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Huang L, Kang J, Chen G, Ye W, Meng X, Du Q, Feng Z. Low-intensity focused ultrasound attenuates early traumatic brain injury by OX-A/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:7455-7469. [PMID: 36126193 PMCID: PMC9550253 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious hazard to human health and is characterized by high rates of disability and mortality. It is necessary to explore new effective treatment methods to reduce the impact of TBI on individuals and society. As an emerging neuromodulation technique, ultrasound is used to treat some neurological diseases, but the neuroprotective mechanism of low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFUS) in TBI remains unclear. We aimed to investigate the protective effects and potential mechanisms of LIFUS in TBI. Methods: A rat model of TBI was established using the free-fall method. After establishing the TBI model, the hypothalamus region was covered with LIFUS radiation, and an orexin receptor 1 (OXR1) antagonist (SB334867) was injected intraperitoneally. Neurobehavioral examination, Nissl staining, hematoxylin and eosin staining of the brain tissue, and brain water content, were performed 3 days later. Western blotting, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunofluorescence staining, and immunohistochemical staining, were used to evaluate the neuroprotective mechanisms of LIFUS. Results: LIFUS improved tissue damage, neurological deficits, and brain edema. LIFUS can increase the expression of orexin-A (OX-A) and OXR1, significantly inhibit the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) protein and nucleotide-binding domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome after TBI, and reduce the release of pro-inflammatory factors after TBI; however, SB334867 can reverse this effect. Conclusions: This study suggests that LIFUS may play a neuroprotective role by promoting the release of OX-A from the hypothalamus and inhibiting the inflammatory response after TBI through the OX-A /NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianghua Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Junwei Kang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Gengfa Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Wen Ye
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Xiangqiang Meng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Qing Du
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Feng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, P.R. China
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Elahdadi Salmani M, Sarfi M, Goudarzi I. Hippocampal orexin receptors: Localization and function. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2022; 118:393-421. [PMID: 35180935 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Orexin (hypocretin) is secreted from the perifornical/lateral hypothalamus and is well known for sleep regulation. Orexin has two, orexin A and B, transcripts and two receptors, type 1 and 2 (OX1R and OX2R), located in the plasma membrane of neurons in different brain areas, including the hippocampus involved in learning, memory, seizures, and epilepsy, as physiologic and pathologic phenomena. OX1R is expressed in the dentate gyrus and CA1 and the OX2R in the CA3 areas. Orexin enhances learning and memory as well as reward, stress, seizures, and epilepsy, partly through OX1Rs, while either aggravating or alleviating those phenomena via OX2Rs. OX1Rs activation induces long-term changes of synaptic responses in the hippocampus, an age and concentration-dependent manner. Briefly, we will review the localization and functions of hippocampal orexin receptors, their role in learning, memory, stress, reward, seizures, epilepsy, and hippocampal synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Iran Goudarzi
- School of Biology, Damghan University, Damghan, Iran
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Hopkins K, Mukherjee S, Ponce D, Mangum J, Jacobson LH, Hoyer D. Development of a LC-ESI-MRM method for the absolute quantification of orexin A in the CSF of individual mice. MEDICINE IN DRUG DISCOVERY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medidd.2021.100102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Azadian M, Tian G, Bazrafkan A, Maki N, Rafi M, Chetty N, Desai M, Otarola I, Aguirre F, Zaher SM, Khan A, Suri Y, Wang M, Lopour BA, Steward O, Akbari Y. Overnight Caloric Restriction Prior to Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation Leads to Improved Survival and Neurological Outcome in a Rodent Model. Front Neurosci 2021; 14:609670. [PMID: 33510613 PMCID: PMC7835645 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.609670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While interest toward caloric restriction (CR) in various models of brain injury has increased in recent decades, studies have predominantly focused on the benefits of chronic or intermittent CR. The effects of ultra-short, including overnight, CR on acute ischemic brain injury are not well studied. Here, we show that overnight caloric restriction (75% over 14 h) prior to asphyxial cardiac arrest and resuscitation (CA) improves survival and neurological recovery as measured by, behavioral testing on neurological deficit scores, faster recovery of quantitative electroencephalography (EEG) burst suppression ratio, and complete prevention of neurodegeneration in multiple regions of the brain. We also show that overnight CR normalizes stress-induced hyperglycemia, while significantly decreasing insulin and glucagon production and increasing corticosterone and ketone body production. The benefits seen with ultra-short CR appear independent of Sirtuin 1 (SIRT-1) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression, which have been strongly linked to neuroprotective benefits seen in chronic CR. Mechanisms underlying neuroprotective effects remain to be defined, and may reveal targets for providing protection pre-CA or therapeutic interventions post-CA. These findings are also of high importance to basic sciences research as we demonstrate that minor, often-overlooked alterations to pre-experimental dietary procedures can significantly affect results, and by extension, research homogeneity and reproducibility, especially in acute ischemic brain injury models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matine Azadian
