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Yong J, Song J. CaMKII activity and metabolic imbalance-related neurological diseases: Focus on vascular dysfunction, synaptic plasticity, amyloid beta accumulation, and lipid metabolism. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 175:116688. [PMID: 38692060 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is characterized by insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, excessive fat accumulation and dyslipidemia, and is known to be accompanied by neuropathological symptoms such as memory loss, anxiety, and depression. As the number of MetS patients is rapidly increasing globally, studies on the mechanisms of metabolic imbalance-related neuropathology are emerging as an important issue. Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) is the main Ca2+ sensor and contributes to diverse intracellular signaling in peripheral organs and the central nervous system (CNS). CaMKII exerts diverse functions in cells, related to mechanisms such as RNA splicing, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, cytoskeleton, and protein-protein interactions. In the CNS, CaMKII regulates vascular function, neuronal circuits, neurotransmission, synaptic plasticity, amyloid beta toxicity, lipid metabolism, and mitochondrial function. Here, we review recent evidence for the role of CaMKII in neuropathologic issues associated with metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongsik Yong
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Juhyun Song
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Gillespie KM, White MJ, Kemps E, Moore H, Dymond A, Bartlett SE. The Impact of Free and Added Sugars on Cognitive Function: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2023; 16:75. [PMID: 38201905 PMCID: PMC10780393 DOI: 10.3390/nu16010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
A relationship between excessive sugar consumption and cognitive function has been described in animal models, but the specific effects of sugars in humans remains unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the current knowledge, research characteristics, and quality of evidence of studies investigating the impacts of free and added sugars on human cognition in healthy participants. The review identified 77 studies (65 experimental trials, n = 3831; 9 cross-sectional studies, n = 11,456; and 3 cohort studies, n = 2059). All cohort studies and eight of the nine cross-sectional studies found significant positive correlations between added sugar consumption and risk of cognitive impairment. Four studies identified reduced risk of cognitive impairment associated with natural fructose-containing foods. The majority of randomised control trials assessed short-term glucose facilitation effects on cognitive outcomes. The results from these studies suggest the need for a tightly regulated blood glucose level, dependent on individualised physiological factors, for optimal cognitive function. A meta-analysis of a subset of studies that assessed the impact of glucose on recall found improvements in immediate free recall compared to controls (p = 0.002). The findings highlight the potentially detrimental effect of excessive, long-term, or prenatal added sugar consumption on cognitive function. Further research is needed to examine the specific effects of free and added sugars on cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri M. Gillespie
- School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia;
| | - Melanie J. White
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia;
| | - Eva Kemps
- College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia;
| | - Halim Moore
- Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), Université Clermont Auvergne, 63170 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
| | - Alexander Dymond
- Mental Health and Specialist Services, Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, Gold Coast, QLD 4215, Australia;
| | - Selena E. Bartlett
- School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia;
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3
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Witek K, Wydra K, Suder A, Filip M. Maternal monosaccharide diets evoke cognitive, locomotor, and emotional disturbances in adolescent and young adult offspring rats. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1176213. [PMID: 37229474 PMCID: PMC10203434 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1176213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Anxiety and depression are the most common mental disorders affecting people worldwide. Recent studies have highlighted that a maternal high-sugar diet (HSD) could be a risk factor for neurobehavioural dysregulations, including mood disorders. Increased consumption of added sugar in food such as refined fructose/glucose can increase the risk of metabolic disorders and impact susceptibility to mental disorders. Furthermore, a few papers have reported disabilities in learning and memory among offspring after maternal HSD, thus suggesting a relationship between maternal nutrition and offspring neurogenesis. In this study, we evaluated the impact of maternal monosaccharide consumption based on a glucose (GLU) or fructose (FRU) diet during pregnancy and lactation in adolescent and young adult offspring rats of both sexes on cognitive, locomotor, and emotional disturbances. Locomotor activity, short-term memory, anxiety-like and depressive-like behavior were evaluated in the offspring. We report for the first time that the maternal GLU or FRU diet is sufficient to evoke anxiety-like behavior among adolescent and young adult offspring. Moreover, we found that maternal monosaccharide diets lead to hyperactivity and depressive-like behavior in male adolescent rats. We also noticed that a maternal FRU diet significantly enhanced novelty-seeking behavior only in young adult male rats. Our novel findings indicated that the maternal monosaccharide diet, especially a diet enriched in FRU, resulted in strong behavioral alterations in offspring rats at early life stages. This study also revealed that male rats were more susceptible to hyperactivity and anxiety- and depressive-like phenotypes than female rats. These results suggest that maternal monosaccharide consumption during pregnancy and lactation is an important factor affecting the emotional status of offspring.
