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Casas-Agustench P, Hayter JM, Ng OSB, Hallewell LV, Clark NJ, Bescos R. Nitrate, Nitrite, and Iodine Concentrations in Commercial Edible Algae: An Observational Study. Foods 2024; 13:2615. [PMID: 39200542 PMCID: PMC11353717 DOI: 10.3390/foods13162615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Edible algae are a natural source of nutrients, including iodine, and can also contain nitrogen in the form of nitrate (NO3-) and nitrite (NO2-) as they can fix nitrogen from seawater. This study aimed to analyse the NO3-, NO2-, and iodine concentrations in eighteen macroalgae and five microalgae species commercially available in the United Kingdom. NO3- and NO2- concentrations were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and iodine was determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). NO3- and iodine concentrations in macroalgae (NO3-: 4050.13 ± 1925.01 mg/kg; iodine: 1925.01 ± 1455.80 mg/kg) were significantly higher than in microalgae species (NO3-: 55.73 ± 93.69 mg/kg; iodine: 17.61 ± 34.87 mg/kg; p < 0.001 for both). In the macroalgae group, nori had the highest NO3- (17,191.33 ± 980.89 mg/kg) and NO2- (3.64 ± 2.38 mg/kg) content, as well as the highest iodine content. Among microalgae, Dunaliella salina had the highest concentration of NO3- (223.00 ± 21.93 mg/kg) and iodine (79.97 ± 0.76 mg/kg), while Spirulina had the highest concentration of NO2- (7.02 ± 0.13 mg/kg). These results indicate that commercially available edible algae, particularly macroalgae species, could be a relevant dietary source of NO3- and iodine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Casas-Agustench
- School of Health Professions, Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 6AB, UK; (J.M.H.); (O.S.B.N.); (N.J.C.); (R.B.)
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Rowland SN, O'Donnell E, James LJ, Da Boit M, Fujii N, Arnold JT, Lloyd AB, Eglin CM, Shepherd AI, Bailey SJ. Nitrate ingestion blunts the increase in blood pressure during cool air exposure: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover trial. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2024; 136:1364-1375. [PMID: 38572540 PMCID: PMC11365552 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00593.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Cold exposure increases blood pressure (BP) and salivary flow rate (SFR). Increased cold-induced SFR would be hypothesized to enhance oral nitrate delivery for reduction to nitrite by oral anaerobes and to subsequently elevate plasma [nitrite] and nitric oxide bioavailability. We tested the hypothesis that dietary nitrate supplementation would increase plasma [nitrite] and lower BP to a greater extent in cool compared with normothermic conditions. Twelve males attended the laboratory on four occasions. Baseline measurements were completed at 28°C. Subsequently, participants ingested 140 mL of concentrated nitrate-rich (BR; ∼13 mmol nitrate) or nitrate-depleted (PL) beetroot juice. Measurements were repeated over 3 h at either 28°C (Norm) or 20°C (Cool). Mean skin temperature was lowered compared with baseline in PL-Cool and BR-Cool. SFR was greater in BR-Norm, PL-Cool, and BR-Cool than PL-Norm. Plasma [nitrite] at 3 h was higher in BR-Cool (592 ± 239 nM) versus BR-Norm (410 ± 195 nM). Systolic BP (SBP) at 3 h was not different between PL-Norm (117 ± 6 mmHg) and BR-Norm (113 ± 9 mmHg). SBP increased above baseline at 1, 2, and 3 h in PL-Cool but not BR-Cool. These results suggest that BR consumption is more effective at increasing plasma [nitrite] in cool compared with normothermic conditions and blunts the rise in BP following acute cool air exposure, which might have implications for attenuating the increased cardiovascular strain in the cold.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Compared with normothermic conditions, acute nitrate ingestion increased plasma [nitrite], a substrate for oxygen-independent nitric oxide generation, to a greater extent during cool air exposure. Systolic blood pressure was increased during cool air exposure in the placebo condition with this cool-induced blood pressure increase attenuated after acute nitrate ingestion. These findings improve our understanding of environmental factors that influence nitrate metabolism and the efficacy of nitrate supplementation to lower blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha N Rowland
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Emma O'Donnell
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Lewis J James
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Mariasole Da Boit
- Health and Life Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Naoto Fujii
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Josh T Arnold
- Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Alex B Lloyd
- Environmental Ergonomics Research Centre, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Clare M Eglin
- Extreme Environments Laboratory, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony I Shepherd
- Clinical Health and Rehabilitation Team, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J Bailey
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
