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Dusi N, Esposito CM, Delvecchio G, Prunas C, Brambilla P. Case report and systematic review of cerebellar vermis alterations in psychosis. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2024; 39:223-231. [PMID: 38266159 PMCID: PMC11136271 DOI: 10.1097/yic.0000000000000535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cerebellar alterations, including both volumetric changes in the cerebellar vermis and dysfunctions of the corticocerebellar connections, have been documented in psychotic disorders. Starting from the clinical observation of a bipolar patient with cerebellar hypoplasia, the purpose of this review is to summarize the data in the literature about the association between hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis and psychotic disorders [schizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar disorder (BD)]. METHODS A bibliographic search on PubMed has been conducted, and 18 articles were finally included in the review: five used patients with BD, 12 patients with SCZ and one subject at psychotic risk. RESULTS For SCZ patients and subjects at psychotic risk, the results of most of the reviewed studies seem to suggest a gray matter volume reduction coupled with an increase in white matter volumes in the cerebellar vermis, compared to healthy controls. Instead, the results of the studies on BD patients are more heterogeneous with evidence showing a reduction, no difference or even an increase in cerebellar vermis volume compared to healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS From the results of the reviewed studies, a possible correlation emerged between cerebellar vermis hypoplasia and psychotic disorders, especially SCZ, ultimately supporting the hypothesis of psychotic disorders as neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Dusi
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan
| | | | - Giuseppe Delvecchio
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan
| | - Cecilia Prunas
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan
| | - Paolo Brambilla
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan
- Department of Pathophisiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Guo J, He C, Song H, Gao H, Yao S, Dong SS, Yang TL. Unveiling Promising Neuroimaging Biomarkers for Schizophrenia Through Clinical and Genetic Perspectives. Neurosci Bull 2024:10.1007/s12264-024-01214-1. [PMID: 38703276 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-024-01214-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex and serious brain disorder. Neuroscientists have become increasingly interested in using magnetic resonance-based brain imaging-derived phenotypes (IDPs) to investigate the etiology of psychiatric disorders. IDPs capture valuable clinical advantages and hold biological significance in identifying brain abnormalities. In this review, we aim to discuss current and prospective approaches to identify potential biomarkers for schizophrenia using clinical multimodal neuroimaging and imaging genetics. We first described IDPs through their phenotypic classification and neuroimaging genomics. Secondly, we discussed the applications of multimodal neuroimaging by clinical evidence in observational studies and randomized controlled trials. Thirdly, considering the genetic evidence of IDPs, we discussed how can utilize neuroimaging data as an intermediate phenotype to make association inferences by polygenic risk scores and Mendelian randomization. Finally, we discussed machine learning as an optimum approach for validating biomarkers. Together, future research efforts focused on neuroimaging biomarkers aim to enhance our understanding of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Biomedical Informatics and Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Changyi He
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Biomedical Informatics and Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Huimiao Song
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Biomedical Informatics and Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Huiwu Gao
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Biomedical Informatics and Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Shi Yao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524000, China
| | - Shan-Shan Dong
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Biomedical Informatics and Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
| | - Tie-Lin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Biomedical Informatics and Genomics Center, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
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3
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Nisha Aji K, Cisbani G, Weidenauer A, Koppel A, Hafizi S, Da Silva T, Kiang M, Rusjan PM, Bazinet RP, Mizrahi R. Neurofilament light-chain (NfL) and 18 kDa translocator protein in early psychosis and its putative high-risk. Brain Behav Immun Health 2024; 37:100742. [PMID: 38495956 PMCID: PMC10940889 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2024.100742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Evidence of elevated peripheral Neurofilament light-chain (NfL) as a biomarker of neuronal injury can be utilized to reveal nonspecific axonal damage, which could reflect altered neuroimmune function. To date, only a few studies have investigated NfL as a fluid biomarker in schizophrenia primarily, though none in its putative prodrome (Clinical High-Risk, CHR) or in untreated first-episode psychosis (FEP). Further, it is unknown whether peripheral NfL is associated with 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO), a validated neuroimmune marker. In this secondary study, we investigated for the first time (1) serum NfL in early stages of psychosis including CHR and FEP as compared to healthy controls, and (2) examined its association with brain TSPO, using [18F]FEPPA positron emission tomography (PET). Further, in the exploratory analyses, we aimed to assess associations between serum NfL and symptom severity in patient group and cognitive impairment in the combined cohort. A large cohort of 84 participants including 27 FEP (24 antipsychotic-naive), 41 CHR (34 antipsychotic-naive) and 16 healthy controls underwent structural brain MRI and [18F]FEPPA PET scan and their blood samples were obtained and assessed for serum NfL concentrations. We found no significant differences in serum NfL levels across clinical groups, controlling for age. We also found no significant association between NfL levels and brain TSPO in the entire cohort. We observed a negative association between serum NfL and negative symptom severity in CHR. Our findings suggest that neither active neuroaxonal deterioration as measured with NfL nor associated neuroimmune activation (TSPO) is clearly identifiable in an early mostly untreated psychosis sample including its putative high-risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kankana Nisha Aji
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Douglas Research Centre, Clinical and Translational Sciences Lab, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Giulia Cisbani
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ana Weidenauer
- Division of General Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alex Koppel
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sina Hafizi
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tania Da Silva
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Kiang
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pablo M. Rusjan
- Douglas Research Centre, Clinical and Translational Sciences Lab, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Richard P. Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Romina Mizrahi
- Douglas Research Centre, Clinical and Translational Sciences Lab, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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4
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Liang Y, Shao R, Xia Y, Li Y, Guo S. Investigating amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation and possible links with cognitive impairment in childhood and adolescence onset schizophrenia: a correlation study. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1288955. [PMID: 38426007 PMCID: PMC10902053 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1288955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Cognitive impairment (CI) is a distinctive characteristic of schizophrenia, with evidence suggesting that childhood and adolescence onset schizophrenia (CAOS), representing severe but rare forms of schizophrenia, share continuity with adult-onset conditions. While relationships between altered brain function and CI have been identified in adults with schizophrenia, the extent of brain function abnormalities in CAOS remains largely unknown. In this study, we employed resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) to investigate functional alterations in brain areas among patients with CAOS. To assess CI across multiple cognitive domains, we utilized the Stroop Color and Word Tests (SCWT) and MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) tests. Our objective was to explore the associations between functional CI and the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) levels in these patients. Methods We enrolled 50 patients diagnosed with CAOS and 33 healthy controls (HCs) matched for sex and age. Cognitive functions were assessed using the MCCB and SCWT methods. Rs-fMRI data were acquired using gradient-echo echo-planar imaging sequences. Voxel-based ALFF group maps were compared through two-sample t-tests in SPM8. Subsequently, correlation analyses were conducted to identify associations between ALFF levels and cognitive scores. Results In comparison to HCs, patients exhibited significantly increased ALFF levels in the right fusiform gyrus, frontal lobe, and caudate, as well as the left frontal lobe and caudate. Conversely, reduced ALFF levels were observed in the temporal and left medial frontal lobes. Significant differences were identified between HCs and patients in terms of total cognitive scores, ALFF levels, and domain scores. All test scores were decreased, except for TMA. Correlation analyses between ALFF levels and cognitive functions in patients with CAOS differed from those in HCs. Pearson correlation analyses revealed positive associations between Brief Visuospatial Memory Test - Revised (BVMT-R) scores and ALFF levels in the left medial frontal gyrus. Digital Span Test (DST) scores were negatively correlated with ALFF levels in the right caudate, and Maze Test values were negatively correlated with levels in the left caudate. However, Pearson correlation analyses in HCs indicated that color and Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (HVLT-R) scores positively correlated with ALFF levels in the left frontal lobe, while color-word and symbol coding scores negatively correlated with levels in the right caudate. Conclusions Altered ALFF levels in the brain may be linked to cognitive impairment (CI) in patients with CAOS. We highlighted the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and provide imaging evidence that could potentially aid in the diagnosis of CAOS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Suqin Guo
- Department of Psychiatry, Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
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5
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Perrottelli A, Marzocchi FF, Caporusso E, Giordano GM, Giuliani L, Melillo A, Pezzella P, Bucci P, Mucci A, Galderisi S. Advances in the understanding of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder through induced pluripotent stem cell models. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2024; 49:E109-E125. [PMID: 38490647 PMCID: PMC10950363 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.230112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder involves a complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors that begins in the early stages of neurodevelopment. Recent advancements in the field of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offer a promising tool for understanding the neurobiological alterations involved in these disorders and, potentially, for developing new treatment options. In this review, we summarize the results of iPSC-based research on schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, showing disturbances in neurodevelopmental processes, imbalance in glutamatergic-GABAergic transmission and neuromorphological alterations. The limitations of the reviewed literature are also highlighted, particularly the methodological heterogeneity of the studies, the limited number of studies developing iPSC models of both diseases simultaneously, and the lack of in-depth clinical characterization of the included samples. Further studies are needed to advance knowledge on the common and disease-specific pathophysiological features of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder and to promote the development of new treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Luigi Giuliani
- From the University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Melillo
- From the University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | | | - Paola Bucci
- From the University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Armida Mucci
- From the University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
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6
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Pilon F, Boisvert M, Potvin S. Losing the chain of thought: A meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies using verbal tasks in schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 2024; 169:238-246. [PMID: 38048673 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disorganization symptoms are a main feature of schizophrenia, which include illogical and incoherent thinking, circumstantiality, tangentiality and loose associations. As these symptoms entail language deficits, several functional neuroimaging studies have been performed in schizophrenia using verbal tasks, producing somewhat heterogenous results. Hence, we performed a meta-analysis seeking to identify the most reliable neural alterations observed in schizophrenia patients during such tasks. METHODS Web of Sciences, PubMed, and EMBASE were searched for functional neuroimaging studies during verbal tasks (e.g. verbal fluency and semantic processing) in schizophrenia. Out of 795 screened articles, 33 were eligible for this meta-analysis. A coordinated-based meta-analysis was performed with the activation likelihood estimation (ALE) approach, using the cluster-level family-wise error (FWE) correction set at p < 0.05. RESULTS In schizophrenia, hyperactivations were observed in the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and middle frontal gyrus (MFG) and hypoactivations were observed in the right IFG, the precentral gyrus and the left caudate nucleus. Another analysis pooling hyper- and hypoactivations revealed altered activations, firstly, in the left IFG and MFG, secondly, in the left precentral gyrus, IFG and insula, and, thirdly, in the left angular gyrus and precuneus. In the light of these results, not only classic language-related regions are abnormally activated during verbal tasks in schizophrenia, but also brain regions involved in executive functions, autobiographical memory and, unexpectedly, in motor functions. Further functional neuroimaging studies are needed to investigate the role of the striatum in linguistic sequencing in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Pilon
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Addiction, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mélanie Boisvert
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Addiction, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stéphane Potvin
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Addiction, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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7
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Türk Y, Devecioğlu İ, Küskün A, Öge C, Beyazyüz E, Albayrak Y. ROI-based analysis of diffusion indices in healthy subjects and subjects with deficit or non-deficit syndrome schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2023; 336:111726. [PMID: 37925764 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2023.111726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed DTI data involving 22 healthy subjects (HC), 15 patients with deficit syndrome schizophrenia (DSZ), and 25 patients with non-deficit syndrome schizophrenia (NDSZ). We used a 1.5-T MRI scanner to collect diffusion-weighted images and T1 images, which were employed to correct distortions and deformations within the diffusion-weighted images. For 156 regions of interest (ROI), we calculated the average fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusion (MD), and radial diffusion (RD). Each ROI underwent a group-wise comparison using permutation F-test, followed by post hoc pairwise comparisons with Bonferroni correction. In general, we observed lower FA in both schizophrenia groups compared to HC (i.e., HC>(DSZ=NDSZ)), while MD and RD showed the opposite pattern. Notably, specific ROIs with reduced FA in schizophrenia patients included bilateral nucleus accumbens, left fusiform area, brain stem, anterior corpus callosum, left rostral and caudal anterior cingulate, right posterior cingulate, left thalamus, left hippocampus, left inferior temporal cortex, right superior temporal cortex, left pars triangularis and right lingual gyrus. Significantly, the right cuneus exhibited lower FA in the DSZ group compared to other groups ((HC=NDSZ)>DSZ), without affecting MD and RD. These results indicate that compromised neural integrity in the cuneus may contribute to the pathophysiological distinctions between DSZ and NDSZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaşar Türk
- Radiology Department, Medical Faculty, Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University. Namik Kemal Mh., Kampus Cd., Suleymanpasa, Tekirdag 59100, Turkey; Radiology Department, İstanbul Health and Technology University Hospital, Kaptanpasa Mh., Darulaceze Cd., Sisli, İstanbul 34384, Turkey
| | - İsmail Devecioğlu
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Çorlu Faculty of Engineering, Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, NKU Corlu Muhendislik Fakultesi, Silahtaraga Mh., Çorlu, Tekirdağ 59860, Turkey.
