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Tassinari ID, Zang J, Ribeiro NH, Martins BB, Tauffer JVM, Nunes RR, Sanches EF, Sizonenko S, Netto CA, Paz AH, de Fraga LS. Lactate administration causes long-term neuroprotective effects following neonatal hypoxia-ischemia. Exp Neurol 2024; 381:114929. [PMID: 39168170 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) is one of the main causes of mortality and long-term disabilities in newborns, and the only clinical approach to treat this condition is therapeutic hypothermia, which shows some limitations. Thus, putative neuroprotective agents have been tested in animal models of HI. Lactate is a preferential metabolic substrate of the neonatal brain and has already been shown to produce beneficial neuroprotective outcomes in neonatal animals exposed to HI. Here, we administered lactate as a treatment in neonatal rats previously exposed to HI and evaluated the impact of this treatment in adulthood. Seven-day-old (P7) male and female Wistar rats underwent permanent common right carotid occlusion combined with an exposition to a hypoxic atmosphere (8% oxygen) for 60 min. Animals were assigned to one of four experimental groups: HI, HI+LAC, SHAM, SHAM+LAC. Lactate was administered intraperitoneally 30 min and 2 h after hypoxia in HI+LAC and SHAM+LAC groups, whereas HI and SHAM groups received vehicle. Animals were tested in the behavioral tasks of negative geotaxis and righting reflex (P8), cylinder test (P24), and the modified neurological severity score was calculated (P25). Open field (OF), and novel object recognition (NOR) were evaluated in adulthood. Animals were killed at P60, and the brains were harvested and processed to evaluate the volume of brain injury. Our results showed that lactate administration reduced the volume of brain lesion and improved sensorimotor and cognitive behaviors in neonatal, juvenile, and adult life in HI animals from both sexes. Thus, lactate administration might be considered as a potential neuroprotective strategy for the treatment of neonatal HI, which is a prevalent disorder affecting newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isadora D'Ávila Tassinari
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Fisiologia, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-903, Brazil
| | - Janaína Zang
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Fisiologia, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-903, Brazil
| | - Nícolas Heller Ribeiro
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Bianca Büchele Martins
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
| | - João Vitor Miotto Tauffer
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Ribeiro Nunes
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Fisiologia, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-903, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Farias Sanches
- Division of Child Development and Growth, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stéphane Sizonenko
- Division of Child Development and Growth, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Carlos Alexandre Netto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Fisiologia, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Ana Helena Paz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Fisiologia, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Sarmento Leite, 500, Porto Alegre 90050-170, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-903, Brazil
| | - Luciano Stürmer de Fraga
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Fisiologia, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-903, Brazil.
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Beldarrain G, Chillida M, Hilario E, Herrero de la Parte B, Álvarez A, Alonso-Alconada D. URB447 Is Neuroprotective in Both Male and Female Rats after Neonatal Hypoxia-Ischemia and Enhances Neurogenesis in Females. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1607. [PMID: 38338884 PMCID: PMC10855747 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The need for new and effective treatments for neonates suffering from hypoxia-ischemia is urgent, as the only implemented therapy in clinics is therapeutic hypothermia, only effective in 50% of cases. Cannabinoids may modulate neuronal development and brain plasticity, but further investigation is needed to better describe their implication as a neurorestorative therapy after neonatal HI. The cannabinoid URB447, a CB1 antagonist/CB2 agonist, has previously been shown to reduce brain injury after HI, but it is not clear whether sex may affect its neuroprotective and/or neurorestorative effect. Here, URB447 strongly reduced brain infarct, improved neuropathological score, and augmented proliferative capacity and neurogenic response in the damaged hemisphere. When analyzing these effects by sex, URB447 ameliorated brain damage in both males and females, and enhanced cell proliferation and the number of neuroblasts only in females, thus suggesting a neuroprotective effect in males and a double neuroprotective/neurorestorative effect in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gorane Beldarrain
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Marc Chillida
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Enrique Hilario
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Borja Herrero de la Parte
- Department of Surgery and Radiology and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Antonia Álvarez
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Daniel Alonso-Alconada
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
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Ma RF, Xue LL, Liu JX, Chen L, Xiong LL, Wang TH, Liu F. Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography detection on cerebral infarction and blood vessels to evaluate hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy modeling. Brain Res 2024; 1822:148580. [PMID: 37709160 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to observe changes of rats' brain infarction and blood vessels during neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (NHIE) modeling by Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography (TCD) so as to assess the feasibility of TCD in evaluating NHIE modeling. METHODS Postnatal 7-days (d)-old Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were divided into the Sham group, hypoxic-ischemic (HI) group, and hypoxia (H) group. Rats in the HI group and H group were subjected to hypoxia-1 hour (h), 1.5 h and 2.5 h, respectively. Evaluation on brain lesion was made based on Zea-Longa scores, hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and Nissl staining. The brain infarction and blood vessels of rats were monitored and analyzed under TCD. Correlation analysis was applied to reveal the connection between hypoxic duration and infarct size detected by TCD or Nissl staining. RESULTS In H and HI modeling, longer duration of hypoxia was associated with higher Zea-Longa scores and more severe nerve damage. On the 1 d after modeling, necrosis was found in SD rats' brain indicated by HE and Nissl staining, which was aggravated as hypoxic duration prolonged. Alteration of brain structures and blood vessels of SD rats was displayed in Sham, HI and H rats under TCD. TCD images for coronal section revealed that brain infarct was detected at the cortex and there was marked cerebrovascular back-flow of HI rats regardless of hypoxic duration. On the 7 d after modeling, similar infarct was detected under TCD at the cortex of HI rats in hypoxia-1 h, 1.5 h and 2.5 h groups, whereas the morphological changes were deteriorated with longer hypoxic time. Correlation analysis revealed positive correlation of hypoxic duration with infarct size detected by histological detection and TCD. CONCLUSIONS TCD dynamically monitored cerebral infarction after NHIE modeling, which will be potentially served as a useful auxiliary method for future animal experimental modeling evaluation in the case of less animal sacrifice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Fang Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Neurological Disease, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650000, Yunnan, China
| | - Lu-Lu Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jin-Xiang Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650000, Yunnan, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Neurological Disease, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Liu-Lin Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou, China.
| | - Ting-Hua Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Neurological Disease, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650000, Yunnan, China.
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Neurological Disease, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
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Machado DN, Durán-Carabali LE, Odorcyk FK, Carvalho AVS, Martini APR, Schlemmer LM, de Mattos MDM, Bernd GP, Dalmaz C, Netto CA. Bumetanide Attenuates Cognitive Deficits and Brain Damage in Rats Subjected to Hypoxia-Ischemia at Two Time Points of the Early Postnatal Period. Neurotox Res 2023; 41:526-545. [PMID: 37378827 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-023-00654-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) is one of the main causes of tissue damage, cell death, and imbalance between neuronal excitation and inhibition and synaptic loss in newborns. GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system (CNS) in adults, is excitatory at the onset of neurodevelopment and its action depends on the chloride (Cl-) cotransporters NKCC1 (imports Cl-) and KCC2 (exports Cl-) expression. Under basal conditions, the NKCC1/KCC2 ratio decreases over neurodevelopment. Thus, changes in this ratio caused by HI may be related to neurological disorders. The present study evaluated the effects of bumetanide (NKCC cotransporters inhibitor) on HI impairments in two neurodevelopmental periods. Male Wistar rat pups, 3 (PND3) and 11 (PND11) days old, were submitted to the Rice-Vannucci model. Animals were divided into 3 groups: SHAM, HI-SAL, and HI-BUM, considering each age. Bumetanide was administered intraperitoneally at 1, 24, 48, and 72 h after HI. NKCC1, KCC2, PSD-95, and synaptophysin proteins were analyzed after the last injection by western blot. Negative geotaxis, righting reflex, open field, object recognition test, and Morris water maze task were performed to assess neurological reflexes, locomotion, and memory function. Tissue atrophy and cell death were evaluated by histology. Bumetanide prevented neurodevelopmental delay, hyperactivity, and declarative and spatial memory deficits. Furthermore, bumetanide reversed HI-induced brain tissue damage, reduced neuronal death and controlled GABAergic tone, maintained the NKCC1/KCC2 ratio, and synaptogenesis close to normality. Thereby, bumetanide appears to play an important therapeutic role in the CNS, protecting the animals against HI damage and improving functional performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diorlon Nunes Machado
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90035-003, Brazil.
| | - Luz Elena Durán-Carabali
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Physiology, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Felipe Kawa Odorcyk
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Physiology, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Andrey Vinicios Soares Carvalho
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Rodrigues Martini
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Neuroscience, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Livia Machado Schlemmer
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Marcel de Medeiros de Mattos
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Pereira Bernd
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP: 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Carla Dalmaz
- Departament of Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alexandre Netto
- Departament of Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Departament of Physiology, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Sanches E, van de Looij Y, Ho D, Modernell L, da Silva A, Sizonenko S. Early Neuroprotective Effects of Bovine Lactoferrin Associated with Hypothermia after Neonatal Brain Hypoxia-Ischemia in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15583. [PMID: 37958562 PMCID: PMC10650654 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) encephalopathy (HIE) in term newborns is a leading cause of mortality and chronic disability. Hypothermia (HT) is the only clinically available therapeutic intervention; however, its neuroprotective effects are limited. Lactoferrin (LF) is the major whey protein in milk presenting iron-binding, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties and has been shown to protect very immature brains against HI damage. We hypothesized that combining early oral administration of LF with whole body hypothermia could enhance neuroprotection in a HIE rat model. Pregnant Wistar rats were fed an LF-supplemented diet (1 mg/kg) or a control diet from (P6). At P7, the male and female pups had the right common carotid artery occluded followed by hypoxia (8% O2 for 60') (HI). Immediately after hypoxia, hypothermia (target temperature of 32.5-33.5 °C) was performed (5 h duration) using Criticool®. The animals were divided according to diet, injury and thermal condition. At P8 (24 h after HI), the brain neurochemical profile was assessed using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) and a hyperintense T2W signal was used to measure the brain lesions. The mRNA levels of the genes related to glutamatergic excitotoxicity, energy metabolism and inflammation were assessed in the right hippocampus. The cell markers and apoptosis expression were assessed using immunofluorescence in the right hippocampus. HI decreased the energy metabolites and increased lactate. The neuronal-astrocytic coupling impairments observed in the HI groups were reversed mainly by HT. LF had an important effect on astrocyte function, decreasing the levels of the genes related to glutamatergic excitotoxicity and restoring the mRNA levels of the genes related to metabolic support. When combined, LF and HT presented a synergistic effect and prevented lactate accumulation, decreased inflammation and reduced brain damage, pointing out the benefits of combining these therapies. Overall, we showed that through distinct mechanisms lactoferrin can enhance neuroprotection induced by HT following neonatal brain hypoxia-ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Sanches
- Division of Child Development and Growth, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (Y.v.d.L.); (D.H.); (L.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Yohan van de Looij
- Division of Child Development and Growth, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (Y.v.d.L.); (D.H.); (L.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Dini Ho
- Division of Child Development and Growth, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (Y.v.d.L.); (D.H.); (L.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Laura Modernell
- Division of Child Development and Growth, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (Y.v.d.L.); (D.H.); (L.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Analina da Silva
- Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM), Animal Imaging and Technology Section, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Stéphane Sizonenko
- Division of Child Development and Growth, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (Y.v.d.L.); (D.H.); (L.M.); (S.S.)
