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Zhao FF, Yao SQ, Wang Y, Li TP, Yang JF, Pang CP, Cen LP. Bilateral retinal nerve fiber layer thickness reduction in a 9-year-old myopic boy suffering from unilateral optic neuritis: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2023; 11:6806-6811. [PMID: 37900998 PMCID: PMC10600838 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i28.6806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this paper, we present a 9-year-old boy who demonstrates a complex interplay between myopia progression, axial length (AL) extension, and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness loss in both eyes. Additionally, concurrent optic neuritis has directly impacted RNFL thickness in his right eye, and its potential indirect influence on RNFL and macular ganglion cell layer (mGCL) thickness in his left eye is also noteworthy. CASE SUMMARY A 9-year-old boy with bilateral myopia presented with diminished vision and pain in his right eye due to optic neuritis, while his left eye showed pseudopapilledema. Steroid therapy improved his vision in the right eye, and 16-mo follow-up revealed recovery without recurrence despite myopia progression. Follow-up optical coherence tomography conducted 16 mo later revealed a notable thinning of the RNFL in both eyes, especially along with a reduction in mGCL thickness in the left eye. This intricate interaction between optic neuritis, myopia, and retinal changes underscores the need for comprehensive management, highlighting potential long-term visual implications in young patients. CONCLUSION The progression of myopia and AL extension led to the loss of RNFL thickness in both eyes in a 9-year-old boy. Concurrently, optic neuritis directly affected RNFL thickness in his right eye and may indirectly play a role in the thickness of RNFL and mGCL in his left eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Fang Zhao
- Department of Medical Retina and Neuro-ophthalmology, Joint Shantou International Eye Centre of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shi-Qi Yao
- Department of Medical Retina and Neuro-ophthalmology, Joint Shantou International Eye Centre of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Medical Retina and Neuro-ophthalmology, Joint Shantou International Eye Centre of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Tai-Ping Li
- Department of Medical Retina and Neuro-ophthalmology, Joint Shantou International Eye Centre of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jian-Feng Yang
- Department of Medical Retina and Neuro-ophthalmology, Joint Shantou International Eye Centre of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chi-Pui Pang
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Ling-Ping Cen
- Department of Medical Retina and Neuro-ophthalmology, Joint Shantou International Eye Centre of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
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Retinal Ganglion Cells: Global Number, Density and Vulnerability to Glaucomatous Injury in Common Laboratory Mice. Cells 2022; 11:cells11172689. [PMID: 36078097 PMCID: PMC9454702 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
How many RBPMS+ retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) does a standard C57BL/6 laboratory mouse have on average and is this number substrain- or sex-dependent? Do RGCs of (European) C57BL/6J and -N mice show a different intrinsic vulnerability upon glaucomatous injury? Global RGC numbers and densities of common laboratory mice were previously determined via axon counts, retrograde tracing or BRN3A immunohistochemistry. Here, we report the global RGC number and density by exploiting the freely available tool RGCode to automatically count RGC numbers and densities on entire retinal wholemounts immunostained for the pan-RGC marker RBPMS. The intrinsic vulnerability of RGCs from different substrains to glaucomatous injury was evaluated upon introduction of the microbead occlusion model, followed by RBPMS counts, retrograde tracing and electroretinography five weeks post-injury. We demonstrate that the global RGC number and density varies between substrains, yet is not sex-dependent. C57BL/6J mice have on average 46K ± 2K RBPMS+ RGCs per retina, representing a global RGC density of 3268 ± 177 RGCs/mm2. C57BL/6N mice, on the other hand, have on average less RBPMS+ RGCs (41K ± 3K RGCs) and a lower density (3018 ± 189 RGCs/mm2). The vulnerability of the RGC population of the two C57BL/6 substrains to glaucomatous injury did, however, not differ in any of the interrogated parameters.