| | - Atakan Küskün
- Radiology Department, Medical Faculty, Kırklareli University, Cumhuriyet Mh., Kofcaz Yolu, Kayali Yerleskesi, Merkezi Derslikler 2, No 39/L, Merkez, Kırklareli, Turkey
| | - Cem Öge
- Psychiatry Department, Çorlu State Hospital, Zafer, Mah. Bülent Ecevit Blv. No:33, Çorlu, Tekirdağ 59850, Turkey
| | - Elmas Beyazyüz
- Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University. Namik Kemal Mh., Kampus Cd., Suleymanpasa, Tekirdag 59100, Turkey
| | - Yakup Albayrak
- Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University. Namik Kemal Mh., Kampus Cd., Suleymanpasa, Tekirdag 59100, Turkey
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8
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Bayar Kapici O, Kapici Y, Tekın A, Şırık M. A novel diagnosis method for schizophrenia based on globus pallidus data. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2023; 336:111732. [PMID: 37922672 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2023.111732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
This research aims to diagnose schizophrenia with machine learning-based algorithms. Bayesian neural network, logistic regression, decision tree, k-nearest neighbor, and gaussian kernel classification techniques are investigated to diagnose schizophrenia with data from 125 persons. This study showed that left lateral ventricles and left globus pallidus volumes and their percentages in the brain were significantly lower than HCs in FEP patients. Using brain volumes, we were able to diagnose FEP with an accuracy of 73.6 % via logistic regression and with an accuracy of 86.4 % using the SVM kernel classifier method. Therefore, brain volumes can be used to diagnose FEP with the SVM kernel classifier method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Bayar Kapici
- Department of Radiology, Adıyaman Training and Research Hospital, Adıyaman, Turkey
| | - Yaşar Kapici
- Department of Psychiatry, Kahta State Hospital, Adıyaman, Turkey.
| | - Atilla Tekın
- Department of Psychiatry, Adıyaman University Faculty of Medicine, Adıyaman, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Şırık
- Department of Radiology, Adıyaman University Faculty of Medicine, Adıyaman, Turkey
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9
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Fritze S, Brandt GA, Benedyk A, Moldavski A, Geiger-Primo LS, Andoh J, Volkmer S, Braun U, Kubera KM, Wolf RC, von der Goltz C, Schwarz E, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Tost H, Hirjak D. Psychomotor slowing in schizophrenia is associated with cortical thinning of primary motor cortex: A three cohort structural magnetic resonance imaging study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2023; 77:53-66. [PMID: 37717350 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2023.08.499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Psychomotor slowing (PS) is characterized by slowed movements and lower activity levels. PS is frequently observed in schizophrenia (SZ) and distressing because it impairs performance of everyday tasks and social activities. Studying brain topography contributing to PS in SZ can help to understand the underlying neurobiological mechanisms as well as help to develop more effective treatments that specifically target affected brain areas. Here, we conducted structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) of three independent cohorts of right-handed SZ patients (SZ#1: n = 72, SZ#2: n = 37, SZ#3: n = 25) and age, gender and education matched healthy controls (HC) (HC#1: n = 40, HC#2: n = 37, HC#3: n = 38). PS severity in the three SZ cohorts was determined using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) item #G7 (motor retardation) and Trail-Making-Test B (TMT-B). FreeSurfer v7.2 was used for automated parcellation and segmentation of cortical and subcortical regions. SZ#1 patients showed reduced cortical thickness in right precentral gyrus (M1; p = 0.04; Benjamini-Hochberg [BH] corr.). In SZ#1, cortical thinning in right M1 was associated with PANSS item #G7 (p = 0.04; BH corr.) and TMT-B performance (p = 0.002; BH corr.). In SZ#1, we found a significant correlation between PANSS item #G7 and TMT-B (p = 0.005, ρ=0.326). In conclusion, PANSS G#7 and TMT-B might have a surrogate value for predicting PS in SZ. Cortical thinning of M1 rather than alterations of subcortical structures may point towards cortical pathomechanism underlying PS in SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Fritze
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Geva A Brandt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Anastasia Benedyk
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Research Group System Neuroscience in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Alexander Moldavski
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Research Group System Neuroscience in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Lena S Geiger-Primo
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Research Group System Neuroscience in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Jamila Andoh
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Research Group System Neuroscience in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Sebastian Volkmer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Hector Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Urs Braun
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Katharina M Kubera
- Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Department of General Psychiatry, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robert C Wolf
- Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Department of General Psychiatry, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Emanuel Schwarz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Hector Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Research Group System Neuroscience in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Heike Tost
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Research Group System Neuroscience in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Dusan Hirjak
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
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10
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Harikumar A, Solovyeva KP, Misiura M, Iraji A, Plis SM, Pearlson GD, Turner JA, Calhoun VD. Revisiting Functional Dysconnectivity: a Review of Three Model Frameworks in Schizophrenia. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2023; 23:937-946. [PMID: 37999830 PMCID: PMC11126894 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-023-01325-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Over the last decade, evidence suggests that a combination of behavioral and neuroimaging findings can help illuminate changes in functional dysconnectivity in schizophrenia. We review the recent connectivity literature considering several vital models, considering connectivity findings, and relationships with clinical symptoms. We reviewed resting state fMRI studies from 2017 to 2023. We summarized the role of two sets of brain networks (cerebello-thalamo-cortical (CTCC) and the triple network set) across three hypothesized models of schizophrenia etiology (neurodevelopmental, vulnerability-stress, and neurotransmitter hypotheses). RECENT FINDINGS The neurotransmitter and neurodevelopmental models best explained CTCC-subcortical dysfunction, which was consistently connected to symptom severity and motor symptoms. Triple network dysconnectivity was linked to deficits in executive functioning, and the salience network (SN)-default mode network dysconnectivity was tied to disordered thought and attentional deficits. This paper links behavioral symptoms of schizophrenia (symptom severity, motor, executive functioning, and attentional deficits) to various hypothesized mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amritha Harikumar
- The Georgia State University/Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS Center), 55 Park Pl NE, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Kseniya P Solovyeva
- The Georgia State University/Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS Center), 55 Park Pl NE, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Maria Misiura
- The Georgia State University/Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS Center), 55 Park Pl NE, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Armin Iraji
- The Georgia State University/Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS Center), 55 Park Pl NE, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Sergey M Plis
- The Georgia State University/Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS Center), 55 Park Pl NE, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Godfrey D Pearlson
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jessica A Turner
- The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Vince D Calhoun
- The Georgia State University/Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS Center), 55 Park Pl NE, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA.
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11
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Galderisi S, Mucci A. A new approach to negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2023; 75:62-64. [PMID: 37454626 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2023.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Armida Mucci
- University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
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12
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Murlanova K, Pletnikov MV. Modeling psychotic disorders: Environment x environment interaction. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 152:105310. [PMID: 37437753 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a major psychotic disorder with multifactorial etiology that includes interactions between genetic vulnerability and environmental risk factors. In addition, interplay of multiple environmental adversities affects neurodevelopment and may increase the individual risk of developing schizophrenia. Consistent with the two-hit hypothesis of schizophrenia, we review rodent models that combine maternal immune activation as the first hit with other adverse environmental exposures as the second hit. We discuss the strengths and pitfalls of the current animal models of environment x environment interplay and propose some future directions to advance the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateryna Murlanova
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Mikhail V Pletnikov
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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13
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Misiak B, Samochowiec J, Kowalski K, Gaebel W, Bassetti CLA, Chan A, Gorwood P, Papiol S, Dom G, Volpe U, Szulc A, Kurimay T, Kärkkäinen H, Decraene A, Wisse J, Fiorillo A, Falkai P. The future of diagnosis in clinical neurosciences: Comparing multiple sclerosis and schizophrenia. Eur Psychiatry 2023; 66:e58. [PMID: 37476977 PMCID: PMC10486256 DOI: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2023.2432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The ongoing developments of psychiatric classification systems have largely improved reliability of diagnosis, including that of schizophrenia. However, with an unknown pathophysiology and lacking biomarkers, its validity still remains low, requiring further advancements. Research has helped establish multiple sclerosis (MS) as the central nervous system (CNS) disorder with an established pathophysiology, defined biomarkers and therefore good validity and significantly improved treatment options. Before proposing next steps in research that aim to improve the diagnostic process of schizophrenia, it is imperative to recognize its clinical heterogeneity. Indeed, individuals with schizophrenia show high interindividual variability in terms of symptomatic manifestation, response to treatment, course of illness and functional outcomes. There is also a multiplicity of risk factors that contribute to the development of schizophrenia. Moreover, accumulating evidence indicates that several dimensions of psychopathology and risk factors cross current diagnostic categorizations. Schizophrenia shares a number of similarities with MS, which is a demyelinating disease of the CNS. These similarities appear in the context of age of onset, geographical distribution, involvement of immune-inflammatory processes, neurocognitive impairment and various trajectories of illness course. This article provides a critical appraisal of diagnostic process in schizophrenia, taking into consideration advancements that have been made in the diagnosis and management of MS. Based on the comparison between the two disorders, key directions for studies that aim to improve diagnostic process in schizophrenia are formulated. All of them converge on the necessity to deconstruct the psychosis spectrum and adopt dimensional approaches with deep phenotyping to refine current diagnostic boundaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Błażej Misiak
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Samochowiec
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - Wolfgang Gaebel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- WHO Collaborating Centre on Quality Assurance and Empowerment in Mental Health, DEU-131, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Claudio L. A. Bassetti
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University Bern, Switzerland
- Interdisciplinary Sleep-Wake-Epilepsy-Center, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrew Chan
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philip Gorwood
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM, U1266 (Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris), Paris, France
- CMME, GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris, France
| | - Sergi Papiol
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Geert Dom
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute, University of Antwerp, B-2610Antwerp, Belgium
- Multiversum Psychiatric Hospital, B-2530Boechout, Belgium
| | - Umberto Volpe
- Unit of Clinical Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Neurosciences/DIMSC, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126Ancona, Italy
| | - Agata Szulc
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tamas Kurimay
- Department of Psychiatry, St. Janos Hospital, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Andre Decraene
- European Federation of Associations of Families of People with Mental Illness (EUFAMI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Wisse
- Century House, Wargrave Road, Henley-on-Thames, OxfordshireRG9 2LT, UK
| | - Andrea Fiorillo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Peter Falkai