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Kelly LA, Branagan A, Semova G, Molloy EJ. Sex differences in neonatal brain injury and inflammation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1243364. [PMID: 37954620 PMCID: PMC10634351 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1243364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatal brain injury and associated inflammation is more common in males. There is a well-recognised difference in incidence and outcome of neonatal encephalopathy according to sex with a pronounced male disadvantage. Neurodevelopmental differences manifest from an early age in infancy with females having a lower incidence of developmental delay and learning difficulties in comparison with males and male sex has consistently been identified as a risk factor for cerebral palsy in epidemiological studies. Important neurobiological differences exist between the sexes with respect to neuronal injury which are especially pronounced in preterm neonates. There are many potential reasons for these sex differences including genetic, immunological and hormonal differences but there are limited studies of neonatal immune response. Animal models with induced neonatal hypoxia have shown various sex differences including an upregulated immune response and increased microglial activation in males. Male sex is recognized to be a risk factor for neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) during the perinatal period and this review discusses in detail the sex differences in brain injury in preterm and term neonates and some of the potential new therapies with possible sex affects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne A. Kelly
- Discipline of Paediatrics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Paediatrics, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity Research in Childhood Centre (TRiCC), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aoife Branagan
- Discipline of Paediatrics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Paediatrics, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity Research in Childhood Centre (TRiCC), Dublin, Ireland
- Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gergana Semova
- Discipline of Paediatrics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Paediatrics, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity Research in Childhood Centre (TRiCC), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eleanor J. Molloy
- Discipline of Paediatrics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Paediatrics, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity Research in Childhood Centre (TRiCC), Dublin, Ireland
- Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Neonatology, Children’s Health Ireland (CHI) at Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
- Neonatology and Neurodisability, Children’s Health Ireland (CHI) at Tallaght, Dublin, Ireland
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Bao J, Zhang X, Zhao X. MR imaging and outcome in neonatal HIBD models are correlated with sex: the value of diffusion tensor MR imaging and diffusion kurtosis MR imaging. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1234049. [PMID: 37790588 PMCID: PMC10543095 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1234049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy can lead to lifelong morbidity and premature death in full-term newborns. Here, we aimed to determine the efficacy of diffusion kurtosis (DK) [mean kurtosis (MK)] and diffusion tensor (DT) [fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusion (MD), axial diffusion (AD), and radial diffusion (RD)] parameters for the early diagnosis of early brain histopathological changes and the prediction of neurodegenerative events in a full-term neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HIBD) rat model. Methods The HIBD model was generated in postnatal day 7 Sprague-Dawley rats to assess the changes in DK and DT parameters in 10 specific brain structural regions involving the gray matter, white matter, and limbic system during acute (12 h) and subacute (3 d and 5 d) phases after hypoxic ischemia (HI), which were validated against histology. Sensory and cognitive parameters were assessed by the open field, novel object recognition, elevated plus maze, and CatWalk tests. Results Repeated-measures ANOVA revealed that specific brain structures showed similar trends to the lesion, and the temporal pattern of MK was substantially more varied than DT parameters, particularly in the deep gray matter. The change rate of MK in the acute phase (12 h) was significantly higher than that of DT parameters. We noted a delayed pseudo-normalization for MK. Additionally, MD, AD, and RD showed more pronounced differences between males and females after HI compared to MK, which was confirmed in behavioral tests. HI females exhibited anxiolytic hyperactivity-like baseline behavior, while the memory ability of HI males was affected in the novel object recognition test. CatWalk assessments revealed chronic deficits in limb gait parameters, particularly the left front paw and right hind paw, as well as poorer performance in HI males than HI females. Conclusions Our results suggested that DK and DT parameters were complementary in the immature brain and provided great value in assessing early tissue microstructural changes and predicting long-term neurobehavioral deficits, highlighting their ability to detect both acute and long-term changes. Thus, the various diffusion coefficient parameters estimated by the DKI model are powerful tools for early HIBD diagnosis and prognosis assessment, thus providing an experimental and theoretical basis for clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieaoxue Bao
- Department of Imaging, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Neuroimaging, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoan Zhang
- Department of Imaging, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Neuroimaging, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Imaging, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Neuroimaging, Zhengzhou, China
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Therapeutic Interventions in Rat Models of Preterm Hypoxic Ischemic Injury: Effects of Hypothermia, Caffeine, and the Influence of Sex. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12101514. [PMID: 36294948 PMCID: PMC9605553 DOI: 10.3390/life12101514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Infants born prematurely have an increased risk of experiencing brain injury, specifically injury caused by Hypoxia Ischemia (HI). There is no approved treatment for preterm infants, in contrast to term infants that experience Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE) and can be treated with hypothermia. Given this increased risk and lack of approved treatment, it is imperative to explore and model potential treatments in animal models of preterm injury. Hypothermia is one potential treatment, though cooling to current clinical standards has been found to be detrimental for preterm infants. However, mild hypothermia may prove useful. Caffeine is another treatment that is already used in preterm infants to treat apnea of prematurity, and has shown neuroprotective effects. Both of these treatments show sex differences in behavioral outcomes and neuroprotective effects, which are critical to explore when working to translate from animal to human. The effects and research history of hypothermia, caffeine and how sex affects these treatment outcomes will be explored further in this review article.
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Xin DQ, Zhao YJ, Li TT, Ke HF, Gai CC, Guo XF, Chen WQ, Liu DX, Wang Z. The delivery of miR-21a-5p by extracellular vesicles induces microglial polarization via the STAT3 pathway following hypoxia-ischemia in neonatal mice. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:2238-2246. [PMID: 35259844 PMCID: PMC9083169 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.336871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) from mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have previously been shown to protect against brain injury caused by hypoxia-ischemia (HI). The neuroprotective effects have been found to relate to the anti-inflammatory effects of EVs. However, the underlying mechanisms have not previously been determined. In this study, we induced oxygen-glucose deprivation in BV-2 cells (a microglia cell line), which mimics HI in vitro, and found that treatment with MSCs-EVs increased the cell viability. The treatment was also found to reduce the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, induce the polarization of microglia towards the M2 phenotype, and suppress the phosphorylation of selective signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in the microglia. These results were also obtained in vivo using neonatal mice with induced HI. We investigated the potential role of miR-21a-5p in mediating these effects, as it is the most highly expressed miRNA in MSCs-EVs and interacts with the STAT3 pathway. We found that treatment with MSCs-EVs increased the levels of miR-21a-5p in BV-2 cells, which had been lowered following oxygen-glucose deprivation. When the level of miR-21a-5p in the MSCs-EVs was reduced, the effects on microglial polarization and STAT3 phosphorylation were reduced, for both the in vitro and in vivo HI models. These results indicate that MSCs-EVs attenuate HI brain injury in neonatal mice by shuttling miR-21a-5p, which induces microglial M2 polarization by targeting STAT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Qing Xin
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yi-Jing Zhao
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ting-Ting Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hong-Fei Ke
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Cheng-Cheng Gai
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Fan Guo
- Department of Neurology, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Wen-Qiang Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - De-Xiang Liu
- Department of Medical Psychology and Ethics, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
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10
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Plinia trunciflora Extract Administration Prevents HI-Induced Oxidative Stress, Inflammatory Response, Behavioral Impairments, and Tissue Damage in Rats. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14020395. [PMID: 35057576 PMCID: PMC8779767 DOI: 10.3390/nu14020395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The disruption of redox homeostasis and neuroinflammation are key mechanisms in the pathogenesis of brain hypoxia–ischemia (HI); medicinal plants have been studied as a therapeutic strategy, generally associated with the prevention of oxidative stress and inflammatory response. This study evaluates the neuroprotective role of the Plinia trunciflora fruit extract (PTE) in neonatal rats submitted to experimental HI. The HI insult provoked a marked increase in the lipoperoxidation levels and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, accompanied by a decrease in the brain concentration of glutathione (GSH). Interestingly, PTE was able to prevent most of the HI-induced pro-oxidant effects. It was also observed that HI increased the levels of interleukin-1β in the hippocampus, and that PTE-treatment prevented this effect. Furthermore, PTE was able to prevent neuronal loss and astrocyte reactivity induced by HI, as demonstrated by NeuN and GFAP staining, respectively. PTE also attenuated the anxiety-like behavior and prevented the spatial memory impairment caused by HI. Finally, PTE prevented neural tissue loss in the brain hemisphere, the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, and the striatum ipsilateral to the HI. Taken together our results provide good evidence that the PTE extract has the potential to be investigated as an adjunctive therapy in the treatment of brain insult caused by neonatal hypoxia–ischemia.
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11
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Durán-Carabali LE, Odorcyk FK, Sanches EF, de Mattos MM, Anschau F, Netto CA. Effect of environmental enrichment on behavioral and morphological outcomes following neonatal hypoxia-ischemia in rodent models: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:1970-1991. [PMID: 35040041 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02730-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in newborns and, despite recent advances in neonatal intensive care, there is no definitive treatment for this pathology. Once preclinical studies have shown that environmental enrichment (EE) seems to be a promising therapy for children with HI, the present study conducts a systematic review and meta-analysis of articles with EE in HI rodent models focusing on neurodevelopmental reflexes, motor and cognitive function as well as brain damage. The protocol was registered a priori at PROSPERO. The search was conducted in PubMed, Embase and PsycINFO databases, resulting in the inclusion of 22 articles. Interestingly, EE showed a beneficial impact on neurodevelopmental reflexes (SMD= -0.73, CI= [-0.98; -0.47], p< 0.001, I2= 0.0%), motor function (SMD= -0.55, CI= [-0.81; -0.28], p< 0.001, I2= 62.6%), cognitive function (SMD= -0.93, CI= [-1.14; -0.72], p< 0.001, I2= 27.8%) and brain damage (SMD= -0.80, CI= [-1.03; -0.58], p< 0.001, I2= 10.7%). The main factors that potentiate EE positive effects were enhanced study quality, earlier age at injury as well as earlier start and longer duration of EE exposure. Overall, EE was able to counteract the behavioral and histological damage induced by the lesion, being a promising therapeutic strategy for HI.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Durán-Carabali
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Physiology, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - F K Odorcyk
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - E F Sanches
- Division of Child Development and Growth, Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - M M de Mattos
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600, anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90035-003, Brazil
| | - F Anschau
- Medicine school, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Graduation Program on Evaluation and Production of Technologies for the Brazilian National Health System, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - C A Netto
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600, anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90035-003, Brazil. .,Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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12
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OTHMAN MZ, HASSAN Z, CHE HAS AT. Morris water maze: a versatile and pertinent tool for assessing spatial learning and memory. Exp Anim 2022; 71:264-280. [PMID: 35314563 PMCID: PMC9388345 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.21-0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its development about 40 years ago (1981–2021), Morris water maze has turned into a very popular tool for assessing spatial learning and memory. Its many advantages have ensured its
pertinence to date. These include its effectiveness in evaluating hippocampal-dependent learning and memory, exemption from motivational differences across diverse experimental
manipulations, reliability in various cross-species studies, and adaptability to many experimental conditions with various test protocols. Nonetheless, throughout its establishment, several
experimental and analysis loopholes have galvanized researchers to assess ways in which it could be improved and adapted to fill this gap. Therefore, in this review, we briefly summarize
these developments since the early years of its establishment through to the most recent advancements in computerized analysis, offering more comprehensive analysis paradigms. In addition,
we discuss the adaptability of the Morris water maze across different test versions and analysis paradigms, providing suggestions with regard to the best paradigms for particular
experimental conditions. Hence, the proper selection of the experimental protocols, analysis paradigms, and consideration of the assay’s limitations should be carefully considered. Given
that appropriate measures are taken, with various adaptations made, the Morris water maze will likely remain a relevant tool to assess the mechanisms of spatial learning and memory.
