challenges in the field and future directions are discussed. CONCLUSIONS Understanding BL changes and the functional significance of these changes in neurodegenerative disorders will fill the gap of knowledge in the field. Our goal is to provide a clear and concise review of the complex relationship between the BL and neurodegenerative disorders to stimulate new hypotheses and further research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Gregory Bix
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Yao Yao
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, MDC 8, Tampa, Florida, 33612, USA.
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4
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A comprehensive review on the lipid and pleiotropic effects of pitavastatin. Prog Lipid Res 2021; 84:101127. [PMID: 34509516 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2021.101127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, or statins, are administered as first line therapy for hypercholesterolemia, both in primary and secondary prevention. There is a growing body of evidence showing that beyond their lipid-lowering effect, statins have a number of additional beneficial properties. Pitavastatin is a unique lipophilic statin with a strong effect on lowering plasma total cholesterol and triacylglycerol. It has been reported to have pleiotropic effects such as decreasing inflammation and oxidative stress, regulating angiogenesis and osteogenesis, improving endothelial function and arterial stiffness, and reducing tumor progression. Based on the available studies considering the risk of statin-associated muscle symptoms it seems to be also the safest statin. The unique lipid and non-lipid effects of pitavastatin make this molecule a particularly interesting option for the management of different human diseases. In this review, we first summarized the lipid effects of pitavastatin and then strive to unravel the diverse pleiotropic effects of this molecule.
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5
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Abstract
Pollutant agents are exponentially increasing in modern society since industrialization processes and technology are being developed worldwide. Impact of pollution on public health is well known but little has been described on the association between environmental pollutants and mental health. A literature search on PubMed and EMBASE has been conducted and 134 articles published on the issue of pollution and mental health have been included, cited, reviewed, and summarized. Emerging evidences have been collected on association between major environmental pollutants (air pollutants, heavy metals, ionizing radiation [IR], organophosphate pesticides, light pollution, noise pollution, environmental catastrophes) and various mental health disorders including anxiety, mood, and psychotic syndromes. Underlying pathogenesis includes direct and indirect effects of these agents on brain, respectively, due to their biological effect on human Central Nervous System or related to some levels of stress generated by the exposure to the pollutant agents over the time. Most of emerging evidences are still nonconclusive. Further studies should clarify how industrial production, the exploitation of certain resources, the proximity to waste and energy residues, noise, and the change in lifestyles are connected with psychological distress and mental health problems for the affected populations.
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Howe MD, McCullough LD, Urayama A. The Role of Basement Membranes in Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy. Front Physiol 2020; 11:601320. [PMID: 33329053 PMCID: PMC7732667 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.601320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dementia is a neuropsychiatric syndrome characterized by cognitive decline in multiple domains, often leading to functional impairment in activities of daily living, disability, and death. The most common causes of age-related progressive dementia include Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular cognitive impairment (VCI), however, mixed disease pathologies commonly occur, as epitomized by a type of small vessel pathology called cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). In CAA patients, the small vessels of the brain become hardened and vulnerable to rupture, leading to impaired neurovascular coupling, multiple microhemorrhage, microinfarction, neurological emergencies, and cognitive decline across multiple functional domains. While the pathogenesis of CAA is not well understood, it has long been thought to be initiated in thickened basement membrane (BM) segments, which contain abnormal protein deposits and amyloid-β (Aβ). Recent advances in our understanding of CAA pathogenesis link BM remodeling to functional impairment of perivascular transport pathways that are key to removing Aβ from the brain. Dysregulation of this process may drive CAA pathogenesis and provides an important link between vascular risk factors and disease phenotype. The present review summarizes how the structure and composition of the BM allows for perivascular transport pathways to operate in the healthy brain, and then outlines multiple mechanisms by which specific dementia risk factors may promote dysfunction of perivascular transport pathways and increase Aβ deposition during CAA pathogenesis. A better understanding of how BM remodeling alters perivascular transport could lead to novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for CAA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Akihiko Urayama
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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7