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Lucas-Ruiz F, Galindo-Romero C, Albaladejo-García V, Vidal-Sanz M, Agudo-Barriuso M. Mechanisms implicated in the contralateral effect in the central nervous system after unilateral injury: focus on the visual system. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:2125-2131. [PMID: 33818483 PMCID: PMC8354113 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.310670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The retina, as part of the central nervous system is an ideal model to study the response of neurons to injury and disease and to test new treatments. During the last decade is becoming clear that unilateral lesions in bilateral areas of the central nervous system trigger an inflammatory response in the contralateral uninjured site. This effect has been better studied in the visual system where, as a rule, one retina is used as experimental and the other as control. Contralateral retinas in unilateral models of retinal injury show neuronal degeneration and glial activation. The mechanisms by which this adverse response in the central nervous system occurs are discussed in this review, focusing primarily on the visual system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Lucas-Ruiz
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIBArrixaca) Murcia, Spain
| | - Caridad Galindo-Romero
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIBArrixaca) Murcia, Spain
| | - Virginia Albaladejo-García
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIBArrixaca) Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIBArrixaca) Murcia, Spain
| | - Marta Agudo-Barriuso
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIBArrixaca) Murcia, Spain
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4
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Yang P, Chen L, Shi Y, Zhou F, Tian H, Li J, Gao L. Progesterone alters the activation and typing of the microglia in the optic nerve crush model. Exp Eye Res 2021; 212:108805. [PMID: 34699875 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Microglia have a protective effect on the central nervous system (CNS), but their over-proliferation can cause secondary injury to the retina following optic nerve crush (ONC). Progesterone as a steroid gonadal hormone has been used in some experimental animal models for its neuroprotective effect. However, there is limited attention on the interactions between progesterone and microglia in retinal diseases. This study investigated the proliferation, morphology changes, and cell types of microglia at 3 days and 7 days after ONC. We found that progesterone treatment in unilateral optic nerve injury mice significantly reduced densities and morphological change of microglia at 7 days in the ganglion cell layer (GCL), especially in the retinal central. Inhibition of the microglia proliferation and transformation of ramified microglia into ameboid macrophages also appeared in the inner plexiform layer (IPL). Moreover, progesterone also regulated the TNF signal pathway, which was similar to the specific elimination of the M1 phenotype. M1 marks such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), inducible NOS(iNOS), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and Fc receptor (CD16 and CD32) significantly downregulated by progesterone treatment whether at 3 days or 7 days after ONC. On the other hand, progesterone continuously increased the expression of the M2 marks, including interleukin-4 (IL-4), arginase 1 (Arg1), and mannose receptor (CD206) since the third day, while the expression levels of transforming growth factor (TGF-β) only increased at 7 days. In general, this study elucidated the mechanism that progesterone prevented further damage on the retina by inhibiting proliferation, activation, and changing the type of microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Linchi Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yongpeng Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Fangfang Zhou
- College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China
| | - Huanbing Tian
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jiande Li
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Lan Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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5
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Simons ES, Smith MA, Dengler-Crish CM, Crish SD. Retinal ganglion cell loss and gliosis in the retinofugal projection following intravitreal exposure to amyloid-beta. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 147:105146. [PMID: 33122075 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathological accumulations of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide are found in retina early in Alzheimer's disease, yet its effects on retinal neuronal structure remain unknown. To investigate this, we injected fibrillized Aβ1-42 protein into the eye of adult C57BL/6 J mice and analyzed the retina, optic nerve (ON), and the superior colliculus (SC), the primary retinal target in mice. We found that retinal Aβ exposure stimulated microglial activation and retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss as early as 1-week post-injection. Pathology was not limited to the retina, but propagated into other areas of the central nervous system. Microgliosis spread throughout the retinal projection (retina, ON, and SC), with multiplex protein quantitation demonstrating an increase in endogenously produced Aβ in the ON and SC corresponding to the injected retinas. Surprisingly, this pathology spread to the opposite side, with unilateral Aβ eye injections driving increased Aβ levels, neuroinflammation, and RGC death in the opposite, un-injected retinal projection. As Aβ-mediated microglial activation has been shown to propagate Aβ pathology, we also investigated the role of the Aβ-binding microglial scavenger receptor CD36 in this pathology. Transgenic mice lacking the CD36 receptor were resistant to Aβ-induced inflammation and RGC death up to 2 weeks following exposure. These results indicate that Aβ pathology drives regional neuropathology in the retina and does not remain isolated to the affected eye, but spreads throughout the nervous system. Further, CD36 may serve as a promising target to prevent Aβ-mediated inflammatory damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Simons
- Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, United States; Kent State Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Kent, OH 44240, United States
| | - M A Smith
- Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, United States; Kent State Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Kent, OH 44240, United States; Akron Children's Hospital, Rebecca D. Considine Research Institute, Akron, OH 44302, United States
| | - C M Dengler-Crish
- Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, United States; Kent State Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Kent, OH 44240, United States
| | - S D Crish
- Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, United States; Kent State Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Kent, OH 44240, United States.
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Hannon BG, Feola AJ, Gerberich BG, Read AT, Prausnitz MR, Ethier CR, Pardue MT. Using retinal function to define ischemic exclusion criteria for animal models of glaucoma. Exp Eye Res 2020; 202:108354. [PMID: 33171192 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Most animal models of glaucoma rely on induction of ocular hypertension (OHT), yet such models can suffer from high IOPs leading to undesirable retinal ischemia. Thus, animals with IOPs exceeding a threshold (e.g. > 60 mmHg) are often excluded from studies. However, due to the intermittent nature of IOP measurements, this approach may fail to detect ischemia. Conversely, it may also inappropriately eliminate animals with IOP spikes that do not induce ischemic damage. It is known that acute ischemia selectively impairs inner retinal function, which results in a reduced b-wave amplitude. Here, we explore the potential of using electroretinography (ERG) to detect ischemic damage in OHT eyes. 74 Brown Norway rats received a unilateral injection of magnetic microbeads to induce OHT, while contralateral eyes served as controls. IOP was measured every 2-3 days for 14 days after microbead injection. Retinal function was evaluated using dark-adapted bright flash ERG (2.1 log cd•s/m2) prior to, and at 7 and 14 days after, injection. We investigated two criteria for excluding animals: (IOP Criterion) a single IOP measurement > 60 mmHg; or (ERG Criterion) a b-wave amplitude below the 99.5% confidence interval for naïve eyes. 49 of 74 rats passed both criteria, 7 of 74 failed both, and 18 passed one criterion but not the other. We suggest that ERG testing can detect unwelcome ischemic damage in animal models of OHT. Since brief IOP spikes do not necessarily lead to ischemic retinal damage, and because extended periods of elevated IOP can be missed, such ERG-based criteria may provide more objective and robust exclusion criteria in future glaucoma studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey G Hannon