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13
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Dose-Dependent Neuroprotective Effects of Bovine Lactoferrin Following Neonatal Hypoxia-Ischemia in the Immature Rat Brain. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113880. [PMID: 34836132 PMCID: PMC8618330 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Injuries to the developing brain due to hypoxia–ischemia (HI) are common causes of neurological disabilities in preterm babies. HI, with oxygen deprivation to the brain or reduced cerebral blood perfusion due to birth asphyxia, often leads to severe brain damage and sequelae. Injury mechanisms include glutamate excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, blood–brain barrier dysfunction, and exacerbated inflammation. Nutritional intervention is emerging as a therapeutic alternative to prevent and rescue brain from HI injury. Lactoferrin (Lf) is an iron-binding protein present in saliva, tears, and breast milk, which has been shown to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties when administered to mothers as a dietary supplement during pregnancy and/or lactation in preclinical studies of developmental brain injuries. However, despite Lf’s promising neuroprotective effects, there is no established dose. Here, we tested three different doses of dietary maternal Lf supplementation using the postnatal day 3 HI model and evaluated the acute neurochemical damage profile using 1H Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) and long-term microstructure alterations using advanced diffusion imaging (DTI/NODDI) allied to protein expression and histological analysis. Pregnant Wistar rats were fed either control diet or bovine Lf supplemented chow at 0.1, 1, or 10 g/kg/body weight concentration from the last day of pregnancy (embryonic day 21–E21) to weaning. At postnatal day 3 (P3), pups from both sexes had their right common carotid artery permanently occluded and were exposed to 6% oxygen for 30 min. Sham rats had the incision but neither surgery nor hypoxia episode. At P4, MRS was performed on a 9.4 T scanner to obtain the neurochemical profile in the cortex. At P4 and P25, histological analysis and protein expression were assessed in the cortex and hippocampus. Brain volumes and ex vivo microstructural analysis using DTI/NODDI parameters were performed at P25. Acute metabolic disturbance induced in cortical tissue by HIP3 was reversed with all three doses of Lf. However, data obtained from MRS show that Lf neuroprotective effects were modulated by the dose. Through western blotting analysis, we observed that HI pups supplemented with Lf at 0.1 and 1 g/kg were able to counteract glutamatergic excitotoxicity and prevent metabolic failure. When 10 g/kg was administered, we observed reduced brain volumes, increased astrogliosis, and hypomyelination, pointing to detrimental effects of high Lf dose. In conclusion, Lf supplementation attenuates, in a dose-dependent manner, the acute and long-term cerebral injury caused by HI. Lf reached its optimal effects at a dose of 1 g/kg, which pinpoints the need to better understand effects of Lf, the pathways involved and possible harmful effects. These new data reinforce our knowledge regarding neuroprotection in developmental brain injury using Lf through lactation and provide new insights into lactoferrin’s neuroprotection capacities and limitation for immature brains.
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14
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Rocha R, Andrade L, Alves T, Sá S, Pereira PA, Dulce Madeira M, Cardoso A. Behavioral and brain morphological analysis of non-inflammatory and inflammatory rat models of preterm brain injury. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2021; 185:107540. [PMID: 34673263 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Investigations using preclinical models of preterm birth have much contributed, together with human neuropathological studies, for advances in our understanding of preterm brain injury. Here, we evaluated whether the neurodevelopmental and behavioral consequences of preterm birth induced by a non-inflammatory model of preterm birth using mifepristone would differ from those after inflammatory prenatal transient hypoxia-ischemia (TSHI) model. Pregnant Wistar rats were either injected with mifepristone, and pups were delivered on embryonic day 21 (ED21 group), or laparotomized on the 18th day of gestation for 60 min of uterine arteries occlusion. Rat pups were tested postnatally for characterization of developmental milestones and, after weaning, they were behaviorally tested for anxiety and for spatial learning and memory. One month later, brains were processed for quantification of doublecortin (DCX)- and neuropeptide Y (NPY)-immunoreactive cells, and cholinergic varicosities in the hippocampus. ED21 rats did not differ from controls with respect to neonatal developmental milestones, anxiety, learning and memory functions, and neurochemical parameters. Conversely, in TSHI rats the development of neonatal reflexes was delayed, the levels of anxiety were reduced, and spatial learning and memory was impaired; in the hippocampus, the total number of DCX and NPY cells was increased, and the density of cholinergic varicosities was reduced. With these results we suggest that a preterm birth, in a non-inflammatory prenatal environment, does not significantly change neonatal development and adult neurologic outcome. On other hand, prenatal hypoxia and ischemia (inflammation) modifies developmental trajectory, learning and memory, neurogenesis, and NPY GABAergic and cholinergic brain systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Rocha
- Department of Biomedicine - Unit of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; Center of Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal; Pediatric Neurology Department, Centro Materno-Infantil do Norte, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, 4050-651 Porto, Portugal; Pediatric Emergency Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário S. João, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Leonardo Andrade
- Department of Biomedicine - Unit of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Tânia Alves
- Department of Biomedicine - Unit of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Susana Sá
- Department of Biomedicine - Unit of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; Center of Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro A Pereira
- Department of Biomedicine - Unit of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; Center of Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - M Dulce Madeira
- Department of Biomedicine - Unit of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; Center of Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Armando Cardoso
- Department of Biomedicine - Unit of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; Center of Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal.
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15
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Umbilical cord blood therapy modulates neonatal hypoxic ischemic brain injury in both females and males. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15788. [PMID: 34349144 PMCID: PMC8338979 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95035-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical and clinical studies have shown that sex is a significant risk factor for perinatal morbidity and mortality, with males being more susceptible to neonatal hypoxic ischemic (HI) brain injury. No study has investigated sexual dimorphism in the efficacy of umbilical cord blood (UCB) cell therapy. HI injury was induced in postnatal day 10 (PND10) rat pups using the Rice-Vannucci method of carotid artery ligation. Pups received 3 doses of UCB cells (PND11, 13, 20) and underwent behavioural testing. On PND50, brains were collected for immunohistochemical analysis. Behavioural and neuropathological outcomes were assessed for sex differences. HI brain injury resulted in a significant decrease in brain weight and increase in tissue loss in females and males. Females and males also exhibited significant cell death, region-specific neuron loss and long-term behavioural deficits. Females had significantly smaller brains overall compared to males and males had significantly reduced neuron numbers in the cortex compared to females. UCB administration improved multiple aspects of neuropathology and functional outcomes in males and females. Females and males both exhibited injury following HI. This is the first preclinical evidence that UCB is an appropriate treatment for neonatal brain injury in both female and male neonates.
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da Conceição Pereira S, Manhães-de-Castro R, Visco DB, de Albuquerque GL, da Silva Calado CMS, da Silva Souza V, Toscano AE. Locomotion is impacted differently according to the perinatal brain injury model: Meta-analysis of preclinical studies with implications for cerebral palsy. J Neurosci Methods 2021; 360:109250. [PMID: 34116077 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different approaches to reproduce cerebral palsy (CP) in animals, contribute to the knowledge of the pathophysiological mechanism of this disease and provide a basis for the development of intervention strategies. Locomotion and coordination are the main cause of disability in CP, however, few studies highlight the quantitative differences of CP models, on locomotion parameters, considering the methodologies to cause brain lesions in the perinatal period. METHODS Studies with cerebral palsy animal models that assess locomotion parameters were systematically retrieved from Medline/PubMed, SCOPUS, LILACS, and Web of Science. Methodological evaluation of included studies and quantitative assessment of locomotion parameters were performed after eligibility screening. RESULTS CP models were induced by hypoxia-ischemia (HI), Prenatal ischemia (PI), lipopolysaccharide inflammation (LPS), intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH), anoxia (A), sensorimotor restriction (SR), and a combination of different models. Overall, 63 studies included in qualitative synthesis showed a moderate quality of evidence. 16 studies were included in the quantitative meta-analysis. Significant reduction was observed in models that combined LPS with HI related to distance traveled (SMD -7.24 95 % CI [-8.98, -5.51], Z = 1.18, p < 0.00001) and LPS with HI or anoxia with sensory-motor restriction (SMD -6.01, 95 % CI [-7.67, -4.35], Z = 7.11), or IVH (SMD -4.91, 95 % CI [-5.84, -3.98], Z = 10.31, p < 0.00001) related to motor coordination. CONCLUSION The combination of different approaches to reproduce CP in animals causes greater deficits in locomotion and motor coordination from the early stages of life to adulthood. These findings contribute to methodological refinement, reduction, and replacement in animal experimentation, favoring translational purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina da Conceição Pereira
- Posgraduate Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavior Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Raul Manhães-de-Castro
- Posgraduate Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavior Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Studies in Nutrition and Phenotypic Plasticity Unit, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Nutrition, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Diego Bulcão Visco
- Studies in Nutrition and Phenotypic Plasticity Unit, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Nutrition, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | | | - Vanessa da Silva Souza
- Posgraduate Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavior Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Ana Elisa Toscano
- Posgraduate Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavior Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Studies in Nutrition and Phenotypic Plasticity Unit, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Nutrition, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Department of Nursing, CAV, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, Brazil.
