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Gluvic Z, Obradovic M, Manojlovic M, Vincenza Giglio R, Maria Patti A, Ciaccio M, Suri JS, Rizzo M, Isenovic ER. Impact of different hormones on the regulation of nitric oxide in diabetes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2024; 592:112325. [PMID: 38968968 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2024.112325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Polymetabolic syndrome achieved pandemic proportions and dramatically influenced public health systems functioning worldwide. Chronic vascular complications are the major contributors to increased morbidity, disability, and mortality rates in diabetes patients. Nitric oxide (NO) is among the most important vascular bed function regulators. However, NO homeostasis is significantly deranged in pathological conditions. Additionally, different hormones directly or indirectly affect NO production and activity and subsequently act on vascular physiology. In this paper, we summarize the recent literature data related to the effects of insulin, estradiol, insulin-like growth factor-1, ghrelin, angiotensin II and irisin on the NO regulation in physiological and diabetes circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Gluvic
- University Clinical-Hospital Centre Zemun-Belgrade, Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Milan Obradovic
- Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mia Manojlovic
- Faculty of Medicine Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia; Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Rosaria Vincenza Giglio
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Italy; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital, Palermo, Italy
| | - Angelo Maria Patti
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences Maternal and Infantile Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Marcello Ciaccio
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Italy; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital, Palermo, Italy
| | - Jasjit S Suri
- Stroke Monitoring and Diagnostic Division, AtheroPoint™, Roseville, CA, 95661, USA
| | - Manfredi Rizzo
- Internal Medicine Unit, "Vittorio Emanuele II" Hospital, Castelvetrano, Italy
| | - Esma R Isenovic
- Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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2
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Sellani TA, Tomaz SL, Gonçalves JM, Lima A, de Amat Herbozo CC, Silva GN, Gambero M, Longo-Maugéri IM, Simon KA, Monteiro HP, Rodrigues EG. Macrophages, IL-10, and nitric oxide increase, induced by hyperglycemic conditions, impact the development of murine melanoma B16F10-Nex2. Nitric Oxide 2024; 148:1-12. [PMID: 38636582 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2024.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies show a strong correlation between diabetes and the increased risk of developing different cancers, including melanoma. In the present study, we investigated the impact of a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced hyperglycemic environment on B16F10-Nex2 murine melanoma development. Hyperglycemic male C57Bl/6 mice showed increased subcutaneous tumor development, partially inhibited by metformin. Tumors showed increased infiltrating macrophages, and augmented IL-10 and nitric oxide (NO) concentrations. In vivo neutralization of IL-10, NO synthase inhibition, and depletion of macrophages reduced tumor development. STZ-treated TLR4 KO animals showed delayed tumor development; the transfer of hyperglycemic C57Bl/6 macrophages to TLR4 KO reversed this effect. Increased concentrations of IL-10 present in tumor homogenates of hyperglycemic mice induced a higher number of pre-angiogenic structures in vitro, and B16F10-Nex2 cells incubated with different glucose concentrations in vitro produced increased levels of IL-10. In summary, our findings show that a hyperglycemic environment stimulates murine melanoma B16F10-Nex2 primary tumor growth, and this effect is dependent on tumor cell stimulation, increased numbers of macrophages, and augmented IL-10 and NO concentrations. These findings show the involvement of tumor cells and other components of the tumor microenvironment in the development of subcutaneous melanoma under hyperglycemic conditions, defining novel targets for melanoma control in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarciso A Sellani
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Oncology Medical Science Liaison at GSK, Brazil
| | - Samanta L Tomaz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jéssica M Gonçalves
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana Lima
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina C de Amat Herbozo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabrielli N Silva
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mônica Gambero
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ieda M Longo-Maugéri
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karin A Simon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hugo P Monteiro
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapy - CTCMol, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Elaine G Rodrigues
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Singh AK, Salunkhe SA, Chitkara D, Mittal A. Potent anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities of electrostatically complexed C-peptide nanospheres ameliorate diabetic nephropathy. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2024; 163:213935. [PMID: 38970881 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2024.213935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
In the present era of "Diabetic Pandemic", peptide-based therapies have generated immense interest however, are facing odds due to inevitable limitations like stability, delivery complications and off-target effects. One such promising molecule is C-peptide (CPep, 31 amino acid polypeptide with t1/2 30 min); it is a cleaved subunit of pro-insulin, well known to suppress microvascular complications in kidney but has not been able to undergo translation to the clinic till date. Herein, a polymeric CPep nano-complexes (NPX) was prepared by leveraging electrostatic interaction between in-house synthesized cationic, polyethylene carbonate (PEC) based copolymer (Mol. wt. 44,767 Da) and negatively charged CPep (Mol. wt. 3299 Da) at pH 7.4 and further evaluated in vitro and in vivo. NPX exhibited a spherical morphology with a particle size of 167 nm and zeta potential equivalent to +10.3, with 85.70 % of CPep complexation efficiency. The cellular uptake of FITC-tagged CPep NPX was 95.61 % in normal rat kidney cells, NRK-52E. Additionally, the hemocompatible NPX showed prominent cell-proliferative, anti-oxidative (1.8 folds increased GSH; 2.8 folds reduced nitrite concentration) and anti-inflammatory activity in metabolic stress induced NRK-52E cells as well. The observation was further confirmed by upregulation of anti-apoptotic protein BCl2 by 3.5 folds, and proliferative markers (β1-integrin and EGFR) by 3.5 and 2.3 folds, respectively, compared to the high glucose treated control group. Pharmacokinetic study of NPX in Wistar rats revealed a 6.34 folds greater half-life than free CPep. In in-vivo efficacy study in STZ-induced diabetic nephropathy animal model, NPX reduced blood glucose levels and IL-6 levels significantly by 1.3 and 2.5 folds, respectively, as compared to the disease control group. The above findings suggested that NPX has tremendous potential to impart sustained release of CPep, resulting in enhanced efficacy to treat diabetes-induced nephropathy and significantly improved renal pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arihant Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS PILANI), Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Shubham A Salunkhe
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS PILANI), Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Deepak Chitkara
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS PILANI), Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Anupama Mittal
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS PILANI), Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India.
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Kumar S, Dikshit M. Nitric Oxide: Regulation and Function in Neutrophil Immune Responses. Antioxid Redox Signal 2024; 40:998-1024. [PMID: 38251644 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2022.0220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Kumar
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Postal Staff College Area, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Madhu Dikshit
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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Barzkar N, Bunphueak P, Chamsodsai P, Muangrod P, Thumthanaruk B, Rungsardthong V, Tabtimmai L. Jellyfish protein hydrolysates: Multifunctional bioactivities unveiled in the battle against diabetes, inflammation, and bacterial pathogenesis. Microb Pathog 2024; 191:106648. [PMID: 38641070 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the multifunctional bioactivities of pepsin-hydrolyzed jellyfish by-products (Rhopilema hispidum and Lobonema smithii), focusing on their anti-α-glucosidase activity, anti-inflammatory effects, anti-bacterial properties, and ability to inhibit biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus. Our findings revealed that jellyfish protein hydrolysates, particularly from Rhopilema hispidum, exhibit significant anti-α-glucosidase activity, surpassing the well-known α-glucosidase inhibitor Acarbose. Furthermore, we demonstrated the anti-inflammatory capabilities of these hydrolysates in suppressing lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide production in murine macrophage cells. This effect was dose-dependent and non-cytotoxic, highlighting the hydrolysate potential in treating inflammation-related conditions. Regarding anti-bacterial activity, pepsin-hydrolyzed jellyfish selectively exhibited a potent effect against S. aureus, including Methicillin-susceptible and Methicillin-resistant strains. This activity was evident at minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 25 μg/mL for S. aureus ATCC10832, while a modest effect was observed against other Gram-positive strains. The hydrolysates effectively delayed bacterial growth dose-dependently, suggesting their use as alternative agents against bacterial infections. Most notably, pepsin-hydrolyzed jellyfish showed significant anti-biofilm activity against S. aureus. The umbrella section hydrolysate of Rhopilema hispidum was particularly effective, reducing biofilm formation through downregulating the icaA gene, crucial for biofilm development. Furthermore, the hydrolysates modulated the expression of the agrA gene, a key regulator in the pathogenesis of S. aureus. In conclusion, pepsin-hydrolyzed jellyfish protein hydrolysates exhibit promising multifunctional bioactivities, including anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and anti-biofilm properties. These findings suggest their potential application in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical fields, particularly in managing diabetic risks, inflammation, bacterial infections, and combating the biofilm-associated pathogenicity of S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noora Barzkar
- Department of Agro-Industrial, Food and Environmental Technology, Faculty of Applied Science King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, 10800, Thailand; Food and Agro-Industrial Research Center, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, 10800, Thailand
| | - Pinchuta Bunphueak
- Food and Agro-Industrial Research Center, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, 10800, Thailand; Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, 10800, Thailand
| | - Phumin Chamsodsai
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetic Engineering and Bioinformatics, Graduate School, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10800, Thailand
| | - Pratchaya Muangrod
- Department of Agro-Industrial, Food and Environmental Technology, Faculty of Applied Science King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, 10800, Thailand; Food and Agro-Industrial Research Center, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, 10800, Thailand
| | - Benjawan Thumthanaruk
- Department of Agro-Industrial, Food and Environmental Technology, Faculty of Applied Science King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, 10800, Thailand; Food and Agro-Industrial Research Center, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, 10800, Thailand
| | - Vilai Rungsardthong
- Department of Agro-Industrial, Food and Environmental Technology, Faculty of Applied Science King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, 10800, Thailand; Food and Agro-Industrial Research Center, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, 10800, Thailand
| | - Lueacha Tabtimmai
- Food and Agro-Industrial Research Center, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, 10800, Thailand; Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, 10800, Thailand.