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Cocksedge SP, Causer AJ, Winyard PG, Jones AM, Bailey SJ. Oral Temperature and pH Influence Dietary Nitrate Metabolism in Healthy Adults. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030784. [PMID: 36771490 PMCID: PMC9919366 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that the increases in salivary and plasma [NO2-] after dietary NO3- supplementation would be greater when oral temperature and pH were independently elevated, and increased further when oral temperature and pH were elevated concurrently. Seven healthy males (mean ± SD, age 23 ± 4 years) ingested 70 mL of beetroot juice concentrate (BR, which provided ~6.2 mmol NO3-) during six separate laboratory visits. In a randomised crossover experimental design, salivary and plasma [NO3-] and [NO2-] were assessed at a neutral oral pH with a low (TLo-pHNorm), intermediate (TMid-pHNorm), and high (THi-pHNorm) oral temperature, and when the oral pH was increased at a low (TLo-pHHi), intermediate (TMid-pHHi), and high (THi-pHHi) oral temperature. Compared with the TMid-pHNorm condition (976 ± 388 µM), the mean salivary [NO2-] 1-3 h post BR ingestion was higher in the TMid-pHHi (1855 ± 423 µM), THi-pHNorm (1371 ± 653 µM), THi-pHHi (1792 ± 741 µM), TLo-pHNorm (1495 ± 502 µM), and TLo-pHHi (2013 ± 662 µM) conditions, with salivary [NO2-] also higher at a given oral temperature when the oral pH was increased (p < 0.05). Plasma [NO2-] was higher 3 h post BR ingestion in the TMid-pHHi, THi-pHHi, and TLo-pHHi conditions, but not the TLo-pHNorm and THi-pHNorm conditions, compared with TMid-pHNorm (p < 0.05). Therefore, despite ingesting the same NO3- dose, the increases in salivary [NO2-] varied depending on the temperature and pH of the oral cavity, while the plasma [NO2-] increased independently of oral temperature, but to a greater extent at a higher oral pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart P. Cocksedge
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Adam J. Causer
- Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Paul G. Winyard
- Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Andrew M. Jones
- Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Stephen J. Bailey
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
- Correspondence:
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Moreira LDSG, Fanton S, Cardozo L, Borges NA, Combet E, Shiels PG, Stenvinkel P, Mafra D. Pink pressure: beetroot (Beta vulgaris rubra) as a possible novel medical therapy for chronic kidney disease. Nutr Rev 2021; 80:1041-1061. [PMID: 34613396 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuab074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) manifests with systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, and gut dysbiosis, resulting in metabolic disorders and elevated rates of cardiovascular disease-associated death. These all correlate with a high economic cost to healthcare systems. Growing evidence indicates that diet is an indispensable ally in the prevention and management of CKD and its complications. In this context, the root vegetable beetroot (Beta vulgaris rubra) deserves special attention because it is a source of several bioactive compounds, such as nitrate, betaine, and betalain, and has shown beneficial effects in CKD, including reduction of blood pressure, anti-inflammatory effects, and antioxidant actions by scavenging radical oxidative species, as observed in preclinical studies. Beetroot consumption as a possible therapeutic strategy to improve the clinical treatment of patients with CKD and future directions for clinical studies are addressed in this narrative review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laís de Souza Gouveia Moreira
- L.d.S.G. Moreira and D. Mafra are with the Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janiero, Brazil. S. Fanton, L. Cardozo, and D. Mafra are with the Graduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói-Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. N.A. Borges is with the Institute of Nutrition, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. E. Combet is with the School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom. P.G. Shiels is with the Wolfson Wohl Translational Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom. P. Stenvinkel is with the Department of Renal Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susane Fanton
- L.d.S.G. Moreira and D. Mafra are with the Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janiero, Brazil. S. Fanton, L. Cardozo, and D. Mafra are with the Graduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói-Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. N.A. Borges is with the Institute of Nutrition, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. E. Combet is with the School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom. P.G. Shiels is with the Wolfson Wohl Translational Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom. P. Stenvinkel is with the Department of Renal Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ludmila Cardozo
