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Beltrán-Matas P, Hartveit E, Veruki ML. Functional properties of GABA A receptors of AII amacrine cells of the rat retina. FRONTIERS IN OPHTHALMOLOGY 2023; 3:1134765. [PMID: 38983040 PMCID: PMC11182327 DOI: 10.3389/fopht.2023.1134765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Amacrine cells are a highly diverse group of inhibitory retinal interneurons that sculpt the responses of bipolar cells, ganglion cells, and other amacrine cells. They integrate excitatory inputs from bipolar cells and inhibitory inputs from other amacrine cells, but for most amacrine cells, little is known about the specificity and functional properties of their inhibitory inputs. Here, we have investigated GABAA receptors of the AII amacrine, a critical neuron in the rod pathway microcircuit, using patch-clamp recording in rat retinal slices. Puffer application of GABA evoked robust responses, but, surprisingly, spontaneous GABAA receptor-mediated postsynaptic currents were not observed, neither under control conditions nor following application of high-K+ solution to facilitate release. To investigate the biophysical and pharmacological properties of GABAA receptors in AIIs, we therefore used nucleated patches and a fast application system. Both brief and long pulses of GABA (3 mM) evoked GABAA receptor-mediated currents with slow, multi-exponential decay kinetics. The average weighted time constant (τw) of deactivation was ~163 ms. Desensitization was even slower, with τw ~330 ms. Non-stationary noise analysis of patch responses and directly observed channel gating yielded a single-channel conductance of ~23 pS. Pharmacological investigation suggested the presence of α2 and/or α3 subunits, as well as the γ2 subunit. Such subunit combinations are typical of GABAA receptors with slow kinetics. If synaptic GABAA receptors of AII amacrines have similar functional properties, the slow deactivation and desensitization kinetics will facilitate temporal summation of GABAergic inputs, allowing effective summation and synaptic integration to occur even for relatively low frequencies of inhibitory inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Espen Hartveit
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Jeon JY, Lee ES, Park EB, Jeon CJ. The organization of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunopositive cells in the sparrow retina. Neurosci Res 2018; 145:10-21. [PMID: 30243906 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify tyrosine hydroxylase-immunopositive (TH+) cells in the sparrow retina using immunocytochemistry and quantitative analysis. All TH+ cells were conventional amacrine cells. Based on dendritic morphology, at least two types were observed. The first type had a single thick primary process that descended from the cell body and many densely beaded processes in substrata (s) 1, less beaded processes in s3, and spiny processes in s4/5 of the inner plexiform layer. The dendrites of the second type appeared similar in each layer, but it displayed several primary processes that spread laterally away from the soma before descending to the inner plexiform layer. The average density of TH+ cells was 37.48 ± 1.97 cells/mm2 (mean ± standard deviation; n = 4), and the estimated total number of TH+ cells was 3,061.25 ± 192.79. The highest and lowest densities of TH+ cells were located in the central dorsotemporal retina and periphery of the ventronasal retina, respectively. TH+ cells did not express calbindin-D28 K, calretinin, or parvalbumin. These results suggest that all TH+ cells in specific amacrine cell subpopulations are involved in retinal information processing in both the ON and OFF sublaminae in sparrow retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Yeong Jeon
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, BK 21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, and Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea.
| | - Eun-Shil Lee
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, BK 21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, and Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea.
| | - Eun-Bee Park
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, BK 21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, and Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea.
| | - Chang-Jin Jeon
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, BK 21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, and Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea.