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Singh SSB, Patil KN. SIRT1/AMPK-mediated pathway: Ferulic acid from sugar beet pulp mitigating obesity-induced diabetes-linked complications and improving metabolic health. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2024; 1869:159511. [PMID: 38761896 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2024.159511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Obesity-induced type 2 diabetes (T2D) increases the risk of metabolic syndrome due to the high calorie intake. The role of sugar beet pulp (SBP) in T2D and the mechanism of its action remain unclear, though it is abundant in phenolics and has antioxidant activity. In this study, we isolated and purified ferulic acid from SBP, referred to as SBP-E, and studied the underlying molecular mechanisms in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism developing high glucose/high fat diet-induced diabetic models in vitro and in vivo. SBP-E showed no cytotoxicity and reduced the oxidative stress by increasing glutathione (GSH) in human liver (HepG2) and rat skeletal muscle (L6) cells. It also decreased body weight gain, food intake, fasting blood glucose levels (FBGL), glucose intolerance, hepatic steatosis, and lipid accumulation. Additionally, SBP-E decreased the oxidative stress and improved the antioxidant enzyme levels in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced T2D mice. Further, SBP-E reduced plasma and liver advanced glycation end products (AGEs), malondialdehyde (MDA), and pro-inflammatory cytokines, and increased anti-inflammatory cytokines in HFD-fed mice. Importantly, SBP-E significantly elevated AMPK, glucose transporter, SIRT1 activity, and Nrf2 expression and decreased ACC activity and SREBP1 levels in diabetic models. Collectively, our study results suggest that SBP-E treatment can improve obesity-induced T2D by regulating glucose and lipid metabolism via SIRT1/AMPK signalling and the AMPK/SREBP1/ACC1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeetha S B Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Fermentation Technology, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CSIR-CFTRI), Mysuru 570 020, Karnataka, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - K Neelakanteshwar Patil
- Department of Microbiology and Fermentation Technology, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CSIR-CFTRI), Mysuru 570 020, Karnataka, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Mousavi H, Rimaz M, Zeynizadeh B. Practical Three-Component Regioselective Synthesis of Drug-Like 3-Aryl(or heteroaryl)-5,6-dihydrobenzo[ h]cinnolines as Potential Non-Covalent Multi-Targeting Inhibitors To Combat Neurodegenerative Diseases. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:1828-1881. [PMID: 38647433 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are one of the prominent health challenges facing contemporary society, and many efforts have been made to overcome and (or) control it. In this research paper, we described a practical one-pot two-step three-component reaction between 3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one (1), aryl(or heteroaryl)glyoxal monohydrates (2a-h), and hydrazine monohydrate (NH2NH2•H2O) for the regioselective preparation of some 3-aryl(or heteroaryl)-5,6-dihydrobenzo[h]cinnoline derivatives (3a-h). After synthesis and characterization of the mentioned cinnolines (3a-h), the in silico multi-targeting inhibitory properties of these heterocyclic scaffolds have been investigated upon various Homo sapiens-type enzymes, including hMAO-A, hMAO-B, hAChE, hBChE, hBACE-1, hBACE-2, hNQO-1, hNQO-2, hnNOS, hiNOS, hPARP-1, hPARP-2, hLRRK-2(G2019S), hGSK-3β, hp38α MAPK, hJNK-3, hOGA, hNMDA receptor, hnSMase-2, hIDO-1, hCOMT, hLIMK-1, hLIMK-2, hRIPK-1, hUCH-L1, hPARK-7, and hDHODH, which have confirmed their functions and roles in the neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), based on molecular docking studies, and the obtained results were compared with a wide range of approved drugs and well-known (with IC50, EC50, etc.) compounds. In addition, in silico ADMET prediction analysis was performed to examine the prospective drug properties of the synthesized heterocyclic compounds (3a-h). The obtained results from the molecular docking studies and ADMET-related data demonstrated that these series of 3-aryl(or heteroaryl)-5,6-dihydrobenzo[h]cinnolines (3a-h), especially hit ones, can really be turned into the potent core of new drugs for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), and/or due to the having some reactionable locations, they are able to have further organic reactions (such as cross-coupling reactions), and expansion of these compounds (for example, with using other types of aryl(or heteroaryl)glyoxal monohydrates) makes a new avenue for designing novel and efficient drugs for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Mousavi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Urmia University, Urmia 5756151818, Iran
| | - Mehdi Rimaz
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, P.O. Box 19395-3697, Tehran 19395-3697, Iran
| | - Behzad Zeynizadeh
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Urmia University, Urmia 5756151818, Iran
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Silva BD, Viero FT, Rodrigues P, Trevisan G. Nitric oxide involvement in the disability and active disease of multiple sclerosis: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Nitric Oxide 2024; 145:8-20. [PMID: 38331311 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2024.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic and immune-mediated disease of unknown etiology and leading to a physical and cognitive disability. Different studies suggest that nitrosative stress may play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis and disability in MS. Besides, reports evaluated NO and their metabolites, expressed by nitrite and nitrate (NOx) levels of MS patients compared with other pathologies, but did not evaluate disability and relapse/remission phases. OBJECTIVE Thus, this study aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of NOx levels in MS patients in relapse/remission phases and its involvement in patient disability. METHODS The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022327161). We used GRADE to estimate the articles' quality and evaluated the publication bias using Egger's and Begg's tests. RESULTS Here, through a search in the Pubmed, Scopus, and EMBASE databases, 5.276 studies were found, and after the selection process, 20 studies were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The studies included data from 1.474 MS patients and 1.717 healthy controls, 1.010 RRMS and 221 primary progressive MS (PPMS). CONCLUSION NOx levels are increased in relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) patients in the relapse phase. Also, NOx levels were increased in MS patients with higher disability. However, further studies are still needed to control lifestyle habits, pain, and MS treatment effects in biased NOx levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda da Silva
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda Tibolla Viero
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Patrícia Rodrigues
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Gabriela Trevisan
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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Santus P, Saad M, Giani E, Rizzi M, Mameli C, Macedoni M, Pini S, Saderi L, Ben Nasr M, Pastore I, Lunati ME, Zuccotti GV, Sotgiu G, Fiorina P, Radovanovic D. Early lung diffusion abnormalities and airways' inflammation in children with type 1 diabetes. Acta Diabetol 2024; 61:289-295. [PMID: 37857871 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-023-02182-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS OF THE STUDY Type 1 diabetes (T1D) impacts lung function and exercise capacity in adults, but limited information is available in children. We hypothesize that T1D causes alterations in pulmonary function and cardiorespiratory fitness, i.e., exercise capacity, at early stages of the disease, due to the presence of inflammation and vascular damage. Therefore, we aim to investigate pulmonary function before and after exercise in children with T1D as compared to age matched healthy controls. METHOD Twenty-four children with T1D and twenty healthy controls underwent body plethysmography, diffusion lung capacity for carbon monoxide and fractional exhaled nitric oxide at rest and after cardio-pulmonary exercise test. RESULTS In children with T1D, baseline total lung capacity and diffusion lung capacity for carbon monoxide were reduced as compared to healthy controls. Children with T1D also showed a reduced exercise capacity associated with poor aerobic fitness. Accordingly, diffusion lung capacity for carbon monoxide tended to increase with exercise in healthy controls, while no change was observed in children with T1D. Fractional exhaled nitric oxide was significantly higher at baseline and tended to increase with exercise in children with T1D, while no changes were observed in healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS Altered diffusion lung capacity for carbon monoxide, increased fractional exhaled nitric oxide and a poor aerobic fitness to exercise suggests the presence of early pulmonary abnormalities in children with T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierachille Santus
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Ospedale L. Sacco, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy.
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (DIBIC), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Marina Saad
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Ospedale L. Sacco, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Giani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS and Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Rizzi
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Ospedale L. Sacco, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Mameli
- Department of Pediatrics, V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Maddalena Macedoni
- Department of Pediatrics, V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Pini
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Ospedale L. Sacco, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (DIBIC), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Saderi
- Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Statistics Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Moufida Ben Nasr
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, DIBIC, Università Degli Studi Milano, Milan, Italy
- Nephrology Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Enders Building 5th floor, Room EN511, 300 Longwood Ave Boston, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ida Pastore
- Division of Endocrinology, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti
- Department of Pediatrics, V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Sotgiu
- Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Statistics Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Paolo Fiorina
- International Center for T1D, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, DIBIC, Università Degli Studi Milano, Milan, Italy.
- Nephrology Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Enders Building 5th floor, Room EN511, 300 Longwood Ave Boston, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Division of Endocrinology, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy.
| | - Dejan Radovanovic
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Ospedale L. Sacco, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
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Eisa NH, Helmy SA, El-Kashef DH, El-Sherbiny M, Elsherbiny NM. Pramipexole protects against diabetic neuropathy: Effect on oxidative stress, TLR4/IRAK-1/TRAF-6/NF-κB and downstream inflammatory mediators. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 128:111514. [PMID: 38199193 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is a serious microvascular complication and a major cause of morbidity and mortality in diabetes mellitus. It is characterized by neurodegeneration of terminal sensory nerve fibers with subsequent pain, loss of sensation, and paresthesia, thus compromising the quality of life of diabetic patients. It is considered the leading cause of non-traumatic amputations worldwide, reflecting the insufficiency of current therapies. Pramipexole (PPX) is a dopamine receptor agonist used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. The current study aims to investigate the potential neuroprotective effect of PPX in an experimental model of DN. METHODS Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned into five groups: normal control, Normal + PPX (1 mg/kg) group, STZ control, STZ + PPX (0.25 and 1 mg/kg/day for eight weeks). The neuroprotective effect of PPX in rats was evaluated in terms of sciatic nerve histological alterations, oxidative stress, and protein expression of TLR4/MyD88/IRAK-1/TRAF-6/NF-κB axis and downstream inflammatory mediators. RESULTS PPX administration ameliorated histopathological signs of neuronal inflammation and apoptosis. Additionally, PPX attenuated STZ-induced sciatic nerve oxidative stress and downregulated neural tissue expression of TLR4, MyD88, IRAK-1, TRAF-6, NF-κB and downstream mediators (TNF-α, IL-1β and ICAM-1). CONCLUSION Collectively, the current study sheds light on PPX as a potential protective medication to alleviate neuropathy progression in diabetic patients. PPX neuroprotective effect can be attributed to modulating TLR4/ MyD88/IRAK-1/TRAF-6/ NF-κB axis signaling in nerve tissues with subsequent attenuation of oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada H Eisa
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Sahar A Helmy
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Dalia H El-Kashef
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed El-Sherbiny
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, AlMaarefa University, P.O. Box 71666, Riyadh 11597, Saudi Arabia; Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Nehal M Elsherbiny
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.
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Bagheripour F, Jeddi S, Kashfi K, Ghasemi A. Anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects of L-citrulline are sex-dependent. Life Sci 2024; 339:122432. [PMID: 38237764 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Anti-diabetic and anti-obesity effects of L-citrulline (Cit) have been reported in male rats. This study determined sex differences in response to Cit in Wistar rats. MAIN METHODS Type 2 diabetes (T2D) was induced using a high-fat diet followed by low-dose of streptozotocin (30 mg/kg) injection. Male and female Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups (n = 6/group): Control, control+Cit, T2D, and T2D + Cit. Cit (4 g/L in drinking water) was administered for 8 weeks. Obesity indices were recorded, serum fasting glucose and lipid profile were measured, and glucose and pyruvate tolerance tests were performed during the Cit intervention. White (WAT) and brown (BAT) adipose tissues were weighted, and the adiposity index was calculated at the end of the study. KEY FINDINGS Cit was more effective in decreasing fasting glucose (18 % vs. 11 %, P = 0.0100), triglyceride (20 % vs. 14 %, P = 0.0173), and total cholesterol (16 % vs. 11 %, P = 0.0200) as well as decreasing gluconeogenesis and improving glucose tolerance, in females compared to male rats with T2D. Following Cit administration, decreases in WAT weight (16 % vs. 14 % for gonadal, 21 % vs. 16 % for inguinal, and 18 % vs. 13 % for retroperitoneal weight, all P < 0.0001) and increases in BAT weight (58 % vs. 19 %, for interscapular and 10 % vs. 7 % for axillary, all P < 0.0001) were higher in females than male rats with T2D. The decrease in adiposity index was also higher (11 % vs. 9 %, P = 0.0007) in females. SIGNIFICANCE The anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects of Cit in rats are sex-dependent, with Cit being more effective in female than male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Bagheripour
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajad Jeddi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khosrow Kashfi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, NY, USA.
| | - Asghar Ghasemi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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12
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Sirmakesyan S, Hajj A, Hamouda A, Cammisotto P, Campeau L. Synthesis and secretion of Nerve Growth Factor is regulated by Nitric Oxide in bladder cells in vitro under a hyperglycemic environment. Nitric Oxide 2023; 140-141:30-40. [PMID: 37699453 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2023.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Urine samples of female patients with overactive bladder (OAB) are characterized by low levels of nerve growth factor (NGF) and elevated concentrations of nitric oxide (NO) compared to healthy controls. We therefore examined how NO might regulate NGF synthesis using rat bladder smooth muscle (SMCs) and urothelial (UROs) cells in culture. In UROs, incubation in hyperglycemic conditions to mimic insulin insensitivity present in the OAB cohort increased secretion of NO and concomitantly decreased NGF, except when the NO synthase inhibitor, l-NAME (1 mM) was present. Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) (300 μM, 24 h), a NO generator, decreased NGF levels and decreased cyclic GMP (cGMP) content, a process validated by the cGMP synthase inhibitor ODQ (100 μM). Alternatively, SNP increased mRNA of both NGF and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). MMP-9 knockout of UROs by Crispr-Cas9 potently decreased the effect of SNP on NGF, implying a dependent role of NO on MMP-9. On the other hand, matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) activity was increased by SNP, which taken together with increase in NGF mRNA, suggests a compensatory mechanism. In SMCs, hyperglycemic conditions had the same effect on extracellular content of NO and NGF than in UROs. SNP also decreased NGF secretion but increased cGMP content. Stable permeable analogs of cGMP 8-(4-Chlorophenylthio)-cGMP (1 mM) and N2,2'-O-Dibutyryl-cGMP (3 mM) inhibited NGF release. NGF and MMP-9 mRNA expression was unchanged by SNP. Deletion of MMP-9 in SMCs by Crispr-Cas9 did not alter the effect of SNP. Finally, SNP decreased MMP-7 activity, diminishing the conversion of proNGF to NGF. These results demonstrate that enhanced NO secretion triggered by high glucose decreases NGF secretion through pathways unique for each cell type that involve cGMP and proteases MMP-7 and MMP-9. These results might help to explain our observations from the urine from patients with OAB associated with metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aya Hajj
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Aalya Hamouda
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Lysanne Campeau
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Urology Department, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Hamasaki H. The Effect of Exercise on Cardiovascular Autonomic Nervous Function in Patients with Diabetes: A Systematic Review. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2668. [PMID: 37830705 PMCID: PMC10572826 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11192668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic neuropathy, including autonomic neuropathy, is a severe complication in patients with poorly controlled diabetes. Specifically, cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) plays a significant prognostic role in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Exercise, an essential component of diabetes treatment, may have a therapeutic effect on patients with diabetes complicated by CAN. However, it remains unclear whether exercise has a therapeutic or protective effect in diabetes patients with CAN. METHODS The author conducted a systematic search of PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and The Cochrane Library, resulting in the identification of eight eligible randomized controlled trials for this review. RESULTS Exercise, including aerobic exercise combined with resistance training (RT), high-intensity interval training, and progressive RT, has shown a beneficial effect on cardiac autonomic function (CAF) in patients with type 2 diabetes, as measured by heart rate variability, heart rate recovery, and baroreflex sensitivity. However, most studies had low quality. Moreover, there were no relevant studies examining the effect of exercise on CAF in older patients, patients with poorly controlled diabetes, and patients with type 1 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS Exercise has the potential to manage patients with CAN by balancing sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system functions; however, further studies are warranted in the future.