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Andrew J Feola
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta Veteran Affairs Healthcare System, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Brandon G Gerberich
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - A Thomas Read
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta Veteran Affairs Healthcare System, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mark R Prausnitz
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - C Ross Ethier
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Machelle T Pardue
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta Veteran Affairs Healthcare System, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Cooper ML, Pasini S, Lambert WS, D'Alessandro KB, Yao V, Risner ML, Calkins DJ. Redistribution of metabolic resources through astrocyte networks mitigates neurodegenerative stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:18810-18821. [PMID: 32690710 PMCID: PMC7414143 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2009425117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the central nervous system, glycogen-derived bioenergetic resources in astrocytes help promote tissue survival in response to focal neuronal stress. However, our understanding of the extent to which these resources are mobilized and utilized during neurodegeneration, especially in nearby regions that are not actively degenerating, remains incomplete. Here we modeled neurodegeneration in glaucoma, the world's leading cause of irreversible blindness, and measured how metabolites mobilize through astrocyte gap junctions composed of connexin 43 (Cx43). We elevated intraocular pressure in one eye and determined how astrocyte-derived metabolites in the contralateral optic projection responded. Remarkably, astrocyte networks expand and redistribute metabolites along distances even 10 mm in length, donating resources from the unstressed to the stressed projection in response to intraocular pressure elevation. While resource donation improves axon function and visual acuity in the directly stressed region, it renders the donating tissue susceptible to bioenergetic, structural, and physiological degradation. Intriguingly, when both projections are stressed in a WT animal, axon function and visual acuity equilibrate between the two projections even when each projection is stressed for a different length of time. This equilibration does not occur when Cx43 is not present. Thus, Cx43-mediated astrocyte metabolic networks serve as an endogenous mechanism used to mitigate bioenergetic stress and distribute the impact of neurodegenerative disease processes. Redistribution ultimately renders the donating optic nerve vulnerable to further metabolic stress, which could explain why local neurodegeneration does not remain confined, but eventually impacts healthy regions of the brain more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa L Cooper
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville TN 37232-0654
| | - Silvia Pasini
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville TN 37232-0654
| | - Wendi S Lambert
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville TN 37232-0654
| | - Karis B D'Alessandro
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville TN 37232-0654
| | - Vincent Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville TN 37232-0654
| | - Michael L Risner
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville TN 37232-0654
| | - David J Calkins
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville TN 37232-0654
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Lestak J, Haninec P, Kyncl M, Tintera J. Optic nerve sheath meningioma-findings in the contralateral optic nerve tract: A case report. Mol Clin Oncol 2020; 12:411-414. [PMID: 32257196 PMCID: PMC7087475 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2020.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to observe visual pathway changes on the contralateral side in optic nerve sheath meningioma (ONSM). The authors present a case report of a 43-year-old patient with OfNSM on the right side. A complex ophthalmic examination was performed, including an assessment of visual functions, an electrophysiology examination and functional and structural MRI examinations. Visual acuity of the right eye after ONSM remained with no light perception, while that of the left side was normal. The visual field of the left eye was normal as was colour perception. An electrophysiology examination using a pattern electroretinogram revealed low amplitude values in the right eye. In the left eye, the finding was at the lower limit of normal results. The pattern visual evoked potential exhibited a bilateral lesion with a larger decrease in response after stimulation of the right eye. The structural MRI revealed intraorbital atrophy of the optic nerve on the right side throughout the whole course, which was accompanied by atrophy of the right half of the optic chiasm. Functional magnetic resonance imaging revealed zero activity after stimulation of the right eye and decreased activity in the visual centre after stimulation of the left eye. The present study demonstrated that unilateral damage to the optic nerve in ONSM is accompanied by significant changes on the contralateral side of the optic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Lestak
- JL Clinic, Prague 15800, Czech Republic.,Czech Technical University of Prague, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Kladno 27201, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Haninec
- Department of Neurosurgery, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Teaching Hospital Královské Vinohrady, Prague 10034, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kyncl
- JL Clinic, Prague 15800, Czech Republic.,Department of Radiology, Second Medical Faculty Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague 15006, Czech Republic
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Neuronal Death in the Contralateral Un-Injured Retina after Unilateral Axotomy: Role of Microglial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225733. [PMID: 31731684 PMCID: PMC6888632 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
For years it has been known that unilateral optic nerve lesions induce a bilateral response that causes an inflammatory and microglial response in the contralateral un-injured retinas. Whether this contralateral response involves retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss is still unknown. We have analyzed the population of RGCs and the expression of several genes in both retinas of pigmented mice after a unilateral axotomy performed close to the optic nerve head (0.5 mm), or the furthest away that the optic nerve can be accessed intraorbitally in mice (2 mm). In both retinas, RGC-specific genes were down-regulated, whereas caspase 3 was up-regulated. In the contralateral retinas, there was a significant loss of 15% of RGCs that did not progress further and that occurred earlier when the axotomy was performed at 2 mm, that is, closer to the contralateral retina. Finally, the systemic treatment with minocycline, a tetracycline antibiotic that selectively inhibits microglial cells, or with meloxicam, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, rescued RGCs in the contralateral but not in the injured retina. In conclusion, a unilateral optic nerve axotomy triggers a bilateral response that kills RGCs in the un-injured retina, a death that is controlled by anti-inflammatory and anti-microglial treatments. Thus, contralateral retinas should not be used as controls.