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Sanches EF, Dos Santos TM, Odorcyk F, Untertriefallner H, Rezena E, Hoeper E, Avila T, Martini AP, Venturin GT, da Costa JC, Greggio S, Netto CA, Wyse AT. Pregnancy swimming prevents early brain mitochondrial dysfunction and causes sex-related long-term neuroprotection following neonatal hypoxia-ischemia in rats. Exp Neurol 2021; 339:113623. [PMID: 33529673 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) is a major cause of cognitive impairments in infants. Antenatal strategies improving the intrauterine environment can have high impact decreasing pregnancy-derived intercurrences. Physical exercise alters the mother-fetus unity and has been shown to prevent the energetic challenge imposed by HI. This study aimed to reveal neuroprotective mechanisms afforded by pregnancy swimming on early metabolic failure and late cognitive damage, considering animals' sex as a variable. Pregnant Wistar rats were submitted to daily swimming exercise (20' in a tank filled with 32 °C water) during pregnancy. Neonatal HI was performed in male and female pups at postnatal day 7. Electron chain transport, mitochondrial mass and function and ROS formation were assessed in the right brain hemisphere 24 h after HI. From PND45, reference and working spatial memory were tested in the Morris water maze. MicroPET-FDG images were acquired 24 h after injury (PND8) and at PND60, following behavioral analysis. HI induced early energetic failure, decreased enzymatic activity in electron transport chain, increased production of ROS in cortex and hippocampus as well as caused brain glucose metabolism dysfunction and late cognitive impairments. Maternal swimming was able to prevent mitochondrial dysfunction and to improve spatial memory. The intergenerational effects of swimming were sex-specific, since male rats were benefited most. In conclusion, maternal swimming was able to affect the mitochondrial response to HI in the offspring's brains, preserving its function and preventing cognitive damage in a sex-dependent manner, adding relevant information on maternal exercise neuroprotection and highlighting the importance of mitochondria as a therapeutic target for HI neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- E F Sanches
- Biochemistry Post-graduation Program, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Biochemistry Department, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - T M Dos Santos
- Biochemistry Post-graduation Program, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Biochemistry Department, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - F Odorcyk
- Biochemistry Post-graduation Program, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Biochemistry Department, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - H Untertriefallner
- Biochemistry Department, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - E Rezena
- Biochemistry Department, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - E Hoeper
- Biochemistry Department, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - T Avila
- Biochemistry Department, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - A P Martini
- Biochemistry Department, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - G T Venturin
- Preclinical Research Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - J C da Costa
- Preclinical Research Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - S Greggio
- Preclinical Research Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - C A Netto
- Biochemistry Post-graduation Program, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Biochemistry Department, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - A T Wyse
- Biochemistry Post-graduation Program, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Biochemistry Department, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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18
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Odorcyk FK, Ribeiro RT, Roginski AC, Duran-Carabali LE, Couto-Pereira NS, Dalmaz C, Wajner M, Netto CA. Differential Age-Dependent Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress, and Apoptosis Induced by Neonatal Hypoxia-Ischemia in the Immature Rat Brain. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:2297-2308. [PMID: 33417220 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02261-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) is among the main causes of mortality and morbidity in newborns. Experimental studies show that the immature rat brain is less susceptible to HI injury, suggesting that changes that occur during the first days of life drastically alter its susceptibility. Among the main developmental changes observed is the mitochondrial function, namely, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and respiratory complex (RC) activities. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the influence of neonatal HI on mitochondrial functions, redox homeostasis, and cell damage at different postnatal ages in the hippocampus of neonate rats. For this purpose, animals were divided into four groups: sham postnatal day 3 (ShP3), HIP3, ShP11, and HIP11. We initially observed increased apoptosis in the HIP11 group only, indicating a higher susceptibility of these animals to brain injury. Mitochondrial damage, as determined by flow cytometry showing mitochondrial swelling and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, was also demonstrated only in the HIP11 group. This was consistent with the decreased mitochondrial oxygen consumption, reduced TCA cycle enzymes, and RC activities and induction of oxidative stress in this group of animals. Considering that HIP3 and the sham animals showed no alteration of mitochondrial functions, redox homeostasis, and showed no apoptosis, our data suggest an age-dependent vulnerability of the hippocampus to hypoxia-ischemia. The present results highlight age-dependent metabolic differences in the brain of neonate rats submitted to HI indicating that different treatments might be needed for HI newborns with different gestational ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Kawa Odorcyk
- Graduate Program in Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - R T Ribeiro
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - A C Roginski
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - L E Duran-Carabali
- Graduate Program in Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - N S Couto-Pereira
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - C Dalmaz
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - M Wajner
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - C A Netto
- Graduate Program in Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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19
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Laštůvka Z, Borbélyová V, Janišová K, Otáhal J, Mysliveček J, Riljak V. Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury leads to sex-specific deficits in rearing and climbing in adult mice. Physiol Res 2020; 69:S499-S512. [PMID: 33476172 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The study examined the morphological and long-term behavioral impacts of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in a mouse model. We investigated the modification of different behavioral domains, such as spontaneous climbing, which represents fine motor skills. We also focused on sex-dependent differences during hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. The Rice-Vannucci model of hypoxia-ischemia was used, adjusted and adapted to 7-day-old C57BL/6NTac mice. The effects of induced hypoxia and ischemia were also studied separately. At postnatal day 60, mice underwent behavioral testing using the LABORAS apparatus. The perfusion for histological evaluation was performed one day after the behavioral analyses. In groups with separately induced hypoxia or ischemia, the observed alterations in behavior were not accompanied by morphological changes in the cortex or hippocampal formation. Female mice naturally climbed significantly more and hypoxic females reared less than hypoxic males (p<0.05). Male mice postnatally exposed to hypoxia-ischemia exhibited significantly lower vertical activity and higher horizontal activity (p<0.05). Mild hypoxic damage may not be morphologically detectable but may induce substantial behavioral changes in adult mice. There were significant differences between horizontal and vertical activity in reaction to hypoxia-ischemia. Our study indicates that the importance of behavioral testing is irreplaceable and may be reflected in neonatal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Laštůvka
- Institute of Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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20
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Lactate Administration Reduces Brain Injury and Ameliorates Behavioral Outcomes Following Neonatal Hypoxia-Ischemia. Neuroscience 2020; 448:191-205. [PMID: 32905840 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy is a major cause of mortality and disability in newborns and the only standard approach for treating this condition is therapeutic hypothermia, which shows some limitations. Thus, putative neuroprotective agents have been tested in animal models. The present study evaluated the administration of lactate, a potential energy substrate of the central nervous system (CNS) in an animal model of hypoxia-ischemia (HI), that mimics in neonatal rats the brain damage observed in human newborns. Seven-day-old (P7) male and female Wistar rats underwent permanent common right carotid occlusion combined with an exposition to a hypoxic atmosphere (8% oxygen) for 60 min. Animals were assigned to four experimental groups: HI, HI + LAC, SHAM, SHAM + LAC. Lactate was administered intraperitoneally 30 min and 2 h after hypoxia in HI + LAC and SHAM + LAC groups. HI and SHAM groups received vehicle at the same time points. The volume of brain lesion was evaluated in P9. Animals underwent behavioral assessments: negative geotaxis, righting reflex (P8 and P14), and cylinder test (P20). Lactate administration reduced the volume of brain lesion and improved behavioral parameters after HI in both sexes. Thus, lactate administration could be a neuroprotective strategy for the treatment of neonatal HI, a disorder still affecting a significant percentage of human newborns.
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21
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Azevedo PN, Zanirati G, Venturin GT, Schu GG, Durán–Carabali LE, Odorcyk FK, Soares AV, Laguna GDO, Netto CA, Zimmer ER, da Costa JC, Greggio S. Long-term changes in metabolic brain network drive memory impairments in rats following neonatal hypoxia-ischemia. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2020; 171:107207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2020.107207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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22
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Odorcyk FK, Duran-Carabali LE, Rocha DS, Sanches EF, Martini AP, Venturin GT, Greggio S, da Costa JC, Kucharski LC, Zimmer ER, Netto CA. Differential glucose and beta-hydroxybutyrate metabolism confers an intrinsic neuroprotection to the immature brain in a rat model of neonatal hypoxia ischemia. Exp Neurol 2020; 330:113317. [PMID: 32304750 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxia ischemia (HI) is the main cause of newborn mortality and morbidity. Preclinical studies have shown that the immature rat brain is more resilient to HI injury, suggesting innate mechanisms of neuroprotection. During neonatal period brain metabolism experience changes that might greatly affect the outcome of HI injury. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate how changes in brain metabolism interfere with HI outcome in different stages of CNS development. For this purpose, animals were divided into 6 groups: HIP3, HIP7 and HIP11 (HI performed at postnatal days 3, 7 and 11, respectively), and their respective shams. In vivo [18F]FDG micro positron emission tomography (microPET) imaging was performed 24 and 72 h after HI, as well as ex-vivo assessments of glucose and beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) oxidation. At adulthood behavioral tests and histology were performed. Behavioral and histological analysis showed greater impairments in HIP11 animals, while HIP3 rats were not affected. Changes in [18F]FDG metabolism were found only in the lesion area of HIP11, where a substantial hypometabolism was detected. Furthermore, [18F]FDG hypometabolism predicted impaired cognition and worst histological outcomes at adulthood. Finally, substrate oxidation assessments showed that glucose oxidation remained unaltered and higher level of BHB oxidation found in P3 animals, suggesting a more resilient metabolism. Overall, present results show [18F]FDG microPET predicts long-term injury outcome and suggests that higher BHB utilization is one of the mechanisms that confer the intrinsic neuroprotection to the immature brain and should be explored as a therapeutic target for treatment of HI.