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14
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Piragine E, Malanima MA, Lucenteforte E, Martelli A, Calderone V. Circulating Levels of Hydrogen Sulfide (H 2S) in Patients with Age-Related Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1023. [PMID: 37509058 PMCID: PMC10376967 DOI: 10.3390/biom13071023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an endogenous gasotransmitter that promotes multiple biological effects in many organs and tissues. An imbalanced biosynthesis of H2S has been observed in animal models of age-related pathological conditions. However, the results from human studies are inconsistent. We performed a systematic review with meta-analysis of studies searched in Medline, Embase, Scopus, and CENTRAL databases. We included observational studies on patients with age-related diseases showing levels of H2S in blood, plasma, or serum. All the analyses were carried out with R software. 31 studies were included in the systematic review and 21 in the meta-analysis. The circulating levels of H2S were significantly reduced in patients with progressive, chronic, and degenerative diseases compared with healthy people (standardized mean difference, SMD: -1.25; 95% confidence interval, CI: -1.98; -0.52). When we stratified results by type of disorder, we observed a significant reduction in circulating levels of H2S in patients with vascular disease (e.g., hypertension) (SMD: -1.32; 95% CI: -2.43; -0.22) or kidney disease (SMD: -2.24; 95% CI: -4.40; -0.08) compared with the control group. These results could support the potential use of compounds targeting the "H2S system" to slow down the progression of many diseases in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Andrea Malanima
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ersilia Lucenteforte
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alma Martelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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15
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Solovieva AO, Sitnikova NA, Nimaev VV, Koroleva EA, Manakhov AM. PRP of T2DM Patient Immobilized on PCL Nanofibers Stimulate Endothelial Cells Proliferation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098262. [PMID: 37175994 PMCID: PMC10179416 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) are a common complication of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Development of bioactive wound healing covers is an important task in medicine. The use of autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) consisting of growth factors, cytokines and components of extracellular matrix is a perspective approach for DFU treatment, but we previously found that some T2DM PRP samples have a toxic effect on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in vitro. Here, we covalently immobilized T2DM PRP proteins on polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofibers, and the growth of endothelial cells on the PCL-COOH-PRP was investigated. Additionally, the level of NO reflecting the cytotoxic effects of PRP, angiogenin, and VEGF levels were measured in T2DM PRP samples. The results showed that the application of PCL-COOH-PRP nanofibers allows to remove the cytotoxicity of T2DM PRP and to improve endothelial cell adhesion and proliferative activity. We showed that the origin of T2DM PRP (the level of PRP toxicity or presence/absence of DFU) does not influence the efficiency of cell growth on PCL-COOH-PRP, and on the level of angiogenin, vascular epidermal growth factor (VEGF) in PRP itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiya O Solovieva
- Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology-Branch of the ICG SB RAS, 2 Timakova Str., 630060 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Natalia A Sitnikova
- Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology-Branch of the ICG SB RAS, 2 Timakova Str., 630060 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Vadim V Nimaev
- Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology-Branch of the ICG SB RAS, 2 Timakova Str., 630060 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elena A Koroleva
- Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology-Branch of the ICG SB RAS, 2 Timakova Str., 630060 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Anton M Manakhov
- Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology-Branch of the ICG SB RAS, 2 Timakova Str., 630060 Novosibirsk, Russia
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Purwaningsih I, Maksum IP, Sumiarsa D, Sriwidodo S. A Review of Fibraurea tinctoria and Its Component, Berberine, as an Antidiabetic and Antioxidant. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031294. [PMID: 36770960 PMCID: PMC9919506 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia caused by resistance to insulin action, inadequate insulin secretion, or excessive glucagon production. Numerous studies have linked diabetes mellitus and oxidative stress. People with diabetes usually exhibit high oxidative stress due to persistent and chronic hyperglycemia, which impairs the activity of the antioxidant defense system and promotes the formation of free radicals. Recently, several studies have focused on exploring natural antioxidants to improve diabetes mellitus. Fibraurea tinctoria has long been known as the native Borneo used in traditional medicine to treat diabetes. Taxonomically, this plant is part of the Menispermaceae family, widely known for producing various alkaloids. Among them are protoberberine alkaloids such as berberine. Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid with many pharmacological activities. Berberine is receiving considerable interest because of its antidiabetic and antioxidant activities, which are based on many biochemical pathways. Therefore, this review explores the pharmacological effects of Fibraurea tinctoria and its active constituent, berberine, against oxidative stress and diabetes, emphasizing its mechanistic aspects. This review also summarizes the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of berberine and in silico studies of berberine in several diseases and its protein targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indah Purwaningsih
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Poltekkes Kemenkes Pontianak, Pontianak 78124, Indonesia
- Correspondence: (I.P.); (I.P.M.)
| | - Iman Permana Maksum
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
- Correspondence: (I.P.); (I.P.M.)
| | - Dadan Sumiarsa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
| | - Sriwidodo Sriwidodo
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
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Gál K, Asbóth G, Vass M, Bíró A, Markovich A, Homoki J, Fidler G, Paholcsek M, Cziáky Z, Németh N, Remenyik J, Soltész P. Monitoring and recovery of hyperglycaemia-induced endothelial dysfunction with rheopheresis in diabetic lower extremity ulceration with hyperviscosity. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2022; 19:14791641221131788. [PMID: 36357361 PMCID: PMC9661626 DOI: 10.1177/14791641221131788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Rheopheresis is an extracorporeal haematotherapy that improves haemorheological status by filtering proteins that enhance blood viscosity. It also has anti-inflammatory effects by removing inflammatory cytokines. Our study aims to examine the effects of rheopheresis on the endothelial status in diabetic lower extremity ulceration. METHODS In vitro experiments were performed in a HUVEC model to mimic hyperglycaemic stress. We determined the changes in gene expression levels of IL-6, IL-8, TNF-alpha, endothelin convertase enzyme, ET-1, and NO synthase, as well as the ROS and intracellular GSH levels upon hyperglycaemia. In in vivo studies, two rheopheresis procedures were performed on seven patients with diabetic lower extremity ulceration with hyperviscosity, and we measured the changes in plasma concentrations of ET-1, TXB2, SOD enzyme activity, and extracellular components of the glutathione pool depending on treatments. RESULTS Our results showed that hyperglycaemia increases endothelial expression of inflammatory cytokines, ET-1, and endothelin convertase enzyme, while NO synthase was decreased. As a result of rheopheresis, we observed decreased ET-1 and TXB2 concentrations in the plasma and beneficial changes in the parameters of the glutathione pool. CONCLUSION To summarize our results, hyperglycaemia-induced oxidative stress and endothelial inflammation can be moderated by rheopheresis in diabetic lower extremity ulceration with hyperviscosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristóf Gál
- Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Georgina Asbóth
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Melinda Vass
- Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila Bíró
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Arnold Markovich
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Judit Homoki
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gábor Fidler
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Melinda Paholcsek
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Cziáky
- Agricultural and Molecular Research and Service Group, University of Nyíregyháza, Nyíregyháza, Hungary
| | - Norbert Németh
- Department of Operative Techniques and Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Judit Remenyik
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Pál Soltész
- Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Pál Soltész, Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Móricz Zsigmond krt. 22, Debrecen 4032, Hungary.
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Relationship between the Soluble F11 Receptor and Annexin A5 in African Americans Patients with Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081818. [PMID: 36009365 PMCID: PMC9405000 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by endothelial dysfunction, increased thrombogenicity, and inflammation. The soluble human F11 receptor (sF11R) and annexin A5 (ANXA5) play crucial roles in inflammatory thrombosis and atherosclerosis. We examined the relationship between circulating sF11R and ANXA5 and their impact on endothelial function. The study included 125 patients with T2DM. Plasma levels of sF11R and ANXA5 were quantified by ELISA. Microvascular function was assessed using the vascular reactivity index (VRI). Large artery stiffness was assessed by carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV). Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) was assessed by B-mode ultrasound imaging. The mean age of patients in the study was 59.7 ± 7.8 years, 78% had hypertension, 76% had dyslipidemia, and 12% had CKD. sF11R correlated positively with ANXA5 levels (β = 0.250, p = 0.005), and correlated inversely with VRI and total nitic oxide (NO), (β = −0.201, p = 0.024; β = −0.357, p = 0.0001, respectively). Multivariate regression analysis revealed that sF11R was independently associated with ANXA5 in the total population and in patients with HbA1c > 6.5% (β = 0.366, p = 0.007; β = 0.425, p = 0.0001, respectively). sF11R and ANXA5 were not associated with vascular outcome, suggesting that they may not be reliable markers of vascular dysfunction in diabetes. The clinical significance of sF11R/ANXA5 association in diabetes warrants further investigation in a larger population.
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Sekaran SD, Liew ZM, Yam HC, Raju CS. The association between diabetes and obesity with Dengue infections. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2022; 14:101. [PMID: 35864519 PMCID: PMC9301891 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-022-00870-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue, an arboviral disease is a global threat to public health as the number of Dengue cases increases through the decades and this trend is predicted to continue. Non-communicable diseases such as diabetes and obesity are also on an upward trend. Moreover, past clinical studies have shown comorbidities worsen the clinical manifestation of especially Severe Dengue. However, discussion regarding the underlying mechanisms regarding the association between these comorbidities and dengue are lacking. The hallmark of Severe Dengue is plasma leakage which is due to several factors including presence of pro-inflammatory cytokines and dysregulation of endothelial barrier protein expression. The key factors of diabetes affecting endothelial functions are Th1 skewed responses and junctional-related proteins expression. Additionally, obesity alters the lipid metabolism and immune response causing increased viral replication and inflammation. The similarity between diabetes and obesity individuals is in having chronic inflammation resulting in endothelial dysfunction. This review outlines the roles of diabetes and obesity in severe dengue and gives some insights into the plausible mechanisms of comorbidities in Severe Dengue.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Sekaran
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UCSI University Springhill Campus, Port Dickson, 70100, Negri Sembilan, Malaysia.