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Andries L, De Groef L, Moons L. Neuroinflammation and Optic Nerve Regeneration: Where Do We Stand in Elucidating Underlying Cellular and Molecular Players? Curr Eye Res 2019; 45:397-409. [PMID: 31567007 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2019.1669664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases and central nervous system (CNS) trauma are highly irreversible, in part because adult mammals lack a robust regenerative capacity. A multifactorial problem underlies the limited axonal regeneration potential. Strikingly, neuroinflammation seems able to induce axonal regrowth in the adult mammalian CNS. It is increasingly clear that both blood-borne and resident inflammatory cells as well as reactivated glial cells affect axonal regeneration. The scope of this review is to give a comprehensive overview of the knowledge that links inflammation (with a focus on the innate immune system) to axonal regeneration and to critically reflect on the controversy that still prevails about the cells, molecules and pathways that are dominating the scene. Also, a brief overview is given of what is already known about the crosstalk between and the heterogeneity of cell types that might play a role in axonal regeneration. Recent research indicates that inflammation-induced axonal regrowth is not solely driven by a single-cell population but probably relies on the crosstalk between multiple cell types and the strong regulation of these cell populations in time and space. Moreover, there is growing evidence that the different cell populations are highly heterogeneous and as such can react differently upon injury. This could explain the controversial results that have been obtained over the past years. The primary focus of this manuscript is the retinofugal system of adult mammals, however, when relevant, insights or examples of the spontaneous regenerating zebrafish model and spinal cord research are added.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lien Andries
- Department of Biology, Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lies De Groef
- Department of Biology, Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieve Moons
- Department of Biology, Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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11
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Lestak J, Kalvodova B, Karel I, Tintera J. Functional magnetic resonance imaging following epimacular and internal limiting membrane peeling - ipsilateral and contralateral findings. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2019; 164:273-276. [PMID: 31558847 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2019.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to find out whether peeling of the epimacular membrane (EMM) and internal limiting membrane (ILM) for symptomatic lamellar macular hole (LMH), causes impairment of the visual cortex. PATIENTS AND METHODS This pilot study consisted of 8 eyes of 4 patients (2 females and 2 males), mean age 69.25 years (60-83 years), who underwent pars plana vitrectomy and EMM and ILM peeling in one eye for lamellar macular hole The second eye remained intact. The patients had no other ophthalmological or neurological disease. The control group consisted of 20 eyes of 10 healthy people (8 females and 2 males). mean age 52 years (34-65 years). In all of them, we performed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of the brain to the visual paradigm (black and white chessboard of 25.8 x 16.2 degrees in size), as well as in patients 3-4 years following the surgery. For statistical processing, we used ANOVA and multiple regression for adjustment for the age of patients. RESULTS In all patients, we recorded a decrease in fMRI activity of the brain following stimulation of the eye in which surgical intervention was performed. The fMRI values using ANOVA (without adjustment for age) were significantly different between groups (P<0.001). Following adjustment for age and the use of multiple regression, the fMRI values in the operated eyes were lower by 4142.39 vs the control eyes. In the group of unoperated eyes, the fMRI values were lower by 2807.39 vs the control eyes. Therefore, the results did not differ very much from the results without adjustment. CONCLUSION In patients with symptomatic partial macular defect following EMM and ILM peeling, we recorded a significant decrease of the fMRI activity of the brain following stimulation of the operated eye, compared to the control group. We also found a decrease in activity in fMRI following stimulation of the contralateral eye. These findings lead us to the conclusion that EMM and ILM peeling may cause secondary impairment of the visual centres in the brain, not only on the side of the surgical intervention, but also on the contralateral side.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Lestak
- Eye Clinic, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Bohdana Kalvodova
- Eye Clinic, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Karel
- Eye Clinic, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Tintera
- Eye Clinic, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic
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12
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Transfer of the Experimental Autoimmune Glaucoma Model from Rats to Mice-New Options to Study Glaucoma Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102563. [PMID: 31137749 PMCID: PMC6566658 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have suggested an involvement of the immune system in glaucoma. Hence, a rat experimental autoimmune glaucoma model (EAG) was developed to investigate the role of the immune response. Here, we transferred this model into mice. Either 0.8 mg/mL of the optic nerve antigen homogenate (ONA; ONA 0.8) or 1.0 mg/mL ONA (ONA 1.0) were injected in 129/Sv mice. Controls received sodium chloride. Before and 6 weeks after immunization, the intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured. At 6 weeks, retinal neurons, glia cells, and synapses were analyzed via immunohistology and quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). Additionally, optic nerves were examined. The IOP stayed in the normal physiological range throughout the study (p > 0.05). A significant reduction of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) was noted in both immunized groups (p < 0.001). Remodeling of glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses was seen in ONA 1.0 retinas. Furthermore, both ONA groups revealed optic nerve degeneration and macrogliosis (all: p < 0.001). An increase of activated microglia was noted in ONA retinas and optic nerves (p < 0.05). Both ONA concentrations led to RGC loss and optic nerve degeneration. Therefore, the EAG model was successfully transferred from rats to mice. In further studies, transgenic knockout mice can be used to investigate the pathomechanisms of glaucoma more precisely.