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Lee JW, Lim MY, Park YS, Park SJ, Kim IB. Reexamination of Dopaminergic Amacrine Cells in the Rabbit Retina: Confocal Analysis with Double- and Triple-labeling Immunohistochemistry. Exp Neurobiol 2018; 26:329-338. [PMID: 29302200 PMCID: PMC5746498 DOI: 10.5607/en.2017.26.6.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopaminergic amacrine cells (DACs) are among the most well-characterized neurons in the mammalian retina, and their connections to AII amacrine cells have been described in detail. However, the stratification of DAC dendrites differs based on their location in the inner plexiform layer (IPL), raising the question of whether all AII lobules are modulated by dopamine release from DACs. The present study aimed to clarify the relationship between DACs and AII amacrine cells, and to further elucidate the role of dopamine at synapses with AII amacrine cell. In the rabbit retina, DAC dendrites were observed in strata 1, 3, and 5 of the IPL. In stratum 1, most DAC dendritic varicosities—the presumed sites of neurotransmitter release—made contact with the somata and lobular appendages of AII amacrine cells. However, most lobular appendages of AII amacrine cells localized within stratum 2 of the IPL exhibited little contact with DAC varicosities. In addition, double- or triple-labeling experiments revealed that DACs did not express the GABAergic neuronal markers anti-GABA, vesicular GABA transporter, or glutamic acid decarboxylase. These findings suggest that the lobular appendages of AII amacrine cells are involved in at least two different circuits. We speculate that the circuit associated with stratum 1 of the IPL is modulated by DACs, while that associated with stratum 2 is modulated by unknown amacrine cells expressing a different neuroactive substance. Our findings further indicate that DACs in the rabbit retina do not use GABA as a neurotransmitter, in contrast to those in other mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Woo Lee
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Min Young Lim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea.,Gimpo Hangil Eye Center, Gimpo 10110, Korea
| | - Yong Soo Park
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea.,Catholic Neuroscience Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Su Jin Park
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea.,Catholic Neuroscience Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - In-Beom Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea.,Catholic Neuroscience Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea.,Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
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Goodings L, He J, Wood AJ, Harris WA, Currie PD, Jusuf PR. In vivo expression of Nurr1/Nr4a2a in developing retinal amacrine subtypes in zebrafish Tg(nr4a2a:eGFP) transgenics. J Comp Neurol 2017; 525:1962-1979. [PMID: 28177524 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 2 (Nr4a2) is crucial for the formation or maintenance of dopaminergic neurons in the central nervous system including the retina, where dopaminergic amacrine cells contribute to visual function. Little is known about which cells express Nr4a2 at which developmental stage. Furthermore, whether Nr4a2 functions in combination with other genes is poorly understood. Thus, we generated a novel transgenic to visualize Nr4a2 expression in vivo during zebrafish retinogenesis. A 4.1 kb fragment of the nr4a2a promoter was used to drive green fluorescent protein expression in this Tg(nr4a2a:eGFP) line. In situ hybridization showed that transgene expression follows endogenous RNA expression at a cellular level. Temporal expression and lineages were quantified using in vivo time-lapse imaging in embryos. Nr4a2 expressing retinal subtypes were characterized immunohistochemically. Nr4a2a:eGFP labeled multiple neuron subtypes including 24.5% of all amacrine interneurons. Nr4a2a:eGFP labels all tyrosine hydroxylase labeled dopaminergic amacrine cells, and other nondopaminergic GABAergic amacrine populations. Nr4a2a:eGFP is confined to a specific progenitor lineage identified by sequential expression of the bhlh transcription factor Atonal7 (Atoh7) and Pancreas transcription factor 1a (Ptf1a), and labels postmitotic postmigratory amacrine cells. Thus, developmental Nr4a2a expression indicates a role during late differentiation of specific amacrine interneurons. Tg(nr4a2a:eGFP) is an early marker of distinct neurons including dopaminergic amacrine cells. It can be utilized to assess consequences of gene manipulations and understand whether Nr4a2 only carries out its role in the presence of specific coexpressed genes. This will allow Nr4a2 use to be refined for regenerative approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana Goodings
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jie He
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Alasdair J Wood
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - William A Harris
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Peter D Currie
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patricia R Jusuf
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Calcium buffer proteins are specific markers of human retinal neurons. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 365:29-50. [PMID: 26899253 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2376-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Ca(2+)-buffer proteins (CaBPs) modulate the temporal and spatial characteristics of transient intracellular Ca(2+)-concentration changes in neurons in order to fine-tune the strength and duration of the output signal. CaBPs have been used as neurochemical markers to identify and trace neurons of several brain loci including the mammalian retina. The CaBP content of retinal neurons, however, varies between species and, thus, the results inferred from animal models cannot be utilised directly by clinical ophthalmologists. Moreover, the shortage of well-preserved human samples greatly impedes human retina studies at the cellular and network level. Our purpose has therefore been to examine the distribution of major CaBPs, including calretinin, calbindin-D28, parvalbumin and the recently discovered secretagogin in exceptionally well-preserved human retinal samples. Based on a combination of immunohistochemistry, Neurolucida tracing and Lucifer yellow injections, we have established a database in which the CaBP marker composition can be defined for morphologically identified cell types of the human retina. Hence, we describe the full CaBP make-up for a number of human retinal neurons, including HII horizontal cells, AII amacrine cells, type-1 tyrosine-hydroxylase-expressing amacrine cells and other lesser known neurons. We have also found a number of unidentified cells whose morphology remains to be characterised. We present several examples of the colocalisation of two or three CaBPs with slightly different subcellular distributions in the same cell strongly suggesting a compartment-specific division of labour of Ca(2+)-buffering by CaBPs. Our work thus provides a neurochemical framework for future ophthalmological studies and renders new information concerning the cellular and subcellular distribution of CaBPs for experimental neuroscience.