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Nussbaumstraße 7, 80336Munich, Germany
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14
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Wang C, Zhang Y, Lim LG, Cao W, Zhang W, Wan X, Fan L, Liu Y, Zhang X, Tian Z, Liu X, Pan X, Zheng Y, Pan R, Tan Y, Zhang Z, McIntyre RS, Li Z, Ho RCM, Tang TB. An fNIRS investigation of novel expressed emotion stimulations in schizophrenia. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11141. [PMID: 37429942 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38057-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Living in high expressed emotion (EE) environments tends to increase the relapse rate in schizophrenia (SZ). At present, the neural substrates responsible for high EE in SZ remain poorly understood. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) may be of great use to quantitatively assess cortical hemodynamics and elucidate the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. In this study, we designed novel low- (positivity and warmth) and high-EE (criticism, negative emotion, and hostility) stimulations, in the form of audio, to investigate cortical hemodynamics. We used fNIRS to measure hemodynamic signals while participants listened to the recorded audio. Healthy controls (HCs, [Formula: see text]) showed increased hemodynamic activation in the major language centers across EE stimulations, with stronger activation in Wernicke's area during the processing of negative emotional language. Compared to HCs, people with SZ ([Formula: see text]) exhibited smaller hemodynamic activation in the major language centers across EE stimulations. In addition, people with SZ showed weaker or insignificant hemodynamic deactivation in the medial prefrontal cortex. Notably, hemodynamic activation in SZ was found to be negatively correlated with the negative syndrome scale score at high EE. Our findings suggest that the neural mechanisms in SZ are altered and disrupted, especially during negative emotional language processing. This supports the feasibility of using the designed EE stimulations to assess people who are vulnerable to high-EE environments, such as SZ. Furthermore, our findings provide preliminary evidence for future research on functional neuroimaging biomarkers for people with psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lam Ghai Lim
- Department of Electrical and Robotics Engineering, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Weiqi Cao
- Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Huaibei Mental Health Center, Huaibei, China
| | | | - Lijun Fan
- Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Huaibei Mental Health Center, Huaibei, China
| | | | | | - Xiuzhi Pan
- Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, China
| | - Yuan Zheng
- Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, China
| | - Riyu Pan
- Anqing Normal University, Anqing, China
| | - Yilin Tan
- Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, China
| | | | - Roger S McIntyre
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Poul Hansen Family Centre for Depression, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation, Toronto, Canada
| | - Zhifei Li
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Roger C M Ho
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
| | - Tong Boon Tang
- Centre for Intelligent Signal and Imaging Research (CISIR), Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
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15
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Nicotine's effect on cognition, a friend or foe? Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2023; 124:110723. [PMID: 36736944 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is a preventable cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Smoking comes in form of absorption of many compounds, among which nicotine is the main psychoactive component of tobacco and its positive and negative reinforcement effects are proposed to be the key mechanism for the initiation and maintenance of smoking. Growing evidence suggests that the cognitive enhancement effects of nicotine may also contribute to the difficulty of quitting smoking, especially in individuals with psychiatric disorders. In this review, we first introduce the beneficial effect of nicotine on cognition including attention, short-term memory and long-term memory. We next summarize the beneficial effect of nicotine on cognition under pathological conditions, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Schizophrenia, Stress-induced Anxiety, Depression, and drug-induced memory impairment. The possible mechanism underlying nicotine's effect is also explored. Finally, nicotine's detrimental effect on cognition is discussed, including in the prenatal and adolescent periods, and high-dose nicotine- and withdrawal-induced memory impairment is emphasized. Therefore, nicotine serves as both a friend and foe. Nicotine-derived compounds could be a promising strategy to alleviate neurological disease-associated cognitive deficit, however, due to nicotine's detrimental effect, continued educational programs and public awareness campaigns are needed to reduce tobacco use among pregnant women and smoking should be quitted even if it is e-cigarette, especially for the adolescents.
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16
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Xie J, Hong S, Zhang X, Li Y, Xie R. Inhibition of glycolysis prevents behavioural changes in mice with MK801-induced SCZ model by alleviating lactate accumulation and lactylation. Brain Res 2023; 1812:148409. [PMID: 37207839 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a debilitating neuropsychiatric disorder with a complex aetiology. Cognitive symptoms and hippocampal changes have been implicated in the pathophysiology of SCZ. Changes in metabolites level and up-regulated glycolysis have been reported in previous studies, which may be related to the hippocampal dysfunction in SCZ. However, the pathological mechanism of glycolysis involved in the pathogenesis of SCZ remains unclear. Therefore, the change of glycolysis level and the involvement in SCZ need to be further studied. In our study, MK801 was used to induce an SCZ mouse model and cell model in vivo and in vitro. Western blotting was performed to evaluate the levels of glycolysis, metabolites, and lactylation in hippocampal tissue of mice with SCZ or cell models. The level of high mobility group protein 1 (HMGB1) in the medium of MK801-treated primary hippocampal neurons was examined. Apoptosis was evaluated in HMGB1-treated hippocampal neurons by flow cytometry. The glycolysis inhibitor 2-DG prevented behavioural changes in the MK801-induced SCZ mouse model. The lactate accumulation and level of lactylation were alleviated in the hippocampal tissue of MK801-treated mice. Glycolysis was enhanced, and lactate accumulated in MK-801-treated primary hippocampal neurons. In addition, the level of HMGB1 increased in the medium and induced apoptosis in primary hippocampal neurons. Together, the data showed that glycolysis and lactylation increased in the MK801-induced SCZ model in vivo and in vitro, and this effect could be prevented by 2-DG (a glycolysis inhibitor). Glycolytic related HMGB1 upregulation may induce apoptosis in hippocampal neurons downstream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiming Xie
- Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, The Third People's Hospital, Kunming 650011, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Shijun Hong
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Xiufeng Zhang
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Yuwen Li
- Tangshuang Community, The Third People's Hospital, Kunming 650011, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Runfang Xie
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, P.R. China.
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17
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Ju J, Liu L, Yang X, Men S, Hou ST. Distinctive effects of NMDA receptor modulators on cerebral microcirculation in a schizophrenia mouse model. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 653:62-68. [PMID: 36857901 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Substantial evidence demonstrates that schizophrenia patients have altered cerebral microcirculation. However, little is known regarding how cerebral microcirculatory blood flow (microCBF) changes in schizophrenia. Here, using time-lapse two-photon imaging of individual capillaries, we demonstrated a substantial decrease in cerebral microcirculation in a mouse model of schizophrenia. The involvement of NMDA receptor (NMDAR) functions was investigated to understand further the mechanism of microcirculation reduction in this animal model. Administration of D-serine, a selective full agonist at the glycine site of NMDAR, significantly increased the microCBF in the schizophrenia mouse. Interestingly, administration of GNE-8324, a GluN2A-selective positive allosteric modulator that selectively enhances NMDAR-mediated synaptic responses in inhibitory but not excitatory neurons, had no effect on the microCBF of the schizophrenia mice. Together, these data indicated that NMDAR participated in the regulation of microcirculation in schizophrenia using a mechanism dependent on the tonic NMDAR signaling and the selective modulation of inhibitory neuron activity. Further studies are warranted to establish NMDAR's role in modulating microcirculation in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ju
- Brain Research Centre and Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Luping Liu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Xinyi Yang
- Brain Research Centre and Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Siqi Men
- Brain Research Centre and Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Sheng-Tao Hou
- Brain Research Centre and Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
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18
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Zouraraki C, Karamaouna P, Giakoumaki SG. Cognitive Processes and Resting-State Functional Neuroimaging Findings in High Schizotypal Individuals and Schizotypal Personality Disorder Patients: A Systematic Review. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13040615. [PMID: 37190580 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13040615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ample research findings indicate that there is altered brain functioning in the schizophrenia spectrum. Nevertheless, functional neuroimaging findings remain ambiguous for healthy individuals expressing high schizotypal traits and patients with schizotypal personality disorder (SPD). The purpose of this systematic review was to identify patterns of task-related and resting-state neural abnormalities across these conditions. MEDLINE-PubMed and PsycINFO were systematically searched and forty-eight studies were selected. Forty studies assessed healthy individuals with high schizotypal traits and eight studies examined SPD patients with functional neuroimaging techniques (fNIRS; fMRI; Resting-state fMRI). Functional alterations in striatal, frontal and temporal regions were found in healthy individuals with high schizotypal traits. Schizotypal personality disorder was associated with default mode network abnormalities but further research is required in order to better conceive its neural correlates. There was also evidence for functional compensatory mechanisms associated with both conditions. To conclude, the findings suggest that brain dysfunctions are evident in individuals who lie along the subclinical part of the spectrum, further supporting the continuum model for schizophrenia susceptibility. Additional research is required in order to delineate the counterbalancing processes implicated in the schizophrenia spectrum, as this approach will provide promising insights for both conversion and protection from conversion into schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysoula Zouraraki
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, Department of Psychology, University of Crete, 74100 Rethymno, Greece
- University of Crete Research Center for the Humanities, The Social and Education Sciences (UCRC), University of Crete, Gallos University Campus, 74100 Rethymno, Greece
| | - Penny Karamaouna
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, Department of Psychology, University of Crete, 74100 Rethymno, Greece
- University of Crete Research Center for the Humanities, The Social and Education Sciences (UCRC), University of Crete, Gallos University Campus, 74100 Rethymno, Greece
| | - Stella G. Giakoumaki
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, Department of Psychology, University of Crete, 74100 Rethymno, Greece
- University of Crete Research Center for the Humanities, The Social and Education Sciences (UCRC), University of Crete, Gallos University Campus, 74100 Rethymno, Greece
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19
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Dauvermann MR, Costello L, Tronchin G, Holleran L, Mothersill D, Rokita KI, Kane R, Hallahan B, Corvin A, Morris D, McKernan DP, Kelly J, McDonald C, Donohoe G, Cannon DM. Childhood trauma is associated with altered white matter microstructural organization in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2023; 330:111616. [PMID: 36827958 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2023.111616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
It has been reported that childhood trauma (CT) is associated with reductions in fractional anisotropy (FA) in individuals with schizophrenia (SZ). Here, we hypothesized that SZ with high levels of CT will show the greatest reductions in FA in frontolimbic and frontoparietal regions compared to healthy controls (HC) with high trauma levels and participants with no/low levels of CT. Thirty-seven SZ and 129 HC with CT experience were dichotomized into groups of 'none/low' or 'high' levels. Participants underwent diffusion-weighted MRI, and Tract-based spatial statistics were employed to assess the main effect of diagnosis, main effect of CT severity irrespective of diagnosis, and interaction between diagnosis and CT severity. SZ showed FA reductions in the corpus callosum and corona radiata compared to HC. Irrespective of a diagnosis, high CT levels (n = 48) were related to FA reductions in frontolimbic and frontoparietal regions compared to those with none/low levels of CT (n = 118). However, no significant interaction between diagnosis and high levels of CT was found (n = 13). Across all participants, we observed effects of CT on late developing frontolimbic and frontoparietal regions, suggesting that the effects of CT severity on white matter organization may be independent of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria R Dauvermann