- L.d.S.G. Moreira and D. Mafra are with the Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janiero, Brazil. S. Fanton, L. Cardozo, and D. Mafra are with the Graduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói-Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. N.A. Borges is with the Institute of Nutrition, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. E. Combet is with the School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom. P.G. Shiels is with the Wolfson Wohl Translational Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom. P. Stenvinkel is with the Department of Renal Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Natalia A Borges
- L.d.S.G. Moreira and D. Mafra are with the Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janiero, Brazil. S. Fanton, L. Cardozo, and D. Mafra are with the Graduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói-Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. N.A. Borges is with the Institute of Nutrition, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. E. Combet is with the School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom. P.G. Shiels is with the Wolfson Wohl Translational Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom. P. Stenvinkel is with the Department of Renal Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emilie Combet
- L.d.S.G. Moreira and D. Mafra are with the Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janiero, Brazil. S. Fanton, L. Cardozo, and D. Mafra are with the Graduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói-Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. N.A. Borges is with the Institute of Nutrition, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. E. Combet is with the School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom. P.G. Shiels is with the Wolfson Wohl Translational Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom. P. Stenvinkel is with the Department of Renal Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paul G Shiels
- L.d.S.G. Moreira and D. Mafra are with the Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janiero, Brazil. S. Fanton, L. Cardozo, and D. Mafra are with the Graduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói-Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. N.A. Borges is with the Institute of Nutrition, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. E. Combet is with the School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom. P.G. Shiels is with the Wolfson Wohl Translational Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom. P. Stenvinkel is with the Department of Renal Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Stenvinkel
- L.d.S.G. Moreira and D. Mafra are with the Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janiero, Brazil. S. Fanton, L. Cardozo, and D. Mafra are with the Graduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói-Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. N.A. Borges is with the Institute of Nutrition, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. E. Combet is with the School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom. P.G. Shiels is with the Wolfson Wohl Translational Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom. P. Stenvinkel is with the Department of Renal Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Denise Mafra
- L.d.S.G. Moreira and D. Mafra are with the Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janiero, Brazil. S. Fanton, L. Cardozo, and D. Mafra are with the Graduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói-Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. N.A. Borges is with the Institute of Nutrition, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. E. Combet is with the School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom. P.G. Shiels is with the Wolfson Wohl Translational Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom. P. Stenvinkel is with the Department of Renal Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Shannon OM, Easton C, Shepherd AI, Siervo M, Bailey SJ, Clifford T. Dietary nitrate and population health: a narrative review of the translational potential of existing laboratory studies. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2021; 13:65. [PMID: 34099037 PMCID: PMC8186051 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-021-00292-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary inorganic nitrate (NO3-) is a polyatomic ion, which is present in large quantities in green leafy vegetables and beetroot, and has attracted considerable attention in recent years as a potential health-promoting dietary compound. Numerous small, well-controlled laboratory studies have reported beneficial health effects of inorganic NO3- consumption on blood pressure, endothelial function, cerebrovascular blood flow, cognitive function, and exercise performance. Translating the findings from small laboratory studies into 'real-world' applications requires careful consideration. MAIN BODY This article provides a brief overview of the existing empirical evidence basis for the purported health-promoting effects of dietary NO3- consumption. Key areas for future research are then proposed to evaluate whether promising findings observed in small animal and human laboratory studies can effectively