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Farshi P, Fyk-Kolodziej B, Krolewski DM, Walker PD, Ichinose T. Dopamine D1 receptor expression is bipolar cell type-specific in the mouse retina. J Comp Neurol 2015; 524:2059-79. [PMID: 26587737 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In the retina, dopamine is a key molecule for daytime vision. Dopamine is released by retinal dopaminergic amacrine cells and transmits signaling either by conventional synaptic or by volume transmission. By means of volume transmission, dopamine modulates all layers of retinal neurons; however, it is not well understood how dopamine modulates visual signaling pathways in bipolar cells. Here we analyzed Drd1a-tdTomato BAC transgenic mice and found that the dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) is expressed in retinal bipolar cells in a type-dependent manner. Strong tdTomato fluorescence was detected in the inner nuclear layer and localized to type 1, 3b, and 4 OFF bipolar cells and type 5-2, XBC, 6, and 7 ON bipolar cells. In contrast, type 2, 3a, 5-1, 9, and rod bipolar cells did not express Drd1a-tdTomato. Other interneurons were also found to express tdTomato including horizontal cells and a subset (25%) of AII amacrine cells. Diverse visual processing pathways, such as color or motion-coded pathways, are thought to be initiated in retinal bipolar cells. Our results indicate that dopamine sculpts bipolar cell performance in a type-dependent manner to facilitate daytime vision. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:2059-2079, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pershang Farshi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Bozena Fyk-Kolodziej
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - David M Krolewski
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Paul D Walker
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Tomomi Ichinose
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Debertin G, Kántor O, Kovács-Öller T, Balogh L, Szabó-Meleg E, Orbán J, Nyitrai M, Völgyi B. Tyrosine hydroxylase positive perisomatic rings are formed around various amacrine cell types in the mammalian retina. J Neurochem 2015; 134:416-28. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Debertin
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology; University of Pécs; Pécs Hungary
- János Szentágothai Research Center; Pécs Hungary
- MTA-PTE NAP B Retinal Electrical Synapses Research Group; Pécs Hungary
| | - Orsolya Kántor
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology; Semmelweis University; Budapest Hungary
| | - Tamás Kovács-Öller
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology; University of Pécs; Pécs Hungary
- János Szentágothai Research Center; Pécs Hungary
- MTA-PTE NAP B Retinal Electrical Synapses Research Group; Pécs Hungary
| | - Lajos Balogh
- National “F. J. C.” Research Institute for Radiobiology and Radiohygiene; Budapest Hungary
| | | | - József Orbán
- Department of Biophysics; University of Pécs; Pécs Hungary
| | - Miklós Nyitrai
- János Szentágothai Research Center; Pécs Hungary
- Department of Biophysics; University of Pécs; Pécs Hungary
| | - Béla Völgyi
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology; University of Pécs; Pécs Hungary
- János Szentágothai Research Center; Pécs Hungary
- MTA-PTE NAP B Retinal Electrical Synapses Research Group; Pécs Hungary
- Department of Ophthalmology; New York University Langone Medical Center; New York New York USA
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