- Center for Neuroimaging, Cognition and Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Galway Neuroscience Centre, University of Galway, Ireland, Galway, H91TK33, Ireland; Institute for Mental Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
| | - Laura Costello
- Center for Neuroimaging, Cognition and Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Galway Neuroscience Centre, University of Galway, Ireland, Galway, H91TK33, Ireland
| | - Giulia Tronchin
- Center for Neuroimaging, Cognition and Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Galway Neuroscience Centre, University of Galway, Ireland, Galway, H91TK33, Ireland
| | - Laurena Holleran
- Center for Neuroimaging, Cognition and Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Galway Neuroscience Centre, University of Galway, Ireland, Galway, H91TK33, Ireland
| | - David Mothersill
- Center for Neuroimaging, Cognition and Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Galway Neuroscience Centre, University of Galway, Ireland, Galway, H91TK33, Ireland; Department of Psychology, School of Business, National College of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Karolina I Rokita
- Center for Neuroimaging, Cognition and Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Galway Neuroscience Centre, University of Galway, Ireland, Galway, H91TK33, Ireland
| | - Ruán Kane
- Center for Neuroimaging, Cognition and Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Galway Neuroscience Centre, University of Galway, Ireland, Galway, H91TK33, Ireland
| | - Brian Hallahan
- Center for Neuroimaging, Cognition and Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Galway Neuroscience Centre, University of Galway, Ireland, Galway, H91TK33, Ireland
| | - Aiden Corvin
- Department of Psychology, School of Business, National College of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Derek Morris
- Center for Neuroimaging, Cognition and Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Galway Neuroscience Centre, University of Galway, Ireland, Galway, H91TK33, Ireland
| | - Declan P McKernan
- Center for Neuroimaging, Cognition and Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Galway Neuroscience Centre, University of Galway, Ireland, Galway, H91TK33, Ireland
| | - John Kelly
- Center for Neuroimaging, Cognition and Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Galway Neuroscience Centre, University of Galway, Ireland, Galway, H91TK33, Ireland
| | - Colm McDonald
- Center for Neuroimaging, Cognition and Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Galway Neuroscience Centre, University of Galway, Ireland, Galway, H91TK33, Ireland
| | - Gary Donohoe
- Center for Neuroimaging, Cognition and Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Galway Neuroscience Centre, University of Galway, Ireland, Galway, H91TK33, Ireland
| | - Dara M Cannon
- Center for Neuroimaging, Cognition and Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Galway Neuroscience Centre, University of Galway, Ireland, Galway, H91TK33, Ireland
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20
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Matuszewska A, Kowalski K, Jawień P, Tomkalski T, Gaweł-Dąbrowska D, Merwid-Ląd A, Szeląg E, Błaszczak K, Wiatrak B, Danielewski M, Piasny J, Szeląg A. The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis in Men with Schizophrenia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076492. [PMID: 37047464 PMCID: PMC10094807 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder with a chronic, progressive course. The etiology of this condition is linked to the interactions of multiple genes and environmental factors. The earlier age of onset of schizophrenia, the higher frequency of negative symptoms in the clinical presentation, and the poorer response to antipsychotic treatment in men compared to women suggests the involvement of sex hormones in these processes. This article aims to draw attention to the possible relationship between testosterone and some clinical features in male schizophrenic patients and discuss the complex nature of these phenomena based on data from the literature. PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases were searched to select the papers without limiting the time of the publications. Hormone levels in the body are regulated by many organs and systems, and take place through the neuroendocrine, hormonal, neural, and metabolic pathways. Sex hormones play an important role in the development and function of the organism. Besides their impact on secondary sex characteristics, they influence brain development and function, mood, and cognition. In men with schizophrenia, altered testosterone levels were noted. In many cases, evidence from available single studies gave contradictory results. However, it seems that the testosterone level in men affected by schizophrenia may differ depending on the phase of the disease, types of clinical symptoms, and administered therapy. The etiology of testosterone level disturbances may be very complex. Besides the impact of the illness (schizophrenia), stress, and antipsychotic drug-induced hyperprolactinemia, testosterone levels may be influenced by, i.a., obesity, substances of abuse (e.g., ethanol), or liver damage.
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21
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Chen X, Ke P, Huang Y, Zhou J, Li H, Peng R, Huang J, Liang L, Ma G, Li X, Ning Y, Wu F, Wu K. Discriminative analysis of schizophrenia patients using graph convolutional networks: A combined multimodal MRI and connectomics analysis. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1140801. [PMID: 37090813 PMCID: PMC10117439 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1140801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionRecent studies in human brain connectomics with multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data have widely reported abnormalities in brain structure, function and connectivity associated with schizophrenia (SZ). However, most previous discriminative studies of SZ patients were based on MRI features of brain regions, ignoring the complex relationships within brain networks.MethodsWe applied a graph convolutional network (GCN) to discriminating SZ patients using the features of brain region and connectivity derived from a combined multimodal MRI and connectomics analysis. Structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data were acquired from 140 SZ patients and 205 normal controls. Eighteen types of brain graphs were constructed for each subject using 3 types of node features, 3 types of edge features, and 2 brain atlases. We investigated the performance of 18 brain graphs and used the TopK pooling layers to highlight salient brain regions (nodes in the graph).ResultsThe GCN model, which used functional connectivity as edge features and multimodal features (sMRI + fMRI) of brain regions as node features, obtained the highest average accuracy of 95.8%, and outperformed other existing classification studies in SZ patients. In the explainability analysis, we reported that the top 10 salient brain regions, predominantly distributed in the prefrontal and occipital cortices, were mainly involved in the systems of emotion and visual processing.DiscussionOur findings demonstrated that GCN with a combined multimodal MRI and connectomics analysis can effectively improve the classification of SZ at an individual level, indicating a promising direction for the diagnosis of SZ patients. The code is available at https://github.com/CXY-scut/GCN-SZ.git.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pengfei Ke
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Huang
- Department of Emotional Disorders, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- School of Material Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hehua Li
- Department of Emotional Disorders, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, China
| | - Runlin Peng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiayuan Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou, China
| | - LiQing Liang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guolin Ma
- Department of Radiology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Yuping Ning
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Psychosomatic, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fengchun Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Fengchun Wu,
| | - Kai Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Kai Wu,
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22
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Carriello MA, Costa DFB, Alvim PHP, Pestana MC, Bicudo DDS, Gomes EMP, Coelho TA, Biava PJ, Berlitz VG, Bianchini AJ, Shiokawa A, Shiokawa N, Sato MT, Massuda R. Retinal layers and symptoms and inflammation in schizophrenia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2023:10.1007/s00406-023-01583-0. [PMID: 36928482 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-023-01583-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects brain structure and function. The retina, as well as the brain, consists of neuronal and glial cells packed in layers. Cortical volume and brain thickness are associated with inflammatory biomarkers, however, no study has been performed associating inflammatory biomarkers and retina in schizophrenia. our study aims to compare the retinal macular thickness and volume and peripapillary thickness in patients with schizophrenia and controls, and associate it to symptoms of schizophrenia, to interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C Reactive Protein (CRP) levels. Optical coherence tomography was performed to assess retinal layer thickness and volume, and CRP and IL-6 levels were measured in patients with schizophrenia and controls. Positive, negative, and general symptoms of schizophrenia were measured with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). A linear regression controlling for confounding factors was performed. 70 subjects were included, 35 patients, and 35 controls matched for sex and age. Patients with schizophrenia presented a significantly lower macular volume (p < 0.05) and thickness (< 0.05) than controls. PANSS positive, general and total scores were associated with retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness (p < 0.05). There was no association between inflammatory markers (CRP and IL-6) levels and the retinal layer. A reduction in macular volume and thickness was found in patients with schizophrenia. The severity of schizophrenia symptoms was associated with RNFL thickness. CRP and IL-6 are not associated with retinal thickness/volume in schizophrenia or controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Alves Carriello
- Psychotic Disorders Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal Do Paraná-UFPR, Curitiba, Brazil.
| | - Diogo F Bornancin Costa
- Psychotic Disorders Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal Do Paraná-UFPR, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique Pereira Alvim
- Psychotic Disorders Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal Do Paraná-UFPR, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Mariana Camargo Pestana
- Psychotic Disorders Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal Do Paraná-UFPR, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Duana Dos Santos Bicudo
- Psychotic Disorders Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal Do Paraná-UFPR, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Eloisa Maria Pontarolo Gomes
- Psychotic Disorders Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal Do Paraná-UFPR, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Tamires Amelotti Coelho
- Psychotic Disorders Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal Do Paraná-UFPR, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Patrick Junior Biava
- Psychotic Disorders Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal Do Paraná-UFPR, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Vitória Gabriela Berlitz
- Psychotic Disorders Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal Do Paraná-UFPR, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Ana J Bianchini
- Psychotic Disorders Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal Do Paraná-UFPR, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Aline Shiokawa
- Retina and Vitreous Ophthalmology-Curitiba, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Naoye Shiokawa
- Retina and Vitreous Ophthalmology-Curitiba, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Mario Teruo Sato
- Retina and Vitreous Ophthalmology-Curitiba, Curitiba, Brazil
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universidade Federal Do Paraná-UFPR, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Raffael Massuda
- Psychotic Disorders Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal Do Paraná-UFPR, Curitiba, Brazil
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23
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The challenging quest of neuroimaging: From clinical to molecular-based subtyping of Parkinson disease and atypical parkinsonisms. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 192:231-258. [PMID: 36796945 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-85538-9.00004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
The current framework of Parkinson disease (PD) focuses on phenotypic classification despite its considerable heterogeneity. We argue that this method of classification has restricted therapeutic advances and therefore limited our ability to develop disease-modifying interventions in PD. Advances in neuroimaging have identified several molecular mechanisms relevant to PD, variation within and between clinical phenotypes, and potential compensatory mechanisms with disease progression. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques can detect microstructural changes, disruptions in neural pathways, and metabolic and blood flow alterations. Positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging have informed the neurotransmitter, metabolic, and inflammatory dysfunctions that could potentially distinguish disease phenotypes and predict response to therapy and clinical outcomes. However, rapid advancements in imaging techniques make it challenging to assess the significance of newer studies in the context of new theoretical frameworks. As such, there needs to not only be a standardization of practice criteria in molecular imaging but also a rethinking of target approaches. In order to harness precision medicine, a coordinated shift is needed toward divergent rather than convergent diagnostic approaches that account for interindividual differences rather than similarities within an affected population, and focus on predictive patterns rather than already lost neural activity.