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The Impact of Free Sugar on Human Health-A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15040889. [PMID: 36839247 PMCID: PMC9966020 DOI: 10.3390/nu15040889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of nutrition in human health has been understood for over a century. However, debate is ongoing regarding the role of added and free sugars in physiological and neurological health. In this narrative review, we have addressed several key issues around this debate and the major health conditions previously associated with sugar. We aim to determine the current evidence regarding the role of free sugars in human health, specifically obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cognition, and mood. We also present some predominant theories on mechanisms of action. The findings suggest a negative effect of excessive added sugar consumption on human health and wellbeing. Specific class and source of carbohydrate appears to greatly influence the impact of these macronutrients on health. Further research into individual effects of carbohydrate forms in diverse populations is needed to understand the complex relationship between sugar and health.
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Fadó R, Molins A, Rojas R, Casals N. Feeding the Brain: Effect of Nutrients on Cognition, Synaptic Function, and AMPA Receptors. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14194137. [PMID: 36235789 PMCID: PMC9572450 DOI: 10.3390/nu14194137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, traditional eating habits have been replaced by a more globalized diet, rich in saturated fatty acids and simple sugars. Extensive evidence shows that these dietary factors contribute to cognitive health impairment as well as increase the incidence of metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes. However, how these nutrients modulate synaptic function and neuroplasticity is poorly understood. We review the Western, ketogenic, and paleolithic diets for their effects on cognition and correlations with synaptic changes, focusing mainly (but not exclusively) on animal model studies aimed at tracing molecular alterations that may contribute to impaired human cognition. We observe that memory and learning deficits mediated by high-fat/high-sugar diets, even over short exposure times, are associated with reduced arborization, widened synaptic cleft, narrowed post-synaptic zone, and decreased activity-dependent synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus, and also observe that these alterations correlate with deregulation of the AMPA-type glutamate ionotropic receptors (AMPARs) that are crucial to neuroplasticity. Furthermore, we explored which diet-mediated mechanisms modulate synaptic AMPARs and whether certain supplements or nutritional interventions could reverse deleterious effects, contributing to improved learning and memory in older people and patients with Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rut Fadó
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, E-08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, E-08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-93-504-20-00
| | - Anna Molins
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, E-08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
| | - Rocío Rojas
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, E-08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
| | - Núria Casals
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, E-08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
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Pinto BAS, Melo TM, Flister KFT, França LM, Moreira VR, Kajihara D, Mendes NO, Pereira SR, Laurindo FRM, Paes AMA. Hippocampal Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Hastens Motor and Cognitive Decline in Adult Male Rats Sustainedly Exposed to High-Sucrose Diet. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071395. [PMID: 35883886 PMCID: PMC9311607 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunctions, such as hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, have been associated to cognitive impairment and dementia regardless of advanced age, although the underlying mechanisms are still elusive. Thus, this study investigates the deleterious effects of metabolic syndrome (MetS) induced by long-term exposure to a high-sucrose diet on motor and cognitive functions of male adult rats and its relationship with hippocampal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Weaned Wistar male rats were fed a high-sucrose diet until adulthood (HSD; 6 months old) and compared to both age-matched (CTR; 6 months old) and middle-aged chow-fed rats (OLD; 20 months old). MetS development, serum redox profile, behavioral, motor, and cognitive functions, and hippocampal gene/protein expressions for ER stress pro-adaptive and pro-apoptotic pathways, as well as senescence markers were assessed. Prolonged exposure to HSD induced MetS hallmarked by body weight gain associated to central obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, insulin resistance, and oxidative stress. Furthermore, HSD rats showed motor and cognitive decline similar to that in OLD animals. Noteworthy, HSD rats presented marked hippocampal ER stress characterized by failure of pro-adaptive signaling and increased expression of Chop, p21, and Parp-1 cleavage, markers of cell death and aging. This panorama resembles that found in OLD rats. In toto, our data showed that early and sustained exposure to a high-sucrose diet induced MetS, which subsequently led to hippocampus homeostasis disruption and premature impairment of motor and cognitive functions in adult rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Araújo Serra Pinto
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, Av. dos Portugueses 1966, Bacanga, São Luís 65080-805, MA, Brazil; (B.A.S.P.); (T.M.M.); (K.F.T.F.); (L.M.F.); (N.O.M.)