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Guilian Tian
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Afsheen Bazrafkan
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Niki Maki
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Masih Rafi
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Nikole Chetty
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Monica Desai
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Ieeshiah Otarola
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Francisco Aguirre
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Shuhab M. Zaher
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Ashar Khan
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Yusuf Suri
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Minwei Wang
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Beth A. Lopour
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Oswald Steward
- Reeve-Irvine Research Center, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Yama Akbari
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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5
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Fierros-Campuzano J, Ballesteros-Zebadúa P, Manjarrez-Marmolejo J, Aguilera P, Méndez-Diaz M, Prospero-García O, Franco-Pérez J. Irreversible hippocampal changes induced by high fructose diet in rats. Nutr Neurosci 2020; 25:1325-1337. [DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2020.1853418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Fierros-Campuzano
- Laboratorio Fisiología de la Formación Reticular, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, CDMX, México
| | - Paola Ballesteros-Zebadúa
- Laboratorio de Física Medica, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, CDMX, México
| | - Joaquín Manjarrez-Marmolejo
- Laboratorio Fisiología de la Formación Reticular, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, CDMX, México
| | - Penélope Aguilera
- Laboratorio Patología Vascular Cerebral, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, CDMX, México
| | - Mónica Méndez-Diaz
- Grupo de Neurociencias, Laboratorio de Cannabinoides, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, México
| | - Oscar Prospero-García
- Grupo de Neurociencias, Laboratorio de Cannabinoides, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, México
| | - Javier Franco-Pérez
- Laboratorio Fisiología de la Formación Reticular, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, CDMX, México
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Yaeger JD, Krupp KT, Gale JJ, Summers CH. Counterbalanced microcircuits for Orx1 and Orx2 regulation of stress reactivity. MEDICINE IN DRUG DISCOVERY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medidd.2020.100059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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7
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Szczepanska-Sadowska E, Cudnoch-Jedrzejewska A, Sadowski B. Differential role of specific cardiovascular neuropeptides in pain regulation: Relevance to cardiovascular diseases. Neuropeptides 2020; 81:102046. [PMID: 32284215 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2020.102046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In many instances, the perception of pain is disproportionate to the strength of the algesic stimulus. Excessive or inadequate pain sensation is frequently observed in cardiovascular diseases, especially in coronary ischemia. The mechanisms responsible for individual differences in the perception of cardiovascular pain are not well recognized. Cardiovascular disorders may provoke pain in multiple ways engaging molecules released locally in the heart due to tissue ischemia, inflammation or cellular stress, and through neurogenic and endocrine mechanisms brought into action by hemodynamic disturbances. Cardiovascular neuropeptides, namely angiotensin II (Ang II), angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)], vasopressin, oxytocin, and orexins belong to this group. Although participation of these peptides in the regulation of circulation and pain has been firmly established, their mutual interaction in the regulation of pain in cardiovascular diseases has not been profoundly analyzed. In the present review we discuss the regulation of the release, and mechanisms of the central and systemic actions of these peptides on the cardiovascular system in the context of their central and peripheral nociceptive (Ang II) and antinociceptive [Ang-(1-7), vasopressin, oxytocin, orexins] properties. We also consider the possibility that they may play a significant role in the modulation of pain in cardiovascular diseases. The rationale for focusing attention on these very compounds was based on the following premises (1) cardiovascular disturbances influence the release of these peptides (2) they regulate vascular tone and cardiac function and can influence the intensity of ischemia - the factor initiating pain signals in the cardiovascular system, (3) they differentially modulate nociception through peripheral and central mechanisms, and their effect strongly depends on specific receptors and site of action. Accordingly, an altered release of these peptides and/or pharmacological blockade of their receptors may have a significant but different impact on individual sensation of pain and comfort of an individual patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Szczepanska-Sadowska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1b, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Cudnoch-Jedrzejewska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1b, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bogdan Sadowski