| | - Z M Liew
- Faculty of Applied Science, UCSI University Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, 56000, Malaysia
| | - H C Yam
- Faculty of Applied Science, UCSI University Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, 56000, Malaysia
| | - C S Raju
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
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Paul P, Kaul R, Abdellatif B, Arabi M, Upadhyay R, Saliba R, Sebah M, Chaari A. The Promising Role of Microbiome Therapy on Biomarkers of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic and Narrative Review. Front Nutr 2022; 9:906243. [PMID: 35711547 PMCID: PMC9197462 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.906243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background One in 10 adults suffer from type 2 diabetes (T2D). The role of the gut microbiome, its homeostasis, and dysbiosis has been investigated with success in the pathogenesis as well as treatment of T2D. There is an increasing volume of literature reporting interventions of pro-, pre-, and synbiotics on T2D patients. Methods Studies investigating the effect of pro-, pre-, and synbiotics on biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in T2D populations were extracted from databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane from inception to January 2022. Results From an initial screening of 5,984 hits, 47 clinical studies were included. Both statistically significant and non-significant results have been compiled, analyzed, and discussed. We have found various promising pro-, pre-, and synbiotic formulations. Of these, multistrain/multispecies probiotics are found to be more effective than monostrain interventions. Additionally, our findings show resistant dextrin to be the most promising prebiotic, followed closely by inulin and oligosaccharides. Finally, we report that synbiotics have shown excellent effect on markers of oxidative stress and antioxidant enzymes. We further discuss the role of metabolites in the resulting effects in biomarkers and ultimately pathogenesis of T2D, bring attention toward the ability of such nutraceuticals to have significant role in COVID-19 therapy, and finally discuss few ongoing clinical trials and prospects. Conclusion Current literature of pro-, pre- and synbiotic administration for T2D therapy is promising and shows many significant results with respect to most markers of inflammation and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradipta Paul
- Division of Medical Education, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ridhima Kaul
- Division of Medical Education, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Basma Abdellatif
- Division of Medical Education, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Maryam Arabi
- Division of Premedical Education, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Rohit Upadhyay
- Department of Medicine—Nephrology and Hypertension, Tulane University, School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Reya Saliba
- Distributed eLibrary, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Majda Sebah
- Division of Premedical Education, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ali Chaari
- Division of Premedical Education, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
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Javrushyan H, Nadiryan E, Grigoryan A, Avtandilyan N, Maloyan A. Antihyperglycemic activity of L-norvaline and L-arginine in high-fat diet and streptozotocin-treated male rats. Exp Mol Pathol 2022; 126:104763. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2022.104763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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22
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Boumezber S, Yelekçi K. Screening of novel and selective inhibitors for neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) via structure-based drug design techniques. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 41:3607-3629. [PMID: 35322764 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2054471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
NO, or nitric oxide, is produced by a family of enzymes called nitric oxide synthase (NOS) from L-arginine. NO regulates many physiological functions such as smooth muscle relaxation, immune defense, and memory function. The overproduction of NO by the neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) is implicated in neurodegeneration and neuropathic pain, making nNOS inhibition a promising therapeutic approach. Many developed nNOS inhibitors, generally L-arginine mimetics, have some issues in selectivity and bioavailability. According to earlier studies, targeting nNOS has the advantage of decreasing excess NO in the brain while avoiding the negative consequences of inhibiting the two isozymes: endothelial NOS (eNOS) and inducible NOS (iNOS). This study applied structure-based virtual screening, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations to design potent and selective inhibitors against nNOS over related isoforms (eNOS and iNOS) using human X-ray crystal structures of the NOS isoforms. It was discovered that some compounds displayed a very good inhibitory potency for hnNOS and moderate selectivity for the other isozymes, eNOS and iNOS, in addition to good solubility and desirable physiochemical properties. The compounds which showed good stability and selectivity with nNOS, such as ZINC000013485422, can be interesting and informative guidance for designing more potent human nNOS inhibitors.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Boumezber
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Kadir Has University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kemal Yelekçi
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Kadir Has University, Istanbul, Turkey
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23
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Jarrete AP, Giollo-Junior LT, Vilela-Martin JF, Novais IP, Delbin MA, Zanesco A. Alterations in pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators are involved in microvascular dysfunction in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Braz J Med Biol Res 2022; 55:e11821. [PMID: 35239779 PMCID: PMC8905673 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x2021e11821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence has shown that women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have a greater
risk of cardiovascular complications compared with men, but this sex difference
is not clearly understood. This study assessed the microvascular function and
circulatory biomarkers in postmenopausal women (PMW) with T2DM compared with
diabetic men and their non-diabetic counterparts. Sixty participants were
divided into nondiabetic PMW, PMW with T2DM, non-diabetic men, and diabetic men.
Microvascular function was assessed using non-invasive equipment
(EndoPAT®) and reported as reactive hyperemia index (RHI).
Anthropometric and cardiovascular parameters were also measured. Two-way ANOVA
was performed using sex (women or men) and T2DM (non-diabetic and diabetic) as
the two factors. RHI impairment (1.97±0.14) was detected in diabetic PMW
compared with women without T2DM (2.5±0.13) accompanied by lower adiponectin
levels (T2DM: 9.3±1.2 and CTL: 13.8±1.8 ug/mL, P<0.05). An increase in the
Nε-carboxymethyllysine (CML), nitrate/nitrite, and C-reactive protein (CRP)
levels were observed in diabetic PMW compared to the other groups. Although a
poor glycemia control was seen in diabetic men, neither RHI nor circulatory
biomarkers were affected by T2DM. Multiple linear regression stratified by sex
and T2DM identified some variables with RHI only in PMW with T2DM: HbA1c
(P=0.003), body mass index (P=0.029), CML (P=0.032), and CRP (P=0.006). Diabetic
PMW were more susceptible to the deleterious effects of hyperglycemia than men,
showing microvascular dysfunction with high levels of pro-inflammatory mediators
(CML and CRP) and a lower adiponectin concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Jarrete
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - L T Giollo-Junior
- Posto Médico Garrison - 5a Brigada de Cavalaria Blindada, Exército Brasileiro, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brasil
| | - J F Vilela-Martin
- Departamento de Medicina, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - I P Novais
- Departamento de Saúde I, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Jequié, BA, Brasil
| | - M A Delbin
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - A Zanesco
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Meio-ambiente, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Metropolitana de Santos, Santos, SP, Brasil
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Abdel-Bakky MS, Alqasoumi A, Altowayan WM, Amin E, Darwish MA. Simvastatin mitigates streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes in mice through downregulation of ADAM10 and ADAM17. Life Sci 2022; 289:120224. [PMID: 34896343 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND T cell mediates immune response in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) through its trafficking into pancreatic islets. The role of A Disintigrin And Metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10) and 17 (ADAM17) in pancreatic T-cells recruitment into the pancreatic islets during T1DM is not known. AIM Explore the role of ADAM10 and ADAM17 in the processing of CXCL16 in T1DM and possible protective effect of simvastatin (SIM) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced T1DM. MAIN METHODS Balb/c mice were classified into 4 groups, 10 each. Control group received buffer while SIM group received 50 mg/kg, i.p daily for 12 days starting from day 4 of the experiment. Diabetic group; received STZ (55 mg/kg, i.p.) for 5 consecutive days starting from day 1 of the experiment. SIM + STZ group; received SIM (50 mg/kg, i.p.) daily for 12 days and STZ (55 mg/kg, i.p.) for 5 consecutive days. Biochemical, inflammatory and apoptotic markers as well as expression of CXCL16, ADAM10, NF-κB and pancreatic T-cells expression were analyzed. KEY FINDINGS Significant increase in biochemical, inflammatory, apoptotic parameters, expression of ADAM10, ADAM17, CXCL16, NF-κB, and infiltrated T-cells to the pancreatic islets were found in STZ group. SIM treatment in the presence of STZ improved biochemical and inflammatory parameters as well as it reduced the expression of CXCL16, ADAM10, ADAM17, NF-κΒ, T-cells migration and apoptosis in the pancreatic islets. SIGNIFICANCE SIM mitigated pancreatic β-cell death induced by STZ through down regulation of ADAM10, ADAM17and CXCL16. Therefore, ADAM10/ADAM17 and CXCL16 may serve as novel therapeutic targets for T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Sadek Abdel-Bakky
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt.
| | - Abdulmajeed Alqasoumi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Elham Amin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt
| | - Mostafa Assem Darwish
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Beni-Suef 11787, Egypt
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25
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Arif B, Arif Z, Ahmad J, Perveen K, Bukhari NA, Ashraf JM, Moinuddin, Alam K. Attenuation of hyperglycemia and amadori products by aminoguanidine in alloxan-diabetic rabbits occurs via enhancement in antioxidant defenses and control of stress. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262233. [PMID: 34986201 PMCID: PMC8730428 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The micro- and macro-complications in diabetes mellitus (DM) mainly arise from the damage induced by Amadori and advanced glycation end products, as well as the released free radicals. The primary goal of DM treatment is to reduce the risk of micro- and macro-complications. In this study, we looked at the efficacy of aminoguanidine (AG) to prevent the production of early glycation products in alloxan-diabetic rabbits. Type1 DM was induced in rabbits by a single intravenous injection of alloxan (90 mg/kg body weight). Another group of rabbits was pre-treated with AG (100 mg/kg body weight) prior to alloxan injection; this was followed by weekly treatment with 100 mg/kg of AG for eight weeks. Glucose, insulin, and early glycation products (HbA1C and fructosamine) were measured in control, diabetic and AG treated diabetic rabbits. The effects of hyperglycemia on superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (Gpx), reduced glutathione (rGSH), nitric oxide, lipid peroxides, and protein carbonyl were investigated. Alloxan-diabetic rabbits had lower levels of SOD, CAT, Gpx, and rGSH than control rabbits. Nitric oxide levels were considerably greater. AG administration restored the activities of SOD, CAT, Gpx enzymes up to 70-80% and ameliorated the nitric oxide production. HbA1c and fructosamine levels were considerably lower in AG-treated diabetic rabbits. The observed control of hyperglycemia and amadori adducts in alloxan-diabetic rabbits by AG may be attributed to decrease of stress and restoration of antioxidant defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binish Arif
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Soura, Srinagar, J&K, India
| | - Zarina Arif
- Department of Biochemistry, J.N. Medical College, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP, India
| | - Jamal Ahmad
- Formerly at Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Diabetes and Endocrinology, J.N. Medical College, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP, India
| | - Kahkashan Perveen
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Najat A. Bukhari
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jalaluddin M. Ashraf
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Moinuddin
- Department of Biochemistry, J.N. Medical College, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP, India
| | - Khursheed Alam
- Department of Biochemistry, J.N. Medical College, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP, India
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26
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Solanki K, Rajpoot S, Bezsonov EE, Orekhov AN, Saluja R, Wary A, Axen C, Wary K, Baig MS. The expanding roles of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS1). PeerJ 2022; 10:e13651. [PMID: 35821897 PMCID: PMC9271274 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The nitric oxide synthases (NOS; EC 1.14.13.39) use L-arginine as a substrate to produce nitric oxide (NO) as a by-product in the tissue microenvironment. NOS1 represents the predominant NO-producing enzyme highly enriched in the brain and known to mediate multiple functions, ranging from learning and memory development to maintaining synaptic plasticity and neuronal development, Alzheimer's disease (AD), psychiatric disorders and behavioral deficits. However, accumulating evidence indicate both canonical and non-canonical roles of NOS1-derived NO in several other tissues and chronic diseases. A better understanding of NOS1-derived NO signaling, and identification and characterization of NO-metabolites in non-neuronal tissues could become useful in diagnosis and prognosis of diseases associated with NOS1 expression. Continued investigation on the roles of NOS1, therefore, will synthesize new knowledge and aid in the discovery of small molecules which could be used to titrate the activities of NOS1-derived NO signaling and NO-metabolites. Here, we address the significance of NOS1 and its byproduct NO in modifying pathophysiological events, which could be beneficial in understanding both the disease mechanisms and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kundan Solanki
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Simrol, Indore, India
| | - Sajjan Rajpoot
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Simrol, Indore, India
| | - Evgeny E Bezsonov
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery", Moscow, Russia.,Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Biology and General Genetics, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander N Orekhov
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery", Moscow, Russia.,Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Rohit Saluja
