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Kolasa M, Nikiforuk A, Korlatowicz A, Solich J, Potasiewicz A, Dziedzicka-Wasylewska M, Bugno R, Hogendorf A, Bojarski A, Faron-Górecka A. Unraveling psilocybin's therapeutic potential: behavioral and neuroplasticity insights in Wistar-Kyoto and Wistar male rat models of treatment-resistant depression. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2024:10.1007/s00213-024-06644-3. [PMID: 38963553 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-024-06644-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE Our study aimed to unravel the unknown mechanisms behind the exceptional efficacy of Psilocybin (PSI) in treating treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Focusing on Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats with a TRD phenotype and Wistar (WIS) rats as a normative comparison, we investigated behavioral and neuroplasticity-related responses to PSI, striving to shed light on the distinctive features of its antidepressant effects. OBJECTIVES We set out to assess the behavioral impact of acute and prolonged PSI administration on WKY and WIS rats, employing Novel Object Recognition (NORT), Social Interaction (SI), and Forced Swimming Test (FST). Our secondary objectives involved exploring strain-specific alterations in neuroplasticity-related parameters, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc). METHODS Conducting post-acute and extended assessments after a single PSI administration, we applied behavioral tests and biochemical analyses to measure serum BDNF levels and neuroplasticity-related parameters in the prefrontal cortex. Statistical analyses were deployed to discern significant differences between the rat strains and assess the impact of PSI on behavioral and biochemical outcomes. RESULTS Our findings uncovered significant behavioral disparities between WKY and WIS rats, indicating passive behavior and social withdrawal in the former. PSI demonstrated pronounced pro-social and antidepressant effects in both strains, each with its distinctive temporal trajectory. Notably, we identified strain-specific variations in BDNF-related signaling and observed the modulation of Arc expression in WKY rats. CONCLUSIONS Our study delineated mood-related behavioral nuances between WKY and WIS rat strains, underscoring the antidepressant and pro-social properties of PSI in both groups. The distinct temporal patterns of observed changes and the identified strain-specific neuroplasticity alterations provide valuable insights into the TRD phenotype and the mechanisms underpinning the efficacy of PSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kolasa
- Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Nikiforuk
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience & Drug Development, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agata Korlatowicz
- Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Solich
- Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Potasiewicz
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience & Drug Development, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Ryszard Bugno
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Adam Hogendorf
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej Bojarski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agata Faron-Górecka
- Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland.
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2
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Feng YY, Bromberg-Martin ES, Monosov IE. Dorsal raphe neurons integrate the values of reward amount, delay, and uncertainty in multi-attribute decision-making. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114341. [PMID: 38878290 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) is implicated in psychiatric disorders that feature impaired sensitivity to reward amount, impulsivity when facing reward delays, and risk-seeking when confronting reward uncertainty. However, it has been unclear whether and how DRN neurons signal reward amount, reward delay, and reward uncertainty during multi-attribute value-based decision-making, where subjects consider these attributes to make a choice. We recorded DRN neurons as monkeys chose between offers whose attributes, namely expected reward amount, reward delay, and reward uncertainty, varied independently. Many DRN neurons signaled offer attributes, and this population tended to integrate the attributes in a manner that reflected monkeys' preferences for amount, delay, and uncertainty. After decision-making, in response to post-decision feedback, these same neurons signaled signed reward prediction errors, suggesting a broader role in tracking value across task epochs and behavioral contexts. Our data illustrate how the DRN participates in value computations, guiding theories about the role of the DRN in decision-making and psychiatric disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Yang Feng
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Ilya E Monosov
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA; Washington University Pain Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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3
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Haniff ZR, Bocharova M, Mantingh T, Rucker JJ, Velayudhan L, Taylor DM, Young AH, Aarsland D, Vernon AC, Thuret S. Psilocybin for dementia prevention? The potential role of psilocybin to alter mechanisms associated with major depression and neurodegenerative diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 258:108641. [PMID: 38583670 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Major depression is an established risk factor for subsequent dementia, and depression in late life may also represent a prodromal state of dementia. Considering current challenges in the clinical development of disease modifying therapies for dementia, the focus of research is shifting towards prevention and modification of risk factors to alter the neurodegenerative disease trajectory. Understanding mechanistic commonalities underlying affective symptoms and cognitive decline may reveal biomarkers to aid early identification of those at risk of progressing to dementia during the preclinical phase of disease, thus allowing for timely intervention. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) is a phenomenon that describes the birth of new neurons in the dentate gyrus throughout life and it is associated with spatial learning, memory and mood regulation. Microglia are innate immune system macrophages in the central nervous system that carefully regulate AHN via multiple mechanisms. Disruption in AHN is associated with both dementia and major depression and microgliosis is a hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases. Emerging evidence suggests that psychedelics promote neuroplasticity, including neurogenesis, and may also be immunomodulatory. In this context, psilocybin, a serotonergic agonist with rapid-acting antidepressant properties has the potential to ameliorate intersecting pathophysiological processes relevant for both major depression and neurodegenerative diseases. In this narrative review, we focus on the evidence base for the effects of psilocybin on adult hippocampal neurogenesis and microglial form and function; which may suggest that psilocybin has the potential to modulate multiple mechanisms of action, and may have implications in altering the progression from major depression to dementia in those at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zarah R Haniff
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom.