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Kyncl M, Lestak J, Tintera J, Haninec P. Traumatic optic neuropathy-a contralateral finding: A case report. Exp Ther Med 2019; 17:4244-4248. [PMID: 31007755 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study demonstrates alterations of the contralateral side optic tract to an optic nerve traumatic lesion. Visual acuity of the right eye following Traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) remained at 0 following the injury. Electrophysiological examination using pattern electroretinogram revealed values reduced by 50% in the right eye compared with the left eye. Pattern visual-evoked potential evaluation indicated a bilateral lesion with a higher decrease following right eye stimulation. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed right optic nerve atrophy. Functional magnetic resonance imaging indicated decreased activity of the visual centre during left eye stimulation. The present study revealed contralateral visual tract alterations following unilateral injury, and hypothesize that the ganglion cells of the retina respond initially to glial activation. These changes are, in our view, followed by changes in the visual pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kyncl
- JL Clinic, 15800 Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Radiology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Motol University Hospital, 15006 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Lestak
- JL Clinic, 15800 Prague, Czech Republic.,Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, 27201 Kladno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Pavel Haninec
- Department of Neurosurgery, 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Teaching Hospital Královské Vinohrady, 10034 Prague, Czech Republic
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Huang XR, Kong W, Qiao J. Response of the Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Reflectance and Thickness to Optic Nerve Crush. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2018; 59:2094-2103. [PMID: 29677373 PMCID: PMC5912800 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-23148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To study the effects of acute optic nerve damage on the reflectance of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and to compare the time courses of changes of RNFL reflectance and thickness. Methods A rat model of optic nerve crush (ONC) was compared with previously studied normal retinas. The reflectance and thickness of the RNFL were studied at 1 to 5 weeks after ONC. Reflectance spectra from 400 to 830 nm were measured for eyes with ONC, their contralateral untreated eyes, and eyes with sham surgery. Directional reflectance was studied by varying the angle of light incidence. RNFL thickness was measured by confocal microscopy. Results After ONC, the RNFL reflectance remained directional. At 1 week, RNFL reflectance decreased significantly at all wavelengths (P < 0.001), whereas there was no significant change in RNFL thickness (P = 0.739). At 2 weeks, both RNFL reflectance and thickness decreased significantly, and by 5 weeks they declined to approximately 40% and 30%, respectively, of the normal values. Although RNFL reflectance decreased at all wavelengths, there was a greater reduction at short wavelengths. Spectral shape at long wavelengths was similar to the normal. Some of these changes were also found in the contralateral untreated eyes, but none of these changes were found in eyes with sham surgery. Conclusions Decrease of RNFL reflectance after ONC occurs prior to thinning of the RNFL and the decrease is more prominent at short wavelengths. Direct measurement of RNFL reflectance, especially at short wavelengths, may provide early detection of axonal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Run Huang
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miller School of Medicine University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Wei Kong
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miller School of Medicine University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Jianzhong Qiao
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miller School of Medicine University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States
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Zhou YS, Xu J, Peng J, Liu Y, Qin GY, Yang YJ, Peng QH, Tan HY. Effect of Qingguang'an II on expressions of OX42 protein and IL-1β mRNA of retinal microglia cells of rats with chronic high intraocular pressure. Int J Ophthalmol 2018; 11:326-328. [PMID: 29487826 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2018.02.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The study investigated the effects of Qingguang'an II (a Chinese medicinal preparation) on expressions of OX42 protein and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) mRNA of retinal microglia cells of rats with chronic high intraocular pressure (IOP). SD rats were randomly divided into 6 groups, that were: A: blank group; B: model group; C: Qingguang'an II low dose group; D: Qingguang'an II medium dose group; E: Qingguang'an II high dose group; F: Yimaikang disket (a Chinese medicinal preparation) group. Experimental rats in B, C, D, E, F groups were established the model of chronic high IOP by cauterizing of superficial scleral vein. Tissues of eyes were obtained after intragastric administration for 2 and 4wk. At the time-point of 2wk, OX42 protein and IL-1β mRNA in group B were statistically expressed in higher level comparing with other groups (P<0.05). Moreover, at the time-point of 4wk, OX42 protein and IL-1β mRNA in groups C, D and E were statistically expressed in lower level comparing with group F (P<0.05). Besides, OX42 protein and IL-1β mRNA in groups C and D were statistically expressed in higher level comparing with group E (P<0.05). OX42 protein and IL-1β mRNA in groups C and D were expressed in similar level (P>0.05). The study indicated that, in the protection of optic nerve of rats with chronic high IOP, the high dose of Qingguang'an II at the time-point of 4wk was the better choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Sha Zhou
- Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jun Peng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410007, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan Province, China
| | - Gen-Yan Qin
- Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yi-Jing Yang
- Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan Province, China
| | - Qing-Hua Peng
- Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan Province, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410007, Hunan Province, China
| | - Han-Yu Tan
- Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan Province, China