- School of Engineering and Health, Bitwy Warszawskiej 1920 r. 18, Warsaw, Poland
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8
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Wang C, Wang Q, Ji B, Pan Y, Xu C, Cheng B, Bai B, Chen J. The Orexin/Receptor System: Molecular Mechanism and Therapeutic Potential for Neurological Diseases. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:220. [PMID: 30002617 PMCID: PMC6031739 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Orexins, also known as hypocretins, are two neuropeptides secreted from orexin-containing neurons, mainly in the lateral hypothalamus (LH). Orexins orchestrate their effects by binding and activating two G-protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs), orexin receptor type 1 (OX1R) and type 2 (OX2R). Orexin/receptor pathways play vital regulatory roles in many physiological processes, especially feeding behavior, sleep–wake rhythm, reward and addiction and energy balance. Furthermore several reports showed that orexin/receptor pathways are involved in pathological processes of neurological diseases such as narcolepsy, depression, ischemic stroke, drug addiction and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This review article summarizes the expression patterns, physiological functions and potential molecular mechanisms of the orexin/receptor system in neurological diseases, providing an overall framework for considering these pathways from the standpoints of basic research and clinical treatment of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Wang
- Neurobiology Key Laboratory of Jining Medical University in Colleges of Shandong, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Qinqin Wang
- Neurobiology Key Laboratory of Jining Medical University in Colleges of Shandong, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Bingyuan Ji
- Neurobiology Key Laboratory of Jining Medical University in Colleges of Shandong, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Yanyou Pan
- Neurobiology Key Laboratory of Jining Medical University in Colleges of Shandong, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Chao Xu
- Neurobiology Key Laboratory of Jining Medical University in Colleges of Shandong, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Baohua Cheng
- Neurobiology Key Laboratory of Jining Medical University in Colleges of Shandong, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Bo Bai
- Neurobiology Key Laboratory of Jining Medical University in Colleges of Shandong, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Neurobiology Key Laboratory of Jining Medical University in Colleges of Shandong, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.,Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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9
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Kang YJ, Tian G, Bazrafkan A, Farahabadi MH, Azadian M, Abbasi H, Shamaoun BE, Steward O, Akbari Y. Recovery from Coma Post-Cardiac Arrest Is Dependent on the Orexin Pathway. J Neurotrauma 2017; 34:2823-2832. [PMID: 28447885 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac arrest (CA) affects >550,000 people annually in the United States whereas 80-90% of survivors suffer from a comatose state. Arousal from coma is critical for recovery, but mechanisms of arousal are undefined. Orexin-A, a hypothalamic excitatory neuropeptide, has been linked to arousal deficits in various brain injuries. We investigated the orexinergic system's role in recovery from CA-related neurological impairments, including arousal deficits. Using an asphyxial CA and resuscitation model in rats, we examine neurological recovery post-resuscitation in conjunction with changes in orexin-A levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and orexin-expressing neurons. We also conduct pharmacological inhibition of orexin post-resuscitation. We show that recovery from neurological deficits begins between 4 and 24 h post-resuscitation, with additional recovery by 72 h post-resuscitation. Orexin-A levels in the CSF are lowest during periods of poorest arousal post-resuscitation (4 h) and recover to control levels by 24 h. Immunostaining revealed that the number of orexin-A immunoreactive neurons declined at 4 h post-resuscitation, but increased to near normal levels by 24 h. There were no significant changes in the number of neurons expressing melanin-concentrating hormone, another neuropeptide localized in similar hypothalamus regions. Last, administration of the dual orexin receptor antagonist, suvorexant, during the initial 24 h post-resuscitation, led to sustained neurological deficits. The orexin pathway is critical during early phases of neurological recovery post-CA. Blocking this early action leads to persistent neurological deficits. This is of considerable clinical interest given that suvorexant recently received U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval for insomnia treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Jin Kang
- 1 Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California , Irvine, California
| | - Guilian Tian
- 1 Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California , Irvine, California
| | - Afsheen Bazrafkan
- 1 Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California , Irvine, California
| | - Maryam H Farahabadi
- 1 Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California , Irvine, California
| | - Matine Azadian
- 1 Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California , Irvine, California
| | - Hamidreza Abbasi
- 1 Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California , Irvine, California
| | - Brittany E Shamaoun
- 1 Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California , Irvine, California
| | - Oswald Steward
- 2 Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California , Irvine, California.,3 Reeve-Irvine Research Center, School of Medicine, University of California , Irvine, California
| | - Yama Akbari
- 1 Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California , Irvine, California
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11