| | - Mariia Bocharova
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Division of Academic Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Mantingh
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - James J Rucker
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom; South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Maudsley Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, United Kingdom
| | - Latha Velayudhan
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Division of Academic Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - David M Taylor
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Maudsley Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, United Kingdom
| | - Allan H Young
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom; South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Monks Orchard Road, Beckenham, Kent, United Kingdom
| | - Dag Aarsland
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Division of Academic Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom; Wolfson Centre for Age Related Diseases, Division of Neuroscience of the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom; Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Anthony C Vernon
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom; MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, United Kingdom.
| | - Sandrine Thuret
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom.
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4
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Aaronson ST, van der Vaart A, Miller T, LaPratt J, Swartz K, Shoultz A, Lauterbach M, Sackeim HA, Suppes T. Single-Dose Synthetic Psilocybin With Psychotherapy for Treatment-Resistant Bipolar Type II Major Depressive Episodes: A Nonrandomized Open-Label Trial. JAMA Psychiatry 2024; 81:555-562. [PMID: 38055270 PMCID: PMC10701666 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.4685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Importance Bipolar II disorder (BDII) is a debilitating condition frequently associated with difficult-to-treat depressive episodes. Psilocybin has evidence for rapid-acting antidepressant effects but has not been investigated in bipolar depression. Objective To establish the safety and efficacy of psilocybin in patients with BDII in a current depressive episode. Design, Setting, and Participants This was a 12-week, open-label nonrandomized open-label trial conducted at Sheppard Pratt Hospital. Participants aged 18 to 65 years with BDII, a current depressive episode longer than 3 months, and documented insufficient benefit with at least 2 pharmacologic treatments during the current episode were invited to participate. Of 70 approached, 19 met inclusion criteria and were enrolled. The trial was conducted between April 14, 2021, and January 5, 2023. Interventions A single dose of synthetic psilocybin, 25 mg, was administered. Psychotropic medications were discontinued at least 2 weeks prior to dosing. Therapists met with patients for 3 sessions during pretreatment, during the 8-hour dosing day, and for 3 integration sessions posttreatment. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome measure was change in Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating scale (MADRS) at 3 weeks posttreatment. Secondary measures included MADRS scores 12 weeks posttreatment, the self-rated Quick Inventory of Depression Symptoms-Self Rating (QIDS-SR), and the self-rated Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire-Short Form (Q-LES-Q-SF), each completed at baseline and all subsequent visits. Safety measures included the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (CSSRS) and the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) completed at each visit. Results Of the 15 participants in this study (6 male and 9 female; mean [SD] age, 37.8 [11.6] years), all had lower scores at week 3, with a mean (SD) change of -24.00 (9.23) points on the MADRS, (Cohen d = 4.08; 95% CI, -29.11 to -18.89; P < .001). Repeat measures analysis of variance showed lower MADRS scores at all tested posttreatment time points, including the end point (Cohen d = 3.39; 95% CI, -33.19 to -16.95; adjusted P < .001). At week 3, 12 participants met the response criterion (50% decrease in MADRS), and 11 met remission criterion (MADRS score ≤10). At the study end point, 12 patients met both response and remission criteria. QIDS-SR scores and Q-LES-Q-SF scores demonstrated similar improvements. YMRS and CSSRS scores did not change significantly at posttreatment compared to baseline. Conclusions and Relevance The findings in this open-label nonrandomized open-label trial suggest efficacy and safety of psilocybin with psychotherapy in BDII depression and supports further study of psychedelics in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott T. Aaronson
- Institute for Advanced Diagnostics and Treatment, Sheppard Pratt Health System, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland, Baltimore
| | | | - Tammy Miller
- Institute for Advanced Diagnostics and Treatment, Sheppard Pratt Health System, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jeffrey LaPratt