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Affiliation(s)
- F K Odorcyk
- Graduate Program in Phisiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - L E Duran-Carabali
- Graduate Program in Phisiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - D S Rocha
- Graduate Program in Phisiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - E F Sanches
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - A P Martini
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - G T Venturin
- Preclinical Research Center, Brain Institute (BraIns) of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - S Greggio
- Preclinical Research Center, Brain Institute (BraIns) of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - J C da Costa
- Preclinical Research Center, Brain Institute (BraIns) of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - L C Kucharski
- Graduate Program in Phisiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - E R Zimmer
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Pharmacology and therapeutics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - C A Netto
- Graduate Program in Phisiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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23
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Previous adaptation triggers distinct molecular pathways and modulates early and long-term neuroprotective effects of pregnancy swimming preventing neonatal hypoxia-ischemia damage in rats. Brain Res 2020; 1733:146722. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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24
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Le Dieu-Lugon B, Dupré N, Legouez L, Leroux P, Gonzalez BJ, Marret S, Leroux-Nicollet I, Cleren C. Why considering sexual differences is necessary when studying encephalopathy of prematurity through rodent models. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 52:2560-2574. [PMID: 31885096 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Preterm birth is a high-risk factor for the development of gray and white matter abnormalities, referred to as "encephalopathy of prematurity," that may lead to life-long motor, cognitive, and behavioral impairments. The prevalence and clinical outcomes of encephalopathy of prematurity differ between sexes, and elucidating the underlying biological basis has become a high-priority challenge. Human studies are often limited to assessment of brain region volumes by MRI, which does not provide much information about the underlying mechanisms of lesions related to very preterm birth. However, models using KO mice or pharmacological manipulations in rodents allow relevant observations to help clarify the mechanisms of injury sustaining sex-differential vulnerability. This review focuses on data obtained from mice aged P1-P5 or rats aged P3 when submitted to cerebral damage such as hypoxia-ischemia, as their brain lesions share similarities with lesion patterns occurring in very preterm human brain, before 32 gestational weeks. We first report data on the mechanisms underlying the development of sexual brain dimorphism in rodent, focusing on the hippocampus. In the second part, we describe sex specificities of rodent models of encephalopathy of prematurity (RMEP), focusing on mechanisms underlying differences in hippocampal vulnerability. Finally, we discuss the relevance of these RMEP. Together, this review highlights the need to systematically search for potential effects of sex when studying the mechanisms underlying deficits in RMEP in order to design effective sex-specific medical interventions in human preterms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bérénice Le Dieu-Lugon
- Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 Team 4, Normandy University, Rouen, France
| | - Nicolas Dupré
- Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 Team 4, Normandy University, Rouen, France
| | - Lou Legouez
- Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 Team 4, Normandy University, Rouen, France
| | - Philippe Leroux
- Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 Team 4, Normandy University, Rouen, France
| | - Bruno J Gonzalez
- Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 Team 4, Normandy University, Rouen, France
| | - Stéphane Marret
- Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 Team 4, Normandy University, Rouen, France.,Department of Neonatal Paediatrics and Intensive Care, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Isabelle Leroux-Nicollet
- Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 Team 4, Normandy University, Rouen, France
| | - Carine Cleren
- Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 Team 4, Normandy University, Rouen, France
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25
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Riljak V, Laštůvka Z, Mysliveček J, Borbélyová V, Otáhal J. Early postnatal hypoxia induces behavioral deficits but not morphological damage in the hippocampus in adolescent rats. Physiol Res 2019; 69:165-179. [PMID: 31852194 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is one of the major pathological factors affecting brain function. The aim of the present study was to describe the effect of neonatal hypobaric hypoxia on the behavior of rats and to analyze its effect on hippocampal neurodegeneration. Hypobaric hypoxia at a simulated altitude of 9000 m was induced for one hour in neonatal rat pups (PND7 and PND9) of both sexes. Subsequently, the rats underwent behavioral testing on PND25 and PND35 using a LABORAS apparatus to assess spontaneous behavior. Hypoxia did not cause any morphological damage in the hippocampus of rats. However, hypoxia on PND7 led to less horizontal locomotor activity both, in males (on PND25) and females (on PND35). Hypoxia on PND9 led to higher rearing in females on PND25. Hypoxic males exhibited higher grooming activity, while females lower grooming activity on PND35 following hypoxia induced on PND7. In females, hypoxia on PND9 resulted in higher grooming activity on PND25. Sex differences in the effect of hypoxia was observed on PND35, when hypoxic males compared to hypoxic females displayed more locomotor, rearing and grooming activity. Our data suggest that hypoxia on PND7 versus PND9 differentially affects locomotion and grooming later in adolescence and these effects are sex-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Riljak
- Institute of Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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26
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Anastacio JBR, Sanches EF, Nicola F, Odorcyk F, Fabres RB, Netto CA. Phytoestrogen coumestrol attenuates brain mitochondrial dysfunction and long-term cognitive deficits following neonatal hypoxia-ischemia. Int J Dev Neurosci 2019; 79:86-95. [PMID: 31693927 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2019.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neonatal Hypoxia-Ischemia (HI) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, and is frequently associated with short and long-term neurologic and cognitive impairments. The HI injury causes mitochondrial damage leading to increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Phytoestrogens are non-steroidal plant substances structurally and functionally similar to estrogen. Coumestrol is a potent isoflavonoid with a protective effect against ischemic brain damage in adult rats. Our aim was to determine if coumestrol treatment following neonatal HI attenuates the long-term cognitive deficits induced by neonatal HI, as well as to investigate one possible mechanism underlying its potential effect. METHODS On the 7th postnatal day, male Wistar rats were submitted to the Levine-Rice HI model. Intraperitoneal injections of 20 mg/kg of coumestrol, or vehicle, were administered immediately pre-hypoxia or 3 h post-hypoxia. At 12 h after HI the mitochondrial status and ROS levels were determined. At 60th postnatal day the cognitive deficits were revealed in the Morris water maze reference and working spatial memories. Following behavioral analysis, histological assessment was performed and reactive astrogliosis was measured by GFAP expression. RESULTS Results demonstrate that both pre- and post-HI administration of coumestrol were able to counteract the long-term cognitive and morphological impairments caused by HI, as well as to block the late reactive astrogliosis. The pre-HI administration of coumestrol was able to prevent the early mitochondrial dysfunction in the hippocampus of injured rat pups. CONCLUSION Present data suggest that coumestrol exerts protection against experimental neonatal brain hypoxia-ischemia through, at least in part, early modulation of mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eduardo Farias Sanches
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Nicola
- Post-graduation Program in Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Felipe Odorcyk
- Post-graduation Program in Phisiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Bandeira Fabres
- Post-graduation Program in Phisiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alexandre Netto
- Post-graduation Program in Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Post-graduation Program in Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Post-graduation Program in Phisiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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27
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Durán-Carabali LE, Sanches EF, Odorcyk FK, Nicola F, Mestriner RG, Reichert L, Aristimunha D, Pagnussat AS, Netto CA. Tissue Injury and Astrocytic Reaction, But Not Cognitive Deficits, Are Dependent on Hypoxia Duration in Very Immature Rats Undergoing Neonatal Hypoxia-Ischemia. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:2631-2642. [PMID: 31564017 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02884-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Preterm birth and hypoxia-ischemia (HI) are major causes of neonatal death and neurological disabilities in newborns. The widely used preclinical HI model combines carotid occlusion with hypoxia exposure; however, the relationship between different hypoxia exposure periods with brain tissue loss, astrocyte reactivity and behavioral impairments following HI is lacking. Present study evaluated HI-induced behavioral and morphological consequences in rats exposed to different periods of hypoxia at postnatal day 3. Wistar rats of both sexes were assigned into four groups: control group, HI-120 min, HI-180 min and HI-210 min. Neurodevelopmental reflexes, exploratory abilities and cognitive function were assessed. At adulthood, tissue damage and reactive astrogliosis were measured. Animals exposed to HI-180 and HI-210 min had delayed neurodevelopmental reflexes compared to control group. Histological assessment showed tissue loss that was restricted to the ipsilateral hemisphere in lower periods of hypoxia exposure (120 and 180 min) but affected both hemispheres when 210 min was used. Reactive astrogliosis was increased only after 210 min of hypoxia. Interestingly, cognitive deficits were induced regardless the duration of hypoxia and there were correlations between behavioral parameters and cortex, hippocampus and corpus callosum volumes. These results show the duration of hypoxia has a close relationship with astrocytic response and tissue damage progression. Furthermore, the long-lasting cognitive memory deficit and its association with brain structures beyond the hippocampus suggests that complex anatomical changes should be involved in functional alterations taking place as hypoxia duration is increased, even when the cognitive impairment limit is achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Durán-Carabali
- Post-graduation Program of Physiology, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600, anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90035-003, Brazil.
| | - E F Sanches
- Biochemistry Department, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - F K Odorcyk
- Post-graduation Program of Physiology, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600, anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90035-003, Brazil
| | - F Nicola
- Post-graduation Program of Neuroscience, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - R G Mestriner
- Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair Research Group, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - L Reichert
- Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair Research Group, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - D Aristimunha
- Biochemistry Department, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - A S Pagnussat
- Rehabilitation Sciences Graduate Program, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - C A Netto
- Post-graduation Program of Physiology, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600, anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90035-003, Brazil.,Post-graduation Program of Neuroscience, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Biochemistry Department, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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28
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Chavez-Valdez R, Emerson P, Goffigan-Holmes J, Kirkwood A, Martin LJ, Northington FJ. Delayed injury of hippocampal interneurons after neonatal hypoxia-ischemia and therapeutic hypothermia in a murine model. Hippocampus 2019; 28:617-630. [PMID: 29781223 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Delayed hippocampal injury and memory impairments follow neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) despite the use of therapeutic hypothermia (TH). Death of hippocampal pyramidal cells occurs acutely after HI, but characterization of delayed cell death and injury of interneurons (INs) is unknown. We hypothesize that injury of INs after HI is: (i) asynchronous to that of pyramidal cells, (ii) independent of injury severity, and (iii) unresponsive to TH. HI was induced in C57BL6 mice at p10 with unilateral right carotid ligation and 45 min of hypoxia (FiO2 = 0.08). Mice were randomized to normothermia (36 °C, NT) or TH (31 °C) for 4 hr after HI and anesthesia-exposed shams were use as controls. Brains were studied at 24 hr (p11) or 8 days (p18) after HI. Vglut1, GAD65/67, PSD95, parvalbumin (PV) and calbindin-1 (Calb1) were measured. Cell death was assessed using cresyl violet staining and TUNEL assay. Hippocampal atrophy and astroglyosis at p18 were used to assess injury severity and to correlate with number of PV + INs. VGlut1 level decreased by 30% at 24 hr after HI, while GAD65/67 level decreased by ∼50% in forebrain 8 days after HI, a decrease localized in CA1 and CA3. PSD95 levels decreased in forebrain by 65% at 24 hr after HI and remained low 8 days after HI. PV + INs increased in numbers (per mm2 ) and branching between p11 and p18 in sham mice but not in NT and TH mice, resulting in 21-52% fewer PV + INs in injured mice at p18. Calb1 protein and mRNA were also reduced in HI injured mice at p18. At p18, somatodendritic attrition of INs was evident in all injured mice without evidence of cell death. Neither hippocampal atrophy nor astroglyosis correlated with the number of PV + INs at p18. Thus, HI exposure has long lasting effects in the hippocampus impairing the development of the GABAergic system with only partial protection by TH independent of the degree of hippocampal injury. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Chavez-Valdez
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Paul Emerson
- Department of Neuroscience, The Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Janasha Goffigan-Holmes
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alfredo Kirkwood
- Department of Neuroscience, The Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lee J Martin
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Frances J Northington
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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29