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Lu GL, Lee CH, Chiou LC. Orexin A induces bidirectional modulation of synaptic plasticity: Inhibiting long-term potentiation and preventing depotentiation. Neuropharmacology 2016; 107:168-180. [PMID: 26965217 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The orexin system consists of two peptides, orexin A and B and two receptors, OX1R and OX2R. It is implicated in learning and memory regulation while controversy remains on its role in modulating hippocampal synaptic plasticity in vivo and in vitro. Here, we investigated effects of orexin A on two forms of synaptic plasticity, long-term potentiation (LTP) and depotentiation of field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs), at the Schaffer Collateral-CA1 synapse of mouse hippocampal slices. Orexin A (≧30 nM) attenuated LTP induced by theta burst stimulation (TBS) in a manner antagonized by an OX1R (SB-334867), but not OX2R (EMPA), antagonist. Conversely, at 1 pM, co-application of orexin A prevented the induction of depotentiation induced by low frequency stimulation (LFS), i.e. restoring LTP. This re-potentiation effect of sub-nanomolar orexin A occurred at LFS of 1 Hz, but not 2 Hz, and with LTP induced by either TBS or tetanic stimulation. It was significantly antagonized by SB-334867, EMPA and TCS-1102, selective OX1R, OX2R and dual OXR antagonists, respectively, and prevented by D609, SQ22536 and H89, inhibitors of phospholipase C (PLC), adenylyl cyclase (AC) and protein kinase A (PKA), respectively. LFS-induced depotentiation was antagonized by blockers of NMDA, A1-adenosine and type 1/5 metabotropic glutamate (mGlu1/5) receptors, respectively. However, orexin A (1 pM) did not affect chemical-induced depotentiation by agonists of these receptors. These results suggest that orexin A bidirectionally modulates hippocampal CA1 synaptic plasticity, inhibiting LTP via OX1Rs at moderate concentrations while inducing re-potentiation via OX1Rs and OX2Rs, possibly through PLC and AC-PKA signaling at sub-nanomolar concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Ling Lu
- Graduate Institute and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsu Lee
- Graduate Institute and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lih-Chu Chiou
- Graduate Institute and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Reserach Center for Chinese Medicine & Acupuncture, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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12
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Machaalani R, Hunt NJ, Waters KA. Effects of changes in energy homeostasis and exposure of noxious insults on the expression of orexin (hypocretin) and its receptors in the brain. Brain Res 2013; 1526:102-22. [PMID: 23830852 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes data regarding the brain expression of the orexin (hypocretin) system including: prepro-orexin (PPO), orexin A (OxA), orexin B (OxB) and the two orexin receptors 1 and 2 (OxR1, OxR2). Clinical data is limited to OxA and OxB in cerebral spinal fluid and serum/plasma, thus necessitating the development of animal models to undertake mechanistic studies. We focus on changes in animal models that were either exposed to a regime of altered sleep, metabolic energy homeostasis, exposed to drugs and noxious insults. Many more expressional studies are available for PPO, OxA and OxB levels, compared to studies of the receptors. Interestingly, the direction and pattern of change for PPO, OxA and OxB is inconsistent amongst studies, whereas for the receptors, there tends to be increased expression for both OxR1 and OxR2 after alterations in energy homeostasis, and an increased expression after noxious insults or exposure to some drugs. The clinical implications of these results from animal models are discussed in light of the findings from human studies, and future research directions are suggested to fill knowledge gaps with regard to the orexin system, particularly during early brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Machaalani
- Department of Medicine, Blackburn Building, DO6, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Kitamura E, Hamada J, Kanazawa N, Yonekura J, Masuda R, Sakai F, Mochizuki H. The effect of orexin-A on the pathological mechanism in the rat focal cerebral ischemia. Neurosci Res 2010; 68:154-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2010.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Expression and localization of the orexin-1 receptor (OX1R) after traumatic brain injury in mice. J Mol Neurosci 2010; 43:162-8. [PMID: 20803175 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-010-9438-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Orexins are neuropeptides that have a wide range of physiological effects, and recent studies have suggested that the orexin system may be involved in traumatic brain injury. However, the expression and localization of orexin receptors have not been examined yet under brain injury conditions. In the present study, we used immunohistochemical techniques to investigate the expression of orexin-1 receptor (OX1R) and its time-dependent changes in the mouse brain after controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury. OX1R-like immunoreactivity was first detected 6 h after injury in the surrounding penumbra of the injury. The intensity of this immunoreactivity was increased at 12 h, peaked at day 1, and then decreased from day 2 to day 7. To identify the cellular localization of OX1R, we also performed double-immunohistochemical staining with OX1R and several cell marker antibodies. OX1R-like immunopositive cells were clearly co-localized with immunoreactivity for the neuronal marker NeuN at day 7. It was also expressed on the periphery of cells immunopositive for CD11b, a microglial cell marker, at days 1 and 7. These results suggest that orexin and its receptor may play roles in traumatic brain injury, and that OX1R is induced in neurons and microglial cells after traumatic brain injury.