- Institute for Advanced Diagnostics and Treatment, Sheppard Pratt Health System, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kimberly Swartz
- Institute for Advanced Diagnostics and Treatment, Sheppard Pratt Health System, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Audrey Shoultz
- Institute for Advanced Diagnostics and Treatment, Sheppard Pratt Health System, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Margo Lauterbach
- Institute for Advanced Diagnostics and Treatment, Sheppard Pratt Health System, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland, Baltimore
| | - Harold A. Sackeim
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University, New York
| | - Trisha Suppes
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
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5
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Allen J, Dames SS, Foldi CJ, Shultz SR. Psychedelics for acquired brain injury: a review of molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Mol Psychiatry 2024; 29:671-685. [PMID: 38177350 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02360-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Acquired brain injury (ABI), such as traumatic brain injury and stroke, is a leading cause of disability worldwide, resulting in debilitating acute and chronic symptoms, as well as an increased risk of developing neurological and neurodegenerative disorders. These symptoms can stem from various neurophysiological insults, including neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, imbalances in neurotransmission, and impaired neuroplasticity. Despite advancements in medical technology and treatment interventions, managing ABI remains a significant challenge. Emerging evidence suggests that psychedelics may rapidly improve neurobehavioral outcomes in patients with various disorders that share physiological similarities with ABI. However, research specifically focussed on psychedelics for ABI is limited. This narrative literature review explores the neurochemical properties of psychedelics as a therapeutic intervention for ABI, with a focus on serotonin receptors, sigma-1 receptors, and neurotrophic signalling associated with neuroprotection, neuroplasticity, and neuroinflammation. The promotion of neuronal growth, cell survival, and anti-inflammatory properties exhibited by psychedelics strongly supports their potential benefit in managing ABI. Further research and translational efforts are required to elucidate their therapeutic mechanisms of action and to evaluate their effectiveness in treating the acute and chronic phases of ABI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh Allen
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Shannon S Dames
- Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy Post-Graduate Program, Health Sciences and Human Services, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
| | - Claire J Foldi
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Centre for Trauma and Mental Health Research, Health Sciences and Human Services, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada.
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6
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Fearn K, Bhattacharyya KK. Is Use of Psychedelic Drugs a Risk or Protective Factor for Late-Life Cognitive Decline? Gerontol Geriatr Med 2024; 10:23337214241250108. [PMID: 38694265 PMCID: PMC11062230 DOI: 10.1177/23337214241250108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Common age-related health conditions can lead to poor mental health outcomes and deteriorate cognition. Additionally, commonly prescribed medications for various mental/physical health conditions may cause adverse reactions, especially among older adults. Psychedelic therapy has shown positive impacts on cognition and has been successful in treating various mental health problems without long-lasting adversities. The current study examines the association between psychedelic drug usage and cognitive functions in middle-aged and older adults. Methods: Data were from wave 3 (2013-2014) of the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study. We used multiple linear regression models examining associations between psychedelic usage and cognitive functions, controlling for covariates of sociodemographic and health factors. Results: We included 2,503 individuals (Mage = 64 ± 11). After controlling for covariates, the finding revealed that psychedelic usage was independently associated with more favorable changes in executive function (β = .102, SE = 0.047, p = .031) and less depressive symptoms (β = -.090, SE = 0.021, p < .001). The same effect was not found for episodic memory (β = .039, SE = 0.066, p = .553). Discussion: Addressing the mental health implications of physical health conditions in older adults are vital for preventing neurocognitive deterioration, prolonging independence, and improving the quality of life. More longitudinal research is essential utilizing psychedelics as an alternative therapy examining late-life cognitive benefits.