| | - Thamys Marinho Melo
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, Av. dos Portugueses 1966, Bacanga, São Luís 65080-805, MA, Brazil; (B.A.S.P.); (T.M.M.); (K.F.T.F.); (L.M.F.); (N.O.M.)
| | - Karla Frida Torres Flister
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, Av. dos Portugueses 1966, Bacanga, São Luís 65080-805, MA, Brazil; (B.A.S.P.); (T.M.M.); (K.F.T.F.); (L.M.F.); (N.O.M.)
| | - Lucas Martins França
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, Av. dos Portugueses 1966, Bacanga, São Luís 65080-805, MA, Brazil; (B.A.S.P.); (T.M.M.); (K.F.T.F.); (L.M.F.); (N.O.M.)
| | - Vanessa Ribeiro Moreira
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Maranhão, Av. dos Portugueses 1966, Bacanga, São Luís 65080-805, MA, Brazil; (V.R.M.); (S.R.P.)
| | - Daniela Kajihara
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Heart Institute of the School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas Carvalho de Aguiiar, 44, Cerqueira César, São Paulo 05403-900, SP, Brazil; (D.K.); (F.R.M.L.)
| | - Nelmar Oliveira Mendes
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, Av. dos Portugueses 1966, Bacanga, São Luís 65080-805, MA, Brazil; (B.A.S.P.); (T.M.M.); (K.F.T.F.); (L.M.F.); (N.O.M.)
| | - Silma Regina Pereira
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Maranhão, Av. dos Portugueses 1966, Bacanga, São Luís 65080-805, MA, Brazil; (V.R.M.); (S.R.P.)
| | - Francisco Rafael Martins Laurindo
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Heart Institute of the School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas Carvalho de Aguiiar, 44, Cerqueira César, São Paulo 05403-900, SP, Brazil; (D.K.); (F.R.M.L.)
| | - Antonio Marcus Andrade Paes
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, Av. dos Portugueses 1966, Bacanga, São Luís 65080-805, MA, Brazil; (B.A.S.P.); (T.M.M.); (K.F.T.F.); (L.M.F.); (N.O.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-(98)-3272-8557
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7
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TLR4 mutation protects neurovascular function and cognitive decline in high-fat diet-fed mice. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:104. [PMID: 35488354 PMCID: PMC9052472 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02465-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Metabolic syndrome (MS) is defined as a low-grade proinflammatory state in which abnormal metabolic and cardiovascular factors increase the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and neuroinflammation. Events, such as the accumulation of visceral adipose tissue, increased plasma concentrations of free fatty acids, tissue hypoxia, and sympathetic hyperactivity in MS may contribute to the direct or indirect activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), specifically TLR4, which is thought to be a major component of this syndrome. Activation of the innate immune response via TLR4 may contribute to this state of chronic inflammation and may be related to the neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration observed in MS. In this study, we investigated the role of TLR4 in the brain microcirculation and in the cognitive performance of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced MS mice. Methods Wild-type (C3H/He) and TLR4 mutant (C3H/HeJ) mice were maintained under a normal diet (ND) or a HFD for 24 weeks. Intravital video-microscopy was used to investigate the functional capillary density, endothelial function, and endothelial–leukocyte interactions in the brain microcirculation. Plasma concentrations of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), adipokines and metabolic hormones were measured with a multiplex immunoassay. Brain postsynaptic density protein-95 and synaptophysin were evaluated by western blotting; astrocytic coverage of the vessels, microglial activation and structural capillary density were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Results The HFD-induced MS model leads to metabolic, hemodynamic, and microcirculatory alterations, as evidenced by capillary rarefaction, increased rolling and leukocyte adhesion in postcapillary venules, endothelial dysfunction, and less coverage of astrocytes in the vessels, which are directly related to cognitive decline and neuroinflammation. The same model of MS reproduced in mice deficient for TLR4 because of a genetic mutation does not generate such changes. Furthermore, the comparison of wild-type mice fed a HFD and a normolipid diet revealed differences in inflammation in the cerebral microcirculation, possibly related to lower TLR4 activation. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that TLR4 is involved in the microvascular dysfunction and neuroinflammation associated with HFD-induced MS and possibly has a causal role in the development of cognitive decline. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-022-02465-3.