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Sánchez-Migallón MC, Valiente-Soriano FJ, Salinas-Navarro M, Nadal-Nicolás FM, Jiménez-López M, Vidal-Sanz M, Agudo-Barriuso M. Nerve fibre layer degeneration and retinal ganglion cell loss long term after optic nerve crush or transection in adult mice. Exp Eye Res 2018; 170:40-50. [PMID: 29452106 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the long term effects of two different models of unilateral optic nerve (ON) lesion on retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons, in the injured and contralateral retinas of adult albino mice. Intact animals were used as controls. The left ON was intraorbitally crushed or transected at 0.5 mm from the optic disk and both retinas were analyzed at 2, 3, 5, 7, 14, 30, 45 or 90 days after injury. RGCs were immunoidentified with anti-Brn3a, and their axons with anti-highly phosphorylated axonal neurofilament subunit H (pNFH). After both lesions, RGC death in the injured retinas is first significant at day 3, and progresses quickly up to 7 days slowing down till 90 days. In the same retinas, the anatomical loss of RGC axons is not evident until day 30. However, by two days after both lesions there are changes in the expression pattern of pNFH: axonal beads, axonal club- or bulb-like formations, and pNFH+RGC somas. The number of pNFH+RGC somata peak at day 5 after either lesion and is significantly higher than in intact retinas at all time points. pNFH+RGC somata are distributed across the retina, in accordance with the pattern of RGC death which is diffuse and homogenous. In the contralateral retinas there is no RGC loss, but there are few pNFH+RGCs from day 2 to day 90. In conclusion, in albino mice, axotomy-induced RGC death precedes the loss of their intraretinal axons and occurs in two phases, a rapid and a slower, but steady, one. Injured retinas show similar changes in the pattern of pNFH expression and a comparable course of RGC loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Sánchez-Migallón
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-VIRGEN DE LA ARRIXACA (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - F J Valiente-Soriano
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-VIRGEN DE LA ARRIXACA (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - M Salinas-Navarro
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-VIRGEN DE LA ARRIXACA (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - F M Nadal-Nicolás
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-VIRGEN DE LA ARRIXACA (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - M Jiménez-López
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-VIRGEN DE LA ARRIXACA (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - M Vidal-Sanz
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-VIRGEN DE LA ARRIXACA (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain.
| | - M Agudo-Barriuso
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia e Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-VIRGEN DE LA ARRIXACA (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain.
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Nadal-Nicolás FM, Jiménez-López M, Salinas-Navarro M, Sobrado-Calvo P, Vidal-Sanz M, Agudo-Barriuso M. Microglial dynamics after axotomy-induced retinal ganglion cell death. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:218. [PMID: 29121969 PMCID: PMC5679427 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0982-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglial cells (MCs) are the sentries of the central nervous system. In health, they are known as surveying MCs because they examine the tissue to maintain the homeostasis. In disease, they activate and, among other functions, become phagocytic to clean the cellular debris. In this work, we have studied the behavior of rat retinal MCs in two models of unilateral complete intraorbital optic nerve axotomy which elicit a different time course of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss. METHODS Albino Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into these groups: (a) intact (no surgery), (b) fluorogold (FG) tracing from the superior colliculi, and (c) FG tracing + crush or transection of the left optic nerve. The retinas were dissected from 2 days to 2 months after the lesions (n = 4-12 group/lesion and time point) and then were subjected to Brn3a and Iba1 double immunodetection. In each intact retina, the total number of Brn3a+RGCs and Iba+MCs was quantified. In each traced retina (b and c groups), FG-traced RGCs and phagocytic microglial cells (PMCs, FG+Iba+) were also quantified. Topographical distribution was assessed by neighbor maps. RESULTS In intact retinas, surveying MCs are homogenously distributed in the ganglion cell layer and the inner plexiform layer. Independently of the axotomy model, RGC death occurs in two phases, one quick and one protracted, and there is a lineal and topographical correlation between the appearance of PMCs and the loss of traced RGCs. Furthermore, the clearance of FG+RGCs by PMCs occurs 3 days after the actual loss of Brn3a expression that marks RGC death. In addition, almost 50% of MCs from the inner plexiform layer migrate to the ganglion cell layer during the quick phase of RGC loss, returning to the inner plexiform layer during the slow degeneration phase. Finally, in contrast to what happens in mice, in rats, there is no microglial phagocytosis in the contralateral uninjured retina. CONCLUSIONS Axotomy-induced RGC death occurs earlier than RGC clearance and there is an inverse correlation between RGC loss and PMC appearance, both numerically and topographically, suggesting that phagocytosis occurs as a direct response to RGC death rather than to axonal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco M Nadal-Nicolás
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca, Edificio LAIB Planta 5ª, Carretera Buenavista s/n, 30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain.
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
- Present address: Retinal Neurophysiology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Manuel Jiménez-López
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca, Edificio LAIB Planta 5ª, Carretera Buenavista s/n, 30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Salinas-Navarro
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca, Edificio LAIB Planta 5ª, Carretera Buenavista s/n, 30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Paloma Sobrado-Calvo
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca, Edificio LAIB Planta 5ª, Carretera Buenavista s/n, 30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca, Edificio LAIB Planta 5ª, Carretera Buenavista s/n, 30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Marta Agudo-Barriuso
- Grupo de Oftalmología Experimental, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca, Edificio LAIB Planta 5ª, Carretera Buenavista s/n, 30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain.