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24
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Lang X, Wang D, Zhou H, Wang L, Kosten TR, Zhang XY. P50 inhibition defects, psychopathology and gray matter volume in patients with first-episode drug-naive schizophrenia. Asian J Psychiatr 2023; 80:103421. [PMID: 36563611 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2022.103421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sensory gating deficits and gray matter volume (GMV) abnormalities have been found to be associated with the pathogenesis and psychopathology of patients with schizophrenia (SCZ). However, no studies have investigated their interrelationship in first-episode treatment-naive (FETN) SCZ patients. METHODS We recruited 52 FETN SCZ patients and 57 healthy controls. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was used to measure the psychopathology of the patients. We collected magnetic resonance imaging and P50 inhibition data from all participants. RESULTS Compared to healthy controls, patients had shorter S1 and S2 latencies but larger S2 amplitudes and P50 ratio (Bonferroni adjusted all p < 0.01). In patients, S2 latency was independently associated with PANSS total score, negative symptoms and general psychopathology (t = 2.26-2.58, both P < 0.05), whereas S1 (t = 2.44, P < 0.05) and S2 latencies (t = 2.13, P < 0.05) were associated with PANSS cognitive factor. Moreover, GMV in the left inferior temporal gyrus, left lingual gyrus and right superior occipital gyrus, and bilateral dorsolateral superior frontal gyrus were each associated with the P50 components (all p < 0.05). In addition, GMV associated with S2 latency was negatively correlated with PANSS general psychopathology (t = -2.46, p < 0.05) and total score (t = -2.34, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that FETN SCZ patients exhibit deficits in P50 inhibition and GMV of brain regions associated with these deficits may be associated with their psychopathological symptoms, suggesting that brain structures associated with P50 components may be important biomarkers of SCZ psychopathology. Future studies could use a prospective longitudinal design to investigate the potential causal relationship of brain structures associated with P50 components in the psychopathological symptoms of SCZ patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- XiaoE Lang
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.
| | - Dongmei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huixia Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Thomas R Kosten
- Department of Psychiatry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiang-Yang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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25
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Fišar Z. Biological hypotheses, risk factors, and biomarkers of schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2023; 120:110626. [PMID: 36055561 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Both the discovery of biomarkers of schizophrenia and the verification of biological hypotheses of schizophrenia are an essential part of the process of understanding the etiology of this mental disorder. Schizophrenia has long been considered a neurodevelopmental disease whose symptoms are caused by impaired synaptic signal transduction and brain neuroplasticity. Both the onset and chronic course of schizophrenia are associated with risk factors-induced disruption of brain function and the establishment of a new homeostatic setpoint characterized by biomarkers. Different risk factors and biomarkers can converge to the same symptoms of schizophrenia, suggesting that the primary cause of the disease can be highly individual. Schizophrenia-related biomarkers include measurable biochemical changes induced by stress (elevated allostatic load), mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, oxidative and nitrosative stress, and circadian rhythm disturbances. Here is a summary of selected valid biological hypotheses of schizophrenia formulated based on risk factors and biomarkers, neurodevelopment, neuroplasticity, brain chemistry, and antipsychotic medication. The integrative neurodevelopmental-vulnerability-neurochemical model is based on current knowledge of the neurobiology of the onset and progression of the disease and the effects of antipsychotics and psychotomimetics and reflects the complex and multifactorial nature of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdeněk Fišar
- Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, First Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Czech Republic.
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26
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Ballester PL, Suh JS, Ho NCW, Liang L, Hassel S, Strother SC, Arnott SR, Minuzzi L, Sassi RB, Lam RW, Milev R, Müller DJ, Taylor VH, Kennedy SH, Reilly JP, Palaniyappan L, Dunlop K, Frey BN. Gray matter volume drives the brain age gap in schizophrenia: a SHAP study. SCHIZOPHRENIA (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 9:3. [PMID: 36624107 PMCID: PMC9829754 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-022-00330-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Neuroimaging-based brain age is a biomarker that is generated by machine learning (ML) predictions. The brain age gap (BAG) is typically defined as the difference between the predicted brain age and chronological age. Studies have consistently reported a positive BAG in individuals with schizophrenia (SCZ). However, there is little understanding of which specific factors drive the ML-based brain age predictions, leading to limited biological interpretations of the BAG. We gathered data from three publicly available databases - COBRE, MCIC, and UCLA - and an additional dataset (TOPSY) of early-stage schizophrenia (82.5% untreated first-episode sample) and calculated brain age with pre-trained gradient-boosted trees. Then, we applied SHapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) to identify which brain features influence brain age predictions. We investigated the interaction between the SHAP score for each feature and group as a function of the BAG. These analyses identified total gray matter volume (group × SHAP interaction term β = 1.71 [0.53; 3.23]; pcorr < 0.03) as the feature that influences the BAG observed in SCZ among the brain features that are most predictive of brain age. Other brain features also presented differences in SHAP values between SCZ and HC, but they were not significantly associated with the BAG. We compared the findings with a non-psychotic depression dataset (CAN-BIND), where the interaction was not significant. This study has important implications for the understanding of brain age prediction models and the BAG in SCZ and, potentially, in other psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro L. Ballester
- grid.25073.330000 0004 1936 8227Neuroscience Graduate Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
| | - Jee Su Suh
- grid.25073.330000 0004 1936 8227Neuroscience Graduate Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
| | - Natalie C. W. Ho
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Faculty of Arts & Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.415502.7Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Liangbing Liang
- grid.39381.300000 0004 1936 8884Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Western University, London, ON Canada ,grid.39381.300000 0004 1936 8884Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON Canada
| | - Stefanie Hassel
- grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Department of Psychiatry, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada
| | - Stephen C. Strother
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Stephen R. Arnott
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Luciano Minuzzi
- Mood Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, Hamilton, ON Canada ,grid.416721.70000 0001 0742 7355Women’s Health Concerns Clinic, St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON Canada
| | - Roberto B. Sassi
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Raymond W. Lam
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Roumen Milev
- grid.410356.50000 0004 1936 8331Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, Queen’s University, and Providence Care, Kingston, ON Canada
| | - Daniel J. Müller
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.155956.b0000 0000 8793 5925Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Valerie H. Taylor
- grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Department of Psychiatry, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada
| | - Sidney H. Kennedy
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.231844.80000 0004 0474 0428Centre for Mental Health, University Health Network, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.231844.80000 0004 0474 0428Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.415502.7Centre for Depression and Suicide Studies, and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - James P. Reilly
- grid.25073.330000 0004 1936 8227Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
| | - Lena Palaniyappan
- grid.39381.300000 0004 1936 8884Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON Canada ,grid.39381.300000 0004 1936 8884Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON Canada ,grid.415847.b0000 0001 0556 2414Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON Canada ,grid.39381.300000 0004 1936 8884Department of Psychiatry, Western University, London, ON Canada ,grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill, Douglas, QC Canada
| | - Katharine Dunlop
- grid.415502.7Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,Centre for Depression & Suicide Studies, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Benicio N. Frey
- Mood Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, Hamilton, ON Canada ,grid.416721.70000 0001 0742 7355Women’s Health Concerns Clinic, St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON Canada ,grid.25073.330000 0004 1936 8227Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
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27
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Gribkoff VK, Kaczmarek LK. The Difficult Path to the Discovery of Novel Treatments in Psychiatric Disorders. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 30:255-285. [PMID: 36928854 PMCID: PMC10599454 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-21054-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
CNS diseases, including psychiatric disorders, represent a significant opportunity for the discovery and development of new drugs and therapeutic treatments with the potential to have a significant impact on human health. CNS diseases, however, present particular challenges to therapeutic discovery efforts, and psychiatric diseases/disorders may be among the most difficult. With specific exceptions such as psychostimulants for ADHD, a large number of psychiatric patients are resistant to existing treatments. In addition, clinicians have no way of knowing which psychiatric patients will respond to which drugs. By definition, psychiatric diagnoses are syndromal in nature; determinations of efficacy are often self-reported, and drug discovery is largely model-based. While such models of psychiatric disease are amenable to screening for new drugs, whether cellular or whole-animal based, they have only modest face validity and, more importantly, predictive validity. Multiple academic, pharmaceutical industry, and government agencies are dedicated to the translation of new findings about the neurobiology of major psychiatric disorders into the discovery and advancement of novel therapies. The collaboration of these agencies provide a pathway for developing new therapeutics. These efforts will be greatly helped by recent advances in understanding the genetic bases of psychiatric disorders, the ongoing search for diagnostic and therapy-responsive biomarkers, and the validation of new animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin K Gribkoff
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Leonard K Kaczmarek
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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28
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Abstract
Schizophrenia is a disabling condition impacting approximately 1% of the worldwide population. Symptoms include positive symptoms (eg, hallucinations, delusions), negative symptoms (eg, avolition, anhedonia), and cognitive impairment. There are likely many different environmental and pathophysiologic etiologies involving distinct neurotransmitters and neurocircuits. Pharmacologic treatment at present consists of dopamine receptor antagonists, which are reasonably effective at treating positive symptoms, but less effective at treating cognitive and negative symptoms. Nondopaminergic medications targeting alternative receptors are under investigation. Supportive psychosocial treatments can work in tandem with antipsychotic medications and optimize patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Faden
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 100 East Lehigh Avenue, Suite 305B, Philadelphia, PA 19125, USA.
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29
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Zhang S, Li W, Xiang Q, Kuai X, Zhuo K, Wang J, Xu Y, Li Y, Liu D. Longitudinal alterations of modular functional-metabolic coupling in first-episode schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 156:705-712. [PMID: 36410309 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.10.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Altered network organization and aberrant neurometabolic levels have been associated with schizophrenia. However, modular alterations of functional-neurometabolic coupling in various stages of schizophrenia remain unclear. This longitudinal study enrolled 34 drug-naïve first-episode schizophrenia (FES) patients and 30 healthy controls (HC). The FES patients underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) at baseline, 2 months, and 6 months of treatment. For 1H-MRS, the concentrations of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), N-acetylaspartate (NAA) and glutamate + glutamine in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex region were measured. A graph theoretical approach was applied for functional connectivity-based modular parcellation. We found that intra-default mode network (DMN) connectivity, inter-modular connectivity between the DMN and the hippocampus, and inter-modular connectivity between the DMN and the frontoparietal module were significantly different across 6-month treatment in the FES patients. The inter-module connectivity of the DMN and hippocampus correlated positively with NAA concentration in the HC group, while this correlation was absent in FES patients. This exploratory study suggests an altered modular connectivity in association with neurometabolite concentrations in FES patients and provides insights into multimodal neuroimaging biomarkers in schizophrenia. Future studies with larger sample sizes are needed to consolidate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzhen Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; First-episode Schizophrenia and Early Psychosis Program, Division of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenli Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiong Xiang
- First-episode Schizophrenia and Early Psychosis Program, Division of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinping Kuai
- First-episode Schizophrenia and Early Psychosis Program, Division of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaiming Zhuo
- First-episode Schizophrenia and Early Psychosis Program, Division of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinhong Wang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifeng Xu
- First-episode Schizophrenia and Early Psychosis Program, Division of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Institute of Mental Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Dengtang Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; First-episode Schizophrenia and Early Psychosis Program, Division of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Institute of Mental Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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30
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Chew QH, Prakash KNB, Koh LY, Chilla G, Yeow LY, Sim K. Neuroanatomical subtypes of schizophrenia and relationship with illness duration and deficit status. Schizophr Res 2022; 248:107-113. [PMID: 36030757 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2022.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The heterogeneity of schizophrenia (SCZ) regarding psychopathology, illness trajectory and their inter-relationships with underlying neural substrates remain incompletely understood. In a bid to reduce illness heterogeneity using neural substrates, our study aimed to replicate the findings of an earlier study by Chand et al. (2020). We employed brain structural measures for subtyping SCZ patients, and evaluate each subtype's relationship with clinical features such as illness duration, psychotic psychopathology, and additionally deficit status. METHODS Overall, 240 subjects (160 SCZ patients, 80 healthy controls) were recruited for this study. The participants underwent brain structural magnetic resonance imaging scans and clinical rating using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. Neuroanatomical subtypes of SCZ were identified using "Heterogeneity through discriminative analysis" (HYDRA), a clustering technique which accounted for relevant covariates and the inter-group normalized percentage changes in brain volume were also calculated. RESULTS As replicated, two neuroanatomical subtypes (SG-1 and SG-2) were found amongst our patients with SCZ. The subtype SG-1 was associated with enlargements in the third and lateral ventricles, volume increase in the basal ganglia (putamen, caudate, pallidum), longer illness duration, and deficit status. The subtype SG-2 was associated with reductions of cortical and subcortical structures (hippocampus, thalamus, basal ganglia). CONCLUSIONS These replicated findings have clinical implications in the early intervention, response monitoring, and prognostication of SCZ. Future studies may adopt a multi-modal neuroimaging approach to enhance insights into the neurobiological composition of relevant subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Hui Chew
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore
| | - K N Bhanu Prakash
- Biophotonics & Bioimaging, Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore; Clinical Data Analytics & Radiomics, Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Li Yang Koh
- Biophotonics & Bioimaging, Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Geetha Chilla
- Biophotonics & Bioimaging, Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore; Clinical Data Analytics & Radiomics, Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Ling Yun Yeow
- Biophotonics & Bioimaging, Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore; Clinical Data Analytics & Radiomics, Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Kang Sim
- West Region, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore.