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, Hyderabad, India
| | - Anita Wary
- Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Cassondra Axen
- Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Kishore Wary
- Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Mirza S Baig
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Simrol, Indore, India
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27
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Szrejder M, Rogacka D, Piwkowska A. Purinergic P2 receptors: Involvement and therapeutic implications in diabetes-related glomerular injury. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 714:109078. [PMID: 34742673 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.109078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The purinergic activation of P2 receptors initiates a powerful and rapid signaling cascade that contributes to the regulation of an array of physiological and pathophysiological processes in many organs, including the kidney. P2 receptors are broadly distributed in both epithelial and vascular renal cells. Disturbances of purinergic signaling can lead to impairments in renal function. A growing body of evidence indicates changes in P2 receptor expression and nucleotide metabolism in chronic renal injury and inflammatory diseases. Increasing attention has focused on purinergic P2X7 receptors, which are not normally expressed in healthy kidney tissue but are highly expressed at sites of tissue damage and inflammation. Under hyperglycemic conditions, several mechanisms that are linked to purinergic signaling and involve nucleotide release and degradation are disrupted, resulting in the accumulation of adenosine 5'-triphosphate in the bloodstream in diabetes. Dysfunction of the purinergic system might be associated with serious vascular complications in diabetes, including diabetic nephropathy. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the role of P2 receptors in diabetes-related glomerular injury and its implications for new therapeutics for diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Szrejder
- Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Dorota Rogacka
- Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Gdańsk, Poland; Department of Molecular Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Piwkowska
- Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Gdańsk, Poland; Department of Molecular Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk, Poland
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28
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Díaz-De la Cruz EN, Cerrillos-Gutiérrez JI, García-Sánchez A, Prado-Nevárez CG, Andrade-Sierra J, Jalomo-Martínez B, Banda-López A, Rojas-Campos E, Miranda-Díaz AG. The Influence of Sevelamer Hydrochloride and Calcium Carbonate on Markers of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Hemodialysis at Six Months of Follow-Up. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:714205. [PMID: 34901050 PMCID: PMC8655244 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.714205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) present alterations in mineral and bone metabolism. Hyperphosphatemia in ESRD is considered an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), increasing morbidity, and mortality. Sevelamer hydrochloride is a calcium-free, non-absorbable phosphate-chelating polymer. Calcium carbonate chelator is helpful in controlling serum phosphate levels. There is insufficient information on the influence of sevelamer hydrochloride and calcium carbonate on the behavior of oxidative stress (OS) markers and inflammation in patients on hemodialysis (HD). A randomized open clinical trial was carried out on patients to evaluate sevelamer hydrochloride and calcium carbonate influence at 6 months of study follow-up. Levels of oxidants (LPO, NO, and 8-isoprostanes), antioxidants (SOD and TAC), oxidative DNA damage (8-OHdG and hOGG1), pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α), and inflammation markers (ferritin and C-reactive protein) were measured with colorimetric and ELISA methods. We found a significant increase in oxidants LPO and NO, and antioxidants SOD and TAC, and downregulation of IL-6 and TNF-α. Ferritin decrease at 6 months follow-up in the sevelamer hydrochloride group. Increase in C-reactive protein was found in the group of patients treated with calcium carbonate. In conclusion, we found an oxidative state imbalance with increase in LPO and NO oxidants. The activity of the antioxidant enzymes (SOD and TAC) was also found to increase, suggesting a compensatory effect in the face of increase in oxidants. The same phenomenon was observed with increase in the oxidative damage marker to DNA and the increase in the DNA repair enzyme, suggesting a compensatory effect. Pro-inflammatory cytokines were predominantly downregulated by TNF-α in the group that ingested sevelamer hydrochloride in the final determination at 6 months of follow-up. Serum ferritin levels decreased significantly at the end of follow-up in patients on HD in the sevelamer hydrochloride group. The management of hyperphosphatemia with sevelamer hydrochloride appears to have obvious anti-inflammatory and antioxidant benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Ignacio Cerrillos-Gutiérrez
- Department of Nephrology and Organ Transplant Unit, National Western Medical Centre, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Specialties Hospital, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Andrés García-Sánchez
- Department of Physiology, University Health Sciences Center, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Carlos Gerardo Prado-Nevárez
- Department of Nephrology and Organ Transplant Unit, National Western Medical Centre, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Specialties Hospital, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Jorge Andrade-Sierra
- Department of Nephrology and Organ Transplant Unit, National Western Medical Centre, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Specialties Hospital, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Basilio Jalomo-Martínez
- Department of Nephrology and Organ Transplant Unit, National Western Medical Centre, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Specialties Hospital, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Adriana Banda-López
- Department of Nephrology and Organ Transplant Unit, National Western Medical Centre, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Specialties Hospital, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Enrique Rojas-Campos
- Department of Nephrology and Organ Transplant Unit, National Western Medical Centre, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Specialties Hospital, Guadalajara, Mexico
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Zelinskaya I, Kornushin O, Savochkina E, Dyachuk V, Vasyutina M, Galagudza M, Toropova Y. Vascular region-specific changes in arterial tone in rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus: Opposite responses of mesenteric and femoral arteries to acetylcholine and 5-hydroxytryptamine. Life Sci 2021; 286:120011. [PMID: 34606853 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) ranks in the top 10 causes of mortality worldwide. The key factor of T2DM vascular complications is endothelial dysfunction. It is characterized by the vessels motor activity disruption and endothelium-derived factors imbalance. The blood vessels morphological and molecular heterogeneity greatly affects the changes occurring in T2DM. Therefore, we conducted a comparative study of vascular bed changes occurring in T2DM. MAIN METHODS Male Wistar rats were fed a high-fat diet for 20 weeks, followed by a single streptozotocin injection (20 mg/kg). T2DM was confirmed with an oral glucose tolerance test. KEY FINDINGS A dose-dependent contraction study showed an increase in third-order mesenteric arterioles response to serotonin but not to phenylephrine. These vessels also exhibited a decrease in acetylcholine-dependent relaxation and an increase in guanylate cyclase function. At the same time, the femoral arteries showed a tendency for increased acetylcholine-dependent relaxation. The blood plasma analysis revealed low bioavailable nitric oxide and high levels of endothelin-1 and ROS. SIGNIFICANCE This knowledge, in conjunction with the features of the T2DM course, can allow further targeted approaches development for the prevention and treatment of vascular complications occurring in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Zelinskaya
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Oleg Kornushin
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | | | | | - Marina Vasyutina
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Michael Galagudza
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint Petersburg, Russia; Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Yana Toropova
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
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30
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Valente T, Valente F, Lucchesi MBB, Punaro GR, Mouro MG, Gabbay MAL, Higa EMS, Dib SA. Relationship between short and long-term glycemic variability and oxidative stress in type 1 diabetes mellitus under daily life insulin treatment. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2021; 65:570-578. [PMID: 33740334 PMCID: PMC10528580 DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the heterogeneity of the association between glycemic variability and oxidative stress markers in T1DM patients under daily life insulin treatment. METHODS We studied, in a cross-sectional analysis, 76 T1DM patients without clinical chronic diabetes complications and 22 healthy individuals. Were evaluated the short-term glycemic variability (STGV), long-term glycemic variability (LTGV), oxidative stress markers [8-isoprostaglandin-F2α (Ur-8-iso-PGF2α), nitric oxide (NO), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and erythrocytes reduced/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG)] and biochemical dosages (glycaemia, HbA1c, lipidogram, albuminuria). RESULTS Plasmatic NO was positively associated with LTGV (last year average of HbA1c) (8.7 ± 1.6% or 71 ± 18 mmol) (rS: 0.278; p: 0.042). Plasmatic TBARS, erythrocytes GSH/GSSH and Ur-8-iso-PGF-2α didn't show correlation with glycemic variability. GSH/GSSG was inversely correlated with LDL-cholesterol (rS: - 0.417; p: 0.047) and triglycerides (rS: -0.521; p: 0.013). Albuminuria was positive correlated with age (rS: 0.340; p: 0.002), plasmatic NO (rS: 0.267; p 0.049) and TBARS (rS: 0.327; p: 0.015). CONCLUSION In daily life insulin treatment, young T1DM patients have higher plasmatic NO than healthy subjects. However, the correlation between glycemic variability and oxidative stress markers is heterogeneous. Lipid profile and albuminuria are associated with different oxidative stress markers. These data collaborate to explain the controversial results in this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Valente
- Departamento de Medicina, Divisão de Endocrinologia, Centro de Diabetes da Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil,
| | - Fernando Valente
- Departamento de Medicina, Divisão de Endocrinologia, Centro de Diabetes da Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Maria Beatriz Bastos Lucchesi
- Departamento de Medicina, Divisão de Endocrinologia, Centro de Diabetes da Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Giovana Rita Punaro
- Departamento de Medicina, Divisão de Nefrologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Margaret Gori Mouro
- Departamento de Medicina, Divisão de Nefrologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Monica Andrade Lima Gabbay
- Departamento de Medicina, Divisão de Endocrinologia, Centro de Diabetes da Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Elisa Mieko Suemitsu Higa
- Departamento de Medicina, Divisão de Nefrologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Sergio Atala Dib
- Departamento de Medicina, Divisão de Endocrinologia, Centro de Diabetes da Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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31
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Reijrink M, De Boer SA, Van Roon AM, Slart RHJA, Fernandez BO, Feelisch M, Heerspink HJL, Van Goor H, Hillebrands JL, Mulder DJ. Plasma Nitrate Levels Are Related to Metabolic Syndrome and Are Not Altered by Treatment with DPP-4 Inhibitor Linagliptin: A Randomised, Placebo-Controlled Trial in Patients with Early Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10101548. [PMID: 34679685 PMCID: PMC8533083 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10101548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The depletion of nitrate and nitrite, stable nitric oxide (NO) end-products, promotes adipose tissue dysfunction and insulin resistance (IR). Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors have the potentially beneficial side effect of increasing NO availability. In this study, nitrate and nitrite levels and the effects of DPP-4 inhibitor linagliptin were investigated in relation to metabolic syndrome (MetS) markers. Treatment-naive patients with early type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) (n = 40, median age 63 IQR (55–67) years, 63% male, mean HbA1c 45 ± 4.4 mmol/mol) were randomized (1:1) to linagliptin (5 mg/day) or placebo. MetS-related markers (body mass index (BMI), triglycerides, HOMA-IR, gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), C-reactive protein (CRP), and adiponectin), plasma levels of nitrate, nitrite, total free thiols (TFT) and vegetable intake were estimated at baseline and after 4 and 26 weeks of treatment. Plasma nitrate, but not nitrite, correlated positively with vegetable intake (r = 0.38, p = 0.018) and was inversely associated with HOMA-IR (r = −0.44, p = 0.006), BMI (r = −0.35, p = 0.028), GGT (r = −0.37, p = 0.019) and CRP (r = −0.34, p = 0.034). The relationship between nitrate and HOMA-IR remained significant after adjusting for BMI, CRP, vegetable intake and GGT. With stable vegetable intake, nitrate and nitrite, TFT, adipokines and CRP did not change after 26 weeks of linagliptin treatment. While plasma nitrate is inversely associated with MetS, linagliptin treatment does not significantly influence nitrate and nitrite concentrations, oxidative stress, adipose tissue function and systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Reijrink
- Medical Center Groningen, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Vascular Medicine, University of Groningen, 9713 Groningen, The Netherlands; (M.R.); (S.A.D.B.); (A.M.V.R.)
| | - Stefanie A. De Boer
- Medical Center Groningen, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Vascular Medicine, University of Groningen, 9713 Groningen, The Netherlands; (M.R.); (S.A.D.B.); (A.M.V.R.)
| | - Anniek M. Van Roon
- Medical Center Groningen, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Vascular Medicine, University of Groningen, 9713 Groningen, The Netherlands; (M.R.); (S.A.D.B.); (A.M.V.R.)
| | - Riemer H. J. A. Slart
- Medical Center Groningen, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, 9713 Groningen, The Netherlands;
- Department of Biomedical Photoacustic Imaging (BMPI), University of Twente, 7522 Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Bernadette O. Fernandez
- Faculty of Medicine, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ Southamptonc, UK; (B.O.F.); (M.F.)
| | - Martin Feelisch
- Faculty of Medicine, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ Southamptonc, UK; (B.O.F.); (M.F.)
| | - Hiddo J. L. Heerspink
- Medical Center Groningen, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, 9713 Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Harry Van Goor
- Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Division of Pathology, University of Groningen, 9713 Groningen, The Netherlands; (H.V.G.); (J.-L.H.)
| | - Jan-Luuk Hillebrands
- Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Division of Pathology, University of Groningen, 9713 Groningen, The Netherlands; (H.V.G.); (J.-L.H.)
| | - Douwe J. Mulder
- Medical Center Groningen, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Vascular Medicine, University of Groningen, 9713 Groningen, The Netherlands; (M.R.); (S.A.D.B.); (A.M.V.R.)