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
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A new fate mapping system reveals context-dependent random or clonal expansion of microglia. Nat Neurosci 2017; 20:793-803. [DOI: 10.1038/nn.4547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Neuroinflammation as Fuel for Axonal Regeneration in the Injured Vertebrate Central Nervous System. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:9478542. [PMID: 28203046 PMCID: PMC5288536 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9478542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Damage to the central nervous system (CNS) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in elderly, as repair after lesions or neurodegenerative disease usually fails because of the limited capacity of CNS regeneration. The causes underlying this limited regenerative potential are multifactorial, but one critical aspect is neuroinflammation. Although classically considered as harmful, it is now becoming increasingly clear that inflammation can also promote regeneration, if the appropriate context is provided. Here, we review the current knowledge on how acute inflammation is intertwined with axonal regeneration, an important component of CNS repair. After optic nerve or spinal cord injury, inflammatory stimulation and/or modification greatly improve the regenerative outcome in rodents. Moreover, the hypothesis of a beneficial role of inflammation is further supported by evidence from adult zebrafish, which possess the remarkable capability to repair CNS lesions and even restore functionality. Lastly, we shed light on the impact of aging processes on the regenerative capacity in the CNS of mammals and zebrafish. As aging not only affects the CNS, but also the immune system, the regeneration potential is expected to further decline in aged individuals, an element that should definitely be considered in the search for novel therapeutic strategies.
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20
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Mobile zinc increases rapidly in the retina after optic nerve injury and regulates ganglion cell survival and optic nerve regeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E209-E218. [PMID: 28049831 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1616811114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), the projection neurons of the eye, cannot regenerate their axons once the optic nerve has been injured and soon begin to die. Whereas RGC death and regenerative failure are widely viewed as being cell-autonomous or influenced by various types of glia, we report here that the dysregulation of mobile zinc (Zn2+) in retinal interneurons is a primary factor. Within an hour after the optic nerve is injured, Zn2+ increases several-fold in retinal amacrine cell processes and continues to rise over the first day, then transfers slowly to RGCs via vesicular release. Zn2+ accumulation in amacrine cell processes involves the Zn2+ transporter protein ZnT-3, and deletion of slc30a3, the gene encoding ZnT-3, promotes RGC survival and axon regeneration. Intravitreal injection of Zn2+ chelators enables many RGCs to survive for months after nerve injury and regenerate axons, and enhances the prosurvival and regenerative effects of deleting the gene for phosphatase and tensin homolog (pten). Importantly, the therapeutic window for Zn2+ chelation extends for several days after nerve injury. These results show that retinal Zn2+ dysregulation is a major factor limiting the survival and regenerative capacity of injured RGCs, and point to Zn2+ chelation as a strategy to promote long-term RGC protection and enhance axon regeneration.
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21
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Yin H, Yin H, Zhang W, Miao Q, Qin Z, Guo S, Fu Q, Ma J, Wu F, Yin J, Yang Y, Fang X. Transcorneal electrical stimulation promotes survival of retinal ganglion cells after optic nerve transection in rats accompanied by reduced microglial activation and TNF-α expression. Brain Res 2016; 1650:10-20. [PMID: 27569587 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Revised: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Microglial activation plays a crucial role in the pathological processes of various retinal and optic nerve diseases. TNF-α is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that is rapidly upregulated and promotes retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) death after optic nerve injury. However, the cellular source of TNF-α after optic nerve injury remains unclear. Thus, we aimed to determine the changes of retinal microglial activation in a rat model of optic nerve transection (ONT) after transcorneal electrical stimulation (TES). Furthermore, we assessed TNF-α expression after ONT and evaluated the effects of TES on TNF-α production. Rats were divided into 2 control groups receiving a sham surgery procedure, 2 ONT+Sham TES groups, and 2 ONT+TES groups. The rats were sacrificed on day 7 or 14 after ONT. RGCs were retrogradely labelled by Fluorogold (FG) 7 days before ONT, one TES group and corresponding controls were stimulated on day 0, 4, and the second were stimulated on day 0, 4, 7, 10. Whole-mount immunohistofluorescence, quantification of RGCs and microglia, and western blot analysis were performed on day 7 and 14 after ONT. TES significantly increased RGCs survival on day 7 and 14 after ONT, which was accompanied by reduced microglia on day 7, but not 14. TNF-α was co-localized with ameboid microglia and significantly increased on day 7 and 14 after ONT. TES significantly reduced TNF-α production on day 7 and 14 after ONT. Our study demonstrated that TES promotes RGCs survival after ONT accompanied by reduced microglial activation and microglia-derived TNF-α production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houmin Yin
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Houfa Yin
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qi Miao
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhenwei Qin
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shenchao Guo
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qiuli Fu
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jian Ma
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Fang Wu
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jinfu Yin
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yabo Yang
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiaoyun Fang