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Arundic acid administration protects astrocytes, recovers histological damage and memory deficits induced by neonatal hypoxia ischemia in rats. Int J Dev Neurosci 2019; 76:41-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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30
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Sanches EF, van de Looij Y, Toulotte A, Sizonenko SV, Lei H. Mild Neonatal Brain Hypoxia-Ischemia in Very Immature Rats Causes Long-Term Behavioral and Cerebellar Abnormalities at Adulthood. Front Physiol 2019; 10:634. [PMID: 31231232 PMCID: PMC6560160 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic hypoxia-ischemia (HI) often occurs during preterm birth in human. HI induces injuries to hinder brain cells mainly in the ipsilateral forebrain structures. Such HI injuries may cause lifelong disturbances in the distant regions, such as the contralateral side of the cerebellum. We aimed to evaluate behavior associated with the cerebellum, to acquire cerebellar abundant metabolic alterations using in vivo 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS), and to determine GFAP, NeuN, and MBP protein expression in the left cerebellum, in adult rats after mild early postnatal HI on the right forebrain at day 3 (PND3). From PND45, HI animals exhibited increased locomotion in the open field while there is neither asymmetrical forelimb use nor coordination deficits in the motor tasks. Despite the fact that metabolic differences between two cerebellar hemispheres were noticeable, a global increase in glutamine of HI rats was observed and became significant in the left cerebellum compared to the sham-operated group. Furthermore, increases in glutamate, glycine, the sum of glutamate and glutamine and total choline, only occurred in the left cerebellum of HI rats. Remarkably, there were decreased expression of MBP and NeuN but no detectable reactive astrogliosis in the contralateral side of the cerebellum of HI rats. Taken together, the detected alterations observed in the left cerebellum of HI rats may reflect disequilibrium in the glutamate-glutamine cycle and a delay in the return of glutamine from astrocytes to neurons from hypoxic-ischemic origin. Our data provides in vivo evidence of long-term changes in the corresponding cerebellum following mild neonatal HI in very immature rats, supporting the notion that systemic HI could cause cell death in the cerebellum, a distant region from the expected injury site. HIGHLIGHTS -Neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) in very immature rats induces hyperactivity toward adulthood.-1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy detects long-term cerebellar metabolic changes in adult rats after neonatal HI at postnatal day 3.-Substantial decreases of expression of neuronal and myelin markers in adult rats cerebellum after neonatal cortical mild HI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Farias Sanches
- Division of Child Development and Growth, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yohan van de Looij
- Division of Child Development and Growth, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Audrey Toulotte
- Division of Child Development and Growth, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stéphane Vladimir Sizonenko
- Division of Child Development and Growth, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hongxia Lei
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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31
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Miguel PM, Deniz BF, Confortim HD, Bronauth LP, de Oliveira BC, Alves MB, Silveira PP, Pereira LO. Methylphenidate administration reverts attentional inflexibility in adolescent rats submitted to a model of neonatal hypoxia-ischemia: Predictive validity for ADHD study. Exp Neurol 2019; 315:88-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Muntsant A, Shrivastava K, Recasens M, Giménez-Llort L. Severe Perinatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury Induces Long-Term Sensorimotor Deficits, Anxiety-Like Behaviors and Cognitive Impairment in a Sex-, Age- and Task-Selective Manner in C57BL/6 Mice but Can Be Modulated by Neonatal Handling. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:7. [PMID: 30814939 PMCID: PMC6381068 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Perinatal brain injury (PBI) leads to neurological disabilities throughout life, from motor deficits, cognitive limitations to severe cerebral palsy. Yet, perinatal brain damage has limited therapeutic outcomes. Besides, the immature brain of premature children is at increased risk of hypoxic/ischemic (HI) injury, with males being more susceptible to it and less responsive to protective/therapeutical interventions. Here, we model in male and female C57BL/6 mice, the impact of neonatal HI and the protective effects of neonatal handling (NH), an early life tactile and proprioceptive sensory stimulation. From postnatal day 1 (PND1, modeling pre-term) to PND21 randomized litters received either NH or left undisturbed. HI brain damage occurred by permanent left carotid occlusion followed by hypoxia at PND7 (modeling full-term) in half of the animals. The behavioral and functional screening of the pups at weaning (PND23) and their long-term outcomes (adulthood, PND70) were evaluated in a longitudinal study, as follows: somatic development (weight), sensorimotor functions (reflexes, rods and hanger tests), exploration [activity (ACT) and open-field (OF) test], emotional and anxiety-like behaviors [corner, open-field and dark-light box (DLB) tests], learning and memory [T-maze (TM) and Morris Water-Maze (MWM)]. HI induced similar brain damage in both sexes but affected motor development, sensorimotor functions, induced hyperactivity at weaning, and anxiety-like behaviors and cognitive deficits at adulthood, in a sex- and age-dependent manner. Thus, during ontogeny, HI affected equilibrium especially in females and prehensility in males, but only reflexes at adulthood. Hyperactivity of HI males was normalized at adulthood. HI increased neophobia and other anxiety-like behaviors in males but emotionality in females. Both sexes showed worse short/long-term learning, but memory was more affected in males. Striking neuroprotective effects of NH were found, with significantly lower injury scores, mostly in HI males. At the functional level, NH reversed the impaired reflex responses and improved memory performances in hippocampal-dependent spatial-learning tasks, especially in males. Finally, neuropathological correlates referred to atrophy, neuronal densities and cellularity in the affected areas [hippocampal-CA, caudate/putamen, thalamus, neocortex and corpus callosum (CC)] point out distinct neuronal substrates underlying the sex- and age- functional impacts of these risk/protection interventions on sensorimotor, behavioral and cognitive outcomes from ontogeny to adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Muntsant
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kalpana Shrivastava
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology & Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Recasens
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology & Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lydia Giménez-Llort
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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33
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Durán-Carabali L, Arcego D, Sanches E, Odorcyk F, Marques M, Tosta A, Reichert L, Carvalho A, Dalmaz C, Netto C. Preventive and therapeutic effects of environmental enrichment in Wistar rats submitted to neonatal hypoxia-ischemia. Behav Brain Res 2019; 359:485-497. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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34
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Miguel PM, Deniz BF, Deckmann I, Confortim HD, Diaz R, Laureano DP, Silveira PP, Pereira LO. Prefrontal cortex dysfunction in hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy contributes to executive function impairments in rats: Potential contribution for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. World J Biol Psychiatry 2018; 19:547-560. [PMID: 28105895 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2016.1273551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) compromises the quality of life of individuals including adaptation to the social environment. ADHD aetiology includes perinatal conditions such as hypoxic-ischaemic events; preclinical studies have demonstrated attentional deficits and impulsive-hyperactive outcomes after neonatal hypoxic and/or ischaemic intervention, but data are missing to understand this relationship. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate executive function (EF) and impulsivity, and tissue integrity and dopaminergic function in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of rats submitted to hypoxia-ischaemia (HI). METHODS At postnatal day (PND) 7, male Wistar rats were divided into control (n = 10) and HI groups (n = 11) and the HI procedure was conducted. At PND60, the animals were tested in the attentional set-shifting (ASS) task to EF and in the tolerance to delay of reward for assessment of impulsivity. After, morphological analysis and the dopaminergic system were evaluated in the PFC. RESULTS Animals subjected to HI had impairments in EF evidenced by a behavioural inflexibility that was correlated to PFC atrophy. Moreover, HI animals presented reduced D2 receptors in the ipsilateral side of ischaemia in the PFC. CONCLUSIONS Animals submitted to HI presented impaired EF associated with tissue atrophy and dopaminergic disturbance in the PFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Maidana Miguel
- a Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS) , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil.,b Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, ICBS , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil
| | - Bruna Ferrary Deniz
- a Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS) , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil.,b Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, ICBS , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil
| | - Iohanna Deckmann
- b Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, ICBS , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil
| | - Heloísa Deola Confortim
- a Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS) , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil.,b Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, ICBS , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil
| | - Ramiro Diaz
- a Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS) , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil.,b Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, ICBS , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil
| | - Daniela Pereira Laureano
- a Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS) , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil
| | - Patrícia Pelufo Silveira
- a Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS) , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil.,c Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Faculdade de Medicina , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil.,d Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health , Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University , Montreal , QC , Canada
| | - Lenir Orlandi Pereira
- a Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS) , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil.,b Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, ICBS , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , RS , Brazil
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35
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Charriaut-Marlangue C, Leconte C, Csaba Z, Chafa L, Pansiot J, Talatizi M, Simon K, Moretti R, Marchand-Leroux C, Baud O, Besson VC. Sex differences in the effects of PARP inhibition on microglial phenotypes following neonatal stroke. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 73:375-389. [PMID: 29852289 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal acute ischemic stroke is a cause of neonatal brain injury that occurs more frequently in males, resulting in associated neurobehavioral disorders. The bases for these sex differences are poorly understood but might include the number, morphology and activation of microglia in the developing brain when subjected to stroke. Interestingly, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibition preferentially protects males against neonatal ischemia. This study aims to examine the effects of PJ34, a PARP inhibitor, on microglial phenotypes at 3 and 8 days and on neurobehavioral disorders in adulthood for both male and female P9 mice subjected to permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAo). PJ34 significantly reduced the lesion size by 78% and reduced the density of CX3CR1gfp-labeled microglial cells by 46% when examined 3 days after pMCAo in male but not in female mice. Eight days after pMCAo, the number of Iba1+/Cox-2+ cells did not differ between male and female mice in the cortical peri-infarct region. In the amygdala, Iba1+/Cox-2+ (M1-like) cell numbers were significantly decreased in PJ34-treated males but not in females. Conversely, Iba1+/Arg-1+ (M2-like) and Arg-1+/Cox-2+ (Mtransitional) cell numbers were significantly increased in PJ34-treated females. Regarding neurobehavioral disorders during adulthood, pMCAo induced a motor coordination deficit and a spatial learning deficit in female mice only. PJ34 prevented MBP fibers, motor coordination and learning disorders during adulthood in female mice. Our data show significant sex differences in the effects of PARP inhibition on microglia phenotypes following neonatal ischemia, associated with improved behavior and myelination during adulthood in females only. Our findings suggest that modulating microglial phenotypes may play key roles in behavior disorders and white matter injury following neonatal stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Charriaut-Marlangue
- U1141 PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hôpital Robert Debré, 48 boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Claire Leconte
- EA4475 - Pharmacologie de la Circulation Cérébrale, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Zsolt Csaba
- U1141 PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hôpital Robert Debré, 48 boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Linda Chafa
- U1141 PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hôpital Robert Debré, 48 boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Julien Pansiot
- U1141 PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hôpital Robert Debré, 48 boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Mustapha Talatizi
- U1141 PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hôpital Robert Debré, 48 boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Kristin Simon
- EA4475 - Pharmacologie de la Circulation Cérébrale, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Raffaella Moretti
- U1141 PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hôpital Robert Debré, 48 boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Catherine Marchand-Leroux
- EA4475 - Pharmacologie de la Circulation Cérébrale, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Baud
- U1141 PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hôpital Robert Debré, 48 boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France; Division of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, Children's University Hospital of Geneva and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Valérie C Besson
- U1141 PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hôpital Robert Debré, 48 boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France; EA4475 - Pharmacologie de la Circulation Cérébrale, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France.