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Ma J, Ma C, Li J, Sun Y, Ye F, Liu K, Zhang H. Extracellular Matrix Proteins Involved in Alzheimer's Disease. Chemistry 2020; 26:12101-12110. [PMID: 32207199 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases and characterized by cognitive and memory impairments. Emerging evidence suggests that the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the brain plays an important role in the etiology of AD. It has been detected that the levels of ECM proteins have changed in the brains of AD patients and animal models. Some ECM components, for example, elastin and heparan sulfate proteoglycans, are considered to promote the upregulation of extracellular amyloid-beta (Aβ) proteins. In addition, collagen VI and laminin are shown to have interactions with Aβ peptides, which might lead to the clearance of those peptides. Thus, ECM proteins are involved in both amyloidosis and neuroprotection in the AD process. However, the molecular mechanism of neuronal ECM proteins on the pathophysiology of AD remains elusive. More investigation of ECM proteins with AD pathogenesis is needed, and this may lead to novel therapeutic strategies and biomarkers for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ma
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325001, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P.R. China
| | - Chao Ma
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences & Department of Physics, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Jingjing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P.R. China
| | - Yao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P.R. China
| | - Fangfu Ye
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325001, P.R. China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China
| | - Kai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P.R. China.,Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P.R. China
| | - Hongjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P.R. China.,Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P.R. China
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8
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Pericytic Laminin Maintains Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity in an Age-Dependent Manner. Transl Stroke Res 2019; 11:228-242. [PMID: 31292838 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-019-00709-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Brain pericytes synthesize and deposit laminin at the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The function of pericyte-derived laminin in BBB maintenance remains largely unknown. In a previous study, we generated pericytic laminin conditional knockout (PKO) mice, which developed BBB breakdown and hydrocephalus in a mixed genetic background. However, since hydrocephalus itself can compromise BBB integrity, it remains unclear whether BBB disruption in these mutants is due to loss of pericytic laminin or secondary to hydrocephalus. Here, we report that, in C57Bl6 dominant background, the PKO mice fail to show hydrocephalus, have a normal lifespan, and develop BBB breakdown in an age-dependent manner. Further mechanistic studies demonstrate that abnormal paracellular transport, enhanced transcytosis, decreased pericyte coverage, and diminished AQP4 level are responsible for BBB disruption in PKO mice. These results suggest that pericyte-derived laminin plays an indispensable and age-dependent role in the maintenance of BBB integrity under homeostatic conditions.
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9
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Thomsen MS, Routhe LJ, Moos T. The vascular basement membrane in the healthy and pathological brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:3300-3317. [PMID: 28753105 PMCID: PMC5624399 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17722436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The vascular basement membrane contributes to the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which is formed by brain capillary endothelial cells (BCECs). The BCECs receive support from pericytes embedded in the vascular basement membrane and from astrocyte endfeet. The vascular basement membrane forms a three-dimensional protein network predominantly composed of laminin, collagen IV, nidogen, and heparan sulfate proteoglycans that mutually support interactions between BCECs, pericytes, and astrocytes. Major changes in the molecular composition of the vascular basement membrane are observed in acute and chronic neuropathological settings. In the present review, we cover the significance of the vascular basement membrane in the healthy and pathological brain. In stroke, loss of BBB integrity is accompanied by upregulation of proteolytic enzymes and degradation of vascular basement membrane proteins. There is yet no causal relationship between expression or activity of matrix proteases and the degradation of vascular matrix proteins in vivo. In Alzheimer's disease, changes in the vascular basement membrane include accumulation of Aβ, composite changes, and thickening. The physical properties of the vascular basement membrane carry the potential of obstructing drug delivery to the brain, e.g. thickening of the basement membrane can affect drug delivery to the brain, especially the delivery of nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maj S Thomsen
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Lisa J Routhe
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Torben Moos
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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10
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Saeedi Saravi SS, Saeedi Saravi SS, Arefidoust A, Dehpour AR. The beneficial effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors in the processes of neurodegeneration. