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Anteraper SA, Gopinath K, Hoch MJ, Waldrop-Valverde D, Franklin D, Letendre SL, Whitfield-Gabrieli S, Anderson AM. A comprehensive data-driven analysis framework for detecting impairments in brain function networks with resting state fMRI in HIV-infected individuals on cART. J Neurovirol 2021; 27:239-248. [PMID: 33666883 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-021-00943-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) sequelae continue to be common in HIV-infected individuals despite combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). These sequelae include HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) and virologic persistence in the CNS. Resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) is a widely used tool to examine the integrity of brain function and pathology. In this study, we examined 16 HIV-positive (HIV+) subjects and 12 age, sex, and race matched HIV seronegative controls (HIV-) whole-brain high-resolution rsfMRI along with a battery of neurocognitive tests. A comprehensive data-driven analysis of rsfMRI revealed impaired functional connectivity, with very large effect sizes in executive function, language, and multisensory processing networks in HIV+ subjects. These results indicate the potential of high-resolution rsfMRI in combination with advanced data analysis techniques to yield biomarkers of neural impairment in HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Donald Franklin
- University of California At San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Scott L Letendre
- University of California At San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
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Vance DE, Rubin LH, Valcour V, Waldrop-Valverde D, Maki PM. Aging and Neurocognitive Functioning in HIV-Infected Women: a Review of the Literature Involving the Women's Interagency HIV Study. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2017; 13:399-411. [PMID: 27730446 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-016-0340-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
HIV-infected women may be particularly vulnerable to certain types of neurocognitive impairments which may be exacerbated by aging and other predictors. Within the context of cognitive reserve, this article examines issues surrounding women as they age with HIV. For this, a review of 12 recent studies (2013-2016) using data from the Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS), the largest cohort study comparing HIV-infected and demographically matched uninfected women, is presented that specifically examines neurocognition. In general, HIV-infected women are more vulnerable to developing neurocognitive impairments than uninfected women; other factors that may contribute to these neurocognitive impairments include recent illicit drug use, reading level (educational quality/cognitive reserve), stress, PTSD, insulin resistance, liver fibrosis, and age. Surprisingly, when examined in some analyses, age × HIV interactions were not observed to impact neurocognitive performance, findings largely consistent in the literature; however, longitudinal analyses of these data have yet to be performed which may yield future insights of how cognitive reserve may be compromised over time. Yet, with insulin resistance, liver fibrosis, stress, and other known predictors of poorer neurocognition also occurring more with advanced age, in time, the synergistic effect of age and HIV may be more robust and observable as this population ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Vance
- School of Nursing, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Room 2M026, 1701 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL, 35294-1210, USA.
| | - Leah H Rubin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Room 324, MC 913, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Victor Valcour
- Department of Neurology, UCSF School of Medicine, 3333 California Street, San Francisco, CA, 94104, USA
| | - Drenna Waldrop-Valverde
- Center for Neurocognitive Studies, Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Room 442, 1520 Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322-4027, USA
| | - Pauline M Maki
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Room 328, MC 913, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
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Vance DE, Rubin LH, Valcour V, Waldrop-Valverde D, Maki PM. Aging and Neurocognitive Functioning in HIV-Infected Women: a Review of the Literature Involving the Women’s Interagency HIV Study. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2016. [DOI: https:/doi.10.1007/s11904-016-0340-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Turner RS, Chadwick M, Horton WA, Simon GL, Jiang X, Esposito G. An individual with human immunodeficiency virus, dementia, and central nervous system amyloid deposition. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA: DIAGNOSIS, ASSESSMENT & DISEASE MONITORING 2016; 4:1-5. [PMID: 27489872 PMCID: PMC4950581 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadm.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) is found in 30%–50% of individuals with HIV infection. To date, no HIV+ individual has been reported to have a positive amyloid PET scan. We report a 71-year-old HIV+ individual with HAND. Clinical and neuropsychologic evaluations confirmed a progressive mild dementia. A routine brain MRI was normal for age. [18F]Fluorodeoxyglucose–PET revealed mild hypermetabolism in bilateral basal ganglia and hypometabolism of bilateral parietal cortex including the posterior cingulate/precuneus. Resting state functional MRI revealed altered connectivity as found with individuals with mild AD. CSF examination revealed a low Aβ42/tau index but a low phospho-tau. An amyloid PET/CT with [18F]florbetaben revealed pronounced cortical radiotracer deposition. This case report suggests that progressive dementia in older HIV+ individuals may be due to HAND, AD, or both. HIV infection does not preclude CNS Aβ/amyloid deposition. Amyloid PET imaging may be of value in distinguishing HAND from AD pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melanie Chadwick