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36
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Sanches EF, Van de Looij Y, Toulotte A, da Silva AR, Romero J, Sizonenko SV. Brain Metabolism Alterations Induced by Pregnancy Swimming Decreases Neurological Impairments Following Neonatal Hypoxia-Ischemia in Very Immature Rats. Front Neurol 2018; 9:480. [PMID: 29988536 PMCID: PMC6026645 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Prematurity, through brain injury and altered development is a major cause of neurological impairments and can result in motor, cognitive and behavioral deficits later in life. Presently, there are no well-established effective therapies for preterm brain injury and the search for new strategies is needed. Intra-uterine environment plays a decisive role in brain maturation and interventions using the gestational window have been shown to influence long-term health in the offspring. In this study, we investigated whether pregnancy swimming can prevent the neurochemical metabolic alterations and damage that result from postnatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HI) in very immature rats. Methods: Female pregnant Wistar rats were divided into swimming (SW) or sedentary (SE) groups. Following a period of adaptation before mating, swimming was performed during the entire gestation. At postnatal day (PND3), rat pups from SW and SE dams had right common carotid artery occluded, followed by systemic hypoxia. At PND4 (24 h after HI), the early neurochemical profile was measured by 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Astrogliosis, apoptosis and neurotrophins protein expression were assessed in the cortex and hippocampus. From PND45, behavioral testing was performed. Diffusion tensor imaging and neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging were used to evaluate brain microstructure and the levels of proteins were quantified. Results: Pregnancy swimming was able to prevent early metabolic changes induced by HI preserving the energetic balance, decreasing apoptotic cell death and astrogliosis as well as maintaining the levels of neurotrophins. At adult age, swimming preserved brain microstructure and improved the performance in the behavioral tests. Conclusion: Our study points out that swimming during gestation in rats could prevent prematurity related brain damage in progeny with high translational potential and possibly interesting cost-benefits. HIGHLIGHTS- Prematurity is a major cause of neurodevelopmental impairments; - Swimming during pregnancy reduces brain damage after HI injury; - Pregnancy is an important but underestimated preventive window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo F Sanches
- Division of Child Development and Growth, Department of Pediatrics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yohan Van de Looij
- Division of Child Development and Growth, Department of Pediatrics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Audrey Toulotte
- Division of Child Development and Growth, Department of Pediatrics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Analina R da Silva
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jacqueline Romero
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stephane V Sizonenko
- Division of Child Development and Growth, Department of Pediatrics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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37
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Netto CA, Sanches EF, Odorcyk F, Duran-Carabali LE, Sizonenko SV. Pregnancy as a valuable period for preventing hypoxia-ischemia brain damage. Int J Dev Neurosci 2018; 70:12-24. [PMID: 29920306 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal brain Hypoxia-Ischemia (HI) is one of the major causes of infant mortality and lifelong neurological disabilities. The knowledge about the physiopathological mechanisms involved in HI lesion have increased in recent years, however these findings have not been translated into clinical practice. Current therapeutic approaches remain limited; hypothermia, used only in term or near-term infants, is the golden standard. Epidemiological evidence shows a link between adverse prenatal conditions and increased risk for diseases, health problems, and psychological outcomes later in life, what makes pregnancy a relevant period for preventing future brain injury. Here, we review experimental literature regarding preventive interventions used during pregnancy, i.e., previous to the HI injury, encompassing pharmacological, nutritional and/or behavioral strategies. Literature review used PubMed database. A total of forty one studies reported protective properties of maternal treatments preventing perinatal hypoxia-ischemia injury in rodents. Pharmacological agents and dietary supplementation showed mainly anti-excitotoxicity, anti-oxidant or anti-apoptotic properties. Interestingly, maternal preconditioning, physical exercise and environmental enrichment seem to engage the same referred mechanisms in order to protect neonatal brain against injury. This construct must be challenged by further studies to clearly define the main mechanisms responsible for neuroprotection to be explored in experimental context, as well as to test their potential in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Netto
- Biochemistry Department, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - E F Sanches
- Biochemistry Department, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - F Odorcyk
- Biochemistry Department, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - L E Duran-Carabali
- Biochemistry Department, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - S V Sizonenko
- Division of Child Development and Growth, Department of Pediatrics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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38
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Disdier C, Chen X, Kim JE, Threlkeld SW, Stonestreet BS. Anti-Cytokine Therapy to Attenuate Ischemic-Reperfusion Associated Brain Injury in the Perinatal Period. Brain Sci 2018; 8:E101. [PMID: 29875342 PMCID: PMC6025309 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci8060101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Perinatal brain injury is a major cause of morbidity and long-standing disability in newborns. Hypothermia is the only therapy approved to attenuate brain injury in the newborn. However, this treatment is unfortunately only partially neuroprotective and can only be used to treat hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in full term infants. Therefore, there is an urgent need for adjunctive therapeutic strategies. Post-ischemic neuro-inflammation is a crucial contributor to the evolution of brain injury in neonates and constitutes a promising therapeutic target. Recently, we demonstrated encouraging neuroprotective capacities of anti-cytokine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in an ischemic-reperfusion (I/R) model of brain injury in the ovine fetus. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current knowledge regarding the inflammatory response in the perinatal sheep brain after I/R injury and to review our recent findings regarding the beneficial effects of treatment with anti-cytokine mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Disdier
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02905, USA.
| | - Xiaodi Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02905, USA.
| | - Jeong-Eun Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02905, USA.
| | | | - Barbara S Stonestreet
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02905, USA.
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39
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Sukhanova IA, Sebentsova EA, Khukhareva DD, Manchenko DM, Glazova NY, Vishnyakova PA, Inozemtseva LS, Dolotov OV, Vysokikh MY, Levitskaya NG. Gender-dependent changes in physical development, BDNF content and GSH redox system in a model of acute neonatal hypoxia in rats. Behav Brain Res 2018; 350:87-98. [PMID: 29753727 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Perinatal hypoxia-ischaemia is one of the leading factors that negatively influence the development of the central nervous system. Our aim was to investigate the effects of sex on the outcomes of acute neonatal hypoxia (ANH) in rat pups. Male and female Wistar rats were exposed to a hypoxic condition (8% oxygen for 120 min) at postnatal day 2 (P2). Immediately after ANH an increase in HIF1-α gene expression was observed in the rat brains, independently of sex. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glutathione peroxidase-4 gene expression was increased in female animals only. Hypoxic pups of both sexes showed a decreased reduced/oxidised glutathione (GSH/GSSG) ratio in the blood and only males had an increased GSH content in the whole brain immediately after hypoxia. Furthermore, an increased BDNF content in the brain was found in both male and female rat pups at 0 h and in serum 4 h after hypoxia, but at 4 h after hypoxia only males had an increased BDNF level in the brain. Only hypoxic males displayed retarded performance in the righting reflex, but in a negative geotaxis test hypoxic pups of both sexes had an increased turnaround time. Moreover, hypoxic female but not male pups demonstrated less weight gain than control littermates for the entire observation period (until P18). These results demonstrate that ANH at P2 leads to both molecular and physiological impairments in a sex-specific manner and the described model could be used to represent mild hypoxic brain damage in very preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iu A Sukhanova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Biology Faculty, Moscow, Russia; Federal State Budget Institution 'Research Centre for Obstetrics Gynaecology and Perinatology' Ministry of Healthcare and Social Development of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.
| | - E A Sebentsova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - D D Khukhareva
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Biology Faculty, Moscow, Russia
| | - D M Manchenko
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Biology Faculty, Moscow, Russia
| | - N Yu Glazova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - P A Vishnyakova
- Federal State Budget Institution 'Research Centre for Obstetrics Gynaecology and Perinatology' Ministry of Healthcare and Social Development of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - L S Inozemtseva
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - O V Dolotov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - M Y Vysokikh
- Federal State Budget Institution 'Research Centre for Obstetrics Gynaecology and Perinatology' Ministry of Healthcare and Social Development of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - N G Levitskaya
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Biology Faculty, Moscow, Russia; Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
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40
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Charriaut-Marlangue C, Besson VC, Baud O. Sexually Dimorphic Outcomes after Neonatal Stroke and Hypoxia-Ischemia. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 19:ijms19010061. [PMID: 29278365 PMCID: PMC5796011 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cohort studies have demonstrated a higher vulnerability in males towards ischemic and/or hypoxic-ischemic injury in infants born near- or full-term. Male sex was also associated with limited brain repair following neonatal stroke and hypoxia-ischemia, leading to increased incidence of long-term cognitive deficits compared to females with similar brain injury. As a result, the design of pre-clinical experiments considering sex as an important variable was supported and investigated because neuroprotective strategies to reduce brain injury demonstrated sexual dimorphism. While the mechanisms underlining these differences between boys and girls remain unclear, several biological processes are recognized to play a key role in long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes: gonadal hormones across developmental stages, vulnerability to oxidative stress, modulation of cell death, and regulation of microglial activation. This review summarizes the current evidence for sex differences in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic and/or ischemic brain injury, considering the major pathways known to be involved in cognitive and behavioral deficits associated with damages of the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Charriaut-Marlangue
- U1141 PROTECT, Inserm, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hôpital Robert Debré, 48 boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France.
| | - Valérie C Besson
- U1141 PROTECT, Inserm, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hôpital Robert Debré, 48 boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France.
- EA4475-Pharmacologie de la Circulation Cérébrale, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 4 Avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France.
| | - Olivier Baud
- U1141 PROTECT, Inserm, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hôpital Robert Debré, 48 boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France.
- Division of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, Children's University Hospital of Geneva and University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland.
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41
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Gong W, Qie S, Huang P, Xi J. Protective Effect of miR-374a on Chemical Hypoxia-Induced Damage of PC12 Cells In Vitro via the GADD45α/JNK Signaling Pathway. Neurochem Res 2017; 43:581-590. [PMID: 29247275 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2452-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
To explore the effect of microRNA-374a (miR-374a) on chemical hypoxia-induced pheochromocytoma (PC12) cell damage by mediating growth arrest and the DNA damage-45 alpha (GADD45α)/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway. PC12 cells were divided into a Control group (no treatment), Model group (treated with CoCl2 for 24 h), negative control (NC) group (transfected with miR-374a negative control sequence and treated with CoCl2 for 24 h), and miR-374a mimic group (transfected with miR-374a mimics and treated with CoCl2 for 24 h). The viability and apoptosis of PC12 cells were determined by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and flow cytometry, while the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) content were assessed by Rh123 and dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) methods. The expression of miR-374a and GADD45α/JNK proteins was detected using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot. A significant decrease was found in the survival rate, MMP and miR-374a expression, while an increase was shown in the ROS content and GADD45α and p-JNK expression in hypoxic PC12 cells (all P < 0.05). A luciferase reporter gene assay demonstrated that GADD45α is the target gene of miR-374a. When transfected with miR-374a mimics, hypoxic PC12 cells showed an obvious elevation in survival rate and MMP but a great reduction in cell apoptosis and ROS content, as well as in the expression of GADD45α and p-JNK proteins (all P < 0.05). MiR-374a can protect PC12 cells against hypoxia-induced injury by inhibiting the GADD45α/JNK pathway, enhancing cell viability, suppressing oxidative stress, and inhibiting cell apoptosis, thereby becoming a potential therapeutic target for hypoxic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Gong
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Xixiazhuang, Badachu Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100144, China
| | - Shuyan Qie
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Xixiazhuang, Badachu Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100144, China
| | - Peiling Huang
- Beijing Rehabilitation Medicine Academy, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Jianing Xi
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Xixiazhuang, Badachu Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100144, China.