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7
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Jerotic K, Vuust P, Kringelbach ML. Psychedelia: The interplay of music and psychedelics. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2024; 1531:12-28. [PMID: 37983198 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.15082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Music and psychedelics have been intertwined throughout the existence of Homo sapiens, from the early shamanic rituals of the Americas and Africa to the modern use of psychedelic-assisted therapy for a variety of mental health conditions. Across such settings, music has been highly prized for its ability to guide the psychedelic experience. Here, we examine the interplay between music and psychedelics, starting by describing their association with the brain's functional hierarchy that is relied upon for music perception and its psychedelic-induced manipulation, as well as an exploration of the limited research on their mechanistic neural overlap. We explore music's role in Western psychedelic therapy and the use of music in indigenous psychedelic rituals, with a specific focus on ayahuasca and the Santo Daime Church. Furthermore, we explore work relating to the evolution and onset of music and psychedelic use. Finally, we consider music's potential to lead to altered states of consciousness in the absence of psychedelics as well as the development of psychedelic music. Here, we provide an overview of several perspectives on the interaction between psychedelic use and music-a topic with growing interest given increasing excitement relating to the therapeutic efficacy of psychedelic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Jerotic
- Centre for Eudaimonia and Human Flourishing, Linacre College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Center for Music in the Brain, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University & The Royal Academy of Music Aarhus/Aalborg, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Peter Vuust
- Center for Music in the Brain, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University & The Royal Academy of Music Aarhus/Aalborg, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Morten L Kringelbach
- Centre for Eudaimonia and Human Flourishing, Linacre College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Center for Music in the Brain, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University & The Royal Academy of Music Aarhus/Aalborg, Aarhus, Denmark
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8
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Newell AJ, Patisaul HB. Developmental organophosphate flame retardant exposure disrupts adult hippocampal neurogenesis in Wistar rats. Neurotoxicology 2023; 99:104-114. [PMID: 37783313 PMCID: PMC10842265 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2023.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate flame retardant (OPFR) contamination is ubiquitous and bio-monitoring studies have shown that human exposure is widespread and may be unavoidable. OPFRs bear structural similarities to known neurotoxicants such as organophosphate insecticides and have been shown to have both endocrine disrupting and developmental neurotoxic effects. The perinatal period in rodents represents a critical period in the organization of the developing nervous system and insults during this time can impart profound changes on the trajectory of neural development and function, lasting into adulthood. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) facilitates dentate gyrus function and broader hippocampal circuit activity in adults; however, the neurogenic potential of this process in adulthood is vulnerable to disruption by exogenous factors during early life. We sought to assess the impact of OPFRs on AHN in offspring of dams exposed during gestation and lactation. Results indicate that developmental OPFR exposure has significant, sex specific impacts on multiple markers of AHN in the dentate gyrus of rats. In males, OPFR exposure significantly reduced the number of neural progenitors the number of new/immature neurons and reduced dentate gyrus volume. In females, exposure increased the number of neural progenitors, decreased the number of new/immature neurons, but had no significant effect on dentate gyrus volume. These results further elucidate the developmental neurotoxic properties of OPFRs, emphasize the long-term impact of early life OPFR exposure on neural processes, and highlight the importance of including sex as a biological variable in neurotoxicology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Newell
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Heather B Patisaul
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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9
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Feng YY, Bromberg-Martin ES, Monosov IE. Dorsal raphe neurons signal integrated value during multi-attribute decision-making. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.17.553745. [PMID: 37662243 PMCID: PMC10473596 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.17.553745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
The dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) is implicated in psychiatric disorders that feature impaired sensitivity to reward amount, impulsivity when facing reward delays, and risk-seeking when grappling with reward uncertainty. However, whether and how DRN neurons signal reward amount, reward delay, and reward uncertainty during multi-attribute value-based decision-making, where subjects consider all these attributes to make a choice, is unclear. We recorded DRN neurons as monkeys chose between offers whose attributes, namely expected reward amount, reward delay, and reward uncertainty, varied independently. Many DRN neurons signaled offer attributes. Remarkably, these neurons commonly integrated offer attributes in a manner that reflected monkeys' overall preferences for amount, delay, and uncertainty. After decision-making, in response to post-decision feedback, these same neurons signaled signed reward prediction errors, suggesting a broader role in tracking value across task epochs and behavioral contexts. Our data illustrate how DRN participates in integrated value computations, guiding theories of DRN in decision-making and psychiatric disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Yang Feng
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Ilya E. Monosov
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Washington University Pain Center, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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10
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Wang P, Yan F, Dong J, Wang S, Shi Y, Zhu M, Zuo Y, Ma H, Xue R, Zhai D, Song X. A multiple-step screening protocol to identify norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitors for depression. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:8341-8354. [PMID: 36880666 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05676c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Depression severely impairs the health of people all over the world. Cognitive dysfunction due to depression has resulted in a severe economic burden to family and society induced by the reduction of social functioning of patients. Norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs) targeted with the human norepinephrine transporter (hNET) and distributed with the human dopamine transporter (hDAT) simultaneously treat depression and improve cognitive function, and they effectively prevent sexual dysfunction and other side effects. Because many patients continue to poorly respond to NDRIs, it is urgent to discover novel NDRI antidepressants that do not interfere with cognitive function. The aim of this work was to selectively identify novel NDRI candidates acting against hNET and hDAT from large compound libraries by a comprehensive strategy integrating support vector machine (SVM) models, ADMET, molecular docking, in vitro binding assays, molecular dynamics simulation, and binding energy calculation. First, 6522 compounds that do not inhibit the human serotonin transporter (hSERT) were obtained by SVM models of hNET, hDAT, and non-target hSERT with similarity analyses from compound libraries. ADMET and molecular docking were then used to identify compounds that could potently bind to the hNET and hDAT with satisfactory ADMET, and 4 compounds were successfully identified. According to their docking scores and ADMET information, 3719810 was advanced for profiling by in vitro assays as a novel NDRI lead compound due to its strongest druggability and balancing activities. Encouragingly, 3719810 performed comparative activities on two targets, with Ki values of 7.32 μM for hNET and 5.23 μM for hDAT. To obtain candidates with additional activities and balance the activities of 2 targets, 5 analogs were optimized, and 2 novel scaffold compounds were successively designed. By assessment of molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and binding energy calculations, 5 compounds were validated as NDRI candidates with high activities, and 4 of them performed acceptable balancing activities acting on hNET and hDAT. This work supplied promising novel NDRIs for treatment of depression with cognitive dysfunction or other related neurodegenerative disorders, and also provided a strategy for highly efficient and cost-effective identification of inhibitors for dual targets with homologous non-targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China.
