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Jia Y, Li Y, Hou W, Wei Z, Zhang T, Wang X, Wang J, Tan H. A comparative assessment of age-related nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase positivity in the spinal cord and medulla oblongata of pigeons, rats, and mice. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2024. [PMID: 39086191 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase (N-d) positive neurons have been extensively studied across various animals, and N-d neurodegenerative neurites have been detected in some aged animal models. However, detailed knowledge on N-d positivity and aging-related alterations in the spinal cord and medulla oblongata of pigeons is limited. In this study, we investigated N-d positivity and age-related changes in the pigeon's spinal cord and medulla oblongata and compared them to those in rats and mice. Pigeons, had more N-d neurons in the dorsal horn, around the central canal, and in the column of Terni in the thoracic and lumbar segments, with scattered neurons found in the ventral horn of the spinal segments. N-d neurons were also present in the white matter of the spinal cord. Morphometric analysis revealed that the size of N-d soma in the lumbosacral, cervical, and thoracic regions was substantially altered in aged pigeons compared to young birds. Furthermore, the lumbar to sacral segments underwent significant morphological alterations. The main findings of this study were the presence of age-related N-d positive bodies (ANB) in aged pigeons, predominantly in the external cuneate nucleus (CuE) and occasionally in the gracilis and CuEs. ANBs were also identified in the gracile nuclei and spinal cord in the aged rats and mice, whereas in aged rats, ANBs were detected in the CuE spinal nucleus. Immunohistochemistry showed that the age-related alterations occurred in the cell types and neuropeptides in old animals. The results suggest weak inflammatory response and neuronal dysfunction in the spinal cord in aged pigeons. Our results suggested that the ANB could be a potential aging marker for the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunge Jia
- Department of Pathology, Heji Hospital Affiliated of Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi, China
| | - Yinhua Li
- College of Physical Education and Sport Rehabilitation, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Wei Hou
- Department of Anatomy, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Zichun Wei
- Department of Anatomy, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Tianyi Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Xinghang Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Changzhi People's Hospital Affiliated of Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi, China
| | - Huibing Tan
- Department of Anatomy, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
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Anfimova PA, Pankrasheva LG, Emanuilov AI, Moiseev KY, Maslyukov PM. Expression of GAD65/67 and VGLUT2 in Mediobasal Nuclei of Rat Hypothalamus during Aging. Bull Exp Biol Med 2023; 176:232-234. [PMID: 38194067 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-024-06001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
The expression of glutamate decarboxylase GAD65/67, an enzyme of GABA synthesis, and vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2) in the arcuate, dorsomedial, and ventromedial nuclei of the hypothalamus of young (3 months), adult (12 months), and old male rats (24 months) was studied by Western blotting. In old rats, an increase in the expression of GAD65/67 in the arcuate and dorsomedial, VGLUT2 in the arcuate, dorsomedial, and ventromedial nuclei was observed. Thus, an increase in opposite processes of inhibition and excitation is observed in the hypothalamic nuclei during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Anfimova
- Yaroslavl State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Yaroslavl, Russia
| | - L G Pankrasheva
- Yaroslavl State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Yaroslavl, Russia
| | - A I Emanuilov
- Yaroslavl State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Yaroslavl, Russia
| | - K Yu Moiseev
- Yaroslavl State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Yaroslavl, Russia
| | - P M Maslyukov
- Yaroslavl State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Yaroslavl, Russia.