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Martínez-Orozco H, Reyes-Castro LA, Lomas-Soria C, Sandoval-Salazar C, Ramírez-Emiliano J, Díaz-Cintra S, Solís-Ortiz S. High-fat and combined high-fat-high-fructose diets impair episodic-like memory and decrease glutamate and glutamine in the hippocampus of adult mice. Nutr Neurosci 2021; 25:2479-2489. [PMID: 34719357 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2021.1977452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diet-induced obesity is associated with premature cognitive decline. Elevated consumption of fats and sugars in humans and rodents has been associated with deficits in recognition memory, which is modulated by the hippocampus. Alterations in excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in this area have been observed after hypercaloric diets, but the effects on episodic-like memory are not conclusive. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of hypercaloric diets on memory and their relationship with γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate and glutamine and their genetic expression in the hippocampus. DESIGN A control diet (CD), a high-fat diet (HFD) and a combined high-fat-high-fructose diet (HFFrD) were administered to 30 C57BL/6 adult mice for 10 weeks. The discrimination indexes and exploration time of the novel object recognition (NOR) and novel object location (NOL) tasks were evaluated and GABA, glutamate and glutamine concentrations and their genetic expression were obtained from the hippocampus. RESULTS The HFFrD induced lower discrimination indexes, decreased exploration time in the recognition memory tasks, and lowered the concentrations of glutamate and glutamine, and HFD increased their expression in the hippocampus. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that a possible adaptative long-term mechanism in the hippocampal neurotransmitters, and this possibility may underlie the episodic-like memory deficits in mice fed HFD and HFFrD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto Martínez-Orozco
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, División de Ciencias de la Salud, Campus León, Universidad de Guanajuato, León, México
| | - Luis A Reyes-Castro
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Consuelo Lomas-Soria
- CONACYT Cátedras, Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Cuauhtémoc Sandoval-Salazar
- Departamento de Enfermería y Obstetricia, División de Ciencias de la Salud e Ingenierías, Campus Celaya-Salvatierra, Universidad de Guanajuato, Celaya, México
| | - Joel Ramírez-Emiliano
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, División de Ciencias de la Salud, Campus León, Universidad de Guanajuato, León, México
| | - Sofía Díaz-Cintra
- Laboratorio de Neuromorfometría y Desarrollo, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México
| | - Silvia Solís-Ortiz
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, División de Ciencias de la Salud, Campus León, Universidad de Guanajuato, León, México
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Beecher K, Alvarez Cooper I, Wang J, Walters SB, Chehrehasa F, Bartlett SE, Belmer A. Long-Term Overconsumption of Sugar Starting at Adolescence Produces Persistent Hyperactivity and Neurocognitive Deficits in Adulthood. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:670430. [PMID: 34163325 PMCID: PMC8215656 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.670430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Sugar has become embedded in modern food and beverages. This has led to overconsumption of sugar in children, adolescents, and adults, with more than 60 countries consuming more than four times (>100 g/person/day) the WHO recommendations (25 g/person/day). Recent evidence suggests that obesity and impulsivity from poor dietary habits leads to further overconsumption of processed food and beverages. The long-term effects on cognitive processes and hyperactivity from sugar overconsumption, beginning at adolescence are not known. Using a well-validated mouse model of sugar consumption, we found that long-term sugar consumption, at a level that significantly augments weight gain, elicits an abnormal hyperlocomotor response to novelty and alters both episodic and spatial memory. Our results are similar to those reported in attention deficit and hyperactivity disorders. The deficits in hippocampal-dependent learning and memory were accompanied by altered hippocampal neurogenesis, with an overall decrease in the proliferation and differentiation of newborn neurons within the dentate gyrus. This suggests that long-term overconsumption of sugar, as that which occurs in the Western Diet might contribute to an increased risk of developing persistent hyperactivity and neurocognitive deficits in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Beecher
- Addiction Neuroscience and Obesity Laboratory, School of Clinical Sciences, Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ignatius Alvarez Cooper
- Addiction Neuroscience and Obesity Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Joshua Wang
- Addiction Neuroscience and Obesity Laboratory, School of Clinical Sciences, Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Shaun B Walters
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Fatemeh Chehrehasa
- Addiction Neuroscience and Obesity Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Selena E Bartlett
- Addiction Neuroscience and Obesity Laboratory, School of Clinical Sciences, Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Arnauld Belmer