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:949-965. [PMID: 28578514 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0021-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Statins, cholesterol lowering drugs, have been demonstrated to exert beneficial effects in other conditions such as primary and progressing neurodegenerative diseases beyond their original role. Observation that statins ameliorate the neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), multiple sclerosis (MS) and cerebral ischemic stroke, the neuroprotective effects of these drugs are thought to be linked to their anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-excitotoxic properties. Despite the voluminous literature on the clinical advantages of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl Co-enzyme A reductase (HMGCR) inhibitors (statins) in cardiovascular system, the neuroprotective effects and the underlying mechanisms are little understood. Hence, the present review tries to provide a critical overview on the statin-induced neuroprotection, which are presumed to be associated with the ability to reduce cholesterol, Amyloid-β and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) levels, decrease reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) formation, inhibit excitotoxicity, modulate matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), stimulate endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and increase cerebral blood perfusion. This review is also aimed to illustrate that statins protect neurons against the neuro-inflammatory processes through balancing pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory cytokines. Ultimately, the beneficial role of statins in ameliorating the development of PD, AD, MS and cerebral ischemic stroke has been separately reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Soheil Saeedi Saravi
- Department of Toxicology-Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Sobhan Saeedi Saravi
- Department of Toxicology-Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Alireza Arefidoust
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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11
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Bachurin SO, Bovina EV, Ustyugov AA. Drugs in Clinical Trials for Alzheimer's Disease: The Major Trends. Med Res Rev 2017; 37:1186-1225. [PMID: 28084618 DOI: 10.1002/med.21434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative process resulting from the intracellular and extracellular accumulation of fibrillary proteins: beta-amyloid and hyperphosphorylated Tau. Overaccumulation of these aggregates leads to synaptic dysfunction and subsequent neuronal loss. The precise molecular mechanisms of AD are still not fully understood but it is clear that AD is a multifactorial disorder and that advanced age is the main risk factor. Over the last decade, more than 50 drug candidates have successfully passed phase II clinical trials, but none has passed phase III. Here, we summarize data on current "anti-Alzheimer's" agents currently in clinical trials based on findings available in the Thomson Reuters «Integrity» database, on the public website www.clinicaltrials.gov, and on database of the website Alzforum.org. As a result, it was possible to outline some major trends in AD drug discovery: (i) the development of compounds acting on the main stages of the pathogenesis of the disease (the so-called "disease-modifying agents") - these drugs could potentially slow the development of structural and functional abnormalities in the central nervous system providing sustainable improvements of cognitive functions, which persist even after drug withdrawal; (ii) focused design of multitargeted drugs acting on multiple molecular targets involved in the pathogenesis of the disease; (3) finally, the repositioning of old drugs for new (anti-Alzheimer's) application offers a very attractive approach to facilitate the completion of clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey O Bachurin
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Severny proezd 1, Chernogolovka, Moscow region, 142432, Russia
| | - Elena V Bovina
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Severny proezd 1, Chernogolovka, Moscow region, 142432, Russia
| | - Aleksey A Ustyugov
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Severny proezd 1, Chernogolovka, Moscow region, 142432, Russia
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12
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Kleiman RJ, Ehlers MD. Data gaps limit the translational potential of preclinical research. Sci Transl Med 2016; 8:320ps1. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aac9888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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13
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Bachurin SO. A review of drugs for treatment of Alzheimer’s disease in clinical trials: main trends. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2016. [DOI: 10.17116/jnevro20161168177-87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Liu W, Yamashita T, Kurata T, Kono S, Hishikawa N, Deguchi K, Zhai Y, Abe K. Protective effect of telmisartan on neurovascular unit and inflammasome in stroke-resistant spontaneously hypertensive rats. Neurol Res 2015; 37:491-501. [PMID: 25591419 DOI: 10.1179/1743132815y.0000000002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hypertension is a crucial risk factor for both stroke and dementia, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). We inspected the effect of telmisartan on the neurovascular unit (NVU) and related inflammatory responses in spontaneously hypertensive rat stroke resistant (SHR-SR) by observing the components of NVU such as N-acetyl glucosamine oligomer (NAGO), collagen IV, astrocytes, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), as well as inflammasome NOD-like receptors family protein 3 (NLRP3). METHODS In the present study, we examined the effect of a highly selective angiotensin type 1 (AT-1) antagonist of angiotensin 2 receptor with high lipid solubility, telmisartan, on NVU and related inflammatory responses in SHR-SR with a low dose (0.3 mg/kg/day) only for improving metabolic syndrome, and a high dose (3 mg/kg/day) for improving both metabolic syndrome and SHR-SR hypertension. RESULTS Compared to normotensive Wistar rats, long-lasting hypertension in SHR-SR disrupted NVU by changing immunohistological components such as NAGO, collagen IV, astrocytes, and MMP-9. SHR-SR also strongly induced AD-related inflammasome NLRP3 in neuronal cells with age. However, such NVU disruption and inflammasome activation were greatly improved with dose-dependent telmisartan treatments. DISCUSSION These results suggest that telmisartan comprehensively protected the NVU components by reducing inflammatory reactions relative to AD in hypertensive rats, which could also preclude the risk of AD under hypertension.