| | - Fengmei Yan
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China.
| | - Jianghong Dong
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China.
| | - Shengqiang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China.
| | - Yu Shi
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China.
| | - Mengdan Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China.
| | - Yuting Zuo
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China.
| | - Hui Ma
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China.
| | - Ruirui Xue
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China.
| | - Dingjie Zhai
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Song
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China.
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11
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Sayalı C, Barrett FS. The costs and benefits of psychedelics on cognition and mood. Neuron 2023; 111:614-630. [PMID: 36681076 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Anecdotal evidence has indicated that psychedelic substances may acutely enhance creative task performance, although empirical support for this claim is mixed at best. Clinical research has shown that psychedelics might have enduring effects on mood and well-being. However, there is no neurocognitive framework that ties acute changes in cognition to long-term effects in mood. In this review, we operationalize creativity within an emerging cognitive control framework and assess the current empirical evidence of the effects of psychedelics on creativity. Next, we leverage insights about the mechanisms and computations by which other psychoactive drugs act to enhance versus impair cognition, in particular to those that act on catecholamines, the neurophysiological consequences of which are relatively well understood. Finally, we use the same framework to link the suggested psychedelic-induced improvements in creativity with enduring psychedelic-induced improvements in mood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceyda Sayalı
- Center for Psychedelic and Consciousness Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | - Frederick S Barrett
- Center for Psychedelic and Consciousness Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Krieger School of Arts & Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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12
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Chen MH, Tu PC, Su TP. Next generation antidepressants with novel mechanisms for treatment resistant depression. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2023.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
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13
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Calder AE, Hasler G. Towards an understanding of psychedelic-induced neuroplasticity. Neuropsychopharmacology 2023; 48:104-112. [PMID: 36123427 PMCID: PMC9700802 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-022-01389-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Classic psychedelics, such as LSD, psilocybin, and the DMT-containing beverage ayahuasca, show some potential to treat depression, anxiety, and addiction. Importantly, clinical improvements can last for months or years after treatment. It has been theorized that these long-term improvements arise because psychedelics rapidly and lastingly stimulate neuroplasticity. The focus of this review is on answering specific questions about the effects of psychedelics on neuroplasticity. Firstly, we review the evidence that psychedelics promote neuroplasticity and examine the cellular and molecular mechanisms behind the effects of different psychedelics on different aspects of neuroplasticity, including dendritogenesis, synaptogenesis, neurogenesis, and expression of plasticity-related genes (e.g., brain-derived neurotrophic factor and immediate early genes). We then examine where in the brain psychedelics promote neuroplasticity, particularly discussing the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. We also examine what doses are required to produce this effect (e.g., hallucinogenic doses vs. "microdoses"), and how long purported changes in neuroplasticity last. Finally, we discuss the likely consequences of psychedelics' effects on neuroplasticity for both patients and healthy people, and we identify important research questions that would further scientific understanding of psychedelics' effects on neuroplasticity and its potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail E. Calder
- grid.8534.a0000 0004 0478 1713University Center for Psychiatric Research, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Gregor Hasler
- University Center for Psychiatric Research, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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14
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Toffanin T, Folesani F, Ferrara M, Belvederi Murri M, Zerbinati L, Caruso R, Nanni MG, Koch G, Fadiga L, Palagini L, Perini G, Benatti B, Dell'Osso B, Grassi L. Cognitive functioning as predictor and marker of response to repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in depressive disorders: A systematic review. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2022; 79:19-32. [PMID: 36240649 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cognitive performance in Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is frequently impaired and related to functional outcomes. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) may exert its effects on MDD acting both on depressive symptoms and neurocognition. Furthermore, cognitive status could predict the therapeutic response of depressive symptoms to rTMS. However, cognitive performances as a predictor of rTMS response in MDD has not been thoroughly investigated. This review aims to evaluate the role of pre-treatment cognitive performance as a predictor of clinical response to rTMS, and the effects of rTMS on neurocognition in MDD. METHOD A systematic review of studies evaluating neurocognition in MDD as an outcome and/or predictor of response to rTMS was conducted using PubMed/Medline and Embase. RESULTS Fifty-eight articles were identified: 25 studies included neurocognition as a predictor of response to rTMS; 56 used cognitive evaluation as an outcome of rTMS. Baseline cognitive performance and cognitive improvements after rTMS predicted clinical response to rTMS. Moreover, rTMS improved cognition in MDD. CONCLUSIONS Cognitive assessment could predict improvement of depression in MDD patients undergoing rTMS and help selecting patients that could have beneficial effects from rTMS. A routine cognitive assessment might stratify MDD patients and track rTMS related cognitive improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Toffanin
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Psychiatry, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Federica Folesani
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Psychiatry, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maria Ferrara