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42
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Sanches EF, Durán-Carabali LE, Tosta A, Nicola F, Schmitz F, Rodrigues A, Siebert C, Wyse A, Netto C. Pregnancy swimming causes short- and long-term neuroprotection against hypoxia-ischemia in very immature rats. Pediatr Res 2017; 82:544-553. [PMID: 28426648 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2017.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundHypoxia-ischemia (HI) is a major cause of neurological damage in preterm newborn. Swimming during pregnancy alters the offspring's brain development. We tested the effects of swimming during pregnancy in the very immature rat brain.MethodsFemale Wistar rats (n=12) were assigned to the sedentary (SE, n=6) or the swimming (SW, n=6) group. From gestational day 0 (GD0) to GD21 the rats in the SW group were made to swim for 20 min/day. HI on postnatal day (PND) 3 rats caused sensorimotor and cognitive impairments. Animals were distributed into SE sham (SESH), sedentary HIP3 (SEHI), swimming sham (SWSH), and swimming HIP3 (SWHI) groups. At PND4 and PND5, Na+/K+-ATPase activity and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels were assessed. During lactation and adulthood, neurological reflexes, sensorimotor, anxiety-related, and cognitive evaluations were made, followed by histological assessment at PND60.ResultsAt early stages, swimming caused an increase in hippocampal BDNF levels and in the maintenance of Na+/K+-ATPase function in the SWHI group. The SWHI group showed smaller lesions and the preservation of white matter tracts. SEHI animals showed a delay in reflex maturation, which was reverted in the SWHI group. HIP3 induced spatial memory deficits and hypomyelination in SEHI rats, which was reverted in the SWHI group.ConclusionSwimming during pregnancy neuroprotected the brains against HI in very immature neonatal rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Farias Sanches
- Post-Graduation Program of Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luz Elena Durán-Carabali
- Post-Graduation Program of Phisiology, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Andrea Tosta
- Department of Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Nicola
- Post-Graduation Program of Neurosciences, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Felipe Schmitz
- Post-Graduation Program of Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - André Rodrigues
- Post-Graduation Program of Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Cassiana Siebert
- Post-Graduation Program of Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Angela Wyse
- Department of Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carlos Netto
- Department of Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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43
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Odorcyk F, Nicola F, Duran‐Carabali L, Figueiró F, Kolling J, Vizuete A, Konrath E, Gonçalves C, Wyse A, Netto C. Galantamine administration reduces reactive astrogliosis and upregulates the anti‐oxidant enzyme catalase in rats submitted to neonatal hypoxia ischemia. Int J Dev Neurosci 2017; 62:15-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- F.K. Odorcyk
- Post‐graduation Program of NeurosciencesInstituto de Ciências Básicas da SaúdeUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulBrazil
| | - F. Nicola
- Post‐graduation Program of NeurosciencesInstituto de Ciências Básicas da SaúdeUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulBrazil
| | - L.E. Duran‐Carabali
- Post‐graduation Program of Physiology, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulBrazil
| | - F. Figueiró
- Department of BiochemistryInstituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreRSBrazil
| | - J. Kolling
- Department of BiochemistryInstituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreRSBrazil
| | - A. Vizuete
- Department of BiochemistryInstituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreRSBrazil
| | - E.L. Konrath
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreRSBrazil
| | - C.A. Gonçalves
- Department of BiochemistryInstituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreRSBrazil
| | - A.T.S. Wyse
- Department of BiochemistryInstituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreRSBrazil
| | - C.A. Netto
- Department of BiochemistryInstituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreRSBrazil
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Linden R. The Biological Function of the Prion Protein: A Cell Surface Scaffold of Signaling Modules. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:77. [PMID: 28373833 PMCID: PMC5357658 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The prion glycoprotein (PrPC) is mostly located at the cell surface, tethered to the plasma membrane through a glycosyl-phosphatydil inositol (GPI) anchor. Misfolding of PrPC is associated with the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), whereas its normal conformer serves as a receptor for oligomers of the β-amyloid peptide, which play a major role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). PrPC is highly expressed in both the nervous and immune systems, as well as in other organs, but its functions are controversial. Extensive experimental work disclosed multiple physiological roles of PrPC at the molecular, cellular and systemic levels, affecting the homeostasis of copper, neuroprotection, stem cell renewal and memory mechanisms, among others. Often each such process has been heralded as the bona fide function of PrPC, despite restricted attention paid to a selected phenotypic trait, associated with either modulation of gene expression or to the engagement of PrPC with a single ligand. In contrast, the GPI-anchored prion protein was shown to bind several extracellular and transmembrane ligands, which are required to endow that protein with the ability to play various roles in transmembrane signal transduction. In addition, differing sets of those ligands are available in cell type- and context-dependent scenarios. To account for such properties, we proposed that PrPC serves as a dynamic platform for the assembly of signaling modules at the cell surface, with widespread consequences for both physiology and behavior. The current review advances the hypothesis that the biological function of the prion protein is that of a cell surface scaffold protein, based on the striking similarities of its functional properties with those of scaffold proteins involved in the organization of intracellular signal transduction pathways. Those properties are: the ability to recruit spatially restricted sets of binding molecules involved in specific signaling; mediation of the crosstalk of signaling pathways; reciprocal allosteric regulation with binding partners; compartmentalized responses; dependence of signaling properties upon posttranslational modification; and stoichiometric requirements and/or oligomerization-dependent impact on signaling. The scaffold concept may contribute to novel approaches to the development of effective treatments to hitherto incurable neurodegenerative diseases, through informed modulation of prion protein-ligand interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Linden
- Laboratory of Neurogenesis, Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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45
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Netto CA, Sanches E, Odorcyk FK, Duran-Carabali LE, Weis SN. Sex-dependent consequences of neonatal brain hypoxia-ischemia in the rat. J Neurosci Res 2016; 95:409-421. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Alexandre Netto
- Department of Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - Eduardo Sanches
- Division of Child Development and Growth, Department of Pediatrics; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Felipe Kawa Odorcyk
- Postgraduate Program of Neurosciences, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - Luz Elena Duran-Carabali
- Postgraduate Program of Physiology, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - Simone Nardin Weis
- Department of Cellular Biology; Universidade de Brasília; Brasilia Distrito Federal Brazil
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46
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Durán-Carabali LE, Sanches EF, Marques MR, Aristimunha D, Pagnussat A, Netto CA. Longer hypoxia-ischemia periods to neonatal rats causes motor impairments and muscular changes. Neuroscience 2016; 340:291-298. [PMID: 27826103 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.10.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Prematurity and hypoxia-ischemia (HI) can lead to movement disorders in infants. Considering that mild-moderate HI induced at postnatal day (PND) 3 has failed to produce motor disabilities similar to those seen in pre-term newborns, the main goal of the present study was to verify whether longer hypoxia periods would mimic motor function impairment, brain and muscle morphological alterations. Forty-nine Wistar rat pups of both sexes were randomly assigned to surgical control (CG) and HI groups. HI animals were submitted to the Levine-Rice model at PND 3, and exposed to 120 (HI-120'), 180 (HI-180') or 210 (HI-210') minutes of hypoxia (FiO2: 0.08). Sensorimotor function was assessed as from PND 35-45, by means of grasping strength, adhesive removal, cylinder and ladder walking tests. Histological staining was used to quantify the striatal volume and the cross-sectional area (CSA) of skeletal muscles. Cylinder and adhesive removal test evidenced that HI-180' and HI-210' groups had asymmetrical use of the forepaws when compared to controls. HI animals showed a decrease in the step placement quality and an increase in step errors when compared to CG (P⩽0.05). Reduction in striatal volume correlates with behavioral assessment, HI-180' and HI-210' groups presented lower biceps brachii and tibialis anterior CSA. These results show that rats exposed to longer hypoxic periods at PND3 have encephalic and sensorimotor impairments that mimic those observed in preterm infants. Morphological changes in muscle tissue evidence a new pathophysiological characteristic of the HI model that might be of relevance for the study of sensorimotor deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Durán-Carabali
- Post-graduation Program of Physiology, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - E F Sanches
- Post-graduation Program of Neuroscience, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (UFRGS), RS, Brazil
| | - M R Marques
- Post-graduation Program of Neuroscience, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (UFRGS), RS, Brazil
| | - D Aristimunha
- Post-graduation Program of Neuroscience, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (UFRGS), RS, Brazil
| | - A Pagnussat
- Rehabilitation Sciences Graduate Program, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Brazil
| | - C A Netto
- Post-graduation Program of Physiology, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Post-graduation Program of Neuroscience, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (UFRGS), RS, Brazil
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47
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Marcelino TB, de Lemos Rodrigues PI, Klein CP, Santos BGD, Miguel PM, Netto CA, Silva LOP, Matté C. Behavioral benefits of maternal swimming are counteracted by neonatal hypoxia-ischemia in the offspring. Behav Brain Res 2016; 312:30-8. [PMID: 27283975 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-ischemia (HI) represents one of the most common causes of neonatal encephalopathy. The central nervous system injury comprises several mechanisms, including inflammatory, excitotoxicity, and redox homeostasis unbalance leading to cell death and cognitive impairment. Exercise during pregnancy is a potential therapeutic tool due to benefits offered to mother and fetus. Swimming during pregnancy elicits a strong metabolic programming in the offspring's brain, evidenced by increased antioxidant enzymes, mitochondrial biogenesis, and neurogenesis. This article aims to evaluate whether the benefits of maternal exercise are able to prevent behavioral brain injury caused by neonatal HI. Female adult Wistar rats swam before and during pregnancy (30min/day, 5 days/week, 4 weeks). At 7(th) day after birth, the offspring was submitted to HI protocol and, in adulthood (60(th) day), it performed the behavioral tests. It was observed an increase in motor activity in the open field test in HI-rats, which was not prevented by maternal exercise. The rats subjected to maternal swimming presented an improved long-term memory in the object recognition task, which was totally reversed by neonatal HI encephalopathy. BDNF brain levels were not altered; suggesting that HI or maternal exercise effects were BDNF-independent. In summary, our data suggest a beneficial long-term effect of maternal swimming, despite not being robust enough to protect from HI injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Beltram Marcelino
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, ICBS Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Caroline Peres Klein
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, ICBS Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Gindri Dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, ICBS Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Maidana Miguel
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Neurociências, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alexandre Netto
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, ICBS Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas de Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Neurociências, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lenir Orlandi Pereira Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Neurociências, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Matté
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, ICBS Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas de Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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48
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Rumajogee P, Bregman T, Miller SP, Yager JY, Fehlings MG. Rodent Hypoxia-Ischemia Models for Cerebral Palsy Research: A Systematic Review. Front Neurol 2016; 7:57. [PMID: 27199883 PMCID: PMC4843764 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2016.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a complex multifactorial disorder, affecting approximately 2.5-3/1000 live term births, and up to 22/1000 prematurely born babies. CP results from injury to the developing brain incurred before, during, or after birth. The most common form of this condition, spastic CP, is primarily associated with injury to the cerebral cortex and subcortical white matter as well as the deep gray matter. The major etiological factors of spastic CP are hypoxia/ischemia (HI), occurring during the last third of pregnancy and around birth age. In addition, inflammation has been found to be an important factor contributing to brain injury, especially in term infants. Other factors, including genetics, are gaining importance. The classic Rice-Vannucci HI model (in which 7-day-old rat pups undergo unilateral ligation of the common carotid artery followed by exposure to 8% oxygen hypoxic air) is a model of neonatal stroke that has greatly contributed to CP research. In this model, brain damage resembles that observed in severe CP cases. This model, and its numerous adaptations, allows one to finely tune the injury parameters to mimic, and therefore study, many of the pathophysiological processes and conditions observed in human patients. Investigators can recreate the HI and inflammation, which cause brain damage and subsequent motor and cognitive deficits. This model further enables the examination of potential approaches to achieve neural repair and regeneration. In the present review, we compare and discuss the advantages, limitations, and the translational value for CP research of HI models of perinatal brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakasham Rumajogee
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network , Toronto, ON , Canada
| | - Tatiana Bregman
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network , Toronto, ON , Canada
| | - Steven P Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children , Toronto, ON , Canada
| | - Jerome Y Yager
- Division of Pediatric Neurosciences, Stollery Children's Hospital, University of Alberta , Edmonton, AB , Canada
| | - Michael G Fehlings
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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