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Hanson KL, Grant SE, Funk LH, Schumann CM, Bauman MD. Impact of Maternal Immune Activation on Nonhuman Primate Prefrontal Cortex Development: Insights for Schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 92:460-469. [PMID: 35773097 PMCID: PMC9888668 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Late adolescence is a period of dynamic change in the brain as humans learn to navigate increasingly complex environments. In particular, prefrontal cortical (PFC) regions undergo extensive remodeling as the brain is fine-tuned to orchestrate cognitive control over attention, reasoning, and emotions. Late adolescence also presents a uniquely vulnerable period as neurodevelopmental illnesses, such as schizophrenia, become evident and worsen into young adulthood. Challenges in early development, including prenatal exposure to infection, may set the stage for a cascade of maladaptive events that ultimately result in aberrant PFC connectivity and function before symptoms emerge. A growing body of research suggests that activation of the mother's immune system during pregnancy may act as a disease primer, in combination with other environmental and genetic factors, contributing to an increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders, including schizophrenia. Animal models provide an invaluable opportunity to examine the course of brain and behavioral changes in offspring exposed to maternal immune activation (MIA). Although the vast majority of MIA research has been carried out in rodents, here we highlight the translational utility of the nonhuman primate (NHP) as a model species more closely related to humans in PFC structure and function. In this review, we consider the protracted period of brain and behavioral maturation in the NHP, describe emerging findings from MIA NHP offspring in the context of rodent preclinical models, and lastly explore the translational relevance of the NHP MIA model to expand understanding of the etiology and developmental course of PFC pathology in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari L Hanson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California; MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Simone E Grant
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Lucy H Funk
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Cynthia M Schumann
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California; MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, California.
| | - Melissa D Bauman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California; MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, California; California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California.
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Harvey PD, Bosia M, Cavallaro R, Howes OD, Kahn RS, Leucht S, Müller DR, Penadés R, Vita A. Cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia: An expert group paper on the current state of the art. Schizophr Res Cogn 2022; 29:100249. [PMID: 35345598 PMCID: PMC8956816 DOI: 10.1016/j.scog.2022.100249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia represents one of the main obstacles to clinical and functional recovery. This expert group paper brings together experts in schizophrenia treatment to discuss scientific progress in the domain of cognitive impairment to address cognitive impairments and their consequences in the most effective way. We report on the onset and course of cognitive deficits, linking them to the alterations in brain function and structure in schizophrenia and discussing their role in predicting the transition to psychosis in people at risk. We then address the assessment tools with reference to functioning and social cognition, examining the role of subjective measures and addressing new methods for measuring functional outcomes including technology based approaches. Finally, we briefly review treatment options for cognitive deficits, focusing on cognitive remediation programs, highlighting their effects on brain activity and conclude with the potential benefit of individualized integrated interventions combing cognitive remediation with other approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip D Harvey
- Division of Psychology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Marta Bosia
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University School of Medicine, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Cavallaro
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University School of Medicine, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Oliver D Howes
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurosciences, King's College London, London, UK.,MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - René S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stefan Leucht
- Section Evidence-Based Medicine in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel R Müller
- University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rafael Penadés
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, 170 Villarroel Street, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Vita
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services, Spedali Civili Hospital, Brescia, Italy
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Schizophrenia: A Narrative Review of Etiopathogenetic, Diagnostic and Treatment Aspects. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11175040. [PMID: 36078967 PMCID: PMC9457502 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11175040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although schizophrenia is currently conceptualized as being characterized as a syndrome that includes a collection of signs and symptoms, there is strong evidence of heterogeneous and complex underpinned etiological, etiopathogenetic, and psychopathological mechanisms, which are still under investigation. Therefore, the present viewpoint review is aimed at providing some insights into the recently investigated schizophrenia research fields in order to discuss the potential future research directions in schizophrenia research. The traditional schizophrenia construct and diagnosis were progressively revised and revisited, based on the recently emerging neurobiological, genetic, and epidemiological research. Moreover, innovative diagnostic and therapeutic approaches are pointed to build a new construct, allowing the development of better clinical and treatment outcomes and characterization for schizophrenic individuals, considering a more patient-centered, personalized, and tailored-based dimensional approach. Further translational studies are needed in order to integrate neurobiological, genetic, and environmental studies into clinical practice and to help clinicians and researchers to understand how to redesign a new schizophrenia construct.
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Su W, Zhao Z, Li G, Tang X, Xu L, Tang Y, Wei Y, Cui H, Zhang T, Zhang J, Liu X, Guo Q, Wang J. Thalamo-hippocampal dysconnectivity is associated with serum cholesterol level in drug-naïve patients with first-episode schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 151:497-506. [PMID: 35623125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hippocampal deficits and metabolic dysregulations such as dyslipidemia have been frequently reported in schizophrenia and are suggested to contribute to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Hippocampus is particularly susceptible to environmental challenges including metabolism and inflammation. However, evidence linking hippocampal alterations and metabolic dysregulations are quite sparse in drug-naïve schizophrenia. A total of 166 drug-naïve patients with first-episode schizophrenia (FES) and 78 healthy controls (HC) underwent measures for several serum metabolic markers, structural and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI), as well as diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Seed-to-voxel functional connectivity (FC) and probabilistic tractography were performed to assess the functional and microstructural connectivity of the bilateral hippocampi. Clinical symptoms were evaluated with Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Patients with FES showed significantly decreased total cholesterol (Chol) level. Patients showed elevated FC between the left hippocampus and bilateral thalami while showing decreased microstructural connectivity between the left hippocampus and bilateral thalami. Multiple regression analyses showed that FC from the left hippocampus to the right superior frontal gyrus (SFG), bilateral frontal pole (FP), and right thalamus were negatively associated with the Chol level, while no association was observed in the HC group. Our study validated alterations in both functional and microstructural thalamo-hippocampal connectivities, and abnormal cholesterol level in FES. Moreover, decreased cholesterol level is associated with elevated thalamo-hippocampal functional connectivity in patients with FES, suggesting that dyslipidemia may interact with the hippocampal dysfunction in FES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Su
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Zexin Zhao
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Guanjun Li
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China; Department of Early Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Xiaochen Tang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Lihua Xu
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Yingying Tang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Yanyan Wei
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Huiru Cui
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Tianhong Zhang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China; Department of Early Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Qian Guo
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China; Department of Early Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Jijun Wang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200031, China; Institute of Psychology and Behavioral Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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Xie S, Zhuo J, Song M, Chu C, Cui Y, Chen Y, Wang H, Li L, Jiang T. Tract-specific white matter microstructural alterations in subjects with schizophrenia and unaffected first-degree relatives. Brain Imaging Behav 2022; 16:2110-2119. [PMID: 35732912 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-022-00681-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
White matter tracts alterations have been reported in schizophrenia (SZ), but whether such abnormalities are associated with the effects of the disorder itself and/or genetic vulnerability remains unclear. Moreover, the specific patterns of different parts of these altered tracts have been less well studied. Thus, diffusion-weighted images were acquired from 38 healthy controls (HCs), 48 schizophrenia patients, and 33 unaffected first-degree relatives of SZs (FDRs). Diffusion properties of the 25 major tracts automatically extracted with probabilistic tractography were calculated and compared among groups. Regarding the peripheral regions of the tracts, significantly higher diffusivity values in the left superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) and the left anterior thalamic radiation (ATR) were observed in SZs than in HCs and unaffected FDRs. However, there were no significant differences between HCs and FDRs in these two tracts. While no main effects of group with respect to the core regions of the 25 tracts survived multiple comparisons correction, FDRs had significantly higher diffusivity values in the left medial lemniscus and lower diffusivity values in the middle cerebellar peduncle than HCs and SZs. These findings enhance the understanding of the abnormal patterns in the peripheral and core regions of the tracts in SZs and those at high genetic risk for schizophrenia. Our results suggest that alterations in the peripheral regions of the left SLF and ATR are features of established illness rather than genetic predisposition, which may serve as critical neural substrates for the psychopathology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangma Xie
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Instrumentation, School of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, 310018, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junjie Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Hainan Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, 570228, Haikou, China
| | - Ming Song
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Congying Chu
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Cui
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Yunchun Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, China
| | - Huaning Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, China
| | - Lihua Li
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Instrumentation, School of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, 310018, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tianzi Jiang
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China.
- National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China.
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36
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Białoń M, Wąsik A. Advantages and Limitations of Animal Schizophrenia Models. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23115968. [PMID: 35682647 PMCID: PMC9181262 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mental illness modeling is still a major challenge for scientists. Animal models of schizophrenia are essential to gain a better understanding of the disease etiopathology and mechanism of action of currently used antipsychotic drugs and help in the search for new and more effective therapies. We can distinguish among pharmacological, genetic, and neurodevelopmental models offering various neuroanatomical disorders and a different spectrum of symptoms of schizophrenia. Modeling schizophrenia is based on inducing damage or changes in the activity of relevant regions in the rodent brain (mainly the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus). Such artificially induced dysfunctions approximately correspond to the lesions found in patients with schizophrenia. However, notably, animal models of mental illness have numerous limitations and never fully reflect the disease state observed in humans.