- Addiction Neuroscience and Obesity Laboratory, School of Clinical Sciences, Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Chronic Mild Unpredictable Stress and High-Fat Diet Given during Adolescence Impact Both Cognitive and Noncognitive Behaviors in Young Adult Mice. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11020260. [PMID: 33669543 PMCID: PMC7923206 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11020260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress and diet are intricately linked, and they often interact in a negative fashion. Increases in stress can lead to poor food choices; adolescence is a period that is often accompanied by increased levels of stress. Stress and poor dietary choices can affect learning and memory; it is important to understand their combined effects when occurring during crucial developmental periods. Here, we present evidence that chronic mild unpredictable stress (CMUS) and high-fat diet (HFD) impact both cognitive and noncognitive behaviors when assessed after four weeks of manipulation in four-week old mice. CMUS mice had increased anxiety in the open field test (OFT) (p = 0.01) and spent more time in the open arms of the elevated zero maze (EZM) (p < 0.01). HFD administration was shown to interact with CMUS to impair spatial memory in the Morris Water Maze (MWM) (p < 0.05). Stress and diet also led to disturbances in non-cognitive behaviors: CMUS led to significantly more burrowing (p < 0.05) and HFD administration led to the poorer nest construction (p < 0.05). These findings allow for researchers to assess how modifying lifestyle factors (including diet and stress) during adolescence can serve as a potential strategy to improve cognition in young adulthood.
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11
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Romero-Delgado B, Cárdenas-Tueme M, Herrera-de la Rosa JDJ, Camacho-Morales A, Castro H, de la Garza AL. Maternal Sweeteners Intake During Gestation and Lactation Affects Learning and Memory in Rat Female Offspring. J Med Food 2021; 24:833-840. [PMID: 33570459 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2020.0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal high-sweetener diet, such as sucrose, has been associated with an increased risk of metabolic and cognitive-related diseases in the offspring. This study was performed to determine the effect of maternal sweetener intake during gestation and lactation on learning and memory in adult female offspring rats. Twenty-eight female pups from dams fed standard diet (Control-C, n = 10), high-sucrose diet (HS-C, n = 6), and high-honey diet (Ho-C, n = 12) were fed standard diet after weaning and body weight and food intake were recorded once a week for 19 weeks. Learning and memory tests were conducted at week 14 (Y-maze) and 18 (Barnes maze). We found that birth weight of Control-C group was greater than the Ho-C (P < .001). Blood glucose levels of the HS-C group were significantly higher than the Control-C and Ho-C groups. Control-C pups recognized the novel arm of the Y-maze compared with HS-C and Ho-C groups (P < .01). Also, offspring of the HS-C group showed deficient performance in the Barnes test when compared with the Control-C and Ho-C groups (P < .05). These results suggest that dams fed a high-sucrose diet during gestation and lactation favor high-glucose levels and deficient long-term memory performance in adult female offspring rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Romero-Delgado
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Facultad de Salud Pública y Nutrición, Centro de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud Pública, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Marcela Cárdenas-Tueme
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Biología Celular y Genética, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - José de Jesús Herrera-de la Rosa
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Unidad de Modelos Biológicos, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Alberto Camacho-Morales
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica. Monterrey, Nuevo León, México.,Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Unidad de Neurometabolismo, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Heriberto Castro
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Facultad de Salud Pública y Nutrición, Centro de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud Pública, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México.,Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Unidad de Nutrición, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Ana Laura de la Garza
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Facultad de Salud Pública y Nutrición, Centro de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud Pública, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México.,Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Unidad de Nutrición, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
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12
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Garcia-Serrano AM, Duarte JMN. Brain Metabolism Alterations in Type 2 Diabetes: What Did We Learn From Diet-Induced Diabetes Models? Front Neurosci 2020; 14:229. [PMID: 32265637 PMCID: PMC7101159 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a metabolic disease with impact on brain function through mechanisms that include glucose toxicity, vascular damage and blood–brain barrier (BBB) impairments, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, brain insulin resistance, synaptic failure, neuroinflammation, and gliosis. Rodent models have been developed for investigating T2D, and have contributed to our understanding of mechanisms involved in T2D-induced brain dysfunction. Namely, mice or rats exposed to diabetogenic diets that are rich in fat and/or sugar have been widely used since they develop memory impairment, especially in tasks that depend on hippocampal processing. Here we summarize main findings on brain energy metabolism alterations underlying dysfunction of neuronal and glial cells promoted by diet-induced metabolic syndrome that progresses to a T2D phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba M Garcia-Serrano