translate into clinically relevant improvements in population health. These proposals include: 1) conducting large-scale, longer duration trials with hard clinical endpoints (e.g. cardiovascular disease incidence); 2) exploring the feasibility and acceptability of different strategies to facilitate a prolonged increase in dietary NO3- intake; 3) exploitation of existing cohort studies to explore associations between NO3- intake and health outcomes, a research approach allowing larger samples sizes and longer duration follow up than is feasible in randomised controlled trials; 4) identifying factors which might account for individual differences in the response to inorganic NO3- (e.g. sex, genetics, habitual diet) and could assist with targeted/personalised nutritional interventions; 5) exploring the influence of oral health and medication on the therapeutic potential of NO3- supplementation; and 6) examining potential risk of adverse events with long term high- NO3- diets. CONCLUSION The salutary effects of dietary NO3- are well established in small, well-controlled laboratory studies. Much less is known about the feasibility and efficacy of long-term dietary NO3- enrichment for promoting health, and the factors which might explain the variable responsiveness to dietary NO3- supplementation between individuals. Future research focussing on the translation of laboratory data will provide valuable insight into the potential applications of dietary NO3- supplementation to improve population health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver M Shannon
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Chris Easton
- Institute for Clinical Exercise and Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, Blantyre, Scotland, UK
| | - Anthony I Shepherd
- School of Sport, Health & Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Mario Siervo
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Stephen J Bailey
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Tom Clifford
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.
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dos Santos Pinheiro V, Volino-Souza M, Vieira de Oliveira G, Adam Conte-Junior C, Silveira Alvares T. Effect of high-nitrate beetroot juice consumption on thyroid gland hormones and iodine levels in adults. FOOD BIOSCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2020.100869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Berry MJ, Miller GD, Kim-Shapiro DB, Fletcher MS, Jones CG, Gauthier ZD, Collins SL, Basu S, Heinrich TM. A randomized controlled trial of nitrate supplementation in well-trained middle and older-aged adults. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235047. [PMID: 32574223 PMCID: PMC7310701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Nitrate (NO3-), through its conversion to nitrite (NO2-) and nitric oxide, has been shown to increase exercise tolerance in healthy younger adults and older diseased patients. Nitrate’s effect in well-trained middle to older-aged adults has not been studied. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of a NO3- rich beverage on submaximal constant work rate exercise time in well-trained middle to older-aged adults. Methods This was a randomized controlled cross-over trial with 15 well-trained middle to older-aged adults, 41–64 year-old, who received one of two treatments (NO3- rich beverage then placebo or placebo then NO3- rich beverage), after which an exercise test at 75 percent of the subject’s maximal work rate was completed. Results The NO3- rich beverage increased plasma NO3- and NO2- levels by 260 μM and 0.47 μM, respectively (p<0.001). Exercise time was not significantly different (p = 0.31) between the NO3- rich versus placebo conditions (1130±151 vs 1060±132 sec, respectively). Changes in exercise time between the two conditions ranged from a 55% improvement to a 40% decrease with the NO3- rich beverage. Oxygen consumption and rating of perceived exertion were not significantly different between the two conditions. Conclusion In middle to older-aged well-trained adults, NO3- supplementation has non-significant, albeit highly variable, effects on exercise tolerance. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03371966
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Berry
- Health and Exercise Department, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Gary D. Miller
- Health and Exercise Department, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Daniel B. Kim-Shapiro
- Physics Department, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Macie S. Fletcher
- Health and Exercise Department, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Caleb G. Jones
- Health and Exercise Department, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Zachary D. Gauthier
- Health and Exercise Department, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Summer L. Collins
- Health and Exercise Department, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Swati Basu
- Physics Department, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Timothy M. Heinrich
- Health and Exercise Department, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