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Masliukov PM. Changes of Signaling Pathways in Hypothalamic Neurons with Aging. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:8289-8308. [PMID: 37886966 PMCID: PMC10605528 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45100523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus is an important regulator of autonomic and endocrine functions also involved in aging regulation. The aging process in the hypothalamus is accompanied by disturbed intracellular signaling including insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)/growth hormone (GH), phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK), janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-ĸB), and nitric oxide (NO). In the current review, I have summarized the current understanding of the changes in the above-mentioned pathways in aging with a focus on hypothalamic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr M Masliukov
- Department Normal Physiology, Yaroslavl State Medical University, ul. Revoliucionnaya 5, 150000 Yaroslavl, Russia
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Budnik AF, Masliukov PM. Postnatal development of the enteric neurons expressing neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2023; 306:2276-2291. [PMID: 35500072 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Neurons, expressing neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in the enteric ganglia are inhibitory motor neurons or interneurons. The aim of the study was to identify the percentage, cross-sectional area of nNOS-immunoreactive (IR) neurons and their colocalization with choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), and neuropeptide Y in the intramural ganglia of the myenteric (MP) and submucous plexus (SP) of the small intestine (SI) and large intestine (LI) of rats of different age groups using immunohistochemical methods. In the intramural ganglia of the MP, the largest percentage of nNOS-IR neurons was detected in newborn rats in the LI (81 ± 0.9%) and SI (48 ± 4.1%). Subsequently, it decreased in ontogenesis up to 60 days of life (26 ± 0.9% LI, 29 ± 3.2% SI), and did not change until senescence. In the SP, abundant nNOS-IR neurons were also detected in newborns (82 ± 7.0% SI, 85 ± 3.2% LI), while their percentage decreased significantly in the next 20 days. Furthermore, a very small number of nNOS-IR neurons was detected in 30-day- and 2-month-old animals, but they again appeared in large numbers in aged rats. In the MP, the highest percentage of nNOS+/ChAT+ neurons was in 1-day-old, 10-day-old, and 2-year-old rats. In the SP, the largest number of nNOS-IR neurons colocalized ChAT regardless of age. In the MP of all rats, many nNOS-IR neurons colocalized VIP, and the maximal percentage of nNOS+/VIP+ neurons was found in 2-year-old rats, minimal-in newborns. In conclusion, nNOS expression in neurons of the gut is decreased in early postnatal ontogenesis and subsequently increased in aged rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonina F Budnik
- Department of Normal and Pathological Anatomy, Kabardino-Balkarian State University, Nalchik, Russia
| | - Petr M Masliukov
- Department of Normal Physiology, Yaroslavl State Medical University, Yaroslavl, Russia
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Masliukov PM, Emanuilov AI, Budnik AF. Sympathetic innervation of the development, maturity, and aging of the gastrointestinal tract. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2023; 306:2249-2263. [PMID: 35762574 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The sympathetic nervous system inhibits gut motility, secretion, and blood flow in the gut microvasculature and can modulate gastrointestinal inflammation. Sympathetic neurons signal via catecholamines, neuropeptides, and gas mediators. In the current review, we summarize the current understanding of the mature sympathetic innervation of the gastrointestinal tract with a focus mainly on the prevertebral sympathetic ganglia as the main output to the gut. We also highlight recent work regarding the developmental processes of sympathetic innervation. The anatomy, neurochemistry, and connections of the sympathetic prevertebral ganglia with different parts of the gut are considered in adult organisms during prenatal and postnatal development and aging. The processes and mechanisms that control the development of sympathetic neurons, including their migratory pathways, neuronal differentiation, and aging, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr M Masliukov
- Department of Normal Physiology, Yaroslavl State Medical University, Yaroslavl, Russia
| | - Andrey I Emanuilov
- Department of Human Anatomy, Yaroslavl State Medical University, Yaroslavl, Russia
| | - Antonina F Budnik
- Department of Normal and Pathological Anatomy, Kabardino-Balkarian State University named after H.M. Berbekov, Nalchik, Russia
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Stepanichev M, Aniol V, Lazareva N, Gulyaeva N. Decreased Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Aged Male Wistar Rats Is Not Associated with Memory Acquisition in a Water Maze. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13276. [PMID: 37686083 PMCID: PMC10487931 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain aging is associated with a progressive decrease in learning abilities, memory, attention, decision making, and sensory perception. Age-related cognitive disturbances may be related to a decrease in the functional capacities of the hippocampus. This brain region is essential for learning and memory, and the lifelong neurogenesis occurring in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus may be a key event mediating the mnemonic functions of the hippocampus. In the present study, we investigated whether age-related changes in hippocampal neurogenesis are associated with learning and memory disturbances. Four- and 24-month-old rats were trained to find a hidden platform in a water maze. Though the older group showed higher latency to search the platform as compared to the younger group, both groups learned the task. However, the density of proliferating (PCNA-positive), differentiating (Dcx-positive), and new neurons (pre-labeled BrdU-positive) was significantly lower in the hippocampus of aged rats as compared to young ones. This inhibition of neurogenesis could be related to increased local production of nitric oxide since the density of neurons expressing neuronal NO-synthase was higher in the aged hippocampus. Thus, we can suggest that an age-related decrease in neurogenesis is not directly associated with place learning in aged rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Stepanichev
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Butlerova Str., 5a, Moscow 117485, Russia; (V.A.); (N.L.); (N.G.)