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Psychiatry, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Martino Belvederi Murri
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Psychiatry, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luigi Zerbinati
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Psychiatry, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Rosangela Caruso
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Psychiatry, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maria Giulia Nanni
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Psychiatry, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giacomo Koch
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Physiology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication (CTNSC), Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luciano Fadiga
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Physiology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication (CTNSC), Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), Ferrara, Italy
| | - Laura Palagini
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Psychiatry, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giulia Perini
- Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Casa di Cura Parco dei Tigli, Padova, Italy
| | - Beatrice Benatti
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Luigi Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Bernardo Dell'Osso
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Luigi Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Grassi
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Psychiatry, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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15
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Hodges TE, Lieblich SE, Rechlin RK, Galea LAM. Sex differences in inflammation in the hippocampus and amygdala across the lifespan in rats: associations with cognitive bias. Immun Ageing 2022; 19:43. [PMID: 36203171 PMCID: PMC9535862 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-022-00299-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Background Cognitive symptoms of major depressive disorder, such as negative cognitive bias, are more prevalent in women than in men. Cognitive bias involves pattern separation which requires hippocampal neurogenesis and is modulated by inflammation in the brain. Previously, we found sex differences in the activation of the amygdala and the hippocampus in response to negative cognitive bias in rats that varied with age. Given the association of cognitive bias to neurogenesis and inflammation, we examined associations between cognitive bias, neurogenesis in the hippocampus, and cytokine and chemokine levels in the ventral hippocampus (HPC) and basolateral amygdala (BLA) of male and female rats across the lifespan. Results After cognitive bias testing, males had more IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10 in the ventral HPC than females in adolescence. In young adulthood, females had more IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 in the BLA than males. Middle-aged rats had more IL-13, TNF-α, and CXCL1 in both regions than younger groups. Adolescent male rats had higher hippocampal neurogenesis than adolescent females after cognitive bias testing and young rats that underwent cognitive bias testing had higher levels of hippocampal neurogenesis than controls. Neurogenesis in the dorsal hippocampus was negatively associated with negative cognitive bias in young adult males. Conclusions Overall, the association between negative cognitive bias, hippocampal neurogenesis, and inflammation in the brain differs by age and sex. Hippocampal neurogenesis and inflammation may play greater role in the cognitive bias of young males compared to a greater role of BLA inflammation in adult females. These findings lay the groundwork for the discovery of sex-specific novel therapeutics that target region-specific inflammation in the brain and hippocampal neurogenesis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12979-022-00299-4. • Adolescent male rats had more hippocampal inflammation than females after cognitive bias testing. • Adult female rats had more basolateral amygdalar inflammation than males after cognitive bias testing. • HPC neurogenesis was negatively associated to cognitive bias in young adult male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis E. Hodges
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Stephanie E. Lieblich
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada ,grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Rebecca K. Rechlin
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada ,grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Liisa A. M. Galea
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada ,grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada ,grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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16
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Bălăeţ M. Psychedelic Cognition—The Unreached Frontier of Psychedelic Science. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:832375. [PMID: 35401088 PMCID: PMC8989050 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.832375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychedelic compounds hold the promise of changing the face of neuroscience and psychiatry as we know it. There have been numerous proposals to use them to treat a range of neuropsychiatric conditions such as depression, anxiety, addiction and PTSD; and trials to date have delivered positive results in favor of the novel therapeutics. Further to the medical use, the wider healthy population is gaining interest in these compounds. We see a surge in personal use of psychedelic drugs for reasons not limited to spiritual enhancement, improved productivity, aiding the management of non-pathological anxiety and depression, and recreational interests. Notably, microdosing—the practice of taking subacute doses of psychedelic compounds—is on the rise. Our knowledge about the effects of psychedelic compounds, however, especially in naturalistic settings, is still fairly limited. In particular, one of the largest gaps concerns the acute effects on cognition caused by psychedelics. Studies carried out to date are riddled with limitations such as having disparate paradigms, small sample sizes, and insufficient breadth of testing on both unhealthy and healthy volunteers. Moreover, the studies are majoritarily limited to laboratory settings and do not assess the effects at multiple dosages within the same paradigm nor at various points throughout the psychedelic experience. This review aims to summarize the studies to date in relation to how psychedelics acutely affect different domains of cognition. In the pursuit of illuminating the current limitations and offering long-term, forward-thinking solutions, this review compares and contrasts findings related to how psychedelics impact memory, attention, reasoning, social cognition, and creativity.