- Correspondence:
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Yudhani RD, Nugrahaningsih DAA, Sholikhah EN, Mustofa M. The Molecular Mechanisms of Hypoglycemic Properties and Safety Profiles of Swietenia Macrophylla Seeds Extract: A Review. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2021.6972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Insulin resistance (IR) is known as the root cause of type 2 diabetes; hence, it is a substantial therapeutic target. Nowadays, studies have shifted the focus to natural ingredients that have been utilized as a traditional diabetes treatment, including Swietenia macrophylla. Accumulating evidence supports the hypoglycemic activities of S. macrophylla seeds extract, although its molecular mechanisms have yet to be well-established.
AIM: This review focuses on the hypoglycemic molecular mechanisms of S. macrophylla seeds extract and its safety profiles.
METHODS: An extensive search of the latest literature was conducted from four main databases (PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Google Scholar) using several keywords: “swietenia macrophylla, seeds, and diabetes;” “swietenia macrophylla, seeds, and oxidative stress;” “swietenia macrophylla, seeds, and inflammation;” “swietenia macrophylla, seeds, and GLUT4;” and “swietenia macrophylla, seeds, and toxicities.”
RESULTS: The hypoglycemic activities occur through modulating several pathways associated with IR and T2D pathogenesis. The seeds extract of S. macrophylla modulates oxidative stress by decreasing malondialdehyde (MDA), oxidized low-density lipoprotein, and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances while increasing antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase). Another propose mechanism is the modulating of the inflammatory pathway by attenuating nuclear factor kappa β, tumor necrosis factor α, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase 2. Some studies have shown that the extract can also control phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/ Akt (PI3K/Akt) pathway by inducing glucose transporter 4, while suppressing phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. Moreover, in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo toxicity studies supported the safety profile of S. macrophylla seeds extract with the LD50 higher than 2000 mg/kg.
CONCLUSION: The potential of S. macrophylla seeds as antidiabetic candidate is supported by many studies that have documented their non-toxic and hypoglycemic effects, which involve several molecular pathways.
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Nayak B P, Minaz N, Pasha K. Molsidomine ameliorates diabetic peripheral neuropathy complications in Wistar rats. Animal Model Exp Med 2021; 4:243-248. [PMID: 34557650 PMCID: PMC8446713 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic neuropathy is a disorder that affects various regions of the nervous system and there is no specific treatment available for it. This study evaluated the protective effect of molsidomine in diabetic neuropathy in rats. Diabetes was induced in male Wistar rats by administrating streptozotocin (52 mg/kg ip). Diabetic rats were treated with molsidomine 5 mg/kg po and 10 mg/kg po. After 8 weeks of treatment, motor coordination, mechanical allodynia, mechanical hyperalgesia, nerve conduction velocity, and glycosylated hemoglobin were assessed. Thereafter, animals were killed and the sciatic nerve was isolated for measurement of reduced glutathione and lipid peroxidation, and histopathological analysis. Treatment with molsidomine significantly improved motor coordination, paw withdrawal threshold, mechanical threshold, and nerve conduction velocity. Furthermore, molsidomine treatment also reduced malondialdehyde levels and prevented depletion of reduced glutathione in the sciatic nerve homogenate. Histopathology revealed that molsidomine treatment maintained normal architecture of the sciatic nerve. The results of our study strengthen the alternative use of molsidomine in diabetic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Nayak B
- Pharmacology Department and Al‐Ameen College of Pharmacy and Rajiv Gandhi UniversityBangaloreIndia
| | - Nathani Minaz
- Pharmacology Department and Al‐Ameen College of Pharmacy and Rajiv Gandhi UniversityBangaloreIndia
| | - Khadar Pasha
- Pharmacology Department and Al‐Ameen College of Pharmacy and Rajiv Gandhi UniversityBangaloreIndia
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El Bakary NM, Alsharkawy AZ, Shouaib ZA, Barakat EMS. Role of Bee Venom and Melittin on Restraining Angiogenesis and Metastasis in γ-Irradiated Solid Ehrlich Carcinoma-Bearing Mice. Integr Cancer Ther 2021; 19:1534735420944476. [PMID: 32735464 PMCID: PMC7401046 DOI: 10.1177/1534735420944476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological angiogenesis and apoptosis evasion are common hallmarks of cancer. The present work was an endeavor to evaluate the influence of bee venom (BV) or its major constituent melittin (MEL) as antiapoptotic and angiogenic regulator modifier on the tumor growth and the cell sensitivity to ionizing radiation targeting the improvement of cancer therapeutic protocols. BV (0.56 mg/kg/day) and MEL (500 µg/kg body weight/day) were injected intraperitoneally to mice bearing 1 cm3 solid tumor of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) for 21 consecutive days. Mice were whole-body exposed to 1 Gray (Gy) of γ-radiation (2 fractionated doses). Treatment with BV or MEL markedly suppresses the proliferation of tumor in EAC mice. The concentrations of m-RNA for angiogenic factors (TNF-α, VEGF) as well as MMPs 2 and 9 activities and NO concentration were significantly decreased, combined with improvements in apoptotic regulators (caspase-3 activity) and normal cells redox tone (catalase and free radicals content) compared with EAC mice. Moreover, the histopathological investigation confirms the improvement exerted by BV or MEL in the EAC mice group or EAC + R group. Exposure to γ-radiation sustained the modulatory effect of BV on tumor when compared with EAC + BV mice. Convincingly, the role of BV or MEL as a natural antiangiogenic in the biological sequelae after radiation exposure is verified. Hence, BV and its major constituent MEL might represent a potential therapeutic strategy for increasing the radiation response of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nermeen M El Bakary
- National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
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Jeddi S, Gheibi S, Kashfi K, Ghasemi A. Sodium hydrosulfide has no additive effects on nitrite-inhibited renal gluconeogenesis in type 2 diabetic rats. Life Sci 2021; 283:119870. [PMID: 34352258 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increased renal and hepatic gluconeogenesis are important sources of fasting hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes (T2D). The inhibitory effect of co-administration of sodium nitrite and sodium hydrosulfide (NaSH) on hepatic but not renal gluconeogenesis has been reported in rats with T2D. The present study aimed to determine the effects of co-administration of sodium nitrite and NaSH on the expression of genes involved in renal gluconeogenesis in rats with T2D. METHODS T2D was induced by a combination of a high-fat diet and low-dose streptozotocin (30 mg/kg). Male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups (n = 6/group): Control, T2D, T2D + nitrite, T2D + NaSH, and T2D + nitrite+NaSH. Nitrite and NaSH were administered for nine weeks at a dose of 50 mg/L (in drinking water) and 0.28 mg/kg (daily intraperitoneal injection), respectively. Serum levels of urea and creatinine, and mRNA expressions of PEPCK, G6Pase, FBPase, PC, PI3K, AKT, PGC-1α, and FoxO1 in the renal tissue, were measured at the end of the study. RESULTS Nitrite decreased mRNA expression of PEPCK by 39%, G6Pase by 43%, FBPase by 41%, PC by 63%, PGC-1α by 45%, and FoxO1 by 27% in the renal tissue of rats with T2D; co-administration of nitrite and NaSH further decreases FoxO1, while had no additive effects on the tissue expression of the other genes. In addition, nitrite+NaSH decreased elevated serum urea levels by 58% and creatinine by 37% in rats with T2D. CONCLUSION The inhibitory effect of nitrite on gluconeogenesis in T2D rats is at least in part due to decreased mRNA expressions of renal gluconeogenic genes. Unlike effects on hepatic gluconeogenesis, co-administration of nitrite and NaSH has no additive effects on genes involved in renal gluconeogenesis in rats with T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Jeddi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sevda Gheibi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Unit of Molecular Metabolism, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Clinical Research Center, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Khosrow Kashfi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, USA; Graduate Program in Biology, City University of New York Graduate Center, New York, USA
| | - Asghar Ghasemi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Cojic MM, Klisic A, Kocic R, Veljkovic A, Kocic G. Data-Driven Cluster Analysis of Oxidative Stress Indexes in relation to Vitamin D Level, Age, and Metabolic Control in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes on Metformin Therapy. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:7942716. [PMID: 34239695 PMCID: PMC8241498 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7942716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in vitamin D research indicate that patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are suffering from vitamin D deficiency and increased oxidative stress to a variable extent, which could produce different health impacts for each individual. The novel multivariate statistical method applied in the present study allows metabolic phenotyping of T2DM individuals based on vitamin D status, metabolic control, and oxidative stress status in order to identify effectively different subtypes in our type 2 DM study population. Data-driven statistical cluster analysis was performed with 95 patients with T2DM, treated with metformin. Clusters were based on 12 variables-age, disease duration, vitamin D level, insulin, fasting glycemia (FG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), high-density and low-density lipoprotein, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), body mass index (BMI), and triglycerides/glucose index (TYG). The analysis revealed four unique clusters which differed significantly in terms of vitamin D status, with a mean 25 (OH) D level in cluster 1 (57.84 ± 11.46 nmol/L) and cluster 4 (53.78 ± 22.36 nmol/L), falling within the insufficiency range. Cluster 2 had the highest mean level of 25 (OH) D (84.55 ± 22.66 nmol/L), indicative of vitamin D sufficiency. Cluster 3 had a mean vitamin D level below 50 nmol/L (49.27 ± 16.95), which is considered deficient. Patients in the vitamin D sufficient cluster had a significantly better glycemic and metabolic control as well as a lower level of lipid peroxidation compared to other clusters. The patients from the vitamin D sufficient cluster also had a significantly higher level of vitamin D/MPO, vitamin D/XO, vitamin D/MDA, vitamin D/CAT, and vitamin D/TRC than that in the vitamin deficient and insufficient clusters. The vitamin D deficient cluster included significantly younger patients and had a significantly lower level of AOPP/TRC and albumin/TRC than the vitamin D sufficient cluster. The evidence from our cluster analysis in the context of separated T2DM demonstrates beneficial effects of optimal vitamin D status on metabolic control and oxidative stress in T2DM patients. Older T2DM patients require higher vitamin D levels in order to achieve good metabolic control and favorable antioxidant protection. Since protein damage is more pronounced in these patients, adding water-soluble antioxidant in addition to higher doses of vitamin D should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena M. Cojic
- Primary Health Care Center, University of Montenegro, Faculty of Medicine, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Aleksandra Klisic
- Primary Health Care Center, University of Montenegro, Faculty of Medicine, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Radivoj Kocic
- Clinic for Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
| | - Andrej Veljkovic
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
| | - Gordana Kocic
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
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Ashry NA, Abdеlaziz RR, Suddеk GM, Saleh MA. Canagliflozin ameliorates aortic and hepatic dysfunction in dietary-induced hypercholesterolemia in the rabbit. Life Sci 2021; 280:119731. [PMID: 34144054 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Canagliflozin is an antidiabetic agent which lowers blood glucose levels by inhibiting the glucose reabsorption machinery in the proximal tubules. There have not been conducted any study on its direct impact on hypercholesterolemia and associated vascular disorders independently of blood glucose lowering activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rabbits were arranged in 3 groups: Group 1 (Control): regular rabbit chow; Group 2 (HCD): 1% cholesterol-enriched chow was given to rabbits for 4 weeks; Group 3 (HCD-CANA): 1% cholesterol-enriched chow was fed to rabbits concurrently with canagliflozin (10 mg/kg/day, orally) for 4 weeks. At the end of experiment, blood and tissue samples were obtained for biochemical, histological, immunohistochemical, and vascular reactivity assessment. KEY FINDINGS When statistically compared to Control (P < 0.05), HCD showed a significant increase in the serum triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, total cholesterol, C-reactive protein, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase. Furthermore, a significant decrease was seen in both liver and aortic levels of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase concurrently with a significant elevation in malondialdehyde levels. Aortic levels of nitrate/nitrite ratio were significantly elevated. Acetylcholine-induced relaxation was impaired as the Emax decreased significantly in aortae. Moreover, a significant increase was seen in the level of aortic intima/media ratio. Canagliflozin treatment significantly improved vascular function, lipid profile and inflammation and reduced liver injury. SIGNIFICANCE Our data suggest that SGLT-2 inhibition via canagliflozin not only possesses an antihyperglycemic activity, but also improves hypercholesterolemia, vascular and liver function in dietary-induced hypercholesterolemia in the rabbit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora A Ashry
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 33516, Egypt
| | - Rania R Abdеlaziz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 33516, Egypt
| | - Ghada M Suddеk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 33516, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Saleh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 33516, Egypt.