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Atorvastatin prevents amyloid-β peptide oligomer-induced synaptotoxicity and memory dysfunction in rats through a p38 MAPK-dependent pathway. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2014; 35:716-26. [PMID: 24793311 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2013.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate whether atorvastatin treatment could prevent Aβ1-42 oligomer (AβO)-induced synaptotoxicity and memory dysfunction in rats, and to elucidate the mechanisms involved in the neuroprotective actions of atorvastatin. METHODS SD rats were injected with AβOs (5 nmol, icv). The rats were administrated with atorvastatin (10 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1), po) for 2 consecutive weeks (the first dose was given 5 d before AβOs injection). The memory impairments were evaluated with Morris water maze task. The expression of inflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus was determined using ELISA assays. The levels of PSD-95 and p38MAPK proteins in rat hippocampus were evaluated using Western blot analysis. For in vitro experiments, cultured rat hippocampal neurons were treated with AβOs (50 nmol/L) for 48 h. The expression of MAP-2 and synaptophysin in the neurons was detected with immunofluorescence. RESULTS The AβO-treated rats displayed severe memory impairments in Morris water maze tests, and markedly reduced levels of synaptic proteins synaptophysin and PSD-95, increased levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) and p38MAPK activation in the hippocampus. All these effects were prevented or substantially attenuated by atorvastatin administration. Pretreatment of cultured hippocampal neurons with atorvastatin (1 and 5 μmol/L) concentration-dependently attenuated the AβO-induced synaptotoxicity, including the loss of dendritic marker MAP-2, and synaptic proteins synaptophysin and PSD-95. Pretreatment of the cultured hippocampal neurons with the p38MAPK inhibitor SB203580 (5 μmol/L) blocked the AβO-induced loss of synaptophysin and PSD-95. CONCLUSION Atorvastatin prevents AβO-induced synaptotoxicity and memory dysfunction through a p38MAPK-dependent pathway.
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Omote Y, Deguchi K, Kono S, Liu N, Liu W, Kurata T, Yamashita T, Ikeda Y, Abe K. Neurovascular protection of cilostazol in stroke-prone spontaneous hypertensive rats associated with angiogenesis and pericyte proliferation. J Neurosci Res 2013; 92:369-74. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Omote
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine; Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University; Okayama Japan
| | - Kentaro Deguchi
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine; Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University; Okayama Japan
| | - Syoichiro Kono
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine; Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University; Okayama Japan
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine; Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University; Okayama Japan
| | - Wentao Liu
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine; Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University; Okayama Japan
| | - Tomoko Kurata
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine; Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University; Okayama Japan
| | - Toru Yamashita
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine; Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University; Okayama Japan
| | - Yoshio Ikeda
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine; Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University; Okayama Japan
| | - Koji Abe
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine; Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University; Okayama Japan
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Sun M, Yamashita T, Shang J, Liu N, Deguchi K, Liu W, Ikeda Y, Feng J, Abe K. Acceleration of TDP43 and FUS/TLS protein expressions in the preconditioned hippocampus following repeated transient ischemia. J Neurosci Res 2013; 92:54-63. [PMID: 24265138 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The 43-kDa transactivation response DNA binding protein (TDP43), fused in sarcoma/translocated in liposarcoma (FUS/TLS), heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), and β-amyloid (Aβ) are induced and involved in cerebral ischemia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Alzheimer's disease (AD), but their relationships in ischemic tolerance have never been examined, although they could be involved in endogenous neuroprotection under ischemic preconditioning. In the present study, Mongolian gerbils were subjected to one or three incidents of basically nonlethal 2-min transient common carotid arteries occlusion (tCCAO). Hippocampal CA1 neurons were lost only in the 2-min three times group at 3 and 7 days, which then gradually recovered from 1 to 6 months. Inductions of TDP43 and FUS/TLS were accelerated from 3 months to 7 days or from 7 days to 1 day, respectively, after 2-min three times ischemia compared with once. The cytoplasmic stainings of TDP43 and FUS/TLS showed a further acceleration of the peaks from 1 months to 3 days or from 1 months to 7 days, respectively, after 2-min three times ischemia compared with once. In contrast, HSP70 was induced only at 7 days after 2-min tCCAO for three times, with no expression for Aβ. These data show that ischemic preconditioning offers a way to induce endogenous neuroprotection and neurogenesis in gerbils, with TDP43, FUS/TLS, and HSP70 involved in this function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Sun
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan; Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Kempf SJ, Azimzadeh O, Atkinson MJ, Tapio S. Long-term effects of ionising radiation on the brain: cause for concern? RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2013; 52:5-16. [PMID: 23100112 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-012-0436-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