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Napit PR, Ali MH, Mahmood ASMH, Ibrahim MMH, Briski KP. Sex-dimorphic hindbrain lactate regulation of ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus glucoregulatory neuron 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase activity and transmitter marker protein expression. Neuropeptides 2023; 99:102324. [PMID: 36791640 PMCID: PMC10175150 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2023.102324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The oxidizable glycolytic end-product L-lactate is a gauge of nerve cell metabolic fuel stability that metabolic-sensory hindbrain A2 noradrenergic neurons impart to the brain glucose-regulatory network. Current research investigated the premise that hindbrain lactate deficiency exerts sex-specific control of energy sensor and transmitter marker protein responses to hypoglycemia in ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMN) glucose-regulatory nitrergic and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons. METHODS Nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)- or glutamate decarboxylase65/67 (GAD)-immunoreactive neurons were laser-catapult-microdissected from male and female rat VMN after subcutaneous insulin injection and caudal fourth ventricular L-lactate or vehicle infusion for Western blot protein analysis. RESULTS Hindbrain lactate repletion reversed hypoglycemia-associated augmentation (males) or inhibition (females) of nitrergic neuron nNOS expression, and prevented up-regulation of phosphorylated AMPK 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (pAMPK) expression in those neurons. Hypoglycemic suppression of GABAergic neuron GAD protein was averted by exogenous lactate over the rostro-caudal length of the male VMN and in the middle region of the female VMN. Lactate normalized GABA neuron pAMPK profiles in hypoglycemic male (caudal VMN) and female (all VMN segments) rats. Hypoglycemic patterns of norepinephrine (NE) signaling were lactate-dependent throughout the male VMN, but confined to the rostral and middle female VMN. CONCLUSIONS Results document, in each sex, regional VMN glucose-regulatory transmitter responses to hypoglycemia that are controlled by hindbrain lactate status. Hindbrain metabolic-sensory regulation of hypoglycemia-correlated nitric oxide or GABA release may entail AMPK-dependent mechanisms in specific VMN rostro-caudal segments in each sex. Additional effort is required to examine the role of hindbrain lactoprivic-sensitive VMN neurotransmitters in lactate-mediated attenuation of hypoglycemic hyperglucagonemia and hypercorticosteronemia in male and female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhat R Napit
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201, United States
| | - Md Haider Ali
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201, United States
| | - A S M Hasan Mahmood
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201, United States
| | - Mostafa M H Ibrahim
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201, United States
| | - Karen P Briski
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201, United States.
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Anfimova PA, Pankrasheva LG, Moiseev KY, Shirina ES, Porseva VV, Masliukov PM. Ontogenetic Changes in the Expression of the Lin28 Protein in the Rat Hypothalamic Tuberal Nuclei. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13468. [PMID: 36362250 PMCID: PMC9658212 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus is a primary regulator of homeostasis, biological rhythms and adaptation to different environment factors. It also participates in the aging regulation. The expression of neurons containing Lin28 was studied by immunohistochemistry in male rats aged 2, 6, 12, and 24 months in the tuberal region of the rat hypothalamus. We have shown for the first time the presence of Lin28-immunoreactive (IR) neurons in the ventromedial nucleus (VMH) and their absence in the dorsomedial and arcuate nuclei in all studied animals. With aging, the percentage of Lin28-IR neurons increases from 37 ± 4.7 in 2-month-old rat until 76 ± 4.6 in 6-month-old and further decreases to 41 ± 7.3 in 12-month-old rat and 28 ± 5.5 in 24-month-old rats. Many VMH Lin28-IR neurons colocalized components of insulin signaling including mTOR, Raptor, PI3K and Akt. The percentage of Lin28/Akt-IR neurons was maximal in 6-month-old and 1-year-old rats compared to 2-month-old and 2-year-old animals. The proportion of Lin28/PI3K-IR neurons significantly increased from 77 ± 1.2 in 2-month-old rat until 99 ± 0.3 in 24-month-old rats and 96-99% of Lin28-IR neurons colocalized mTOR and mTORC1 component Raptor without statistically significant differences in all studied age groups. Thus, Lin28 expresses only in the VMH neurons of the tuberal nuclei of the hypothalamus and the Lin 28 expression changes during the development together with the components of PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Petr M. Masliukov