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - João M N Duarte
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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13
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Reis DJ, Ilardi SS, Namekata MS, Wing EK, Fowler CH. The depressogenic potential of added dietary sugars. Med Hypotheses 2020; 134:109421. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.109421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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14
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Domingues K, Lima FB, Linder AE, Melleu FF, Poli A, Spezia I, Suman PR, Theindl LC, Lino de Oliveira C. Sexually dimorphic responses of rats to fluoxetine in the forced swimming test are unrelated to the function of the serotonin transporter in the brain. Synapse 2019; 74:e22130. [PMID: 31449695 DOI: 10.1002/syn.22130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Due to the prevalence of depression in women, female rats may be a better models for antidepressant research than males. In male rats, fluoxetine inhibited the serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) transporter (SERT) which is reducing the immobility time in the repeated forced swimming test (rFST). The performance of female rats in this test is unknown. In this study, responses of male and female rats in the rFST under chronic treatment with fluoxetine and the function of SERT in their brains were examined. Wistar rats received oral fluoxetine (females: 0, 1, 2.5, or 5 mg kg-1 day-1 ; males: 0 or 2.5 mg kg-1 day-1 ; in sucrose 10%, 1.5 ml/rat) 1 hr before the test daily for 12 days over the course of the rFST. rFST consisted of a 15 min pretest followed by 5 min sessions of swimming at 1 (test), 7 (retest 1), and 14 (retest 2) days later. SERT functioning was assessed by ex vivo assays of the frontal cortex and hippocampus of rats. Fluoxetine reduced immobility time of males in the rFST while it failed to do so in females. In vitro treatment with fluoxetine inhibited the uptake of 5-HT of both sexes similarly, while in vivo chronic administration of fluoxetine failed to do so. In summary, rats responded to the chronic treatment with fluoxetine in a sexually dimorphic fashion during the rFST despite the functioning of SERT in their brains remaining equally unchanged. Hence, our data suggest that sexually dimorphic responses to fluoxetine in rFST may be unrelated to the function of SERT in rat brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Domingues
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Barbosa Lima
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Aurea Elizabeth Linder
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Fernando Falkenburger Melleu
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Anicleto Poli
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Inaê Spezia
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Patrick Remus Suman
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Laís Cristina Theindl
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Cilene Lino de Oliveira
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil
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15
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The impact of sugar consumption on stress driven, emotional and addictive behaviors. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 103:178-199. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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16
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Maternal Flavonoids Intake Reverts Depression-Like Behaviour in Rat Female Offspring. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11030572. [PMID: 30866491 PMCID: PMC6470771 DOI: 10.3390/nu11030572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal hypercaloric exposure during pregnancy and lactation is a risk factor for developing diseases associated with inflammation such as obesity, diabetes and, neurological diseases in the offspring. Neuroinflammation might modulate neuronal activation and flavonoids are dietary compounds that have been proven to exert anti-inflammatory properties. Thus, the aim of the present study is to evaluate the effect of maternal supplementation with flavonoids (kaempferol-3-O-glucoside and narirutin) on the prevention of depression-like behaviour in the female offspring of dams fed with an obesogenic diet during the perinatal period. Maternal programming was induced by high fat (HFD), high sugar (HSD), or cafeteria diets exposure and depressive like-behaviour, referred to as swimming, climbing, and immobility events, was evaluated around postnatal day 56–60 before and after 30 mg/kg i.p. imipramine administration in the female offspring groups. Central inflammation was analyzed by measuring the TANK binding kinase 1 (TBK1) expression. We found that the offspring of mothers exposed to HSD programming failed to show the expected antidepressant effect of imipramine. Also, imipramine injection, to the offspring of mothers exposed to cafeteria diet, displayed a pro-depressive like-behaviour phenotype. However, dietary supplementation with flavonoids reverted the depression-like behaviour in the female offspring. Finally, we found that HSD programming increases the TBK1 inflammatory protein marker in the hippocampus. Our data suggest that maternal HSD programming disrupts the antidepressant effect of imipramine whereas cafeteria diet exposure leads to depressive-like behaviour in female offspring, which is reverted by maternal flavonoid supplementation.