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Deisenhammer F, Egg R, Giovannoni G, Hemmer B, Petzold A, Sellebjerg F, Teunissen C, Tumani H. EFNS guidelines on disease-specific CSF investigations. Eur J Neurol 2009; 16:760-70. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2009.02595.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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16
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Tafuri S, Pavone LM, Mastellone V, Spina A, Avallone L, Vittoria A, Staiano N, Scala G. Expression of orexin A and its receptor 1 in the choroid plexuses from buffalo brain. Neuropeptides 2009; 43:73-80. [PMID: 19250669 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2009.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2008] [Revised: 01/24/2009] [Accepted: 01/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamic peptide orexin A, deriving from the proteolytic cleavage of the precursor molecule prepro-orexin, has a wide range of physiological effects including the regulation of feeding behaviour, neuroendocrine functions, sleep-wake cycle, and energy homeostasis. Lowered excretion of orexin A into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) plays a pathological role in animal and human narcolepsy. Altered levels of orexin A into the CSF have been also found in numerous disorders of the central nervous system, including Parkinson's and Huntington's disease, dementia, and depressive disorders. While the localization of orexin A and its receptor 1, OX(1), has been elicited in many regions of the mammalian brain and in peripheral organs, there are no information on the expression of the neuropeptide and its receptor 1 in the choroid plexuses (CPs) producing the CSF. In this study, we investigated the expression of orexin A and OX(1) in the CPs from the brain of an adult mammalian species, Bubalis bubalis, by immunogold-labelling in scanning electron microscopy. Both orexin A and OX(1) immuno-reactivity appeared to be widely distributed on the surface of choroid epithelium. Interestingly, a marked orexin A labelling was detected in the areas surrounding the CP blood capillaries. The expression of prepro-orexin and OX(1) mRNA transcripts of 200 and 300 bp, respectively, was assessed in the CPs by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, while Western blotting analysis confirmed the presence of these two proteins in the tissue. Our findings provide the first evidence for orexin A and OX(1) expression in the CPs from mammalian brain, and suggest that the levels of orexin A into the CSF are probably regulated by CP activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Tafuri
- Department of Biological Structures, Functions and Technologies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Dohi K, Ripley B, Fujiki N, Ohtaki H, Yamamoto T, Goto Y, Nakamachi T, Shioda S, Aruga T, Nishino S. CSF orexin-A/hypocretin-1 concentrations in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 145:60-4. [PMID: 17868933 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2007.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Orexins/hypocretins are neuropeptides that have various physiological effects, including the regulation of both the feeding behavior neuroendocrine functions and sleep-wakefulness cycle. Recent studies have suggested that the orexin system may also be involved in neuronal damage in the clinical setting and animal experiments. The aim of this study was to examine the role of the hypothalamic orexin-A/hypocretin-1 system in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). The CSF orexin-A/hypocretin-1 levels were measured in 11 ICH patients. CSF orexin-A/hypocretin-1 levels were low in ICH patients during the 13 days following the ICH event. The mean CSF orexin-A/hypocretin-1 levels were 61.1+/-22.3 (S.D.) pg/ml (range 27.5-106.9 pg/ml). The decreasing in the CSF orexin-A/hypocretin-1 levels was not related to the severity of ICH. The CSF orexin-A/hypocretin-1 levels were lower in the thalamic hemorrhage patients than those in other patients (48.5+/-23.3 pg/ml vs. 65.2+/-21.2 pg/ml; p=0.03.) These data indicate that orexin-A/hypocretin-1 may therefore play an important role in the various physiological responses including sleep, feeding, and the overall metabolism in ICH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Dohi
- Showa University, Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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