- Department of Normal Physiology, Yaroslavl State Medical University, ul. Revoliucionnaya 5, 150000 Yaroslavl, Russia
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Anfimova PA, Moiseev KY, Porseva VV, Pankrasheva LG, Masliukov PM. mTOR Expression in Neurons of the Rat Tuberal Hypothalamus in Aging. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093022050167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Vishnyakova PA, Moiseev KY, Porseva VV, Pankrasheva LG, Budnik AF, Nozdrachev AD, Masliukov PM. Somatostatin-Expressing Neurons in the Tuberal Region of Rat Hypothalamus during Aging. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093021060247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Porseva VV, Levshin NY, Moiseev KY, Pankrasheva LG, Baranov AA, Pavlov AV, Nozdrachev AD, Masliukov PM. Let-7a, mir-9, mir-132, and mir-218 microRNA Expression in the Dorsomedial and Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nuclei during Aging in Rats. ADVANCES IN GERONTOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s207905702104010x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Masliukov PM, Budnik AF, Vishnyakova PA, Pavlov AV. Neurochemical Features of Neuropeptide Y-ergic Enteric Submucosal Neurons in the Rat Small Intestine during Postnatal Ontogenesis. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s002209302105015x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Moiseev KY, Spirichev AA, Vishnyakova PA, Pankrasheva LG, Masliukov PM. Changes of discharge properties of neurons from dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei during aging in rats. Neurosci Lett 2021; 762:136168. [PMID: 34389479 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamus is a vital brain center that is participated in the integration of the endocrine and nervous systems and control of the homeostasis and aging. Spontaneous firing activity from single neurons of the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMN) was studied extracellularly in vivo in urethane-anaesthetized rats. The discharge patterns of the majority of DMN neurons were irregular, including periods of relatively stable activity interrupted by pauses. Based on the features of interval interspike histogram, we have selected neurons with an irregular arrhythmic activity (50% in young, 46% in adult and 44% in aged rats), with a constant rhythmic activity (18% of neurons in young, 19% in adult and 23% in aged rats), with a wide interspike interval distribution (22% in young, 26% in adult and 25% in aged rats) and cells with bursts of two or three spikes (10% in young, 9% in adult and 8% in aged rats). The firing rate of DMN neurons was 2.5 ± 0.12 Hz in young and 2.4 ± 0.21 Hz in adult rats and significantly decreased to 1.8 ± 0.17 Hz in aged rats.
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Spike Activity in the Ventromedial Nucleus of Rat Hypothalamus during Aging. Bull Exp Biol Med 2021; 171:251-253. [PMID: 34173105 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-021-05205-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Spike activity of neurons in the ventromedial nucleus (VMN) of the hypothalamus in adult (6-8 months) and aged (2 years) male rats was studied by the in vivo extracellular method using stereotaxic insertion of microelectrodes. In all animals, firing frequency of most VMN neurons increased in response to glucose administration. However, in aged rats, the mean baseline and glucose-induced spike frequencies of VMN neurons were lower than in adult animals. These results support the hypothesis that aging is associated with a decrease in the functional activity of hypothalamic neurons.
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Vishnyakova PA, Moiseev KY, Spirichev AA, Emanuilov AI, Nozdrachev AD, Masliukov PM. Expression of calbindin and calretinin in the dorsomedial and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei during aging. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2020; 304:1094-1104. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.24536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Polina A. Vishnyakova
- Department of Normal Physiology and Biophysics Yaroslavl State Medical University Yaroslavl Russia
| | - Konstantin Yu. Moiseev
- Department of Normal Physiology and Biophysics Yaroslavl State Medical University Yaroslavl Russia
| | - Andrey A. Spirichev
- Department of Normal Physiology and Biophysics Yaroslavl State Medical University Yaroslavl Russia
| | - Andrey I. Emanuilov
- Department of Normal Physiology and Biophysics Yaroslavl State Medical University Yaroslavl Russia
| | | | - Petr M. Masliukov
- Department of Normal Physiology and Biophysics Yaroslavl State Medical University Yaroslavl Russia
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