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Jiang P, Sun J, Zhou X, Lu L, Li L, Xu J, Huang X, Li J, Gong Q. Dynamics of intrinsic whole-brain functional connectivity in abstinent males with methamphetamine use disorder. DRUG AND ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE REPORTS 2022; 3:100065. [PMID: 36845989 PMCID: PMC9949309 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadr.2022.100065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background The global prevalence of methamphetamine use disorder (MUD) and the associated economic burden are increasing, but effective pharmacological treatment is lacking. Therefore, understanding the neurological mechanisms underlying MUD is essential to develop clinical strategies and improve patient care. Individuals with MUD can show static brain network abnormalities during the resting state, but their alterations in dynamic functional network connectivity (dFNC) are unclear. Methods In this study, we obtained resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging from 42 males with MUD and 41 healthy controls. Sliding-window and spatial independent component analyses with a k-means clustering algorithm were used to assess the recurring functional connectivity states. The temporal properties of the dFNC, including fraction and dwelling time of each state and the number of transitions between different states, were compared between the two groups. In addition, the relationships between the temporal properties of the dFNC and clinical characteristics of the MUDs, including their anxiety and depressive symptoms, were further explored. Results While the two groups shared many similarities in their dFNC, the occurrence of a highly integrated functional network state and a state featuring balanced integration and segregation in the MUDs significantly correlated with the total drug usage (Spearman's rho = 0.47, P = 0.002) and duration of abstinence (Spearman's rho = 0.38, P = 0.013), respectively. Conclusions The observed results in our study demonstrate that methamphetamines can affect dFNC, which may reflect the drug's influence on cognitive abilities. Our study justifies further studies into the effects of MUD on dynamic neural mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Jiang
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China,Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China,Corresponding authors at: Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Jiayu Sun
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhou
- Department of Psychosomatics, Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China,Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Li
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China,Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiajun Xu
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoqi Huang
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China,Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Li
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,Corresponding authors at: Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Qiyong Gong
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China,Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China,Corresponding authors at: Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Xu J, Xie H, Liu L, Shen Z, Yang L, Wei W, Guo X, Liang F, Yu S, Yang J. Brain Mechanism of Acupuncture Treatment of Chronic Pain: An Individual-Level Positron Emission Tomography Study. Front Neurol 2022; 13:884770. [PMID: 35585847 PMCID: PMC9108276 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.884770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveAcupuncture has been shown to be effective in the treatment of chronic pain. However, their neural mechanism underlying the effective acupuncture response to chronic pain is still unclear. We investigated whether metabolic patterns in the pain matrix network might predict acupuncture therapy responses in patients with primary dysmenorrhea (PDM) using a machine-learning-based multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) on positron emission tomography data (PET).MethodsForty-two patients with PDM were selected and randomized into two groups: real acupuncture and sham acupuncture (three menstrual cycles). Brain metabolic data from the three special brain networks (the sensorimotor network (SMN), default mode network (DMN), and salience network (SN)) were extracted at the individual level by using PETSurfer in fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18F-FDG-PET) data. MVPA analysis based on metabolic network features was employed to predict the pain relief after treatment in the pooled group and real acupuncture treatment, separately.ResultsPaired t-tests revealed significant alterations in pain intensity after real but not sham acupuncture treatment. Traditional mass-univariate correlations between brain metabolic and alterations in pain intensity were not significant. The MVPA results showed that the brain metabolic pattern in the DMN and SMN did predict the pain relief in the pooled group of patients with PDM (R2 = 0.25, p = 0.005). In addition, the metabolic pattern in the DMN could predict the pain relief after treatment in the real acupuncture treatment group (R2 = 0.40, p = 0.01).ConclusionThis study indicates that the individual-level metabolic patterns in DMN is associated with real acupuncture treatment response in chronic pain. The present findings advanced the knowledge of the brain mechanism of the acupuncture treatment in chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xu
- Department of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongjun Xie
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Liying Liu
- Department of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhifu Shen
- Department of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoli Guo
- Department of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Fanrong Liang
- Department of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Siyi Yu
- Department of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Siyi Yu
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Jie Yang
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Suhas S, Mehta UM. A redux of schizophrenia research in 2021. Schizophr Res 2022; 243:458-461. [PMID: 35300898 PMCID: PMC8919807 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Satish Suhas
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore 560029, India
| | - Urvakhsh Meherwan Mehta
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore 560029, India.
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40
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Iorio-Morin C, Sarica C, Elias GJB, Harmsen I, Hodaie M. Neuroimaging of psychiatric disorders. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2022; 270:149-169. [PMID: 35396025 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Psychiatry remains the only medical specialty where diagnoses are still based on clinical syndromes rather than measurable biological abnormalities. As imaging technology and analytical methods evolve, it is becoming clear that subtle but measurable radiological characteristics exist and can be used to experimentally classify psychiatric disorders, predict response to treatment and, hopefully, develop new, more effective therapies. This review highlights advances in neuroimaging modalities that are now allowing assessment of brain structure, connectivity and neural network function, describes technical aspects of the most promising methods, and summarizes observations made in some frequent psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Iorio-Morin
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Can Sarica
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gavin J B Elias
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Irene Harmsen
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mojgan Hodaie
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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The Limits between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder: What Do Magnetic Resonance Findings Tell Us? Behav Sci (Basel) 2022; 12:bs12030078. [PMID: 35323397 PMCID: PMC8944966 DOI: 10.3390/bs12030078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, two of the most severe psychiatric illnesses, have historically been regarded as dichotomous entities but share many features of the premorbid course, clinical profile, genetic factors and treatment approaches. Studies focusing on neuroimaging findings have received considerable attention, as they plead for an improved understanding of the brain regions involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. In this review, we summarize the main magnetic resonance imaging findings in both disorders, aiming at exploring the neuroanatomical and functional similarities and differences between the two. The findings show that gray and white matter structural changes and functional dysconnectivity predominate in the frontal and limbic areas and the frontotemporal circuitry of the brain areas involved in the integration of executive, cognitive and affective functions, commonly affected in both disorders. Available evidence points to a considerable overlap in the affected regions between the two conditions, therefore possibly placing them at opposite ends of a psychosis continuum.
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Progressive neurocognitive decline in schizophrenia: A diagnostic dilemma for clinicians. Schizophr Res 2022; 241:59-62. [PMID: 35086059 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2022.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Buchsbaum MS, Mitelman SA, Christian BT, Merrill BM, Buchsbaum BR, Mitelman D, Mukherjee J, Lehrer DS. Four-modality imaging of unmedicated subjects with schizophrenia: 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose and 18F-fallypride PET, diffusion tensor imaging, and MRI. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2022; 320:111428. [PMID: 34954446 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2021.111428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Diminished prefrontal function, dopaminergic abnormalities in the striatum and thalamus, reductions in white matter integrity and frontotemporal gray matter deficits are the most replicated findings in schizophrenia. We used four imaging modalities (18F-fluorodeoxyglucose and 18F-fallypride PET, diffusion tensor imaging, structural MRI) in 19 healthy and 25 schizophrenia subjects to assess the relationship between functional (dopamine D2/D3 receptor binding potential, glucose metabolic rate) and structural (fractional anisotropy, MRI) correlates of schizophrenia and their additive diagnostic prediction potential. Multivariate ANOVA was used to compare structural and functional image sets for identification of schizophrenia. Integration of data from all four modalities yielded better predictive power than less inclusive combinations, specifically in the thalamus, left dorsolateral prefrontal and temporal regions. Among the modalities, fractional anisotropy showed highest discrimination in white matter whereas 18F-fallypride binding showed highest discrimination in gray matter. Structural and functional modalities displayed comparable discriminative power but different topography, with higher sensitivity of structural modalities in the left prefrontal region. Combination of functional and structural imaging modalities with inclusion of both gray and white matter appears most effective in diagnostic discrimination. The highest sensitivity of 18F-fallypride PET to gray matter changes in schizophrenia supports the primacy of dopaminergic abnormalities in its pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monte S Buchsbaum
- Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, University of California, Irvine and San Diego, 11388 Sorrento Valley Road, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Serge A Mitelman
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Elmhurst Hospital Center, 79-01 Broadway, Elmhurst, NY 11373, United States.
| | - Bradley T Christian
- Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Avenue, Room T231, Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Brian M Merrill
- Department of Psychiatry, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, East Medical Plaza, Dayton, OH 45408, United States
| | - Bradley R Buchsbaum
- The Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 3560 Bathurst St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M6A 2E1
| | - Danielle Mitelman
- The Arnold & Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, 75 Dekalb Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11201, United States
| | - Jogeshwar Mukherjee
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Preclinical Imaging, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Douglas S Lehrer
- Department of Psychiatry, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, East Medical Plaza, Dayton, OH 45408, United States
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Adachi N, Ito M. Epilepsy in patients with schizophrenia: Pathophysiology and basic treatments. Epilepsy Behav 2022; 127:108520. [PMID: 34999502 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.108520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a chronic psychiatric disorder that may lead to epilepsy. However, there are limited findings on the issues. This narrative review aimed to provide a practical perspective on epilepsy in patients with schizophrenia using the current treatment systems for epilepsy. While there has been a debate on the relationship between epilepsy and schizophrenia, i.e., antagonism, affinity, and coincidence, recent large cohort studies have revealed a high frequency of epilepsy in patients with schizophrenia (4-5 times higher than that of general population). The high incidence observed is likely to be due to the bidirectionality between epilepsy and schizophrenia and additional schizophrenia-related conditions, e.g., antipsychotic drugs (APD), substance abuse, and head injury. As for symptomatology of epilepsy, only one small-size study showed that seizures of patients with schizophrenia are equivalent to those of patients without schizophrenia. Patients with schizophrenia exhibit the first seizure in their twenties or later, which are mostly focal seizures. Most of seizures in patients with schizophrenia can be controlled with conventional antiepileptic drugs. Few patients with schizophrenia develop treatment-resistant epilepsy. However, since drug interactions can be more complicated due to multiple conditions, such as pre-existing polypharmacy, heavy smoking, irregular eating, and comorbid metabolic disorders, cautious monitoring for clinical symptoms is required. To improve seizure control and adherence, non-pharmacological approaches are also recommended. Thus far, for seizure treatments in patients with schizophrenia, we have to use many empirical findings or substitute certain findings from population without schizophrenia because evidence is insufficient. The accumulation of clinical findings may contribute to the development of efficient treatment systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Adachi
- Adachi Mental Clinic, Sapporo, Japan; Jozen Clinic, Sapporo, Japan.
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Bannai D, Adhan I, Katz R, Kim LA, Keshavan M, Miller JB, Lizano P. Quantifying Retinal Microvascular Morphology in Schizophrenia Using Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography. Schizophr Bull 2022; 48:80-89. [PMID: 34554256 PMCID: PMC8781445 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbab111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinovascular changes are reported on fundus imaging in schizophrenia (SZ). This is the first study to use swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) to comprehensively examine retinal microvascular changes in SZ. METHODS This study included 30 patients with SZ/schizoaffective disorder (8 early and 15 chronic) and 22 healthy controls (HCs). All assessments were performed at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Massachusetts Eye and Ear. All participants underwent swept-source OCT-A of right (oculus dextrus [OD]) and left (oculus sinister [OS]) eye, clinical, and cognitive assessments. Macular OCT-A images (6 × 6 mm) were collected with the DRI Topcon Triton for superficial, deep, and choriocapillaris vascular regions. Microvasculature was quantified using vessel density (VD), skeletonized vessel density (SVD), fractal dimension (FD), and vessel diameter index (VDI). RESULTS Twenty-one HCs and 26 SZ subjects were included. Compared to HCs, SZ patients demonstrated higher overall OD superficial SVD, OD choriocapillaris VD, and OD choriocapillaris SVD, which were primarily observed in the central, central and outer superior, and central and outer inferior/superior, respectively. Early-course SZ subjects had significantly higher OD superficial VD, OD choriocapillaris SVD, and OD choriocapillaris FD compared to matched HCs. Higher bilateral (OU) superficial VD correlated with lower Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) positive scores, and higher OU deep VDI was associated with higher PANSS negative scores. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These results suggest the presence of microvascular dysfunction associated with early-stage SZ. Clinical associations with microvascular alterations further implicate this hypothesis, with higher measures being associated with worse symptom severity and functioning in early stages and with lower symptom severity and better functioning in later stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepthi Bannai
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Iniya Adhan
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Raviv Katz
- Harvard Retinal Imaging Lab, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leo A Kim
- Retina Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matcheri Keshavan
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John B Miller
- Harvard Retinal Imaging Lab, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA
- Retina Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paulo Lizano
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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46
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Decreased gray matter volume is associated with theory of mind deficit in adolescents with schizophrenia. Brain Imaging Behav 2022; 16:1441-1450. [PMID: 35060009 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-021-00591-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia patients often suffer from deficit in theory of mind (TOM). Prior neuroimaging studies revealed neuroimaging correlates of TOM deficit in adults with schizophrenia, neuroimaging correlates of TOM in adolescents is less well established. This study aimed to investigate gray matter volume (GMV) abnormalities and TOM deficits in schizophrenic adolescents, and examine the relationship between them. Twenty adolescent schizophrenic patients and 25 age, sex-matched healthy controls underwent T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, and were examined for TOM based on the Reading the Mind in the Eyes test (RMET). Univariate voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and multivariate source-based morphometry (SBM) were employed to examine alterations of two GMV phenotypes in schizophrenic adolescents: voxel-wise GMV and covarying structural brain patterns (SBPs). Compared with controls, our results revealed a significant deficit in RMET performance of the patients, Voxel-wise VBM analysis revealed that patients exhibited decreased GMV in bilateral insula, orbitofrontal cortex, and right rolandic operculum, and GMV of these brain regions were positively correlated with RMET performance. Multivariate SBM analysis identified a significantly different between-group SBP comprising of bilateral insula and inferior frontal cortex, bilateral superior temporal cortex, and bilateral lateral parietal cortex and right rolandic operculum. The loading scores of this SBP was positively correlated with RMET performance. This study revealed impairment of TOM ability in schizophrenic adolescents and revealed an association between TOM deficit and decreased GMV in regions which are crucial for social cognition, thereby provided insight and possible target regions for understanding the neural pathology and normalizing TOM deficit in adolescent schizophrenia patients.