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Carbon monoxide treatment reduces microglial activation in the ischemic rat retina. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2016; 254:1967-1976. [PMID: 27443355 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-016-3435-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury damages retinal neurons. Retinal injury is accompanied by activation of microglia, which scavenge the dead or dying neurons, but increasing evidence now indicates that amoeboid-shaped microglia cells activated in the brain after ischemia have neurotoxic and damaging properties in their own right. A previous study showed that postconditioning with carbon monoxide (CO) protects retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) after I/R through anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. The present study was designed to investigate and quantify the activation of retinal microglia after I/R with and without CO postconditioning. METHODS Adult Sprague-Dawley rats underwent retinal ischemia by increasing the ocular pressure to 120 mmHg for 1 h through a needle inserted into the anterior chamber. Reperfusion was induced by removing the needle. After I/R, one group of animals was kept in a CO (250 ppm) atmosphere for 1 h; the other group was kept in room air (Air). At 1, 2, 3, and 7 days after I/R, the eyes were enucleated and fixed. Intracardiac blood was analyzed for systemic effects of CO or I/R. Retinal cross sections were taken from the middle third of the eye and were stained with anti-Iba-1. Microglia cells were graded as amoeboid or ramified phenotypes according to morphologic criteria. Retinal thicknesses were determined. RESULTS Evaluation of retinal tissue revealed a significant reduction of amoeboid microglia cells after I/R + CO when compared to the I/R + Air group. The peak number of amoeboid microglia was observed at day 2 post-I/R + Air. This rise was attenuated by CO postconditioning (815 versus 572 cells/mm2 for I/R + Air versus I/R + CO, respectively; p = 0.005). CO reduced and further postponed the peak in the numbers of amoeboid and ramified microglia cells in ischemic eyes and prevented microglial activation in the contralateral eyes. I/R-induced leucocytosis was inhibited by CO inhalation. The reduction of retinal thickness after I/R was more serious after Air inhalation when compared to the CO group. CONCLUSIONS Numerous activated microglia cells appear in the inner retina after I/R, and CO-treatment significantly attenuates this glial response. Antagonism of microglial activation may be a further neuroprotective effect of CO, apart from its direct anti-apoptotic capacity.
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Cueva Vargas JL, Belforte N, Di Polo A. The glial cell modulator ibudilast attenuates neuroinflammation and enhances retinal ganglion cell viability in glaucoma through protein kinase A signaling. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 93:156-71. [PMID: 27163643 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease and the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Vision deficits in glaucoma result from the selective loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGC). Glial cell-mediated neuroinflammation has been proposed to contribute to disease pathophysiology, but whether this response is harmful or beneficial for RGC survival is not well understood. To test this, we characterized the role of ibudilast, a clinically approved cAMP phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor with preferential affinity for PDE type 4 (PDE4). Here, we demonstrate that intraocular administration of ibudilast dampened macroglia and microglia reactivity in the retina and optic nerve hence decreasing production of proinflammatory cytokines in a rat model of ocular hypertension. Importantly, ibudilast promoted robust RGC soma survival, prevented axonal degeneration, and improved anterograde axonal transport in glaucomatous eyes without altering intraocular pressure. Intriguingly, ocular hypertension triggered upregulation of PDE4 subtype A in Müller glia, and ibudilast stimulated cAMP accumulation in these cells. Co-administration of ibudilast with Rp-cAMPS, a cell-permeable and non-hydrolysable cAMP analog that inhibits protein kinase A (PKA), completely blocked ibudilast-induced neuroprotection. Collectively, these data demonstrate that ibudilast, a safe and well-tolerated glial cell modulator, attenuates gliosis, decreases levels of proinflammatory mediators, and enhances neuronal viability in glaucoma through activation of the cAMP/PKA pathway. This study provides insight into PDE4 signaling as a potential target to counter the harmful effects associated with chronic gliosis and neuroinflammation in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge L Cueva Vargas
- Department of Neuroscience and Centre de recherche de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Nicolas Belforte
- Department of Neuroscience and Centre de recherche de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Adriana Di Polo
- Department of Neuroscience and Centre de recherche de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada.
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Meng P, Wei J, Wang J, Liang J, Zhi Y, Geng Y. The involvement of sirtuins during optic nerve injury of rats. Neuroreport 2016; 27:361-5. [PMID: 26885868 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Sirtuins, comprised of seven members, protect cells from injury, possibly through different roles. In this study, we used two young rat optic nerve injury models to analyze the changes in Sirts 1-7 at different time points to better understand the role of sirtuins during optic nerve injury. Twelve-week-old adult male F344 rats (total n=42) were divided randomly into two groups. One group was subjected to optic nerve cut (ON-cut) and the other group was subjected to a peripheral nerve-optic nerve graft (PN-ON graft) on the left eye. At 1 and 3 days and 1, 2, and 4 weeks, rats were euthanized and retinas of both eyes were removed. Total RNA was extracted and first-strand cDNA was synthesized. Sirts 1-7 and housekeeping β-actin quantitative real-time PCR were performed. The quantitative real-time PCR profile showed that sirtuin mRNAs in both groups increased following optic nerve injury with and without peripheral nerve grafting. Sirt1 mRNA increased rapidly, reaching its peak at 3 days after surgery. Sirts 2-7 showed an increasing trend and remained high through 4 weeks after surgery. Sirts 4 and 6 were the only Sirts that increased in number in the PN-graft group at 4 weeks after surgery, where neuronal survival should be higher. Our data indicate that Sirt1 and Sirts 2-7 may play different or complementary roles in optic nerve injury and that Sirts 4 and 6 may play a greater role than the remaining Sirts in axon regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Meng
- aDepartment of Pathology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, Collaborative and Creative Center, Shantou University Medical College bJoint Shantou International Eye Center, Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China cDepartment of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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