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17
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Unlimited sucrose consumption during adolescence generates a depressive-like phenotype in adulthood. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:2627-2635. [PMID: 29487370 PMCID: PMC6224580 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0025-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Depression is highly prevalent worldwide, but its etiology is not fully understood. An overlooked possible contributor to the epidemic of depression is feeding styles, particularly at early age when the brain is intensely changing. We have previously reported that unlimited sucrose consumption during adolescence leads to enduring changes in brain reward function. Here, we tested the hypothesis that sucrose consumption during adolescence would lead to a 'depressive-like' phenotype. Adolescent male rats were given unlimited access to 5% sucrose in their home cages from postnatal day 30 to postnatal day 46 and their emotional behavior was subsequently examined at adulthood. Sucrose consumption during adolescence caused anhedonia, decreased motivation for saccharin, increased immobility in the forced swim test and exacerbated anxiety-like behavior. Additionally, sucrose consumption during adolescence decreased cell proliferation in the hippocampus in adulthood. Chronic treatment with imipramine (10 mg/kg) normalized behavior and restored cell proliferation in the hippocampus of adult rats with a history of sucrose consumption during adolescence. A similar sucrose consumption starting at adulthood only increases immobility in the forced swim test, suggesting that sucrose intake affects also adults' behavior but to a lesser degree. Overall, our findings reveal an unsuspected protracted effect of sucrose consumption on behavior and suggest that unlimited sucrose consumption during critical periods of brain development may play an important role in the etiology of reward-related disorders such as depression.
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18
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Choudhary P, Pacholko AG, Palaschuk J, Bekar LK. The locus coeruleus neurotoxin, DSP4, and/or a high sugar diet induce behavioral and biochemical alterations in wild-type mice consistent with Alzheimers related pathology. Metab Brain Dis 2018; 33:1563-1571. [PMID: 29862455 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-018-0263-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States where it is estimated that one in three seniors dies with AD or another dementia. Are modern lifestyle habits a contributing factor? Increased carbohydrate (sugar) consumption, stress and disruption of sleep patterns are quickly becoming the norm rather than the exception. Interestingly, seven months on a non-invasive high sucrose diet (20% sucrose in drinking water) has been shown to induce behavioral, metabolic and pathological changes consistent with AD in wild-type mice. As chronic stress and depression are associated with loss of locus coeruleus (LC) noradrenergic neurons and projections (source of anti-inflammatory and trophic factor control), we assessed the ability for a selective LC neurotoxin (DSP4) to accelerate and aggravate a high-sucrose mediated AD-related phenotype in wild-type mice. Male C57/Bl6 mice were divided into four groups: 1) saline injected, 2) DSP4 injected, 3) high sucrose drinking water (20%) or 4) DSP4 injected and high sucrose drinking water. We demonstrate that high sucrose consumption and DSP4 treatment promote an early-stage AD-related phenotype after only 3-4 months, as evidenced by elevated fecal corticosterone, increased despair, spatial memory deficits, increased AChE activity, elevated NO production, decreased pGSK3β and increased pTau. Combined treatment appears to accelerate and aggravate pathological processes consistent with Alzheimer disease and dementia. Developing a simple model in wild-type mice will highlight environmental and lifestyle factors that need to be addressed to slow, prevent or even reverse the rising trend in dementia patient numbers and cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Choudhary
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Anthony G Pacholko
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Josh Palaschuk
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Lane K Bekar
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada.