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Pal S, Rao GN, Pal A. Inflammation and apoptosis, two key events induced by hyperglycemia mediated reactive nitrogen species in RGC-5 cells. Life Sci 2021; 279:119693. [PMID: 34111464 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nitrosative stress plays a critical role in retinal injury in high glucose (HG) environment of eye, but the mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here we tested the hypothesis that HG induced reactive nitrogen species (RNS) production acts as a key functional mediator of antioxidant depletion, mitochondrial dysfunction, biomolecule damage, inflammation and apoptosis. Our findings illustrated that exposure of cultured RGC-5 cells to HG significantly disrupts the antioxidant defense mechanism and mitochondrial machineries by increasing the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔѰM) and elevating mitochondrial mass. Furthermore, we used biochemical tools to analyze the changes in metabolites, sulfur amino acids (SAAs) such as L-glutathione (GSH) and L-cysteine (Cys), in the presence of HG environment. These metabolic changes were followed by an increase in glycolytic flux that is phosphofructokinase-2 (PFK-2) activity. Moreover, HG exposure results in a significant disruption of protein carbonylation (PC) and lipid peroxidation (LPO), downregulation of OGG1 and increase in 8-OHdG accumulations in RGC-5 cells. In addition, our results demonstrated that HG environment coinciding with increased expression of inflammatory mediators, cell cycle deregulation, decreased in cell viability and expression of FoxOs, increased lysosomal content leading to apoptosis. Pre-treatment of selective inhibitors of RNS significantly reduced the HG-induced cell cycle deregulation and apoptosis in RGC-5 cells. Collectively, these results illustrated that accumulated RNS exacerbates the antioxidant depletion, mitochondrial dysfunction, biomolecule damage, inflammation and apoptosis induced by HG exposure in RGC-5 cells. Treatment of pharmacological inhibitors attenuated the HG induced in retinal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweta Pal
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | - G Nageswar Rao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | - Arttatrana Pal
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar 751024, India; Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari 845401, India.
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Zyśk M, Pikul P, Kowalski R, Lewandowski K, Sakowicz-Burkiewicz M, Pawełczyk T. Neither Excessive Nitric Oxide Accumulation nor Acute Hyperglycemia Affects the N-Acetylaspartate Network in Wistar Rat Brain Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228541. [PMID: 33198375 PMCID: PMC7697070 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The N-acetylaspartate network begins in neurons with N-acetylaspartate production catalyzed by aspartate N-acetyltransferase from acetyl-CoA and aspartate. Clinical studies reported a significant depletion in N-acetylaspartate brain level in type 1 diabetic patients. The main goal of this study was to establish the impact of either hyperglycemia or oxidative stress on the N-acetylaspartate network. For the in vitro part of the study, embryonic rat primary neurons were treated by using a nitric oxide generator for 24 h followed by 6 days of post-treatment culture, while the neural stem cells were cultured in media with 25–75 mM glucose. For the in vivo part, male adult Wistar rats were injected with streptozotocin (65 mg/kg body weight, ip) to induce hyperglycemia (diabetes model) and euthanized 2 or 8 weeks later. Finally, the biochemical profile, NAT8L protein/Nat8l mRNA levels and enzymatic activity were analyzed. Ongoing oxidative stress processes significantly affected energy metabolism and cholinergic neurotransmission. However, the applied factors did not affect the N-acetylaspartate network. This study shows that reduced N-acetylaspartate level in type 1 diabetes is not related to oxidative stress and that does not trigger N-acetylaspartate network fragility. To reveal why N-acetylaspartate is reduced in this pathology, other processes should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlena Zyśk
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (M.S.-B.); (T.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-58-349-2770
| | - Piotr Pikul
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Polish Academy of Science, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (P.P.); (R.K.)
| | - Robert Kowalski
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Polish Academy of Science, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; (P.P.); (R.K.)
| | | | - Monika Sakowicz-Burkiewicz
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (M.S.-B.); (T.P.)
| | - Tadeusz Pawełczyk
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (M.S.-B.); (T.P.)
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The dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitory activity and multifunctional antidiabetic properties of SQSPA: Structure - Activity relationship evaluated with alanine scanning. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 160:1220-1229. [PMID: 32479936 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is a multifactorial disease and drugs with multifunctional properties are required. The peptide, SQSPA, was reported to be a potent and gastrointestinally stable α-glucosidase inhibitory peptide. In this study, the structure-activity relationship of this peptide was studied using alanine scanning. Four analogs; AQSPA, SASPA, SQAPA and SQSAA were designed and investigated for multifunctional antidiabetic effects. Molecular docking studies on human dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) suggested that the binding affinities were in the order; AQSPA>SASPA>SQSPA>SQSAA>SQAPA while for in vitro DPP-IV inhibitory activity, it was SQSPA>SQSAA>AQSPA>SASPA>SQAPA. Enzyme kinetic studies revealed that the peptides are uncompetitive inhibitors with the exception of SQSAA and SQSPA. In 3T3-L1 differentiated adipocytes, SASPA was the only analog that significantly (p < 0.05) reduced and prevented lipid accumulation and did not induce cytotoxicity to differentiated 3T3-L1 cells. All peptides, especially SASPA scavenged methylglyoxal and peroxyl radicals thereby preventing advanced glycosylated end products formation and oxidative stress. The nitric oxide scavenging activity of all peptides was comparable to IPI and glutathione. Findings indicate that the amide side chain of Q2 is probably the most critical functional group for modulating the multifunctional antidiabetic effects of SQSPA while SASPA has been identified, as a novel peptide with enhanced multifunctional antidiabetic activity.
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Action Mechanism of Rosella ( Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) Used to Treat Metabolic Syndrome in Elderly Women. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:5351318. [PMID: 33005201 PMCID: PMC7509568 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5351318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Objective Rosella is a safe medicinal herb used by people in Indonesia. They believe that rosella is effective in controlling metabolic syndrome, working with antihypertension, antidiabetic, antidyslipidemia and antiobesity effects. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of rosella in controlling metabolic syndrome through the secretion of blood nitric oxide (NO) and the cortisol pathway. Methods This study was a quasiexperimental, pretest-posttest with control group design. The total subjects were 18 people, women, and the elderly. Subjects were selected randomly into 2 groups: control group (n = 8) and treatment group (n = 8). The treatment was rosella tea, a dose of 2 grams, duration 2 times a day, given in the morning (08.00–8.30 a.m.) and evening (06.30–7.00 p.m.) after meals for 21 days. Examination of NO and cortisol levels was carried out using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Results There was a significant decrease in bodyweight (BW) (p = 0.021), systolic blood pressure (SBP) (p = 0.001), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (p = 0.049), glucose preprandial (FPG) (p = 0.014), total cholesterol (CT) (p = 0.001), triglycerides (TGs) (p = 0.014), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (p = 0.001), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (p = 0.010) after consuming rosella. NO levels were significantly increased (p = 0.012), whereas cortisol levels decreased significantly (p = 0.008) after therapy with rosella tea in elderly women. Conclusion Rosella has shown evidence to control and lower blood pressure, blood glucose, lipid profile, and cortisol in the elderly with metabolic syndrome. Rosella is a traditional medicine that has the potential to be developed as a therapy for metabolic syndrome patients.
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Khaloo P, Qahremani R, Rabizadeh S, Omidi M, Rajab A, Heidari F, Farahmand G, Bitaraf M, Mirmiranpour H, Esteghamati A, Nakhjavani M. Nitric oxide and TNF-α are correlates of diabetic retinopathy independent of hs-CRP and HbA1c. Endocrine 2020; 69:536-541. [PMID: 32494901 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-020-02353-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Regarding the role of inflammation in progression of diabetes this study was conducted to investigate the association between inflammatory biomarkers such as nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) with the chance of existence of diabetic retinopathy and its progression in patients with diabetes. METHODS A total of 83 patients with T2DM (Type 2 diabetes mellitus) were divided into three groups of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), patients with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) and patients without diabetic retinopathy (NDR) based on ophthalmologic funduscopic examination. Twenty six healthy controls were also enrolled. Blood samples were taken after 12 h of overnight fasting, NO, TNF-α, and hs-CRP were measured. Association of the level of these biomarkers with retinopathy was analyzed. RESULTS The levels of TNF-α, NO and hs-CRP were higher among patients with diabetic retinopathy. Multinomial Logistic Regression model showed that TNF-α and NO could predict the presence of retinopathy among patients with diabetes when adjusted for hs-CRP, HbA1c, FBS, gender, total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL, LDL, BMI, and age (respectively OR = 1.76, CI 95% = 1.01-3.02, p = 0.046 and OR = 1.12, CI 95% = 1.05-1.18, p < 0.001); however they could not predict the severity of retinopathy. In ROC analysis AUC for TNFα was 0.849 (p < 0.001) and for NO was 0.907 (p < 0.001). Serum TNF-α level of 7.10 pmol/L could be suggestive of the presence of retinopathy (sensitivity = 92.2% and specificity = 66.0%), also serum NO level of 45.96 μmol/L could be suggestive of the presence of retinopathy (sensitivity = 96.1% and specificity = 86%). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest elevated levels of NO and TNF-α can be suggestive of diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pegah Khaloo
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reihane Qahremani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soghra Rabizadeh
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Omidi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Armin Rajab
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Firouzeh Heidari
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghasem Farahmand
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoume Bitaraf
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Mirmiranpour
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Esteghamati
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Manouchehr Nakhjavani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Liddle L, Burleigh MC, Monaghan C, Muggeridge DJ, Easton C. Venous occlusion during blood collection decreases plasma nitrite but not nitrate concentration in humans. Nitric Oxide 2020; 102:21-27. [PMID: 32535185 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To maintain vascular tone and blood flow when tissue oxygenation is reduced, nitrite anions are reduced to nitric oxide (NO). From a practical perspective, it is unclear how the application of a tourniquet during blood collection might influence measurement of NO metabolites. Accordingly, this study evaluated the effect of venous occlusion on plasma nitrite and nitrate during venous blood collection. METHODS Fifteen healthy participants completed two trials that were preceded by the ingestion of nitrate-rich beetroot juice (BRJ; total of ~8.4 mmol nitrate) or no supplementation (control). In both trials, blood was collected using a venepuncture needle while a tourniquet was applied to the upper arm and using an indwelling intravenous cannula, from the opposing arm. The venepuncture samples were collected at 35 s post occlusion. Changes in the oxygenation of forearm flexor muscles were assessed using near-infrared spectroscopy. Plasma nitrite and nitrate were analysed using gas-phase chemiluminescence. RESULTS In the control trial, plasma nitrite was significantly elevated when collected via the cannula (179 ± 67 nM) compared to venepuncture (112 ± 51 nM, P = 0.03). The ingestion of BRJ increased plasma nitrite and values remained higher when sampled from the cannula (473 ± 164 nM) compared to venepuncture (387 ± 136 nM, P < 0.001). Plasma nitrate did not differ between collection methods in either trial (all P > 0.05). The delta changes in total-, deoxy-, and oxy-haemoglobin were all significantly greater during venepuncture sample compared to the cannula sample at the point of blood collection (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Venous occlusion during venepuncture blood collection lowers plasma nitrite concentration, potentially due to localised changes in haemoglobin concentration and/or a suppression of endogenous NO synthesis. Accordingly, the method of blood collection to enable measurements of NO metabolites should be carefully considered and consistently reported by researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Liddle
- Institute for Clinical Exercise and Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, UK
| | - Mia C Burleigh
- Institute for Clinical Exercise and Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, UK
| | - Chris Monaghan
- Institute for Clinical Exercise and Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, UK
| | - David J Muggeridge
- Institute of Health Research & Innovation, Division of Biomedical Science, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness, UK
| | - Chris Easton
- Institute for Clinical Exercise and Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, UK.