There is no clear evidence proving or disproving that ionising radiation is causally linked with neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's. However, it is known that high doses of ionising radiation to the head (20-50 Gy) lead to severe learning and memory impairment which is characteristical for Alzheimer's. The cumulative doses of ionising radiation to the Western population are accruing, mostly due to the explosive growth of medical imaging procedures. Children are in particular prone to ionising radiation as the molecular processes within the brain are not completely finished. Furthermore, they have a long lifespan under risk. We wish to open a debate if such low doses of radiation exposure may lead to delayed long-term cognitive and other defects, albeit at a lower frequency than those observed during application of high doses. Further, we want to sensitise the society towards the risks of ionising radiation. To achieve these aims, we will recapitulate the known symptoms of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's on the molecular level and incorporate data of mainly low- and moderate-ionising radiation (<5 Gy). Thus, we want to highlight in general the potential similarities of both the neurodegenerative and radiation-induced pathways. We will propose a mechanistic model for radiation-induced neurodegeneration pointing out mitochondria as a key element. This includes effects of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation-all fundamental players of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan J Kempf
- German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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Gregory SM, Parker B, Thompson PD. Physical activity, cognitive function, and brain health: what is the role of exercise training in the prevention of dementia? Brain Sci 2012; 2:684-708. [PMID: 24961266 PMCID: PMC4061820 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci2040684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tor preventive measures are necessary to attenuate the increased economic and social burden of dementia. This review will focus on the potential for physical activity and exercise training to promote brain health and improve cognitive function via neurophysiological changes. We will review pertinent animal and human research examining the effects of physical activity on cognitive function and neurophysiology. We will discuss cross-sectional and longitudinal studies addressing the relationship between neurocognitive health and cardiorespiratory fitness or habitual activity level. We will then present and discuss longitudinal investigations examining the effects of exercise training on cognitive function and neurophysiology. We will conclude by summarizing our current understanding of the relationship between physical activity and brain health, and present areas for future research given the current gaps in our understanding of this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Gregory
- Department of Preventive Cardiology, Hartford Hospital, 80 Seymour Street, Hartford, CT 06102, USA.
| | - Beth Parker
- Department of Preventive Cardiology, Hartford Hospital, 80 Seymour Street, Hartford, CT 06102, USA.
| | - Paul D Thompson
- Department of Preventive Cardiology, Hartford Hospital, 80 Seymour Street, Hartford, CT 06102, USA.
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Kurata T, Kawai H, Miyazaki K, Kozuki M, Morimoto N, Ohta Y, Ikeda Y, Abe K. Statins have therapeutic potential for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, likely via protection of the neurovascular unit in the AD brain. J Neurol Sci 2012; 322:59-63. [PMID: 22795384 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2012.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Structural and functional abnormalities in the neurovascular unit (NVU) have been recently observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Statins, which are used clinically for reducing cholesterol levels, can also exert beneficial vascular actions, improve behavioral memory and reduce senile plaque (SP). Thus, we examined cognitive function, the serum level of lipids, senile plaque (SP), and the protective effects of statins on NVU disturbances in a mouse AD model. Amyloid precursor protein (APP) transgenic (Tg) mice were used as a model of AD. Atorvastatin (30 mg/kg/day, p.o.) or pitavastatin (3mg/kg/day, p.o.) were administered from 5 to 20 months of age. These 2 statins improved behavioral memory and reduced the numbers of SP at 15 and 20 M without affecting serum lipid levels. There was a reduction in immunopositive staining for N-acetyl glucosamine oligomer (NAGO) in the endothelium and in collagen IV in the APP vehicle (APP/Ve) group, with collagen IV staining most weakest near SP. There was also an increase in intensity and numbers of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) positive astrocytes, particularly around the SP, where MMP-9 was more strongly labeled. Double immunofluorescent analysis showed that astrocytic endfeet had detached from the capillary endothelium in the APP/Ve group. Overall, these data suggest that statins may have therapeutic potential for AD by protecting NVU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Kurata
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikatacho, Kitaku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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Abe K, Yamashita T, Takizawa S, Kuroda S, Kinouchi H, Kawahara N. Stem cell therapy for cerebral ischemia: from basic science to clinical applications. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2012; 32:1317-31. [PMID: 22252239 PMCID: PMC3390814 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2011.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent stem cell technology provides a strong therapeutic potential not only for acute ischemic stroke but also for chronic progressive neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with neuroregenerative neural cell replenishment and replacement. In addition to resident neural stem cell activation in the brain by neurotrophic factors, bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) can be mobilized by granulocyte-colony stimulating factor for homing into the brain for both neurorepair and neuroregeneration in acute stroke and neurodegenerative diseases in both basic science and clinical settings. Exogenous stem cell transplantation is also emerging into a clinical scene from bench side experiments. Early clinical trials of intravenous transplantation of autologous BMSCs are showing safe and effective results in stroke patients. Further basic sciences of stem cell therapy on a neurovascular unit and neuroregeneration, and further clinical advancements on scaffold technology for supporting stem cells and stem cell tracking technology such as magnetic resonance imaging, single photon emission tomography or optical imaging with near-infrared could allow stem cell therapy to be applied in daily clinical applications in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Abe
- Department of Neurology, Okayama University Medical School, Okayama, Japan.
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