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19
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Metabolic Syndrome Exacerbates the Recognition Memory Impairment and Oxidative-Inflammatory Response in Rats with an Intrahippocampal Injection of Amyloid Beta 1-42. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:1358057. [PMID: 30154946 PMCID: PMC6092993 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1358057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An important worldwide health problem as the result of current lifestyle is metabolic syndrome (MS). It has been shown that MS induced by a high-calorie diet (HCD) in rats produces cognitive deterioration in the novel object recognition test (NORt) and decreases synaptic connections and dendritic order in the hippocampus and temporal cortex. However, it is unknown whether MS induced by an HCD participates in the cognitive process observed with the injection of Aβ1–42 into the hippocampus of rats as a model of Alzheimer disease (AD). The induction of MS in rats produces a deterioration in NORt; however, rats with MS injected with Aβ1–42 show a major deterioration in the cognitive process. This event could be explained by the increment in the oxidative stress in both cases studied (MS and Aβ1–42): together, the hippocampus and temporal cortex produce an enhancer effect. In the same way, we observed an increment in interleukin-1β, TNF-α, and GFAP, indicative of exacerbated inflammatory processes by the combination of MS and Aβ1–42. We can conclude that MS might play a key role in the apparition and development of cognitive disorders, including AD. We propose that metabolic theory is important to explain the apparition of cognitive diseases.
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20
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Impact of high sucrose diets on the discrimination of spatial and object memories with overlapping features. Physiol Behav 2018; 192:127-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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21
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Wong A, Dogra VR, Reichelt AC. High-sucrose diets in male rats disrupt aspects of decision making tasks, motivation and spatial memory, but not impulsivity measured by operant delay-discounting. Behav Brain Res 2017; 327:144-154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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22
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Treviño S, Vázquez-Roque RA, López-López G, Perez-Cruz C, Moran C, Handal-Silva A, González-Vergara E, Flores G, Guevara J, Díaz A. Metabolic syndrome causes recognition impairments and reduced hippocampal neuronal plasticity in rats. J Chem Neuroanat 2017; 82:65-75. [PMID: 28219715 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a serious public health problem, which can promote neuronal alterations in cognitive regions related to learning and memory processes, such as the hippocampus. However, up to now there has been information of a regional segregation of this damage. In this study, we evaluate the MS effect on the neuronal morphology of the hippocampus. Our results demonstrate that 90days of a high-calorie diet alters the metabolic energy markers causing the MS and causes memory impairments, evaluated by the recognition of novel objects test (NORT). In addition, MS animals showed significant differences in dendritic order, total dendritic length and density of dendritic spines in CA1, CA3 and the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampal area, compared with rats fed with a normocaloric diet (vehicle group). Furthermore, the immunoreactivity to synaptophysin (Syp) decreased in the hippocampus of the MS animals compared to the vehicle group. These results indicate that metabolic alterations induced by the MS affect hippocampal plasticity and hippocampal dependent memory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Treviño
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Pue., Mexico
| | - Rubén A Vázquez-Roque
- Instituto de Fisiología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Pue., Mexico
| | - Gustavo López-López
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Pue., Mexico
| | - Claudia Perez-Cruz
- Departamento de Farmacología, Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Avanzados, CINVESTAV, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Carolina Moran
- Departamento de Biología y Toxicología de la Reproducción, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Pue., Mexico
| | - Anabella Handal-Silva
- Departamento de Biología y Toxicología de la Reproducción, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Pue., Mexico
| | - Enrique González-Vergara
- Centro de Química, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Pue., Mexico
| | - Gonzalo Flores
- Instituto de Fisiología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Pue., Mexico
| | - Jorge Guevara
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Alfonso Díaz
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Pue., Mexico.
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