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17
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Schlag AK, Aday J, Salam I, Neill JC, Nutt DJ. Adverse effects of psychedelics: From anecdotes and misinformation to systematic science. J Psychopharmacol 2022; 36:258-272. [PMID: 35107059 PMCID: PMC8905125 DOI: 10.1177/02698811211069100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite an increasing body of research highlighting their efficacy to treat a broad range of medical conditions, psychedelic drugs remain a controversial issue among the public and politicians, tainted by previous stigmatisation and perceptions of risk and danger. OBJECTIVE This narrative review examines the evidence for potential harms of the classic psychedelics by separating anecdotes and misinformation from systematic research. METHODS Taking a high-level perspective, we address both psychological and psychiatric risks, such as abuse liability and potential for dependence, as well as medical harms, including toxicity and overdose. We explore the evidence base for these adverse effects to elucidate which of these harms are based largely on anecdotes versus those that stand up to current scientific scrutiny. RESULTS Our review shows that medical risks are often minimal, and that many - albeit not all - of the persistent negative perceptions of psychological risks are unsupported by the currently available scientific evidence, with the majority of reported adverse effects not being observed in a regulated and/or medical context. CONCLUSIONS This highlights the importance for clinicians and therapists to keep to the highest safety and ethical standards. It is imperative not to be overzealous and to ensure balanced media reporting to avoid future controversies, so that much needed research can continue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne K Schlag
- Drug Science, London, UK,Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK,Department of Geography, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Jacob Aday
- Drug Science, London, UK,Department of Psychology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | | | - Jo C Neill
- Drug Science, London, UK,Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - David J Nutt
- Drug Science, London, UK,Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK,David J Nutt, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Burlington Danes Building, The Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK.
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18
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López-Arnau R, Camarasa J, Carbó ML, Nadal-Gratacós N, Puigseslloses P, Espinosa-Velasco M, Urquizu E, Escubedo E, Pubill D. 3,4-Methylenedioxy methamphetamine, synthetic cathinones and psychedelics: From recreational to novel psychotherapeutic drugs. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:990405. [PMID: 36262632 PMCID: PMC9574023 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.990405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The utility of classical drugs used to treat psychiatric disorders (e.g., antidepressants, anxiolytics) is often limited by issues of lack of efficacy, delayed onset of action or side effects. Psychoactive substances have a long history of being used as tools to alter consciousness and as a gateway to approach the unknown and the divinities. These substances were initially obtained from plants and animals and more recently by chemical synthesis, and its consumption evolved toward a more recreational use, leading to drug abuse-related disorders, trafficking, and subsequent banning by the authorities. However, these substances, by modulation of certain neurochemical pathways, have been proven to have a beneficial effect on some psychiatric disorders. This evidence obtained under medically controlled conditions and often associated with psychotherapy, makes these substances an alternative to conventional medicines, to which in many cases the patient does not respond properly. Such disorders include post-traumatic stress disease and treatment-resistant depression, for which classical drugs such as MDMA, ketamine, psilocybin and LSD, among others, have already been clinically tested, reporting successful outcomes. The irruption of new psychoactive substances (NPS), especially during the last decade and despite their recreational and illicit uses, has enlarged the library of substances with potential utility on these disorders. In fact, many of them were synthetized with therapeutic purposes and were withdrawn for concrete reasons (e.g., adverse effects, improper pharmacological profile). In this review we focus on the basis, existing evidence and possible use of synthetic cathinones and psychedelics (specially tryptamines) for the treatment of mental illnesses and the properties that should be found in NPS to obtain new therapeutic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl López-Arnau
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Camarasa
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcel Lí Carbó
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Nadal-Gratacós
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Pharmaceutical Chemistry Group (GQF), IQS School of Engineering, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pol Puigseslloses
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Espinosa-Velasco
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Edurne Urquizu
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Escubedo
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Pubill
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
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19