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Aguilar-Hernández L, Gómez-Villalobos MDJ, Flores G. Cerebrolysin ameliorates prefrontal cortex and hippocampus neural atrophy of spontaneous hypertensive rats with hyperglycemia. Synapse 2020; 74:e22156. [PMID: 32232874 DOI: 10.1002/syn.22156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia of diabetes mellitus causes damage at the vascular level, which at the renal level represents diabetic nephropathy. In this pathology, there is arterial hypertension. In addition, several reports suggest that hyperglycemia and arterial hypertension affect interneuronal communication at the level of dendritic morphology. We studied these changes in an animal model with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus in the spontaneous hypertensive (SH) rat. Recent reports from our laboratory have demonstrated that cerebrolysin (CBL), a preparation of neuropeptides with protective and repairing properties, reduces dendritic deterioration in both pathologies, in separate studies. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of CBL using the animal model with hyperglycemia and arterial hypertension and assessed the dendritic morphology using a Golgi-Cox staining procedure. Our results suggest that CBL ameliorated the reduction in the number of dendritic spines in the PFC and hippocampus caused by hyperglycemia in the SH rat. In addition, CBL also increased distal dendritic length in the PFC and hippocampus in hyperglycemic SH rats. Consequently, the CBL could be a therapeutic tool used to reduce the damage at the level of dendritic communication present in both pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Aguilar-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Neuropsiquiatría, Instituto de Fisiología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), Puebla, Mexico
| | - Maria de Jesús Gómez-Villalobos
- Laboratorio de Investigación Cardiovascular, Instituto de Fisiología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), Puebla, Mexico
| | - Gonzalo Flores
- Laboratorio de Neuropsiquiatría, Instituto de Fisiología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), Puebla, Mexico
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Endothelial Hyper-Permeability Induced by T1D Sera Can be Reversed by iNOS Inactivation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082798. [PMID: 32316573 PMCID: PMC7215952 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1D) is associated with accelerated atherosclerosis that is responsible for high morbidity and mortality. Endothelial hyperpermeability, a feature of endothelial dysfunction, is an early step of atherogenesis since it favours intimal lipid uptake. Therefore, we tested endothelial leakage by loading the sera from T1D patients onto cultured human endothelial cells and found it increased by hyperglycaemic sera. These results were phenocopied in endothelial cells cultured in a medium containing high concentrations of glucose, which activates inducible nitric oxide synthase with a consequent increase of nitric oxide. Inhibition of the enzyme prevented high glucose-induced hyperpermeability, thus pointing to nitric oxide as the mediator involved in altering the endothelial barrier function. Since nitric oxide is much higher in sera from hyperglycaemic than normoglycaemic T1D patients, and the inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase prevents sera-dependent increased endothelial permeability, this enzyme might represent a promising biochemical marker to be monitored in T1D patients to predict alterations of the vascular wall, eventually promoting intimal lipid accumulation.
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Yu AP, Ugwu FN, Tam BT, Lee PH, Ma V, Pang S, Chow AS, Cheng KK, Lai CW, Wong CS, Siu PM. Obestatin and growth hormone reveal the interaction of central obesity and other cardiometabolic risk factors of metabolic syndrome. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5495. [PMID: 32218464 PMCID: PMC7099091 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62271-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a multi-factorial disorder including central obesity (CO), insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and hypertension which increases the risk of diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases. CO is considered as an essential component of MetS according to International Diabetes Federation (IDF), which may further modulate distinct signalling pathways compared with the other four MetS risk factors. Given that ghrelin signalling and the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1 (GH/IGF-1) axis regulates energy balance and metabolic homeostasis, this study examined the changes in various ghrelin products and circulating hormones in response to the interaction between CO and other MetS components including blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in 133 Hong Kong Chinese adults. Circulating obestatin and GH were increased and reduced, respectively, by either CO or the other 4-risk factor cluster. These changes were further augmented by the presence of all MetS risk factors. However, changes of ghrelin levels were not mediated by CO but the other MetS risk factors. Our findings suggest that CO does not predict all the dysregulation of signalling pathways in individuals with MetS. Although CO and other MetS may share common signalling targets (i.e., obestatin and GH), CO does not contribute to the perturbation of ghrelin signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus P Yu
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Felix N Ugwu
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bjorn T Tam
- Department of Health, Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Paul H Lee
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Vicki Ma
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Simon Pang
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Angel S Chow
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kenneth K Cheng
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Cesar S Wong
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Parco M Siu
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
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Gutiérrez-Camacho LR, Kormanovski A, Del Carmen Castillo-Hernández M, Guevara-Balcázar G, Lara-Padilla E. Alterations in glutathione, nitric oxide and 3-nitrotyrosine levels following exercise and/or hyperbaric oxygen treatment in mice with diet-induced diabetes. Biomed Rep 2020; 12:222-232. [PMID: 32257185 PMCID: PMC7100140 DOI: 10.3892/br.2020.1291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is involved in the development of diabetes. Nitric oxide (NO) contributes to oxidative stress, affects the synthesis of glutathione (GSH) in tissues and also regulates important physiological processes. The levels of nitrosative stress, assessed by measuring the levels of 3-nitrotirosina (3NT) as well as the bioavailability of NO are modulated by exercise and hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of exercise and HBO on the levels of NO, 3NT and GSH in tissues of various organs obtained from diabetic mice. Female mice were fed a high-fat/high-fructose diet to induce diabetes. Mice with diabetes were subjected to exercise and/or HBO. Initial and final concentrations of NO, 3NT and GSH were assessed in the muscle, liver, kidney, heart, spleen, lung, brain, visceral adipose, thoracic aorta and small intestine. Diabetes did not affect initial values of NO, although it significantly increased the levels of 3NT. The basal level of GSH in the diabetic group was lower than or comparable to that of the control group in the majority of the organs assessed. A negative correlation was observed between 3NT and GSH levels in the initial values of all tissues of the control group only, whereas all pathological tissues showed a positive correlation between NO and GSH. There was an increase or a stabilization of GSH levels in the majority of the organs in all treated mice despite the increase in nitrosative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandre Kormanovski
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | | | | | - Eleazar Lara-Padilla
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
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Alizadeh-Fanalou S, Babaei M, Hosseini A, Azadi N, Nazarizadeh A, Shojaii A, Borji M, Malekinejad H, Bahreini E. Effects of Securigera Securidaca seed extract in combination with glibenclamide on antioxidant capacity, fibroblast growth factor 21 and insulin resistance in hyperglycemic rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 248:112331. [PMID: 31655149 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Undesired effects of synthetic antidiabetic agents have made researchers to seek for safer and healthier resources. With this aspect, herbal materials have attracted substantial research interest and are being extensively investigated. Considering that herb-drug interactions can be a double-edged sword presenting both risks and benefits, investigation of such interactions is greatly in demand. AIM OF THE STUDY to investigate possible beneficial effects of hydroalcoholic extract of SecurigeraSecuridaca seed (HESS) on antioxidant capacity, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and insulin resistance in Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats, alone and in combination with glibenclamide. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty male Wistar rats were randomly divided in to eight equal groups including healthy and diabetic controls and six treated groups with a various doses of HESS alone and in combination with glibenclamide, for 35 consecutive days. Serum samples were taken and analyzed for biochemical profile, HOMA indexes, FGF21, oxidative/nitrosative stress and inflammatory biomarkers as compared with the controls. Moreover, total phenolic and flavonoid contents of herbal extract were assessed. RESULTS The herbal extract was found to be rich in flavonoid and phenolic components. Both of glibenclamide and the HESS decreased glucose and insulin resistance, as well as increased body weight and insulin sensitivity. Moreover, the extract could mitigate oxidative/nitrosative stress and inflammation dose-dependently, however, the standard drug was less effective than HESS. Induction of diabetes increased FGF21 levels and both of the treatments could reduce its contents, however, glibenclamide was more effective than HESS. CONCLUSIONS The results clearly show that there is no contradiction between HESS and glibenclamide. Moreover, the herbal extract could augment antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of the standard drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahin Alizadeh-Fanalou
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Babaei
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
| | - Asieh Hosseini
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Namamali Azadi
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ali Nazarizadeh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Asie Shojaii
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Research Institute for Islamic & Complementary Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Borji
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Hassan Malekinejad
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical University, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Elham Bahreini
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Price GW, Potter JA, Williams BM, Cliff CL, Squires PE, Hills CE. Connexin-mediated cell communication in the kidney: A potential therapeutic target for future intervention of diabetic kidney disease?: Joan Mott Prize Lecture. Exp Physiol 2020; 105:219-229. [PMID: 31785013 DOI: 10.1113/ep087770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The ability of cells to communicate and synchronise their activity is essential for the maintenance of tissue structure, integrity and function. A family of membrane-bound proteins called connexins are largely responsible for mediating the local transfer of information between cells. Assembled in the cell membrane as a hexameric connexon, they either function as a conduit for paracrine signalling, forming a transmembrane hemi-channel, or, if aligned with connexons on neighbouring cells, form a continuous aqueous pore or gap junction, which allows for the direct transmission of metabolic and electrical signals. Regulation of connexin synthesis and activity is critical to cellular function, and a number of diseases are attributed to changes in the expression and/or function of these important proteins. A link between hyperglycaemia, connexin expression, altered nucleotide concentrations and impaired function highlights a potential role for connexin-mediated cell communication in complications of diabetes. In the diabetic kidney, glycaemic injury is the leading cause of end-stage renal failure, reflecting multiple aetiologies including glomerular hyperfiltration, albuminuria, increased deposition of extracellular matrix and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Loss of connexin-mediated cell-to-cell communication in diabetic nephropathy may represent an early sign of disease progression, but our understanding of the process remains severely limited. This review focuses on recent evidence demonstrating that glucose-evoked changes in connexin-mediated cell communication and associated purinergic signalling may contribute to the pathogenesis of kidney disease in diabetes, highlighting the tantalising potential of targeting these proteins as a novel therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth W Price
- Joseph Banks Laboratories, School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, UK
| | - Joe A Potter
- Joseph Banks Laboratories, School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, UK
| | - Bethany M Williams
- Joseph Banks Laboratories, School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, UK
| | - Chelsy L Cliff
- Joseph Banks Laboratories, School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, UK
| | - Paul E Squires
- Joseph Banks Laboratories, School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, UK
| | - Claire E Hills
- Joseph Banks Laboratories, School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, UK
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Sodium nitrate preconditioning prevents progression of the neuropathic pain in streptozotocin-induced diabetes Wistar rats. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2020; 19:105-113. [PMID: 32550160 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-019-00481-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of the study was to evaluate the possible protective effects of low dose sodium nitrate preconditioning on the peripheral neuropathy in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic model. Methods Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: control (no intervention), control treated sodium nitrate (100 mg/L in drinking water), diabetic (no intervention), diabetic treated NPH insulin (2-4 U), and diabetic treated sodium nitrate (100 mg/L in drinking water). Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of STZ (60 mg/kg). All interventions were done for 60 days immediately following diabetes confirmation. Thermal and mechanical algesia thresholds were measured by means of hot-plate test, von Frey test, and tail-withdrawal test before the diabetic induction and after diabetes confirmation. At the end of the experiment, serum NOx level and serum insulin level were assessed. Blood glucose concentration and body weight have recorded at the base and duration of the experiment. Results Both hypoalgesia, hyperalgesia along with allodynia developed in diabetic rats. Significant alterations including, decrease in tail withdrawal latency (30th day), decreased mechanical threshold (60th day), and an increase in hot plate latency (61st day) were displayed in diabetic rats compared to control rats. Nitrate and insulin preconditioning produced protective effects against diabetes-induced peripheral neuropathy. Data analysis also showed a significant increase in glucose level as well as a considerable reduction in serum insulin and body weight of diabetic rats, which restored by both insulin and nitrate preconditioning. Conclusion Sodium nitrate preconditioning produces a protective effect in diabetic neuropathy, which may be mediated by its antihyperglycemic effects and increased serum insulin level.
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