- Department of Neurology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Wesley A Horton
- Department of Neurology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Gary L Simon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Xiong Jiang
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
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Jiang X, Jiang Y, Parasuraman R. The Visual Priming of Motion-Defined 3D Objects. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144730. [PMID: 26658496 PMCID: PMC4684376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The perception of a stimulus can be influenced by previous perceptual experience, a phenomenon known as perceptual priming. However, there has been limited investigation on perceptual priming of shape perception of three-dimensional object structures defined by moving dots. Here we examined the perceptual priming of a 3D object shape defined purely by motion-in-depth cues (i.e., Shape-From-Motion, SFM) using a classic prime-target paradigm. The results from the first two experiments revealed a significant increase in accuracy when a “cloudy” SFM stimulus (whose object structure was difficult to recognize due to the presence of strong noise) was preceded by an unambiguous SFM that clearly defined the same transparent 3D shape. In contrast, results from Experiment 3 revealed no change in accuracy when a “cloudy” SFM stimulus was preceded by a static shape or a semantic word that defined the same object shape. Instead, there was a significant decrease in accuracy when preceded by a static shape or a semantic word that defined a different object shape. These results suggested that the perception of a noisy SFM stimulus can be facilitated by a preceding unambiguous SFM stimulus—but not a static image or a semantic stimulus—that defined the same shape. The potential neural and computational mechanisms underlying the difference in priming are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Jiang
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20007, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Yang Jiang
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40506, United States of America
| | - Raja Parasuraman
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, 22030, United States of America
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Jiang X, Barasky R, Olsen H, Riesenhuber M, Magnus M. Behavioral and neuroimaging evidence for impaired executive function in "cognitively normal" older HIV-infected adults. AIDS Care 2015; 28:436-40. [PMID: 26573559 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2015.1112347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The increased prevalence of HIV among adults >50 years underscores the importance of improving our understanding of mechanisms causing HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Identifying novel and noninvasive diagnostic predictors of HAND prior to clinical manifestation is critical to ultimately identifying means of preventing progression to symptomatic HAND. Here, using a task-switching paradigm, in which subjects were cued (unpredictably) to perform a face-gender or a word-semantic task on superimposed face and word images, we examined the behavioral and neural profile of impaired cognitive control in older HIV + adults (N = 14, 9 HIV+). Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and behavioral data were acquired while subjects were performing the face-gender or word-semantic task. We found that, despite comparable performance in standard neuropsychology tests that are designed to probe executive deficits, HIV-infected participants were significantly slower than uninfected controls in adapting to change in task demand, and the behavioral impairments can be quantitatively related to difference in fMRI signal at the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Due to the limited sample size of this hypothesis-generating study, we should take caution with these findings and future studies with a large and better matched sample size are needed. However, these rather novel findings in this study have a few important implications: first, the prevalence of cognitive impairments in HIV+ older adults might be even higher than previously proposed; second, ACC (in particularly its dorsal region) might be one of the key regions underlying cognitive impairments (in particularly executive functions) in HIV; and third, it might be beneficial to adopt paradigms developed and validated in cognitive neuroscience to study HAND, as these techniques might be more sensitive to some aspects of HIV-associated neurocognitive impairments than standard neuropsychology tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Jiang
- a Department of Neuroscience , Georgetown University Medical Center , Washington , DC , USA
| | - Rebecca Barasky
- b Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , The George Washington University School of Public Health and Health Services , Washington , DC , USA
| | - Halli Olsen
- b Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , The George Washington University School of Public Health and Health Services , Washington , DC , USA
| | - Maximilian Riesenhuber
- a Department of Neuroscience , Georgetown University Medical Center , Washington , DC , USA
| | - Manya Magnus
- b Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , The George Washington University School of Public Health and Health Services , Washington , DC , USA
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