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Sarris J, Pinzon Rubiano D, Day K, Galvão-Coelho NL, Perkins D. Psychedelic medicines for mood disorders: current evidence and clinical considerations. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2022; 35:22-29. [PMID: 34855694 DOI: 10.1097/yco.0000000000000759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Despite advances in treatment modalities for mood disorders over recent decades, further therapeutic options are still required. Increased research is occurring, with the pursuit of psychedelic-based pharmacotherapies for a range of mood disorders and other conditions. RECENT FINDINGS Serotonergic psychedelics have been found to modulate brain networks underlying various psychiatric disorders, as well promoting neurogenesis and neuroplasticity. Randomized placebo-controlled trials have found psilocybin with psychological support effective at treating depression, including treatment-resistant depression; with emergent research also signalling N,N-dimethyltryptamine/ayahuasca also as a potential option for the treatment of depression. Lysergic acid diethylamide has been found to have anxiolytic effects, whereas 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) has been used effectively to treat post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), with Phase III clinical trial evidence. Microdosing of psychedelics is a growing phenomenon that has shown benefits in some preclinical data; however, a recent self-directed controlled trial reported no evidence of improved mood. SUMMARY Current research with medicinal psychedelics, usually as an adjunct to psychotherapy, has shown encouraging results in treating mood disorders. However, there are challenges regarding blinding and sample sizes remain small, and there have been no definitive Phase III studies (aside from MDMA for PTSD). Further work exploring novel formulations, interface with pharmacogenomics and the microbiome, and inflammatory pathways can be advised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Sarris
- Psychae Institute, Melbourne, Victoria
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, New South Wales
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville
- The Melbourne Clinic Professorial Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | - Nicole L Galvão-Coelho
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, New South Wales
- Laboratory of Hormone Measurement, Department of Physiology and Behavior
- Postgraduate Program in Psychobiology and Department of Physiology and Behavior, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Daniel Perkins
- Psychae Institute, Melbourne, Victoria
- University of Melbourne
- Centre for Mental Health, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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20
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van den Berg M, Magaraggia I, Schreiber R, Hillhouse TM, Porter JH. How to account for hallucinations in the interpretation of the antidepressant effects of psychedelics: a translational framework. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:1853-1879. [PMID: 35348806 PMCID: PMC9166823 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-022-06106-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Recent trials with psychedelics in major depressive disorder and treatment-resistant depression showed remarkable improvements in depressive symptoms that can last for up to several months after even a single administration. The lack of an appropriate placebo control group-as patients are often able to discriminate the subjective effects of the drug-and an incomplete understanding of the role of the hallucinogenic and mystical experience, hampers the interpretation of these therapeutic effects. OBJECTIVES To control for these factors, we developed a translational framework based on establishing pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) relationships in rodents and humans for hallucinogenic (i.e., discriminative stimulus effects in rodents and humans; head twitch responses in rodents; questionnaires in humans) and therapeutic effects. For the latter, we selected the pattern separation and attentional set-shifting tasks as measures for cognitive flexibility because of their high translational value. We predict that these PK/PD analyses will lead to a more objective evaluation of improvements in patients compared to relying only on the currently used self-reported questionnaires. We hypothesize that-if the role of the hallucinogenic experience is not central in the antidepressant effects of psychedelics-the ED50's for the therapeutic effects will be significantly lower than for the hallucinogenic and mystical effects. CONCLUSION Our framework will help to inform future studies that aim at the elucidation of the mechanism(s) of action of psychedelics in depression, and the role of the acute subjective and/or hallucinogenic experience in their effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon van den Berg
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands ,Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Section Neuropsychology & Psychopharmacology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Igor Magaraggia
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands ,Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Section Neuropsychology & Psychopharmacology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Rudy Schreiber
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Section Neuropsychology & Psychopharmacology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Todd M. Hillhouse
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin Green Bay, Green Bay, WI USA
| | - Joseph H. Porter
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA
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21
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Aleksandrova LR, Phillips AG. Neuroplasticity as a convergent mechanism of ketamine and classical psychedelics. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2021; 42:929-942. [PMID: 34565579 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The emerging therapeutic efficacy of ketamine and classical psychedelics for depression has inspired tremendous interest in the underlying neurobiological mechanisms. We review preclinical and clinical evidence supporting neuroplasticity as a convergent downstream mechanism of action for these novel fast-acting antidepressants. Through their primary glutamate or serotonin receptor targets, ketamine and psychedelics [psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT)] induce synaptic, structural, and functional changes, particularly in pyramidal neurons in the prefrontal cortex. These include increased glutamate release, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) activation, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-mediated signaling, expression of synaptic proteins, and synaptogenesis. Such influences may facilitate adaptive rewiring of pathological neurocircuitry, thus providing a neuroplasticity-focused framework to explain the robust and sustained therapeutic effects of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily R Aleksandrova
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Anthony G Phillips
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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