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Ballester PL, Romano MT, de Azevedo Cardoso T, Hassel S, Strother SC, Kennedy SH, Frey BN. Brain age in mood and psychotic disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2022; 145:42-55. [PMID: 34510423 DOI: 10.1111/acps.13371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether accelerated brain aging occurs in individuals with mood or psychotic disorders. METHODS A systematic review following PRISMA guidelines was conducted. A meta-analysis was then performed to assess neuroimaging-derived brain age gap in three independent groups: (1) schizophrenia and first-episode psychosis, (2) major depressive disorder, and (3) bipolar disorder. RESULTS A total of 18 papers were included. The random-effects model meta-analysis showed a significantly increased neuroimaging-derived brain age gap relative to age-matched controls for the three major psychiatric disorders, with schizophrenia (3.08; 95%CI [2.32; 3.85]; p < 0.01) presenting the largest effect, followed by bipolar disorder (1.93; [0.53; 3.34]; p < 0.01) and major depressive disorder (1.12; [0.41; 1.83]; p < 0.01). The brain age gap was larger in older compared to younger individuals. CONCLUSION Individuals with mood and psychotic disorders may undergo a process of accelerated brain aging reflected in patterns captured by neuroimaging data. The brain age gap tends to be more pronounced in older individuals, indicating a possible cumulative biological effect of illness burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro L Ballester
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maria T Romano
- Integrated Science Undergraduate Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Taiane de Azevedo Cardoso
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stefanie Hassel
- Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Stephen C Strother
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sidney H Kennedy
- Centre for Depression and Suicide Studies, and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Benicio N Frey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Mood Disorders Treatment and Research Centre, and Women's Health Concerns Clinic, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Sabaie H, Moghaddam MM, Moghaddam MM, Ahangar NK, Asadi MR, Hussen BM, Taheri M, Rezazadeh M. Bioinformatics analysis of long non-coding RNA-associated competing endogenous RNA network in schizophrenia. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24413. [PMID: 34952924 PMCID: PMC8709859 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03993-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a serious psychiatric condition with a 1% lifetime risk. SCZ is one of the top ten global causes of disabilities. Despite numerous attempts to understand the function of genetic factors in SCZ development, genetic components in SCZ pathophysiology remain unknown. The competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network has been demonstrated to be involved in the development of many kinds of diseases. The ceRNA hypothesis states that cross-talks between coding and non-coding RNAs, including long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), via miRNA complementary sequences known as miRNA response elements, creates a large regulatory network across the transcriptome. In the present study, we developed a lncRNA-related ceRNA network to elucidate molecular regulatory mechanisms involved in SCZ. Microarray datasets associated with brain regions (GSE53987) and lymphoblasts (LBs) derived from peripheral blood (sample set B from GSE73129) of SCZ patients and control subjects containing information about both mRNAs and lncRNAs were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. The GSE53987 comprised 48 brain samples taken from SCZ patients (15 HPC: hippocampus, 15 BA46: Brodmann area 46, 18 STR: striatum) and 55 brain samples taken from control subjects (18 HPC, 19 BA46, 18 STR). The sample set B of GSE73129 comprised 30 LB samples (15 patients with SCZ and 15 controls). Differentially expressed mRNAs (DEmRNAs) and lncRNAs (DElncRNAs) were identified using the limma package of the R software. Using DIANA-LncBase, Human MicroRNA Disease Database (HMDD), and miRTarBase, the lncRNA- associated ceRNA network was generated. Pathway enrichment of DEmRNAs was performed using the Enrichr tool. We developed a protein-protein interaction network of DEmRNAs and identified the top five hub genes by the use of STRING and Cytoscape, respectively. Eventually, the hub genes, DElncRNAs, and predictive miRNAs were chosen to reconstruct the subceRNA networks. Our bioinformatics analysis showed that twelve key DEmRNAs, including BDNF, VEGFA, FGF2, FOS, CD44, SOX2, NRAS, SPARC, ZFP36, FGG, ELAVL1, and STARD13, participate in the ceRNA network in SCZ. We also identified DLX6-AS1, NEAT1, MINCR, LINC01094, DLGAP1-AS1, BABAM2-AS1, PAX8-AS1, ZFHX4-AS1, XIST, and MALAT1 as key DElncRNAs regulating the genes mentioned above. Furthermore, expression of 15 DEmRNAs (e.g., ADM and HLA-DRB1) and one DElncRNA (XIST) were changed in both the brain and LB, suggesting that they could be regarded as candidates for future biomarker studies. The study indicated that ceRNAs could be research candidates for investigating SCZ molecular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani Sabaie
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Madiheh Mazaheri Moghaddam
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences (ZUMS), Zanjan, Iran
| | | | - Noora Karim Ahangar
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Asadi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Bashdar Mahmud Hussen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Kurdistan Region, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Men's Health and Reproductive Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maryam Rezazadeh
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Vlasova RM, Iosif AM, Ryan AM, Funk LH, Murai T, Chen S, Lesh TA, Rowland DJ, Bennett J, Hogrefe CE, Maddock RJ, Gandal MJ, Geschwind DH, Schumann CM, Van de Water J, McAllister AK, Carter CS, Styner MA, Amaral DG, Bauman MD. Maternal Immune Activation during Pregnancy Alters Postnatal Brain Growth and Cognitive Development in Nonhuman Primate Offspring. J Neurosci 2021; 41:9971-9987. [PMID: 34607967 PMCID: PMC8638691 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0378-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human epidemiological studies implicate exposure to infection during gestation in the etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders. Animal models of maternal immune activation (MIA) have identified the maternal immune response as the critical link between maternal infection and aberrant offspring brain and behavior development. Here we evaluate neurodevelopment of male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) born to MIA-treated dams (n = 14) injected with a modified form of the viral mimic polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid at the end of the first trimester. Control dams received saline injections at the same gestational time points (n = 10) or were untreated (n = 4). MIA-treated dams exhibited a strong immune response as indexed by transient increases in sickness behavior, temperature, and inflammatory cytokines. Although offspring born to control or MIA-treated dams did not differ on measures of physical growth and early developmental milestones, the MIA-treated animals exhibited subtle changes in cognitive development and deviated from species-typical brain growth trajectories. Longitudinal MRI revealed significant gray matter volume reductions in the prefrontal and frontal cortices of MIA-treated offspring at 6 months that persisted through the final time point at 45 months along with smaller frontal white matter volumes in MIA-treated animals at 36 and 45 months. These findings provide the first evidence of early postnatal changes in brain development in MIA-exposed nonhuman primates and establish a translationally relevant model system to explore the neurodevelopmental trajectory of risk associated with prenatal immune challenge from birth through late adolescence.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Women exposed to infection during pregnancy have an increased risk of giving birth to a child who will later be diagnosed with a neurodevelopmental disorder. Preclinical maternal immune activation (MIA) models have demonstrated that the effects of maternal infection on fetal brain development are mediated by maternal immune response. Since the majority of MIA models are conducted in rodents, the nonhuman primate provides a unique system to evaluate the MIA hypothesis in a species closely related to humans. Here we report the first longitudinal study conducted in a nonhuman primate MIA model. MIA-exposed offspring demonstrate subtle changes in cognitive development paired with marked reductions in frontal gray and white matter, further supporting the association between prenatal immune challenge and alterations in offspring neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roza M Vlasova
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27514
| | - Ana-Maria Iosif
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, 95817
| | - Amy M Ryan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, 95817
- The MIND Institute, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, 95817
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California, 95616
| | - Lucy H Funk
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, 95817
| | - Takeshi Murai
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California, 95616
| | - Shuai Chen
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, 95817
| | - Tyler A Lesh
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, 95817
| | - Douglas J Rowland
- Center for Genomic and Molecular Imaging, University of California, Davis, California, 95616
| | - Jeffrey Bennett
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, 95817
| | - Casey E Hogrefe
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California, 95616
| | - Richard J Maddock
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, 95817
| | - Michael J Gandal
- Neurogenetics Program, Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Neurogenetics Program, Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095
| | - Cynthia M Schumann
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, 95817
- The MIND Institute, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, 95817
| | - Judy Van de Water
- The MIND Institute, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, 95817
- Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, 95817
| | - A Kimberley McAllister
- The MIND Institute, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, 95817
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, California, 95618
| | - Cameron S Carter
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, 95817
| | - Martin A Styner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27514
- Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599
| | - David G Amaral
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, 95817
- The MIND Institute, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, 95817
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California, 95616
| | - Melissa D Bauman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, 95817
- The MIND Institute, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, 95817
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California, 95616
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50
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Tarchi L, Damiani S, La Torraca Vittori P, Marini S, Nazzicari N, Castellini G, Pisano T, Politi P, Ricca V. The colors of our brain: an integrated approach for dimensionality reduction and explainability in fMRI through color coding (i-ECO). Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 16:977-990. [PMID: 34689318 PMCID: PMC9107439 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-021-00584-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Several systematic reviews have highlighted the role of multiple sources in the investigation of psychiatric illness. For what concerns fMRI, the focus of recent literature preferentially lies on three lines of research, namely: functional connectivity, network analysis and spectral analysis. Data was gathered from the UCLA Consortium for Neuropsychiatric Phenomics. The sample was composed by 130 neurotypicals, 50 participants diagnosed with Schizophrenia, 49 with Bipolar disorder and 43 with ADHD. Single fMRI scans were reduced in their dimensionality by a novel method (i-ECO) averaging results per Region of Interest and through an additive color method (RGB): local connectivity values (Regional Homogeneity), network centrality measures (Eigenvector Centrality), spectral dimensions (fractional Amplitude of Low-Frequency Fluctuations). Average images per diagnostic group were plotted and described. The discriminative power of this novel method for visualizing and analyzing fMRI results in an integrative manner was explored through the usage of convolutional neural networks. The new methodology of i-ECO showed between-groups differences that could be easily appreciated by the human eye. The precision-recall Area Under the Curve (PR-AUC) of our models was > 84.5% for each diagnostic group as evaluated on the test-set – 80/20 split. In conclusion, this study provides evidence for an integrative and easy-to-understand approach in the analysis and visualization of fMRI results. A high discriminative power for psychiatric conditions was reached. This proof-of-work study may serve to investigate further developments over more extensive datasets covering a wider range of psychiatric diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livio Tarchi
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, viale della Maternità, Padiglione 8b, AOU Careggi, Firenze, Florence, FI, 50134, Italy.
| | - Stefano Damiani
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, PV, Italy
| | | | - Simone Marini
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Nelson Nazzicari
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Fodder Crops and Dairy Productions, Lodi, LO, Italy
| | - Giovanni Castellini
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, viale della Maternità, Padiglione 8b, AOU Careggi, Firenze, Florence, FI, 50134, Italy
| | - Tiziana Pisano
- Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Politi
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, PV, Italy
| | - Valdo Ricca
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, viale della Maternità, Padiglione 8b, AOU Careggi, Firenze, Florence, FI, 50134, Italy
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