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Mirmiran P, Houshialsadat Z, Gaeini Z, Bahadoran Z, Azizi F. Functional properties of beetroot ( Beta vulgaris) in management of cardio-metabolic diseases. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2020; 17:3. [PMID: 31921325 PMCID: PMC6947971 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-019-0421-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Red beetroot (Beta vulgaris), as a naturally occurring root vegetable and a rich source of phytochemicals and bioactive compounds, is known for its beneficial roles in the improvement of several clinical and pathologic outcome. Chronic and acute beetroot juice supplementation, as a cost-effective strategy, is proposed to hold promises in controlling diabetes and insulin hemostasis, blood pressure and vascular function, renal health and the possible effect on microbiome abundance. The secondary outcome and physiological response of microbiome abundance modulation included the non- significant fluctuation of systolic and diastolic blood pressures. Also, some studies have suggested a reno-protective property of beetroot juice that is associated with the reduction of mortality rate and favorable changes in kidney’s functional parameters among patients with renal disorders. Similarly, it is shown that the persistent consumption of beetroot juice effectively postpones the postprandial glycemic response and decreases the blood glucose peak. The significant blood pressure lowering effect has been seen among normotensive subjects, which tend to be more considerable among hypertensive individuals and progressive among overweight adults. Within this context, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview on the therapeutic applications of beetroot juice in metabolic disorders and theirs underlying mechanisms. Despite the inconsistencies in the set of results from the reviewed studies, there is no doubt that further contributing factors must be investigated more deeply in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvin Mirmiran
- 1Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, No. 24, Sahid-Erabi St, Yemen St, Chamran Exp, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Houshialsadat
- 1Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, No. 24, Sahid-Erabi St, Yemen St, Chamran Exp, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Gaeini
- 1Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, No. 24, Sahid-Erabi St, Yemen St, Chamran Exp, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Bahadoran
- 1Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, No. 24, Sahid-Erabi St, Yemen St, Chamran Exp, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereidoun Azizi
- 2Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Bahadoran Z, Mirmiran P, Kabir A, Azizi F, Ghasemi A. The Nitrate-Independent Blood Pressure-Lowering Effect of Beetroot Juice: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Adv Nutr 2017; 8:830-838. [PMID: 29141968 PMCID: PMC5683004 DOI: 10.3945/an.117.016717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Beetroot is considered a complementary treatment for hypertension because of its high content of inorganic NO3 This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to clarify several aspects of beetroot juice supplementation on systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Embase databases, and the reference lists of previous reviews. Randomized clinical trials that investigated the effects of beetroot juice on resting blood pressure in humans were recruited for quality assessment, meta-analyses, subgroup analyses, and meta-regressions; of these, 22 were conducted between 2009 and 2017 and included a total of 47 intervention (n = 650) and 43 control (n = 598) groups. Overall, SBP (-3.55 mm Hg; 95% CI: -4.55, -2.54 mm Hg) and DBP (-1.32 mm Hg; 95% CI: -1.97, -0.68 mm Hg) were significantly lower in the beetroot juice-supplemented groups than in the control groups. The mean difference of SBP was larger between beetroot juice-supplemented and control groups in the longer than in the shorter (≥14 compared with <14 d) study durations (-5.11 compared with -2.67 mm Hg) and the highest compared with the lowest (500 compared with 70 and 140 mL/d) doses of beetroot juice (-4.78 compared with -2.37 mm Hg). A positive correlation was observed between beetroot juice doses and the mean differences of blood pressures. In contrast, a smaller effect size of blood pressures was observed after supplementation with higher NO3 (milligrams per 100 mL beetroot juice). A weak effect size was observed in a meta-analysis of trials that used NO3-depleted beetroot juice as a placebo compared with other interventions (-3.09 compared with -4.51 mm Hg for SBP and -0.81 compared with -2.01 mm Hg for DBP). Our results demonstrate the blood pressure-lowering effects of beetroot juice and highlight its potential NO3-independent effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Parvin Mirmiran
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; and
| | - Ali Kabir
- Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Asghar Ghasemi
- Endocrine Physiology Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences
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